Oracle Book in Hindi PDF Download

Oracle in Hindi
BccFalna.com Kuldeep Chand

097994-55505
In this EBook I have covered SQL so that you can learn the
Query Language and can Query various kinds of Data from the
Database, created in First Step “Database Designing
Process”. This is Standard Query Language which is
approximately same in approx. all DBMS Software like Oracle,
DB2, MySQL, SQL Server, etc…
Then I have covered PL/SQL which is specially added

Functionality in Oracle so that we can use Oracle with more
control to develop Professional Database Applications. This
feature is not available in any other DBMS Software.
And in last part I have used Visual Basic 6 to develop Frontend

of a Professioanl Database Application. So that you can
understand the fundamental concepts of Professional Oracle
Database Application Software Development Process properly.
Oracle 8i/9i (SQL/PLSQL) in Hindi
■■■
Kuldeep Chand
Betalab Computer Center

Falna
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Oracle 8i/9i – SQL/PLSQL in Hindi

Copyright © 2009 by Kuldeep Chand
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by
any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the
copyright owner and the publisher.
Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol
with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial
fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of
the trademark.
Lead Editors: Kuldeep Chand
Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Betalab Computer Center, Behind of

Vidhya Jyoti School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116
e-mail bccfalna@gmail.com
or
visit http://www.bccfalna.com
For information on translations, please contact BetaLab Computer Center, Behind of

Vidhya Jyoti School, Falna Station Dist. Pali (Raj.) Pin 306116
Phone 97994-55505
The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis, without warranty.
Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, the author
shall not have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage
caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in
this book.
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This book is dedicated to those
who really wants to be
ProfessionAl Developer
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Index
of
Contents
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Table of Contents
Oracle – The History.................................................................................... 16

The Relational Database Architecture .................................................................. 17
File-Based Systems.......................................................................................... 17
Client/Server Architecture ................................................................................. 19
Multi-Tire Architecture ...................................................................................... 20
Network Computing Architecture.......................................................................... 21
Clients .............................................................................................................. 21
Application Server ............................................................................................ 21
Universal Data Server ...................................................................................... 22
Oracle - Architecture ................................................................................... 24

Memory Structures............................................................................................... 24
The Database Buffer Cache ............................................................................. 25
Redo Log Buffer ............................................................................................... 26
Shared Pool ..................................................................................................... 27
Additional Memory Areas ................................................................................. 28
Processes ............................................................................................................ 28
Database Writer (DBWR) ................................................................................. 30
Log Writer (LGWR) ........................................................................................... 31
System Monitor (SMON) .................................................................................. 32
Process Monitor (PMON) ................................................................................. 32
Archiever (ARCH) ............................................................................................. 32
Server Processes ............................................................................................. 33
Listener Process............................................................................................... 34
Database Files ..................................................................................................... 34
Control Files ..................................................................................................... 34
Parameter Files ................................................................................................ 35
Online Redo Log Files ...................................................................................... 38
Data Files ......................................................................................................... 40
Data Concurrency and Data Consistency ................................................. 44

Data Concurrency ................................................................................................ 44
Data Consistency ................................................................................................. 44
Locking Strategies ............................................................................................ 44
Consistency Achievement ................................................................................ 45
Schemas .......................................................................................................... 45
Creating a Database .................................................................................... 51

Administration Tools ............................................................................................ 51
Identifying Database ......................................................................................... 51
SQL *Plus......................................................................................................... 52
Server Manager................................................................................................ 52
NT Instance Manager ....................................................................................... 52
Oracle 8i Installation ............................................................................................ 52
Configuring The Network ..................................................................................... 72
Tnsnames.ora .................................................................................................. 82
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Listener.ora ...................................................................................................... 85
Application Development Process............................................................. 88

