AURETR143 Slideshow.v1.0

AURETR143 Diagnose and repair
electronic body management systems

Learning Outcomes
After this presentation, you be able to demonstrate
knowledge to complete the tasks outlined in the elements,
performance criteria and foundation skills of this unit,
including knowledge of the following learning outcomes :
• Methods to locate and interpret information required to
diagnose and repair electronic body management
systems
• Workplace procedures required to diagnose and repair
• Workplace health and safety (WHS)
requirements relating to diagnosing
and repairing electronic body
management systems
Learning Outcomes
• Operating principles of electronic body management
systems and associated components
• Purpose and operation of electronic body management
systems and components
• Diagnostic testing procedures for electronic body
management systems
• Repair procedures for electronic body management
systems
• Post-repair testing procedures for
Methods to locate and interpret
information required to diagnose and
repair electronic body management
systems
• Information provided by customers and
supervisors
• Manufacturer specifications and
procedures or equivalent documentation
Information provided by customers
and supervisors
Questioning customers
• When the customer brings their vehicle in for
service or repairs, the service advisor or
technician should ask for more information
than just the customers concern.
and supervisors (Cont.)
• It is important to let the customer speak while
you use active listening skills to gather as
many pertinent details as possible.
• Active listening means paying close attention
to not only the customer’s words, but also to
their tone of voice and body language.
• Maintain eye contact with the customer
throughout your conversation and nod to
show you understand and are paying
attention.
• Do not interrupt.
• Wait for the customer to finish speaking
before responding, then ask open-ended
questions to verify that you have heard the
complaint clearly and understand the
problem.
• An open-ended question is one that cannot be
answered with a yes or no, but instead
requires the customer to provide you with
more information about the problem.
• Excellent communication helps ensure that all
relevant information is collected.
Effective questioning techniques
• Politely use open-ended questions to ask
about any symptoms the customer may
have noticed, such as:
– Under what circumstances does the concern occur
or not occur?
– What unusual noises do you hear (e.g., squeaks,
rattles, clunks, and other noises)?
– What odd smells or fluid leaks have you noticed?
– What recent work, service, or accessories have
been added to the vehicle?
– What other recent changes or experiences have
you had with the vehicle?
– What other systems seem to be operating
improperly?
Effective questioning techniques
• Although problems may seem unrelated
initially, when multiple systems fail at the
same time, the issues are frequently related.
• Open-ended questions can provide valuable
information to the technician who is
performing the diagnosis.
• These questions and techniques are similar to
what you would ask your supervisor or service
advisor to determine the customer complaint.
• To successfully diagnose and repair electronic
body management systems, you need to
gather all the information you can.
The diagnosis process
1. Verify that the problem exists
2. Perform preliminary checks
3. Analyze the problem
4. Conduct a visual inspection
5. Isolate the problem by testing (Diagnosis)
6. Pinpoint the cause of the problem
7. Repair the problem
8. Verify the repair
Manufacturer specifications and
procedures or equivalent
documentation
• Always refer to the vehicles manufactures
manual when diagnosing electronic body
management system faults
documentation (Cont.)
• Service Information Sources
– Manufacturers service information
– General computer-based information
systems
– Owner’s manuals
• Screenshot from Alldata Service
Information System
• Service Information Sources
– Aftermarket suppliers guides and catalogs
– Hotline services
– International Automotive Technicians
Network (IATN)
– The internet
Using Service Information Video
Click on play button above to play video

• Steps for Using a Service Manual
– Select the appropriate manual for the
vehicle being serviced
– Use the table of contents to locate the
applicable section (Electronic Body
Management Systems)
– Use the index at the front of the section to
locate the required information
• Steps for Using a Service Manual
– Carefully read the information and study
the illustrations and diagrams
– Follow the required steps and
procedures
– Adhere to all of the given specifications
and safety precautions
Technical Service Bulletins
• Technical service bulletins (TSBs) are issued
by manufacturers to provide information to
technicians on unexpected problems, updated
parts, or changes to repair procedures that
may occur with a particular vehicle system,
part, or component.
• The typical TSB contains step-by-step
procedures and diagrams on how to identify if
there is a fault and perform an effective repair.
• At the time of production, manufacturers
prepare service and technical information and
attempt to anticipate the information the
technicians will require to undertake service
and repairs.
• Once the vehicle is in use, situations can
arise when particular components or repair
procedures may need either additional
information or changes.
• This is where TSBs are most useful. For
example, to provide details about a change to
the procedure to code vehicle keys.
• In this situation, the manufacturer would issue
a service bulletin explaining the problem and
the changes to the current procedure
performed to code vehicle keys.
Workplace information required to
diagnose and repair electronic body
management systems
• Establishing serviceability of tools and
equipment
• Documentation procedures
• Housekeeping procedures, including:
– Examination of tools and equipment
– Storage of equipment
– Identification, tagging and isolation
of faulty equipment
– Disposal of excess materials
– Recycling procedures
Establishing the Serviceability of
Tools and Equipment
All tools and equipment should be inspected
prior to use looking for
• Cracked, broken or oily hand tools
• Safety glasses should be made of shatter
resistant material and also offer side-
protection
• Test equipment should be inspected prior to
use
Inspecting Tools and Equipment Video
Click on image above to play video

