University of Benghazi ‫جامعة بنغازي‬

Faculty of Education Almarj ‫كلية التربية – المرج‬

ISSN 2518-5845

Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
A review of the treatment and immunization ornamental fish and cultured
fish from common bacterial diseases.
.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Souad Salah ADEM \ Benghazi University, Science Faculty, zoology department Taucheira
Campus, Taucheira- Libya /

Fariha Mahmoud alamin / Benghazi University, Science Faculty, zoology department/

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 University of Benghazi ‫جامعة بنغازي‬
Faculty of Education Almarj ‫كلية التربية – المرج‬
ISSN 2518-5845

Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
A review of the treatment and immunization ornamental fish and cultured
fish from common bacterial diseases.
Abstract:
This review aims to clarify and define bacterial diseases that affect ornamental fish, cultured
fish and ways to treat and prevent them to decrease the risk of infection. In aquarium and
ponds there are two types of bacteria classified as good bacteria and bad bacteria, the good
bacteria (Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter) maintains the nitrogen cycle of the aquarium, while
the bad bacteria causes many diseases which lead to dying in aquarium fish if not treated
early. Bacterial diseases are often secondary infection to an imbalance in the environmental
conditions such as poor water quality and improper handling of aquarium. The Major
aquarium fish bacterial pathogens are: Edwardsiella sp., Aeromonas complex., Flexibacter,
sp., Pseudomonas sp., Vibrio sp and Mycobacteria sp .
Bacterial diseases treated with antibiotics, preferably in quarantine. Vaccinations are still
uncommon for aquarium fish, but common used in fish farms .
.Key words: Ornamental fish, Cultured fish, Infection, Bad bacteria, Good bacteria, Vaccine
.‫مراجعة عالج وحتصني أمساك الزينة واألمساك املستزرعة من األمراض البكتريية الشائعة‬
‫ فرحية حممود األمني‬.‫& د‬ ‫ سعاد صاحل آدم‬.‫د‬
:‫امللخص‬
‫هتدف هذه الدراسة املرجعية إىل توضيح وتعريف األمراض البكتريية اليت تصيب أمساك الزينة واألمساك املستزرعة وطرق عالجها‬
‫ يوجد يف األحواض املائية والربك نوعان من البكترياي املصنفة على أهنا بكترياي جيدة وبكترياي‬.‫والوقاية منها لتقليل خماطر اإلصابة‬
‫ بينما تسبب البكترياي‬،‫ على دورة النيرتوجني يف احلوض‬Nitrobacter‫ و‬Nitrosomonas ‫ حتافظ البكترياي اجليدة‬،‫ضارة‬
‫ غالبًا ما تكون األمراض‬.‫الضارة العديد من األمراض اليت تؤدي إىل املوت يف أمساك الزينة إن مل يكن كذلك يعاجل يف وقت مبكر‬
.‫البكتريية عدوى اثنوية الختالل التوازن يف الظروف البيئية مثل رداءة نوعية املياه والتعامل غري السليم مع أحواض السمك‬
.Aeromonas complex ‫ و‬.Edwardsiella sp :‫مسببات األمراض البكتريية الرئيسية ألمساك الزينة هي‬
.Mycobacteria sp‫ و‬Vibrio sp‫ و‬.Pseudomonas sp‫ و‬.sp ‫ و‬Flexibacter‫و‬
.‫يتم عالج االمراض البكتريية ابملضادات احليوية ويفضل يف احلجر الصحي و ابللقاحات‬
..‫ ولكنها شائعة االستخدام يف مزارع األمساك‬،‫ال تزال اللقاحات غري شائعة ابلنسبة ألمساك الزينة‬
.‫ اللقاح‬،‫ البكترياي اجليدة‬،‫ البكترياي السيئة‬،‫ العدوى‬،‫ األمساك املستزرعة‬،‫ أمساك الزينة‬:‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

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 University of Benghazi ‫جامعة بنغازي‬
Faculty of Education Almarj ‫كلية التربية – المرج‬
ISSN 2518-5845

Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
Introduction:
Fish, like other animals, get diseases as result of infection with bacteria (54.9%), viruses
(22.6%), fungi (3.1%), worms (19.4%) [1] (Figure 1) or by changes in the environment in
which they live, like change in temperature, lighting or water quality. Fish hobbyists and
breeders, whether to decoration or trade, seek to raise healthy fish free of parasites and their
diseases. Parasitic infestation tends to decrease the growth rate resulting in stunting of the
fish growth [2]. In this study, we will highlight the bacterial diseases that affect aquarium
fish.
Infestation of bacterial disease is common in dense populations of cultured fish or aquarium
fish. Susceptibility to such infection frequently is associated with poor water quality, organic
loading of the aquatic environment, handling and transport of fish, marked temperature
changes, hypoxia, or other stressful conditions. Most bacterial pathogens of fish are aerobic,
gram-negative rods [3]. Diagnosis is by isolation of the organism in pure culture from
infected tissues and identification of the bacterial agent. Sensitivity testing before antibiotic
use is recommended [4].

Typically there are two bacteria in aquarium classified as either 'good' bacteria or 'bad'
bacteria. The good bacteria consist of the ones that responsible for make up the biological
filter. These bacteria break down ammonia and nitrate so that it can be removed from the
water. Without good bacteria most life would not be able to exist [5]. The bad bacteria are
often bacteria that are normally present but don't cause problems until the fish is harmed,
stressed or suffering from another disease so bacterial infections are often secondary to a
previous parasitic or worm infestation [6]. These bad bacteria exploit the undermined
creature's debilitated resistant framework and reproduce extremely quickly, creating the
resultant illnesses and problems.

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 University of Benghazi ‫جامعة بنغازي‬
Faculty of Education Almarj ‫كلية التربية – المرج‬
ISSN 2518-5845

Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬

Figure 1: A Graph showing fish disease prevalence rates

The Major aquarium fish bacterial pathogens are:
Edwardsiella sp which is consists of five species;
Edwardsiella tarda, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Edwardsiella hoshinae, Edwardsiella piscicida and
Edwardsiella anguillarum. the genus Edwardsiella tarda, reported as a pathogen of aquatic
animals and humans [7] (figure 2, a).
Aeromonas complex: Motile Aeromonas include three species: Aeromonas hydrophila,
Aeromonascaviae and Aeromonas sobria [8] Aeromonas hydrophila is considered as a
persuasive pathogen that causes mortalities in tilapia and other freshwater fish [9] (figure
2,b).
Flexibacter sp : Most of them infect marine fish and the most isolated and described are
Flexibacter maritimus, [10], Flexibacter ovolyticus [11],Chryseabaterium
scophthalmum.(Figure 2,b ).
Pseudomonas sp: A big number of Pseudomonas species causing disease for humans,
animals and aquatic organisms [12] in spite of the fact that Pseudomonas spp. have been
described as opportunistic pathogens, many species have also been identified as the primary
pathogen of several diseases in farmed fish, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas
anguilliseptica, Pseudomonas baetica, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Pseudomonas koreensis, Pseudomonas luteola, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Pseudomonas
pseudoalcaligenes and Pseudomonas putida [13], Recently, a new species, named Pseudomonas
tructae, was isolated from rainbow trout kidney [14] .(figure 2,d).
Vibrio sp: Over 100 species of Vibrio. It has been reported mainly to be associated with
different types of estuaries or other aquatic marine habitats [15]. Red drum (S. ocellatus)
mortality in recent years has been associated with streptococcal infections. [16], (figure 2,d).

4
 University of Benghazi ‫جامعة بنغازي‬
Faculty of Education Almarj ‫كلية التربية – المرج‬
ISSN 2518-5845

Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
Mycobacteria sp: There are four species that are commonly associated with outbreaks:
Mycobacterium marinum, the most common of these fish mycobacterial
pathogens, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium gordonae, and Mycobacterium
chelonae. The host range of these bacteria is wide: they are zoonotic and a large number of
fish infections have been reported. [17]. (figure 2, e

Figure 2:a External signs of Catla infected with Edwardsiella tarda.

Figure 2:b hemorrhages in skin in fish infected by Aeromonassalmonicida

.

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Faculty of Education Almarj ‫كلية التربية – المرج‬
ISSN 2518-5845

Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬

Figure 2:c shows Gill lesions in a shubunkin (Carassius auratus) (operculum removed)
caused by Flexibacter columnaris

Figure 2:d Deep lesions on the skin of Trachurus mediterraneus caused by Vibrio spp. and
Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis.