Finding The Requirements Of The Application ..................................................... 88
Designing The Database...................................................................................... 89
Designing The Application ................................................................................... 90
Enforcing Security ................................................................................................ 91
Performance Tuning ............................................................................................ 91
Maintaining and Updating .................................................................................... 92
Database Design.......................................................................................... 94
Conceptual Design............................................................................................... 95
Entity-Relationship Diagrams ........................................................................... 96
Logical Design ................................................................................................... 100
Identifying the Record Types and Fields ......................................................... 102
Identifying Any Data Dependencies ................................................................ 102
Normalizing The Database ............................................................................. 103
Database De-Normalization............................................................................ 112
Keys ............................................................................................................... 112
Database Design – An Example from Start To End ................................ 117

Entity Relationship Modeling .............................................................................. 117
Step 1 – Finding Database Application Related Entities ................................. 117
Step 2 – Determining Relationship between Entity Pairs ................................ 118
Step 3 – Determining Relationship Nature ...................................................... 118
Step 4 – Resolving Many To Many Relationship ............................................. 119
Step 5 – Foreign Keys For Enforcing Relationships ........................................ 121
Step 6 – Entity Attributes Setup ...................................................................... 121
Database Normalization ..................................................................................... 122
First Normal Form ( FNF or 1NF )................................................................... 123
Second Normal Form ( SNF or 2FN) .............................................................. 127
Third Normal Form (TNF or 3NF) ................................................................... 128
Database Implementation ......................................................................... 132

Tablespace Creation .......................................................................................... 133
Creating Tablespace ...................................................................................... 134
Optional Parameters....................................................................................... 136
Table Creation ................................................................................................... 139
Oracle Data Types ......................................................................................... 140
Creating Tables .............................................................................................. 143
USER_CONSTRAINTS Table ........................................................................ 185
Table Modification .......................................................................................... 188
Data Dictionary ............................................................................................... 192
Index Creation ................................................................................................... 194
Creating Index ................................................................................................ 198
Sequences Creation .......................................................................................... 199
Creating Sequence ......................................................................................... 199
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Maintaining Sequence .................................................................................... 205

Audit Trails ......................................................................................................... 209
Other Schema Objects ....................................................................................... 210
Clusters .......................................................................................................... 211
Views ............................................................................................................. 214
Synonyms ...................................................................................................... 223
User Access Controlling ..................................................................................... 224
Privileges........................................................................................................ 224
Schemas ........................................................................................................ 225
System Privileges ........................................................................................... 225
Role ................................................................................................................ 227
Object Privileges ............................................................................................ 229
Accessing Data – SQL Queries ................................................................ 237

SQL Overview.................................................................................................... 237
Types Of SQL Commands ................................................................................. 238
Query Commands .......................................................................................... 238
Data Definition Language (DDL) Commands .................................................. 238
Data Control Language (DCL) Commands ..................................................... 238
Data Manipulation Language (DML) Commands ............................................ 238
Transaction Control Language (TCL) Commands .......................................... 238
Session Control Commands ........................................................................... 239
System Control Commands ............................................................................ 239
Embedded SQL Commands ........................................................................... 239
SELECT Command ........................................................................................... 239
SELECT Syntax ............................................................................................. 239
Using Dual ...................................................................................................... 242
Getting Selected Rows ................................................................................... 242
Sorting The Selection ..................................................................................... 243
Useful Operators ................................................................................................ 244
= Equality Test ........................................................................................... 244
!= Inequality Test (Not Equal To) ................................................................. 244
> Greater Than ........................................................................................... 245
< Less Than ............................................................................................... 245
>= Greater Than OR Equal To ............................................................. 245
<= Less Than OR Equal To ................................................................. 245
| | Character String Concatenation .............................................................. 246
AND Returns TRUE If Both Conditions Are TRUE Otherwise FALSE ..... 246
OR Returns TRUE If Either Conditions Is TRUE Otherwise FALSE ...... 246
NOT Returns TRUE If Condition Is False and Vise Versa ....................... 246
BETWEEN a AND b ....................................................................................... 247
IN ................................................................................................................... 247
IS NULL.......................................................................................................... 248
LIKE ............................................................................................................... 248
Calculated Fields ............................................................................................... 249
Oracle-Specific Functions .................................................................................. 249
SYSDATE ...................................................................................................... 250
USER ............................................................................................................. 250
TO_CHAR() .................................................................................................... 250
TO_DATE() .................................................................................................... 250
CONCATE() ................................................................................................... 250
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UPPER() ........................................................................................................ 250