Establishing the Serviceability of
Tools and Equipment (Cont.)
Examination of Tools and Equipment
– Inspect your tools for cracks, broken parts, or other
dangerous conditions before you use them.
– Never use broken or damaged tools.
Establishing the Serviceability
of Tools and Equipment (Cont.)
Storage of Equipment
– Properly store all tools and equipment by
putting them away in a place where people
will not trip over them.
– This practice not only cuts down on injuries,
it also reduces time wasted looking for a
misplaced tools or equipment.
Identification, Tagging and Isolation of Faulty
Equipment
• Lockout/tagout is an umbrella term that
describes a set of safety practices and
procedures.
• These practices and procedures are intended
to reduce the risk of technicians’ inadvertently
using tools, equipment or materials that have
been determined to be unsafe or potentially
unsafe, or that are in the process of being
serviced.
Equipment
• An example of lockout is physically securing
a broken, unsafe or out-of-service tool so that
it cannot be used by a technician.
• In many cases, the item is also tagged out so
it is not inadvertently placed back into service
or operated.
Equipment
An example of lockout is physically securing unsafe tools

in some way or in some place so that they cannot be
accessed and used by someone who may be unaware of
the potential danger of doing so.
Equipment
• An example of tagout is affixing a clear and
unavoidable label to a piece of equipment
that describes the fault found, the name of
the person who found the fault and the date
that the fault was found, and that warns not to
use the equipment
Equipment
An example of tagout is affixing a clear and

unavoidable label to a piece of equipment that
describes the fault found and that warns not to use it.
Documentation procedures
• Writing is communicating by using the written

word so that others can understand the
intended message.
• Service technicians are required to document
the work that was performed on a vehicle.
• For some technicians this is the most difficult
part of the service.
• If writing, be sure it is legible and if not, then
print all messages and information.
• Writing or typing in the description of the steps
performed during the diagnosis and repair of
the vehicle should be worded as if the
technician is talking to the customer.
Documentation procedures (Cont.)
• For example, if a power window fault was

repaired by replacing the power window
switch, the technician should write out the
following steps and operations on the work
order:
1. The test equipment used to diagnose the problem. For
example: operated individual switches, check the
lockout and master switch, Checked fuses Ok, power to
switches, OK .
2. Used a digital multimeter to determine power window
master switch defective.
3. List what parts or service operations were performed.
For example: Replaced power window master switch.
Verify that the system operated correctly.
Workplace housekeeping
Follow these housekeeping rules:

1. Keep aisles and walkways clear of tools,
equipment, and other items.
2. Be sure all covers are securely in place.
3. Keep floor surfaces free of oil, grease, water, and
loose material.
4. Sweep up under a vehicle before lowering the
vehicle on the lift.
5. Proper trash containers must be conveniently
located, and these containers should be emptied
regularly.
6. Access to fire extinguishers must be unobstructed
at all times, and fire extinguishers should be
checked for proper charge at regular intervals.
Workplace housekeeping (Cont.)
7. Tools must be kept clean and in good condition.
8. When not in use, tools must be stored in their
proper location
9. Rotating components on equipment and
machinery must have guards, and all shop
equipment should have regular service and
adjustment schedules.
10. Keep the workbenches clean. Do not leave heavy
objects, such as used parts, on the bench after you
are finished with them.
11. Keep parts and materials in their proper location.
12. When not in use, creepers must not be left on the
shop floor. Creepers should be stored in a specific
location.
13. The shop should be well lit, and all lights should be
in working order.
14. Frayed electrical cords on lights or equipment
must be replaced
Safe disposal of materials

• When working on the vehicle electronic body
management system, wiring, modules,
solenoids and motors can be disposed into
their correct recycling bin.
• Electronic body management system
components packaging should be recycled.
Recycling procedures
• Our environment and customers benefit from
using recycled parts. Almost every part of a
car can be repurposed.
• Electronic body management system
components include:
• Power window motors/regulator
• Airbags
• Lighting components, globes etc
• Door locks
• Central locking components
• Wiring
• Modules
Recycling procedures
• If possible, electronic body management
system components, if in good condition, can
be used on similar manufacturer vehicles.
Workplace health and safety (WHS)
management systems
• Using specialised tools and equipment
• Using appropriate personal protective equipment
(PPE)
• Identifying hazards and controlling risks associated
with wearing jewellery while working around high
current wiring systems
Workplace health and safety (WHS)
management systems
• Disarming vehicle airbag and safety restraint
systems, including:
– Airbag construction
– Safe testing
– Safe deployment
– Safe disposal
Workplace Health and Safety
(WHS) Requirements
Personal safety
• Eye protection
– To be safe, wear suitable eye protection whenever
you are working in the workshop
– Eye protection must always be worn
Various types of eye