Figure 2: e External lesions caused by mycobacteriosis on a striped bass from Chesapeake

Bay.
The most aquarium fish bacterial pathogens are summarized in Table 1.
Symptoms of bacterial infection:

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 University of Benghazi ‫جامعة بنغازي‬
Faculty of Education Almarj ‫كلية التربية – المرج‬
ISSN 2518-5845

Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
Symptoms vary according to the bacteria that causes disease but the overall of these most
important:
lost its appetite.
Weight loss.
Lying on the bottom of the aquarium.
loss of balance.
Discoloration.
Rapid breathing with gasping at the surface
Redness or open wounds on the skin.
Ulcers and shedding of crusts.
A white film or “fungus” looking growth can denote a bacterial infection.
Frayed fins / fin & tail rot
Cloudy and bulging eyes, sometimes loss of vision.
Abdominal dropsy.
The protrusion of part of the inflamed intestine from the opening of the complex.
Bacteriology sampling:

Fish displaying the previously mentioned symptoms are gathered and sampled for testing.
The bacterial swab is taken, when numerous lesions are found, An incision then made with a
sterile scalpel across the lesion, cutting to the outside of the lesion into healthy flesh. A swab
is then drawn across the resultant cut, from the inside of the lesion out into healthy tissue,
rolling the head of the swab. The swab is then placed in a sterile container and transplanted
by swabbing on Petri dishes containing an appropriate culture medium [18]

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 University of Benghazi ‫جامعة بنغازي‬
Faculty of Education Almarj ‫كلية التربية – المرج‬
ISSN 2518-5845

Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
Table 1: The most common types of bacteria that infect aquarium fish:

Bacteria Type of bacteria Target Common name Signs

species
Edwardsiella ictaluri Gram negative Freshwater Enteric septecemia of Gastroenteritis
fish Catfish ESC; "Hole in septecemia
the Head Disease"* ascites
Danio; green knife petechial hemorrhages
fish; walking catfish brain abscesses
aberrant swimming
Flexibacter Gram negative freshwater. Columnaris disease Cottonmouth
columnaris marine fish worldwide skin lesions
occasionally cottonmouth disease saddle back
tail rot; Mouth fungus. fin & tail rot
Aeromonas Gram negative fresh water; Bacterial hemorrhagic hemorrhages in skin
hydrophila complex marine & septicemia; exophthalmia
brackish fish ascites
ulcers
Aeromonas Gram negative freshwater Ulcer disease of Ulcers
salmonicida with and marine goldfish Hemorrhages

A fish (Furunculosis) injected fins

hydrophila
Pseudomonas Gram negative fresh; Pseudomonas hemorrhagic
fluorescens brackish septicemia. septecemia
and marine ascites; hemorrhages
fish exophthalmia; ulcers

Vibrio anguillarum Gram negative freshwater vibriosis; worldwide hemorrhagic

and marine mostly marine and septicemia
fish estuarine env. exophthalmia; ulcers

8
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Faculty of Education Almarj ‫كلية التربية – المرج‬
ISSN 2518-5845

Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
Mycobacterium Gram-positive Freshwater Mycobacteriosis skin lesions;
fortuitum & M. fish wasting exophthalmia;
marinum, weakness
color changes

Treatment:
Antibiotics are only when fish get sicks from microbes, not environmental changes
effectively treat bacterial infections that fish cannot resist. Antibacterial Medicines from your
local pet supply store are often not effective at all. If the type of bacteria is not Known, then a
wide spectrum antibiotic is usually used.

The major routes of treatments:

Injection: The injection is the most direct and successful way to get antibiotics into the
bloodstream. This method is very intensive and impractical for commercially farmed fish.
However, injection is the best method for small numbers of fish, important fish or aquarium
fish Injection sites include the intraperitoneal cavity and the intramuscular sites [19].

Mixed in food: the appropriate dose of antibiotics is mixed with the food provided to the
farmed or ornamental for the prescribed number of days and this is the most widely used and
most-cost effective method. When taking oral antibiotics, we must ensure that all fish eat and
make every effort not to catch bacterial disease early, because the infected fish will stop
eating and thus the diseased fish that no longer eat will contribute to the death of the fish
[20].