LOWER()........................................................................................................ 251
INITCAP()....................................................................................................... 251
DECODE Function ......................................................................................... 252
GROUP Function ............................................................................................... 255
AVG (Column_Name)..................................................................................... 255
COUNT (Column_Name) ............................................................................... 255
MAX (Column_Name) .................................................................................... 255
MIN (Column_Name)...................................................................................... 255
STDDEV(Column_Name) ............................................................................... 256
SUM(Column_Name) ..................................................................................... 256
VARIANCE(Column_Name) ........................................................................... 256
GROUP BY Clause ............................................................................................ 256
HAVING Clause ................................................................................................. 258
Join - Query with More Than One Table ............................................................ 258
Outer Join....................................................................................................... 260
Subqueries......................................................................................................... 261
Subqueries That Return Only One Value........................................................ 261
Subqueries That Return More Than One Row ................................................ 262
Database Optimizer ........................................................................................... 263
Efficient SELECT Statements ............................................................................ 264
Specifying Schemas .......................................................................................... 266
Updating Database .................................................................................... 270

Tables Updating Philosophy .............................................................................. 270
INSERTING Rows .......................................................................................... 271
UPDATING Rows ........................................................................................... 274
DELETING Rows ........................................................................................... 276
Transaction Control............................................................................................ 277
COMMIT......................................................................................................... 278
ROLLBACK .................................................................................................... 279
SAVEPOINT name ......................................................................................... 279
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT name ............................................................... 279
Database Triggers ............................................................................................. 282
CREATE TABLE AS Subquery .......................................................................... 283
Database Design For Fast Updates ................................................................... 283
Date Data Type .................................................................................................. 284
Complete SQL – Structured Query Language......................................... 288

iSQL *Plus Terminal........................................................................................... 288
Making Simple Queries ...................................................................................... 290
Making Conditional Queries ............................................................................... 298
Making Sorted Queries ...................................................................................... 305
Character Functions........................................................................................... 308
CONCAT Function ......................................................................................... 309
INITCAP Function .......................................................................................... 310
LOWER and UPPER Function ....................................................................... 311
LPAD and RPAD Function.............................................................................. 311
SUBSTR Function .......................................................................................... 312
LTRIM and RTRIM Functions ......................................................................... 314
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INSTR Functions ............................................................................................ 314

LENGTH Functions ........................................................................................ 316
Numerical Functions .......................................................................................... 316
MOD Functions .............................................................................................. 317
POWER Functions ......................................................................................... 317
ROUND Functions .......................................................................................... 317
SIGN Functions .............................................................................................. 318
SQRT Functions ............................................................................................. 319
TRUNC Functions .......................................................................................... 319
Date Functions ................................................................................................... 320
ADD_MONTHS Functions .............................................................................. 320
LAST_DAY Functions..................................................................................... 320
MONTHS_BETWEEN Functions .................................................................... 321
NEXT_DAY Functions .................................................................................... 321
Making Aggregate Queries ................................................................................ 322
Making Join Queries .......................................................................................... 326
Cartesian Products ......................................................................................... 330
Equi - Join ...................................................................................................... 331
Non-Equi-Join................................................................................................. 333
Outer Join....................................................................................................... 333
Self Join ......................................................................................................... 335
Creating Cross Joins ...................................................................................... 336
Creating Natural Joins .................................................................................... 337
Left Outer Join ................................................................................................ 340
Right Outer Join ............................................................................................. 341
Full Outer Join ................................................................................................ 342
Making Subqueries ............................................................................................ 342
Making DML Queries ......................................................................................... 352
State of the Data Before COMMIT and ROLLBACK ....................................... 358
State of the Data after COMMIT ..................................................................... 359
State of the Data after ROLLBACK................................................................. 360
Introduction to PL/SQL ............................................................................. 363