protection: safety (splash)
goggles, face shield, and
safety glasses.
(WHS) Requirements (Cont.)
Personal safety
• Tie back long hair
• Wear properly fitting clothes
• Jewellery can get caught in rotating objects
• Proper safety shoes or boots must be worn at
all times
Venting the Engine Exhaust
• Whenever you need to have the engine
running for diagnosis or service, the engine’s
exhaust must be vented to the outside.
• Carbon monoxide (CO) is present in the
exhaust. CO is an odourless, tasteless, and
colourless deadly gas.
• Inhaling CO can cause brain damage and, in
severe cases, death.
• Early symptoms of CO poisoning include
headaches, nausea, and fatigue.
• Most workshops have an exhaust ventilation
system; always use it.
• These systems collect the engine’s exhaust
and release it to the outside air
Using specialised tools and equipment – Digital
multimeter
Using specialised tools and equipment – Digital
multimeter
CAUTION:
The circuit must be electrically open with no
current flowing when using an ohmmeter. If
current is flowing when an ohmmeter is
connected, the reading will be incorrect and the
meter can be destroyed.
Using specialised tools and equipment – Scan
tools
• Some scan tools contain an internal 250V, 8A
Fuse (F6) that is factory replaceable only,
incorrect replacement may cause an
explosion.
• Do not use scan tools in environments where
explosive vapor may collect, such as in
below-ground pits, confined areas, or less
than 18 inches (45 cm) above the floor.
• Do not expose tester to rain, snow, or wet
conditions.
Using specialised tools and equipment – Scan
tools
• Do not allow battery gases or acid to contact
tester housing.
• Be sure all test leads are connected as
instructed before proceeding with a test.
Using specialised tools and equipment –
Oscilloscope
CAUTION:
Check the instructions for the Oscilloscope being
used before attempting to scope vehicle circuits.
Some Oscilloscopes, such as the Snap-On
MODIS, are not designed to measure high-
voltage AC circuits.
Wearing Jewellery while Working Around High
Electrical Currents
• When working with or around electrical wires
Rings, necklaces, bracelets, and watches
should not be worn .
• The metals in most jewellery conduct
electricity very well and can easily cause a
short, through you, if it touches a bare wire.
Wearing Jewellery while Working Around High
Current Wiring Systems
• When possible, you should disconnect the
vehicle’s battery before disconnecting any
electrical wire or component.
• This prevents the possibility of a fire or
electrical shock. It also eliminates the
possibility of an accidental short.
Personal Safety Video
Click on image above to play video