Bath treatments: Although bath treatments are a well-known way to manage antibiotics,
much more medication is required compared to oral therapies or injections, to get the desired
result. Even a substantial concentration of antibiotic in the water is frequently insufficient to
ensure that the fish will receive enough of it for the treatment to be successful. At the same
time, too much antibiotic in the water can make it more likely that water-borne bacteria will
become resistant to it. Additionally, between 70% and 100% of the water should be changed

9
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Faculty of Education Almarj ‫كلية التربية – المرج‬
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Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
at the end of each daily treatment as well as before redoing in order to avoid poor water
quality and any potential toxicity. Last but not least, bath treatments are not advised in
aquarium systems or recirculating systems where the treated water will come into touch with
the biological filter since the antibiotics may impede or kill the nitrifying bacteria in the
biological filters. [21].

Table 2: Antibiotics used for bacterial disease

Antibiotic Oral (food) Bath Dose
Dose
Amoxicillin 1.2–3.6 Not suggested
grams/lb food
per day for 10
days
Ampicillin 150 mg/lb food Not suggested
per day for 10
days
Erythromycin 1.5 grams/lb Not suggested
food per day
for 10 days
Florfenicol (Aquaflor) For a 1% Not suggested
Feeding Rate,
680 mg/lb for
10 days
Gentamicin 45 mg/lb food Not suggested
per day for 10
days
Kanamycin 300 mg/lb food 189-378 mg per gallon every 3 days
per day for 10 for 3 treatments
days
Nalidixic Acid 300 mg/lb food 500mg per 10 gallons, repeat as

11
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Faculty of Education Almarj ‫كلية التربية – المرج‬
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Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
per day for 7– needed
10 days
Neomycin 1.5 grams/lb 2.5 grams per 10 gallons every 3
food per day days for up to 3 treatments
for 10 days
Nitrofurazone 1.12 grams/lb 189–756 mg per 10 gallons for 1
food per day hour, repeat daily for 10 days OR
for 10 days 378 mg per 10 gallons for 6–12
hours, repeat daily for 10 days.

Oxolinic Acid 150 mg/lb food 38 mg per 10 gallons for 24 hours,

per day for 10 repeat as needed
days OR 95 mg per gallon for 15
minutes, repeat twice daily for 3
days
Oxytetracycline 1.12 grams/lb 750–3,780 mg per 10 gallons for 6–
(Terramycin) food per day 12 hours, repeat daily for 10 days
for 10 days (dose will depend on hardness of
water)
Romet B Romet B Not suggested

The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has chosen to utilize administrative caution to
keep items expected for the treatment of aquarium fish accessible.
Erythromycin: The Streptococcus species are among the gram-positive bacteria that
erythromycin works best against.
The gram-positive bacteria like Streptococcus species are most susceptible to the penicillins,
which include penicillin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin;
The usage of oxytetracycline under the brand name Terramycin, produced by Pfizer, is
permitted by the FDA for the growth of salmonids, channel catfish, and lobsters. When taken

11
 University of Benghazi ‫جامعة بنغازي‬
Faculty of Education Almarj ‫كلية التربية – المرج‬
ISSN 2518-5845

Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
intravenously, the aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin, neomycin, kanamycin, and
amikacin, are quite effective for treating infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.
The quinolones, including nalidixic acid and oxolinic acid are viewed as wide range
antibiotics, like the tetracyclines, and they neutralize a wide variety of bacteria.
The FDA strictly limits the use of the nitrofurans by those who raise fish for human
consumption, including nitrofurantoin, nitrofurazone, furanace, and furazolidone. However,
they are frequently used in the ornamental fish trade. According to the FDA, nitrofurazone is
expressly designated as "of significant regulatory concern" and is not permitted in any setting
where animals are grown for food. [22].
The sulfa drugs, including Romet, are likewise viewed as broad-spectrum antibiotics. There
are a wide range of sorts of sulfa drugs. Because of their abuse or overuse, which led to the
development of numerous bacteria that are now resistant to them, the more prevalent sulfas
are not quite as effective as they once were. Romet, among other potentiated sulfas, is still
highly suited, nonetheless. [23].

Conservatism:

Maintaining a suitable habitat for your fish to dwell in, such as clean water.

Separating two fighting fish before injuries get too severe.

Using the right nutrition, soaking fish food in vitamin supplements, and consuming live
foods, nori, and frozen meals high in protein (e.g. Selcon, Zoecon, Vita-chem). These will
support the natural immune system of your fish.

Using a fish quarantine tank can keep parasites and other undesirables out of your fish,
especially dangerous gram-negative bacteria. As a result, there will be less chance of a
"secondary" bacterial infection developing while the fish's immune system is already weak
from fighting worms and parasites.