PL/SQL – The Extension of SQL........................................................................ 363
Advantages Of PL/SQL .................................................................................. 364
PL/SQL Execution Environment ..................................................................... 365
Stored Procedures ............................................................................................. 365
Stored Procedures – The Advantages ............................................................ 366
Procedure Structure ....................................................................................... 368
Function Structure .......................................................................................... 370
Trigger Structure ............................................................................................ 370
Procedure Parameters ................................................................................... 371
Packages ........................................................................................................... 372
Package Creation ........................................................................................... 373
Built-In Packages ........................................................................................... 373
Stored Procedures Creating Tools ..................................................................... 375
SQL *Plus....................................................................................................... 375
Visual Database Tools.................................................................................... 378
Oracle Procedure Builder ............................................................................... 382
Error Handling in PL/SQL ............................................................................... 395
Enhancing The Error Message ....................................................................... 399
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Creating Stored Procedures ..................................................................... 402

PL/SQL Data Types ........................................................................................... 402
Scalar Data Types .......................................................................................... 402
User-Defined (Composite) Variables .............................................................. 404
Declaring Variables ............................................................................................ 405
%TYPE and %ROWTYPE .............................................................................. 405
Declaring Constants........................................................................................... 407
Statements and Assignments............................................................................. 407
Flow Control Statements .................................................................................... 408
Decision Flow Control..................................................................................... 408
Loops ............................................................................................................. 410
Using SQL Statements In PL/SQL ..................................................................... 411
Update Statements ......................................................................................... 412
Using SELECT INTO ...................................................................................... 414
Exceptions In SELECT INTO Statement......................................................... 416
PL/SQL Cursors ................................................................................................. 418
Declaring A PL/SQL Cursor ............................................................................ 419
Opening And Closing A PL/SQL Cursor ......................................................... 420
Fetching A PL/SQL Cursor ............................................................................. 420
Error Conditions for PL/SQL Cursors.............................................................. 421
PL/SQL Cursor In Action ................................................................................ 422
PL/SQL Cursor Loops .................................................................................... 425
User-Defined Data Types................................................................................... 425
Records .......................................................................................................... 426
PL/SQL Tables and Collections ...................................................................... 427
Cursor Variables ................................................................................................ 433
Declaring a Cursor Variable............................................................................ 434
Opening A Cursor Variable ............................................................................. 435
Fetching Records ........................................................................................... 435
Closing The Cursor Variable........................................................................... 436
Passing Cursor Variables ............................................................................... 436
Using Triggers ................................................................................................... 438
Providing a Transaction Audit ............................................................................ 440
Procedures and Visual Basic ............................................................................. 443
Data Controls ................................................................................................. 443
Data Access Objects (DAO) ........................................................................... 443
Remote Data Objects (RDO) .......................................................................... 443
ActiveX Data Objects (ADO)........................................................................... 444
Oracle Objects or OLE (OO4O) ...................................................................... 444
Distributed Databases ............................................................................... 446

Overview ............................................................................................................ 446
Centralized and Client-Server Architecture ........................................................ 447
Parallel Systems ................................................................................................ 447
Distributed Systems ........................................................................................... 448
Client-Side Technology ............................................................................. 450

The Software Layers .......................................................................................... 450
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The ODBC Driver Manager ............................................................................ 450

ODBC Driver .................................................................................................. 451
The OLE-DB Layer ......................................................................................... 451
Oracle Call Interface ....................................................................................... 452
Net8 and SQL *Net ......................................................................................... 452
The Network Softwares .................................................................................. 453
ODBC ................................................................................................................ 453
The Origins Of ODBC ..................................................................................... 454
ODBC Drivers................................................................................................. 454
Selecting An ODBC Driver.............................................................................. 456
Setting Up An ODBC Data Source ................................................................. 456
Creating An ODBC Connection String ............................................................ 460
Testing Of ODBC Connection......................................................................... 462
OLE-DB ............................................................................................................. 464
Data Providers................................................................................................ 465
Data Consumers ............................................................................................ 465
OLE-DB Cursors ............................................................................................ 465
How Cursor Works? ....................................................................................... 469
Choosing A Cursor ......................................................................................... 470
Connections ....................................................................................................... 471
DSN-Less Connections .................................................................................. 472
Closing An ODBC Connection ........................................................................ 472
ODBC Connection Pooling ............................................................................. 473
Pre-Started Connections ................................................................................ 474
Alternative Access Methods ............................................................................... 474
Oracle Pre-Compilers ..................................................................................... 474
Oracle Objects for OLE .................................................................................. 475
Accessing Oracle from Visual Basic ....................................................... 477