• Whenever working on or around air bag
systems, it is important to follow all safety
warnings.
• Handle all air bag sensors with care. Do not
strike or jar a sensor in such a manner that
deployment may occur.
• When carrying a live air bag module, face the
trim and bag away from your body.
• Do not carry the module by its wires or
connector.
• Before servicing the SRS, the system must be
depowered
Air Bags
• Designed to be
used with seat belts
• Sensors and
components vary
with vehicle
manufacturer and
year of vehicle
• May include driver,
passenger, side,
curtain, and knee
air bags
Disarming Vehicle Airbag and Safety
Restraint Systems Video
Air Bags Safe Testing
Air Bags Safe Testing
Air Bags Safe Deployment
• There are special precautions that should be
taken when disposing of airbags which have
not deployed.
• Live airbags must be handled carefully until
they can be safely deployed
• Deployment of an airbag
prior to disposal
– (a) the airbag contained
within a tyre
– (b) used tyres being used
as a safety barrier
• Before deploying an airbag, everyone in the
vicinity should be made aware of what is to
occur and what to expect.
• The metal parts will be very hot after the airbag
has been deployed and should be left to cool
for about thirty minutes before being handled.
Air Bags Safe Disposal
Air Bags Safe Disposal
• Airbags that have deployed should be placed
in a plastic bag and recycled.
• Use gloves and safety glasses when handling
Operating principles of electronic
body management systems and
associated components
• Types of electronic body management systems
body management systems
Computer Basics
• Once mechanically controlled systems now
computer controlled
• Electronic systems made up of sensors,
actuators, and control unit
• The main control unit in the body
management system is the Body Control
Module (BCM)
body management systems (Cont.)
Computer Basics
• The central processing unit (CPU) contains
thousands of transistors on a small chip
• Input to CPU is processed and checked
against programs stored in memory
• Once a decision is made, the CPU sends out
commands
Computer Functions
• Input
– Is a signal sent from an input device
• Processing
– The computer compares input information to
programmed instructions
• Storage
– The programmed instructions are stored in the
computer’s memory
• Output
– Is a command given by the computer to operate an
output device
• The use of computers on automotive vehicles
has expanded to include control and
operation of several functions, including
climate control, lighting circuits, cruise control,
antilock braking, electronic suspension
systems, and electronic shift transmissions.
• Some of these are functions of what is known
as a body computer module (BCM) or body
electronic module (BEM).
• Some manufacturers also call the body
computer Generic Electronic Control Module
(GEM).
• Some body computer-controlled systems
include direction lights, rear window
defoggers, illuminated entry, intermittent
wipers, and other systems once thought of as
basic.
Purpose and operation of electronic
body management systems and
components
• Entry and exit systems, including:
– Power door lock circuits
– Key coding to vehicles
– Anti-theft immobilisation circuits
• Power window systems
• Lighting systems
• Navigation systems
• Infotainment systems
• Passenger comfort systems
Automatic Door Lock System Features
• Most systems lock the doors when the gear
selector is placed in drive
• Some systems lock the doors when the
vehicle reaches a predetermined speed
• Systems may be controlled by the BCM or a
separate controller
Automatic Door Lock System Features
Power Lock Systems
• Reversible motors
• Power and ground supplied through the
switch
• May automatically lock doors when
transmission is shifted from park or at a
certain speed
Basic components of a remote locking system
• Keypad
• Body electronic module (BEM)/ Body control
module (BCM)
• Door locks
• Boot or tailgate lock
• Hazard lamps
• Dome lamp.
Locks and Keys
• Many vehicles use special keys which
communicate with antitheft systems
Security and Anti-Theft Systems
• Pass-Key System
– Uses a special resistance or transponder key
• Keyless Entry System
– May use a keypad mounted on the door or a remote
key fob
• Smart Keys
– Can lock/unlock doors, allow engine start
Smart Keys
• Used with push button start systems
• Key must be inside the vehicle for the engine
to start
Keyless Entry and Starting
• Allows access without a
traditional key
• May use remote key fob
• Some vehicles use a
keypad
• Allows vehicle to be
started without putting
a key in
Keyless Entry and Starting
• The keypad has a small radio transmitter that
sends a coded signal whenever a keypad button
is pressed.
• The signal is received by the body electronic
module (BEM)/body control module (BCM).
• If the BEM/BCM recognises the key’s code, it
activates the central locking system of the
vehicle, and this energises the solenoids or
motors of the door locks.
• The BEM/BCM also turns on the interior lights of
the vehicle when the doors are unlocked.
Alarm Systems
• Can be active or passive
• Passive systems switch on automatically
• Active systems are activated with remote,
keypad, key, or switch
• If a switch is activated the alarm sounds
• Can prevent the engine from starting
Basic Layout of an Antitheft System
Typical Alarm System Operation
• The system is armed when the ignition is turned
off and the door lock switch is activated
• The door must be unlocked with the key to
disarm the system
• The system is triggered by inputs from the door,
hood or boot (trunk) switches, or ultrasonic
sensor
Typical Alarm System Operation
• When activated, the horns and exterior lights
are pulsed on and off
• At the same time, the starter interrupt circuit is
energized
• The BEM/BCM is distinct from the engine’s
electronic control unit, which is known as the
power control module (PCM).
• The PCM controls all the engine functions, but it
works with the BEM/BCM for engine
immobilisation.
Typical Alarm System Circuit
Vehicle immobilisers
• Vehicle immobilisers are electronic security
systems that are designed to reduce vehicle
theft
Vehicle immobilisers
• Body electronic module (BEM)/Body control
module (BCM) – performs electronic functions
and recognises signals from the electronic
switch assembly.
Vehicle immobilisers – Mobilised (normal) state
• When the key is inserted in the ignition lock and
turned to the on position, the BEM/BCM will ask
the electronic lock for three codes.
• If two of these codes are recognised by the
BEM/BCM, then a request to start will be
transmitted to the PCM.
• The PCM enables the starter to operate and the
injectors to spray fuel so that the engine can be
started
Vehicle immobilisers – Illegal start attempt
• If an attempt is made to start the engine with
other than the correct key (or by hot wiring) the
system will remain immobilised, and the warning
light will flash rapidly.
• There will be no code that the BEM/BCM can
recognise and so it will not send a request to
start signal to the PCM.
• The starter and the fuel systems will remain
disabled, and the engine will be held in a state
where it cannot be started.
Common Power Window Components
• Master control switch
• Individual control switches
• Individual window drive motors
• Express-down module
• Lock-out or disable switch
Circuit Operation
• Reversible motors operate when power and
ground are applied
• Express windows use a module to control
window movement
• Controlled by the BCM and may need re-
enabled if power is lost
• Some systems have obstacle sensing to
prevent closing
Power Window System Circuit
• Today, most driver
and front passenger
doors have a motor
with its own module.
• Each of the modules
is controlled by the
BCM.
Lighting Systems
• Provides interior and exterior illumination
• Some lighting is regulated by federal laws
• Automotive bulbs are electrically operated.
• Some manufacturers have incorporated the
illuminated entry actuator into their BCM.
Lighting Systems
• Body computer control of the illuminated entry
system
Computer-Controlled Lighting
• The headlight switch is used as an input for the
body control module (BCM) or lighting module.
• When the driver selects Auto or Low beam
operation, the switch completes a circuit from
the BCM.
• The BCM then supplies power to the headlights
directly or completes the control circuit for the
headlight relay.
Instrument Panel Dimming
• The BCM can also be
used to control the
instrument panel
dimming feature.
• The body computer
uses inputs from the
panel dimming control
and photocell to
determine the
illumination level of the
instrument panel lights
Instrument Panel Dimming
• The BCM can also be used to control the
instrument panel dimming feature.
• The body computer uses inputs from the panel
dimming control and photocell to determine the
illumination level of the instrument panel lights
Navigation Systems
• May use GPS or DVDs for data
• May display current traffic and weather
conditions
Navigation Systems
• May use GPS or DVDs for data
• May display current traffic and weather
conditions
• The BCM can control many functions using the
navigation system.
– Representative from the tracking subscription
company will attempt to get in touch with the vehicle
occupants to see if assistance is required via the BCM
– Emergency personnel can be dispatched because the
satellite system informs the representative of the exact
location of the vehicle.
– Representative can send a signal to unlock the doors
via the BCM
Infotainment systems
• The inputs from the BCM control the power
antenna.
– Input 1 provides power to the antenna motor
– Input 2 controls the antenna mast direction (up or
down)
• When the BCM senses a radio ON signal, the
antenna mast extends to the same height as it
was last in operation provided the antenna
memory height option is enabled
Infotainment systems – Audio
• Phone and Multimedia Systems
– Cell phone (Bluetooth) connectivity
– DVD entertainment systems
– USB and MP3 connections
Infotainment systems – Voice Activation
• Allows for control of
various systems, such
as phone and navigation
• A microphone picks up
the driver’s voice
• A module translates the
command into an action
• The BCM is in the centre
of these commands.
Passenger comfort systems – Automatic Climate
Control
• Maintains specific temperature
• Uses heat sensors
• A control module uses sensor and driver input
to control the compressor and blend functions
Passenger comfort systems – Dual Zone Systems
• Both driver and passenger sides have separate
climate controls
• Some systems are tied into the navigation
system
– The A/C system calculates vehicle direction, time,
location, sun load, and other information to determine
the ideal heating or cooling for each side
Passenger comfort systems – Electric Actuator
Motors
• The manual control head is instead wired to the
body control module (BCM) or a separate
HVAC control module that is connected to the
actuators and controls their position in
response to inputs from the control head
Passenger comfort systems – Electric Actuator
Motors
• A typical wiring schematic for a multiplexed
HVAC control system
Passenger comfort systems – Sun Load Sensors
• The BCM compares the sun load values with in-
car temperature values to determine how much
cooling is required in order to maintain selected
in-vehicle temperature conditions.
A typical sun load sensor