Running an Ozone or UV sterilizer may be helpful in some circumstances because they will
reduce the overall quantity of hazardous bacteria found in the water column.

12
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Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
Immunization of fish with vaccine.

Fish vaccines can be delivered the same way we immunize warm-blooded animals. Fish can
be immunized by immersion in vaccine for a short period of time 30 seconds to 2 minutes.
They can be immunized by injection, intramuscularly or intraperitoneally, and orally by
mixing vaccines with feed either by top dressing or by incorporating into feed as an
ingredient [24]. In the past, inactivated microorganisms that were combined with adjuvants
and administered via immersion or injection have made up the majority of licensed fish
vaccines. [25]. There have been many vaccines developed that significantly reduced the
impact of bacterial and some viral diseases in fish [26]. Over 26 licensed fish vaccines are
commercially available worldwide for use in a variety of fish species. The United States
Department of Agriculture (USDA) has authorized the use of the majority of the vaccinations
for a number of aquaculture species. [27].

Table 3: The most popular vaccines to immunize fish

Vaccine Name Disease Vaccination Route

Renogen Bacterial kidney disease Injection
Aqua – vac ESC Chanel catfish Immersion
septicemia
Aqua – vac Col Columnaris disease Immersion
Furogen Dip Furunculosis Injection
Lipogen Forte Vibriosis Injection
Fry vacc1 Columnaris Disease Immersion
Vibrogen 2 Vibriosis Immersion
Ermogen Enteric Redmouth Disease Immersion
Forte V II Infection salmon – Injection
Furunclosis-Vibriosis-
combo

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2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
Conclusion:

These are just a few of the most common bacterial infections that can infect fish. After
reviewing the list of infections, it is extremely evident that most bacterial infections are
caused by a few similar situations, and that following a few basic precautions can prevent a
large portion of these infections. The precautions include keeping up excellent water quality
at all times, rapidly eliminating any dead or infected fish from the tank, treating all diseased
fish, never bringing infected or sick fish into your community tank, and preventing injuries
from fighting or unsuitable habitat. If these basic guidelines are followed, bacterial infections
will be an extremely uncommon event in your tank. A fish health specialist should be
consulted to help with appropriate conclusion, to run culture and sensitivity tests, and to give
the best information regarding dosages and treatment intervals.

Wrong utilization of any antibiotic can lead to the creation of resistant bacteria in a facility so
fish vaccines are advantageous over antibiotics because they are regular organic materials
that leave no residue in the product or environment, and therefore will not induce a resistant
strain of the disease organism.

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2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
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3- Ponnerassery, S. S ., Al-Ghabshi, A ., Al-Mazrooei, N and Al-Habsi, S. (2012).

Comparative Pathogenomics of Bacteria Causing Infectious Diseases in Fish. International
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10- Hansen, G. H ., Bergh, O ., Michaelsen, J and Knappskog, D. (1992). Flexibacter

ovolyticus sp. nov., a pathogen of eggs and larvae of Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus
hippoglossus L. Int.J. Syst. Bacteriol.,42,451-458.
11- Mudarris, M., Austin, B., Segers, P., Vancanneyt, M., Hoste, B and Bernardet, J. F.
(1994). Flavobacterium scophthalmum sp. nov., a pathogen of turbot(Scophthalmus
maximus L Int.J.Syst. Bacteriol.,44,447-45.

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Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
12- Nixon, D.S., Armstrong, R., Carzino, J.B., Carlin, A., Olinsky, C.F., Robertson, K and
Grimwood. K. (2001). Clinical outcome after early Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in
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14W.T. Oh, J.W. Jun, S.S. Giri, S. Yun, H.J. Kim, S.G. Kim, S.W. Kim, J.W. Kang, S.J. Han,
J. Kwon, J.H. Kim, T.H.M. Smits, S.C. Park. (2019). Pseudomonas tructae sp. Nov., novel
species isolated from rainbow trout kidney. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 69:3851-3856.
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Health. 2017 Oct; 14(10): 1188.

16- Elder, A., Perl, S., Frelier, P. F and Bercovier, H. (1999). Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus
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 University of Benghazi ‫جامعة بنغازي‬
Faculty of Education Almarj ‫كلية التربية – المرج‬
ISSN 2518-5845

Global Libyan Journal ‫المجلة الليبية العالمية‬

2022 / ‫ سبتمبر‬/ ‫العدد الثالث و الستون‬
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