The JET Engine.............................................................................................. 477
Data Access Objects ...................................................................................... 483
Data Control ................................................................................................... 485
Remote Data Objects ..................................................................................... 486
ODBCDirect ................................................................................................... 488
The ODBC API ............................................................................................... 490
ActiveX Data Objects...................................................................................... 491
Oracle Objects for OLE .................................................................................. 493
Oracle Objects for OLE ............................................................................. 498

The OO4O Object Hierarchy .............................................................................. 498
OraClient ........................................................................................................ 499
OraSession .................................................................................................... 499
OraConnection ............................................................................................... 499
OraDatabase .................................................................................................. 499
The Early Binding Issue ..................................................................................... 499
Accessing Database .......................................................................................... 501
BeginTrans ..................................................................................................... 502
CommitTrans .................................................................................................. 502
ConnectSession ............................................................................................. 502
CreateNamedSession .................................................................................... 503
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LastServerErrResetSession ........................................................................... 503

OpenDatabase ............................................................................................... 503
ResetTrans..................................................................................................... 503
Rollback ......................................................................................................... 503
Connection With Database ................................................................................ 503
Database_Name ............................................................................................ 503
Connect_String............................................................................................... 504
Options ........................................................................................................... 504
Database Object Methods.................................................................................. 506
Close .............................................................................................................. 506
CreateCustomDynaset ................................................................................... 506
CreateDynaset ............................................................................................... 506
CreatePLSQLDynaset .................................................................................... 506
CreatePlsqlCustomDynaset............................................................................ 507
CreateSQL ..................................................................................................... 507
ExecuteSQL ................................................................................................... 507
LastServerErrReset ........................................................................................ 507
Creating OraDynasets ....................................................................................... 507
Source ............................................................................................................ 508
Options ........................................................................................................... 508
Pessimistic Locking ........................................................................................ 510
Using Triggers ................................................................................................... 511
Tuning The OraDynaset ..................................................................................... 513
Cache Parameters ......................................................................................... 513
Fetch Parameters ........................................................................................... 514
OraDynaset Properties....................................................................................... 514
BOF................................................................................................................ 515
Bookmark ....................................................................................................... 515
BookMarkable ................................................................................................ 515
CacheBlocks .................................................................................................. 515
CacheChanged .............................................................................................. 515
CacheSliceSize .............................................................................................. 515
CacheSizePerBlock ........................................................................................ 515
Connection ..................................................................................................... 515
Database ........................................................................................................ 515
EditMode ........................................................................................................ 516
EOF................................................................................................................ 516
FetchLimit....................................................................................................... 516
FetchSize ....................................................................................................... 516
Fields ............................................................................................................. 516
LastModified ................................................................................................... 516
NoMatch ......................................................................................................... 516
Options ........................................................................................................... 516
RecordCount .................................................................................................. 516
RowPosition ................................................................................................... 517
Session .......................................................................................................... 517
SQL ................................................................................................................ 517
Transactions ................................................................................................... 517
Updatable ....................................................................................................... 517
Exploring The OraDynaset Methods .................................................................. 517
Populating OraDynaset .................................................................................. 518
Changing The Current Record........................................................................ 518
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Accessing the Fields Of An OraDynaset ......................................................... 520