Diagnostic testing procedures for
electronic body management
systems
• Accessing and interpreting scan tool
system data, including:
– Diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs)
– Live data
– Waveforms
• Using diagnostic flow charts
electronic body management
systems
• Testing electrical systems, including
procedures for:
– Accessing electrical terminals and using test
probes without damaging connectors, fuse
holders or wiring
– Resistance and voltage drop tests
– Open and short circuit tests
– Checking shorts to signal, power
circuits and grounds
• Diagnosing a computer-controlled system is
much more than accessing the DTCs in the
computer’s memory.
• When diagnosing any system, you need to
know what to test, when to test it, and how to
test it.
• Because the capabilities of the vehicle’s
computers have evolved from simple to
complex, it is important to know the
capabilities of the systems you are working
with before attempting to diagnose a problem.
(Cont.)
• Refer to the service information for help.

• After you understand the system and its
capabilities, begin your diagnosis using your
knowledge and logic.
• The importance of logical troubleshooting
cannot be overemphasized.
• The ability to diagnose a problem (to find its
cause and its solution) is what separates an
automotive technician from a parts changer.
(Cont.)
Symptom-Based Diagnosis
• Before diagnosing symptoms, ensure:
– BCM and MIL are operating correctly
– No stored DTCs
– Scan data within normal ranges
– Scan tool to BCM system communication
– No TSBs for current symptom
– All BCM grounds are correct
– Vehicle modifications identified
(Cont.)
Symptom-Based Diagnosis
• Verify the concern
• Visual inspection
• Check for Technical Service Bulletins (TSBs)
and recalls
• Follow manufacturer symptom charts
– Retrieve Diagnostic Trouble Codes if available
• Ohmmeter checks (if applicable)
• Voltmeter checks (if applicable)
• Lab Scope / Oscilloscope checks
(Cont.)
Diagnosing BCMs
• Trouble codes
– Plug scan tool into DLC
– Navigate scan tool and retrieve DTC
– Perform a visual inspection and circuit check
• Communication checks
– Ensure modules communicate
– Network periodically performs communication
checks
(Cont.)
Establishing Communication
(Cont.)
Diagnosing BCMs
There are three types of DTCs
• Loss of communication
– Sets when there is module communication errors
• Signal error
– Sets if input circuit fails communication check
• Internal error
– Sets for a module internal self-check
(Cont.)
Diagnosing BCMs
(Cont.)
Diagnosing BCMs – Parameter IDs (PIDs)

• Identify which pieces of data are requested
from the module
• PIDs are the same on each vehicle
• Not all vehicles support the same PIDs
(Cont.)
Diagnosing BCMs – Parameter IDs (PIDs)

(Cont.)
Diagnosing BCMs – DTCs and Service

Information
• Locate code description
• Determine code setting criteria
• Research TSBs and software updates
• Follow pinpoint tests
(Cont.)
Diagnosing BCMs – Scan Tool

• If the scan tool cannot make a connection to
the BCM, the following may be the cause:
– Loss of battery supply voltage to the BCM.
– Loss of BCM ground circuit.
– Defective communication circuit.
– Problem with the scan tool.
– Defective DLC.
– Defective BCM
(Cont.)
Diagnosing BCMs – Flow charts and Diagnosis

charts
• In service manuals, there are diagnostic aids
given for many different problems.
• These are either symptom based (diagnosis
charts) or flow charts.
• Flow charts or decision trees guide you
through a step-by-step process.
(Cont.)

charts
A typical decision
tree for
diagnostics
(Cont.)

charts
• Symptom-based diagnostic charts focus on a
definition of the problem and offer a list of
possible causes of the problem.
(Cont.)

charts
Symptom-based diagnostic charts

(Cont.)

charts
• Sometimes the diagnostic aids are a
combination of the two, a flow chart based on
clearly defined symptoms.
(Cont.)
Diagnosing BCMs – Diagnosis of Computer

Voltage Supply and Ground Wires
• Verify the power and
ground circuits to the BCM
• Check power and ground
circuit voltage drop
• Good ground circuits is
critical for all reference
voltage sensors
(Cont.)
Testing Electronic Circuits and Components

• Knowing where the powers and grounds on
the BCM is a must to diagnosing BCM faults.
(Cont.)

• Lab scope can be used for voltage, pulse and
duty cycle
• AC voltages using a DMM
– Most meters display average, some show RMS
• Checking diodes
– Many DMMs can check diodes
– Voltage drop typically 500 – 600 mV
(Cont.)
Accessing electrical terminals and using test

probes without damaging connectors, fuse
holders or wiring.
• Always take the necessary precautions before
working on or around a vehicle’s electrical
system.
• Disconnect the battery before disconnecting
any electrical wire or component. (Ground first,
then positive)
• Take care when using test probes so as to not
damage connectors, fuse holders or wiring
(Cont.)
Backprobing
• Often testing electrical circuits requires a
technician to backprobe a connector to allow a
test lead to contact a terminal inside the
connector.
(Cont.)
Backprobing
• To do this, a backprobing tool is slid into the
backside of the connector.
• Once the tool contacts the terminal of the
desired wire, the lead of a meter can be
connected to the metal portion of the probe
that extends out of the connector
(Cont.)
Backprobing
• A backprobing tool properly inserted into the
back of a connector.
(Cont.)
Backprobing
• The proper use of these tools will prevent
damage to the connector and its seals.
• Attempting to force a backprobe tool or meter
lead into a female terminal can damage the
terminal and expand its opening.
• This can create an open or intermittent
connection once the connector is reattached.
(Cont.)

• Checking wiring connectors
– Make sure the connectors are clean and have no
loose wire terminals.
– Make sure multiple cavity connectors are packed
with grease (except watertight connectors).
– All connectors have push-down release type locks
(A).
(Cont.)

– Some connectors have a clip on their side used to
attach them to a mount bracket on the body or on
another component. This clip has a pull type lock.
(Cont.)

– Some mounted connectors cannot be disconnected
unless you first release the lock and remove the
connector from its mount bracket (A).
(Cont.)

– Never try to disconnect connectors by pulling on
their wires; pull on the connector halves instead.
– Always reinstall plastic covers.
(Cont.)

– Before connecting connectors, make sure the
terminals (A) are in place and not bent.
(Cont.)
Power Lock Diagnosis

• If none of the locks work, check the circuit
protection device
• If system only locks or unlocks, check the
relays if equipped
• If only one door operates, check that door
actuator
• Perform a switch test
• Check boot (trunk) release fuse first, then
switch
(Cont.)

• Often, the scan tool can be used to monitor
actuator operation.
• This is done by watching the scan tool display
of the computer controlling the actuator.
(Cont.)

• As the BCM turns the actuator on and off, the
scan tool screen will indicate this command
(Cont.)

• Keep in mind this is indicating the attempt of
the BCM to turn the actuator on and off, not
necessarily that the actuator is working.
• While the actuator is turned on and off, a
voltmeter will indicate if the voltage levels are
actually changing as the state of the actuator
changes.
(Cont.)
Power Windows Diagnosis

• Computer-controlled window systems have
the same type of motor and regulator as the
standard power window system.
• Thus, these components are tested in the
same manner.
• The main differences between the two
systems are that on computer-controlled
windows, the switches are used as inputs and
motor control is by commands from the
module.
(Cont.)

• Like most computer-controlled systems,
diagnostics will be enhanced by the setting of
DTCs.
• The scan tool can also be used to perform
actuation tests of the system.
(Cont.)

• Determine if whole system or part is not
working
• Use the system wiring schematic to determine
the proper diagnostic procedure
• Test the circuit breaker for the presence of
voltage on both sides
• Use a jumper wire to test the motor
• Use a voltmeter or scan tool to check the
switches
(Cont.)
Computer-Controlled Power Window System.

(Cont.)
Computer-Controlled Power Window System

Diagnosis
• Begin by accessing the door module with the
scan tool and see if DTCs have been set.
• If there are DTCs, then follow the diagnostic
procedure for that code.
• If there are no DTCs, then access the
actuation mode of the scan tool and attempt
to command the window up and down.
(Cont.)
Automatic Headlight System Diagnosis

• A basic computer-controlled headlight system
will use the headlight switch as an input to the
BCM, which then activates the required relays
to perform the requested function.
• The system may have separate relays for the
park lights, fog lights, and headlights.
• The circuit operation for each of these relays
is usually performed by low-side drivers to
complete the path to ground for the relay coil.
(Cont.)
Schematic of the system diagnose a customer concern

(Cont.)

• Always refer to the proper wiring diagram for
the vehicle you are working on.
• As with any electrical system problem, begin
by confirming that the system is
malfunctioning.
• Also, note any other systems that are not
working properly.
• This will test the operation of the high-beam
lights and relay.
(Cont.)
Adaptive Headlight Diagnosis

• Controlled by a headlamp control module
• Monitor inputs with a scan tool
– Data used from ECM, TCM, EBCM, and BCM
• Headlamp module calculates desired angle
• Module can also monitor motor control circuits
(Cont.)
Headlight Diagnosis – Scan Tool Diagnostics

(Cont.)

• If a scan tool is available, check to see if any
diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs) have been
set.
• If so, use the diagnostic chart for the DTC to
locate the problem.
• If there are no DTCs (not all systems will set
codes), use the scan tool to perform an
activation test of the head lights.
• If the headlights work during the activation
test, the problem is in the input side of the
system.
(Cont.)

• Use the scan tool to monitor the headlight
switch while it is placed in all switch positions.
• Record the voltages for each position and
compare to specifications.
• In this example, if 5 volts is displayed in all
positions, there is an open in the headlight
switch MUX circuit.
• The open could be in the wire between the
BCM and the switch, in the switch itself, or in
the ground circuit.
(Cont.)

• When testing the input signal with the scan
tool, if the voltage displayed is 0 volt, this
would indicate that the circuit is shorted to
ground or a faulty BCM.
• Test the circuit for a short.
• If there are no shorts, check the voltage input
and ground connections of the BCM.
• If these are good, replace the BCM.
(Cont.)