Changing the Records and Values in an OraDynaset ..................................... 521
Finding A Particular Record ............................................................................ 523
Closing A Dynaset .......................................................................................... 525
Using Parameters .............................................................................................. 525
Name ............................................................................................................. 526
InitialValue ...................................................................................................... 526
Type ............................................................................................................... 526
Executing SQL Commands ................................................................................ 529
Calling Stored Procedures ................................................................................. 530
Retrieving Cursor Variables ............................................................................... 531
SQLStatement ................................................................................................ 532
CursorName ................................................................................................... 532
Options ........................................................................................................... 532
Calling PL/SQL Functions .................................................................................. 534
Retrieving PL/SQL Tables.................................................................................. 535
Name ............................................................................................................. 535
Type ............................................................................................................... 535
ServerType ..................................................................................................... 536
ArraySize ........................................................................................................ 536
ElementSize ................................................................................................... 536
Using OraSQLStmts .......................................................................................... 537
Sql_Statement ................................................................................................ 537
Options ........................................................................................................... 538
Batch Updates ................................................................................................... 539
Error Handling .................................................................................................... 541
Putting It All Together ........................................................................................ 542
Viewing The Structure Of A Database................................................................ 544
OralDataType ................................................................................................. 544
OraMaxDSize ................................................................................................. 544
OraMaxSize ................................................................................................... 545
OraNullOK ...................................................................................................... 545
OraPrecision .................................................................................................. 545
OraScale ........................................................................................................ 545
Size ................................................................................................................ 545
Truncated ....................................................................................................... 545
Type ............................................................................................................... 545
Value .............................................................................................................. 546
ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) ..................................................................... 548

ADO Object Model ............................................................................................. 549
Connection Object .......................................................................................... 549
Recordset Object............................................................................................ 550
Command Object ........................................................................................... 550
Parameter Object ........................................................................................... 550
Field Object .................................................................................................... 551
Error Object .................................................................................................... 551
Property Object .............................................................................................. 551
Connecting To Oracle ........................................................................................ 551
Connection Object Methods ........................................................................... 552
Connection Object Properties ......................................................................... 554
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Opening Connection ....................................................................................... 556

2-Ways For Opening Connection.................................................................... 557
ADO Events ................................................................................................... 560
WithEvents ..................................................................................................... 562
Working With Recordset .................................................................................... 564
Opening Recordset ........................................................................................ 564
Populating The Recordset .............................................................................. 568
Fetching Multiple Rows .................................................................................. 568
ADO Recordset Navigation............................................................................. 570
Changing The Rows and Values In A Recordset ............................................ 571
Searching A Record In Recordset .................................................................. 572
Closing A Recordset ....................................................................................... 573
Recordset Events ........................................................................................... 573
The Command Object ........................................................................................ 575
Command Properties...................................................................................... 575
Command Parameters ................................................................................... 577
Command Object Properties .......................................................................... 579
Executing SQL Commands ............................................................................ 583
Stored Procedures ............................................................................................. 584
Calling Stored Procedures .............................................................................. 586
Last but not Least. There is more…......................................................... 587
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Oracle
The History
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Oracle – The History

Oracle nqfu;ka dh cgqr gh cMh Software Companies esa ls ,d gS] ftldh LFkkiuk 1977 esa
Relational Software Corporation ds uke ls gqbZ FkhA bl Company us nqfu;ka ds lcls
igys Relational Database Management Software Oracle dks Develop fd;kA
bls Develop djus dk igyk eq[; dkj.k Database dks ubZ Create dh xbZ SQL Language
ds Compatible cuk, j[kuk Fkk vkSj nwljk eq[; dkj.k ;s Fkk fd os Database Softwares dks
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Incorporated (RSI) ls gh Market esa yk;k x;k Fkk tcfd rhljs Version dks Market esa ykus
ds lkFk gh Company dk uke Change djds Oracle Corporation dj fn;k x;kA
gkykafd Oracle dh Stability o Reliability /khjs&/khjs Improve gqbZ tc rd fd Oracle dk