• If the headlights do not come on when the
scan tool activates the system, the problem is
in the relay control circuit, the BCM, the high-
current circuit from the battery through the
relay to the headlights, or in the headlight
ground.
• To determine which circuit is at fault, remove
the low-beam headlight relay.
(Cont.)

• Use a voltmeter or test light to confirm
whether battery voltage is present at pins 30
and 86 of the junction block terminals.
(Cont.)
Headlight Diagnosis
• If voltage is not present, there is an open or a
short between the junction block and the
battery.
• If voltage is present at both pins, use a fused
jumper wire to connect pin 30 to pin 87.
• If the lights come on now, the problem is in
the control side circuit of the relay
(Cont.)
Headlight Diagnosis
• Use a fused jumper wire to connect pin 30 to
pin 87.
(Cont.)
Headlight Diagnosis
• To test the control side circuit, connect a test
light between pins 86 and 85 of the junction
block terminals (relay removed).
• Place the headlight switch into the headlamp
position and observe the test light.
• Since the BCM should now complete the path
to ground, the test light should illuminate.
• If the test light fails to turn on, go to pin 7 of
the BCM and back probe a fused jumper wire
into the connector.
• Touch the other end of the fused jumper wire
to a good ground.
(Cont.)
Headlight Diagnosis
• If the test light comes on, check the ground
connections of the BCM.
• If the grounds are good, replace the BCM.
• If the test light still does not come on, there is
an open in the circuit between pin 85 of the
junction block and the BCM.
• In this case, the BCM attaches to the back of
the junction block and the circuit wire is
internal to the junction block.
• If this circuit is bad, the junction block will
need to be replaced.
(Cont.)
Headlight Diagnosis
• If the lights do not come on when the fused
jumper wire is connected across pins 30 and
87 of the junction block, the problem is
between the relay and the headlights.
• Connect a fused jumper wire from the battery
positive post to the feed into one of the
headlight connectors.
• If the headlight illuminates, check the circuit
from the junction block to the headlight.
• If the circuit is good, the problem is probably
at the splice in the junction block and the
junction block will need to be replaced.
Video
Click the play button to play video

(Cont.)
Testing for Opens

• If possible, start testing at the load component
• Check for voltage on the power side of the
component
– If voltage is present, check the ground side
– If voltage is not present, test all connections working
toward the battery
– If voltage is present at a connection, then the open is
between it and the previously tested point
(Cont.)
Testing for Opens

(Cont.)
Testing for Opens

• If the power side of the circuit tests good, test
the ground side
– Use a jumper wire to bypass the ground side of the
circuit, and if the component works, check all ground
side connections
• If both the power and ground circuits test good,
the load component is open
(Cont.)
Testing for Opens

(Cont.)
Testing for Shorts

• Use an ohmmeter to check resistance of the
circuit
• If there is a short, the resistance will be less than
specified
• If the short is between two circuits, components
may operate when not intended
(Cont.)
Testing for a Short to Ground

• Use a cycling circuit breaker and test light in
place of the fuse
– Disconnect components and connectors until the light
goes out
• Use a cycling circuit breaker and a Gauss gauge
– Move the gauge over the wire
– The gauge will fluctuate until the short is passed
(Cont.)
Testing for a Short to Ground

(Cont.)
Testing for Voltage Drop

• Voltage drop must always be tested with the
circuit energized
• The voltage drop indicated on the meter is the
amount of voltage used between the point where
the red lead is connected and the point where
the black lead is connected
(Cont.)

• 0.1 volts per connection is acceptable in non-
computerized circuits
• 0.050 volts (50 millivolts) per connection is
acceptable in computerized circuits
• Excessive voltage drop is an indication of high
resistance
(Cont.)

(Cont.)
Testing Circuit Protection Devices

• Fuses
– Most fuses can be checked
visually
– The best way to check them is
with an ohmmeter
• Fusible links
– Pull lightly on the wire; if the
insulation stretches the link is
melted
– They should be checked with an
ohmmeter
(Cont.)
Methods Used to Check Circuit Protection Devices

• Visual inspection
• Continuity tester or ohmmeter
• Voltage drop
• Test light
(Cont.)
Testing Normally Open Switches

• Use a jumper wire to bypass the switch
– If the circuit operates with the jumper wire, the switch is
defective
• Voltage drop
– There should be no voltage drop across the switch
when it is closed
(Cont.)
Relay Testing Tips

• Never use a test light to test a computer-
controlled relay
• Verify the presence of voltage at both the control
and the controlled side of the relay
• Verify the continuity of the relay coil
• Just because the relay “clicks” doesn’t mean it is
good
(Cont.)
Relay Testing Tips