ikapok Version rS;kj ugha gqvkA bl ikapos Version esa Oracle us ftl Architecture dks Use
fd;k] mls vkt ge Client/Server Architecture ds uke ls tkurs gSaA bl Version esa
Parallel Server Option dks Hkh Define fd;k x;k FkkA blds ckn ds NBs o lkrosa Versions
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ysfdu ;s u;k Version Universal Database ds Concept dks T;knk Better rjhds ls
Implement djrk FkkA
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gS] ftlesa T;knk Data, T;knk Users o Better Performance dks Manage fd;k tkrk jgk
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Simple :i gS tcfd nwljk Hkkx Oracle dk Advance :i gSA ;gka ge Oracle ds Simple
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ge gekjs Application o Database dh t:jr ds vk/kkj ij bu esa ls fdlh Architecture dks
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Management System gSA Access esa .mdb Extension ds uke dh ,d File gksrh gSA blh
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Tables, Queries o Forms gksrs gSaA ;s File fdlh User ds Lo;a ds Computer vFkok fdlh
Network ij fLFkr gks ldrh gSSA
gkykafd ge lkekU;r;k bl File ds Data dks Display djus ds fy, Access ds Form ;k
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iz;ksx djds Hkh MS-Access ds bl File-Based Database dks Access dj ldrs gSaA
tc ge Data dks Store djus ds fy, Back-End ds :i esa fdlh File-Based System tSls
fd MS-Access dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] rc gj Front-End Application tSls fd Visual Basic dks
bl ckr ds fy, lko/kku jguk gksrk gS fd bl File-Based System ls Data dks fdl izdkj ls
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ls T;knk Users leku Database ds Data dks fcuk fdlh ijs”kkuh ds Use dj ldsa] blds
fy, gesa Application esa Locking Mechanism ds fy, Hkh ifjHkkf’kr djuk iMrk gSA
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tSls fdlh Application Developer dks Use djuk pkgrs gSa] rc Front-End ds fy, MS-
Access ds Database dks Access djus ds fy, gesa JET Engine dk iz;ksx djuk iMrk gSA
;fn ge JET ds vykok fdlh vU; rjhds ls MS-Access ds Database dks Access djus dh
dksf”k”k djrs gSa] rks gekjk Database Corrupt gks ldrk gSA
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pfy,] igys Locking Mechanism dks le>rs gSaA tc MS-Access tSlk dksbZ Database
fdlh Network ij fLFkr gksrk gS vkSj mls ,d ls T;knk Users Access djrs gSa] rc fdlh
le; ml Database dh fdlh ,d gh Table ds Data dks ,d ls T;knk Users Access djus
ds fy, Request dj ldrs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa ;fn nksuksa gh Users ,d lkFk fdlh Table ds
Data dks Access djrs gSa] rks Table ds Data ds Corrupt gksus dh lEHkkouk jgrh gSA
blfy, ,d ,sls rjhds dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa ;fn dksbZ ,d User fdlh Network ij
fLFkr Database ds fdlh Element dks Access dj jgk gksrk gS] rks ml Element dks rc
rd dksbZ nwljk User Access ugha dj ldrk tc rd fd igyk User ml Element dks
Free uk dj nsA
;kuh ,d ,slh izfØ;k dks Use fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa igys User ds fy, gh dksbZ Database
Element Useable gksrk gS] fdlh vU; User ds fy, ogh Element ftls igyk User Use
dj jgk gS] rc rd ds fy, Inaccessible gksrk gS] tc rd fd igyk User ml Element dks
Free ugha dj nsrkA bl fLFkfr esa igys User ds vykok lHkh vU; Users ds fy, og
Database Element Locked jgrk gSA bl izfØ;k dks Locking Mechanism dgk tkrk gSA
File-Based Databases ds lkFk ijs”kkuh ;s gS fd ge bls c<k ugha ldrs gSaA ,d NksVs
Business System ds fy, MS-Access dk Database Suitable gksrk gS] ysfdu cMs