Repair procedures for electronic
• Procedures for removing and replacing
system components
Repair Considerations
• Type of repair required
• Ease of access to the damaged area
• Type of conductor
• Size of wire
• Circuit requirements
• Manufacturer’s recommendations
• Removing and replacing system components
Wire Repair
• Solderless connectors
– Designed to be used in areas not subject to
weather, dirt, corrosion, or movement
• Soldering
– The best way to splice copper wires
Soldering
• Always use rosin core
solder
• Apply solder to the tip
of the soldering tool
before soldering
• Braid the wire ends
together tightly or use
a splice clip
• The solder should
melt by the heat of
the splice or wire, not
the heat of the tool
Connector Terminal Repair
• Molded connectors
– Must be cut off and a new
one spliced in
• Hard-shell connectors
– Use a pick to depress the
locking tang
– Re-form the tang before
reassembly
Electronic Service Precautions
• Turn the ignition switch off before disconnecting
a fuse or a battery connection
• Do not connect any electrical accessories to
computer-controlled circuits
• Use only manufacturer’s repair procedures
• Wear an electrostatic discharge strap
Electronic Service Precautions
• Always touch a known good ground before
handling a part
• Avoid touching the electrical terminals of a part
unless instructed to do so by the service
manual
• Do not remove a part from its packaging before
you are ready to install it
• Before removing the part from its packaging,
ground yourself and the package to a vehicle
ground
Flashing the BCM
• Most of the modules installed on today’s
vehicles are produced with EEPROM chips that
allow the basic programming of the computer to
be altered or rewritten.
• This enables manufacturers to reduce costs by
having the technician flash the computer
instead of replacing it.
Flashing the BCM
• To flash a computer means to remove the
existing programming and overwrite it with new
programming.
• The new program is downloaded into the scan
tool and then downloaded into the BCM over a
dedicated circuit.
Flashing the BCM
• Even if you replace the BCM, you will still
require to program it to the vehicle.
• Not all BCM’s are compatible with every vehicle
which is why the correct part numbers are
extremely important.
• Programming configures the BCM to suit the
vehicles requirements such as Operating
System and Body Type.
Repair procedures for electronic body
management systems Replacement
Video
Click on the image to start the video

Repair procedures for electronic body
management systems Programming
Video
Click on the image to start the video

Active Headlight System Service
• Replacement of any parts of the Active
Headlight system may require initialization or
calibration.
• Typically, these procedures will require the use
of a scan tool.
Headlight Switch Replacement
• Always follow the service manual procedure for
removal and installation
• The headlight switch controls most of the
vehicle’s lighting systems.
• The headlight switch will generally receive
direct battery voltage to two of its terminals.
• Disconnect the battery before removing the
headlight switch.
Headlight Switch Replacement – Dash-Mounted
Switches
• Many methods are used to retain the headlight
switch to the dash.
• Consult the service information of the vehicle
you are working on.
Headlight Switch Replacement – Dash-Mounted
Switches
• The following is a common method of removing
the headlight switch:
– Place fender covers on the fenders.
– Install a memory keeper and disconnect and isolate
the battery negative cable.
– Remove the lower cluster bezel from the instrument
panel.
– Disconnect the wire harness connector from the back
of the headlamp switch.
– Remove the fasteners that secure the headlamp
switch to the back of the cluster bezel.
– Remove the headlamp switch from the cluster bezel.
Post-repair testing procedures for
• DTC clearing procedures
• Static and dynamic performance tests of
• Verify the repair. Never assume that your
work solved the original problem.
• As with the post-repair of any problem, your
post-repair inspection should begin with trying
to duplicate the customer’s complaint.
• For body management system problems, this
is done by operating the system.
• It is very important that the body management
system is operated not just in the workshop
but on a road test.
(Cont.)
• DTCs may have been set during the flashing

of the BCM process or repairs.
• Erase any DTCs.
• Make sure the vehicle is clean, and that there
are no other faults as a result of the repairs
carried out before returning the vehicle to the
customer.

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AURETR143 Diagnose and repair

electronic body management systems

Click on play button above to play video

Click on image above to play video

An example of lockout is physically securing unsafe tools

An example of tagout is affixing a clear and

• Writing is communicating by using the written

• For example, if a power window fault was

Follow these housekeeping rules:

Safe disposal of materials

Various types of eye

Click on image above to play video

A typical sun load sensor

• Refer to the service information for help.

Diagnosing BCMs – Parameter IDs (PIDs)

Diagnosing BCMs – Parameter IDs (PIDs)

Diagnosing BCMs – DTCs and Service

Diagnosing BCMs – Scan Tool

Diagnosing BCMs – Flow charts and Diagnosis

Diagnosing BCMs – Flow charts and Diagnosis

Diagnosing BCMs – Flow charts and Diagnosis

Diagnosing BCMs – Flow charts and Diagnosis

Symptom-based diagnostic charts

Diagnosing BCMs – Flow charts and Diagnosis

Diagnosing BCMs – Diagnosis of Computer

Testing Electronic Circuits and Components

Testing Electronic Circuits and Components

Accessing electrical terminals and using test

Testing Electronic Circuits and Components

Testing Electronic Circuits and Components

Testing Electronic Circuits and Components

Testing Electronic Circuits and Components

Testing Electronic Circuits and Components

Power Lock Diagnosis

Power Lock Diagnosis

Power Lock Diagnosis

Power Lock Diagnosis

Power Windows Diagnosis

Power Windows Diagnosis

Power Windows Diagnosis

Computer-Controlled Power Window System.

Computer-Controlled Power Window System

Automatic Headlight System Diagnosis

Automatic Headlight System Diagnosis

Schematic of the system diagnose a customer concern

Automatic Headlight System Diagnosis

Adaptive Headlight Diagnosis

Headlight Diagnosis – Scan Tool Diagnostics

Headlight Diagnosis – Scan Tool Diagnostics

Headlight Diagnosis – Scan Tool Diagnostics

Headlight Diagnosis – Scan Tool Diagnostics

Headlight Diagnosis – Scan Tool Diagnostics

Headlight Diagnosis – Scan Tool Diagnostics

Click the play button to play video

Testing for Opens

Testing for Opens

Testing for Opens

Testing for Opens