System ds fy, MS-Access tSls File-Based Database dks Use ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
gkykafd ,d File-Based Database 100MB Data ds lkFk Successfully Deal dj ldrk gS]
ysfdu tc Database esa Records dh la[;k dkQh c<us yxrh gS ;k tc ,d gh Database
dks ntZuksa Users Access djus yxrs gSa] rc ,d File-Based Database dh Performance
dkQh ?kV tkrh gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge fdlh File-Based Database ds fdlh Table ds fdlh Column esa
Stored 1 yk[k Records esa ls lcls cMh Value dks izkIr djuk pkgsa] rks ;s File-Based
System lHkh Records dks Network ls izkIr djsxk] fQj mUgsa Locally Process djsxk vkSj
Required Value dks [kkstsxkA ,d yk[k Records dks Network ls Retrieve djus esa ,d
File-Based System dks cgqr gh T;knk le; yxsxk vkSj gesa cgqr gh T;knk nsj rd
Required Result ds fy, Wait djuk iMsxkA
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Client/Server Architecture
tc fdlh Database dks cgqr lkjs Users Use djrs gSa vkSj Database esa cgqr lkjk Data
Store djuk gksrk gS] rc ge File-Based Approach dks Use ugha dj ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ml
fLFkfr esa File Based System dh Performance dkQh de gks tkrh gSA
,d File-Based System ls Performance izkIr djus ds fy, gekjs ikl ,d cgqr gh T;knk
Speed okyk Computer gksuk pkfg, vkSj ,d cgqr gh rst Speed dk Network gksuk pkfg,A
tcfd gesa”kk ,slk lEHko ugha gksrk gSA vkt Hkh Network dh Speed cgqr T;knk rst ugha gS
vkSj T;knk rst Speed okys Networks ds fy, cgqr T;knk [kpkZ djuk iMrk gSA blfy, bl
leL;k dk nwljk lek/kku Client/Server Architecture esa gS vkSj ;gh og fLFkfr Hkh gS] tgka
Oracle egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
,d Client/Server Architecture esa Client o Server nksuksa gksrs gSaA Client Computers T;knk
Powerful ugha gksrs gSa vkSj bu ij Visual Basic tSlk dksbZ Client Application Stored gksrk
gSA Server ,d T;knk Powerful Computer gksrk gS] ftl ij Database Server dks Store
fd;k tkrk gS lkFk gh System ls lEcaf/kr lHkh egaxs Equipments dks bl Server ds lkFk gh
Attach fd;k tkrk gSA
ge gekjs Client Software dks Visual Basic esa Develop djsaxs] gkykafd Clients dks fofHkUu
izdkj dh Programming Languages esa] fofHkUu Hardware Platform rFkk Operating
Systems ds fy, Develop fd;k tk ldrk gSA blh rjg ls ge gekjs Server Software dks
Oracle esa Develop djsaxs] ftls yxHkx lHkh izdkj ds Operating Systems o Hardware ij
Place fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Client/Server Architecture }kjk izkIr gksus okyh T;knkrj Advantages Server esa gh Exist
gksrh gSa] tks Server dks Data ij fofHkUu izdkj dh Processing dks Apply djus dh
Capabilities Provide djrh gSaA vkt ds PC brus Powerful gSa tks Data dks fofHkUu rjhdksa ls
Process djds mUgsa fofHkUu izdkj dh Graphical Form esa Display dj ldrs gSaA
Client/Server Architecture esa fdlh Database Application dks nks fgLlksa esa Develop fd;k
tkrk gSA Server Part Data ij fofHkUu izdkj dh Processing djus o fofHkUu izdkj dh
Information Generate djus dk dke djrk gS tcfd Client Part Server ls Generate gksus
okys fofHkUu izdkj dh Information dks fofHkUu izdkj ds Format esa Display djus o Output
Generate djus dk dke djrk gSA nksuksa gh Part ,d nwljs ls Lora= :i ls dke djrs gSaA
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Multi-Tire Architecture
Client/Server Architecture esa Hkh tc Database ds Data c<rs gSa] rc dqN ijs”kkfu;ka iSnk
gksrh gSa vkSj bl Situation ds dbZ Solutions gSaA Multi-Tier Software esa ,d gh Software
ds dbZ Tiers gksrs gSa vkSj gj Tier ,d Specific dke dks vPNs rjhds ls iwjk djrk gSA Tiers
dks lkekU;r;k rhu Hkkxksa esa ckaVk tkrk gS%
1 igyk Client ;k GUI Tier,

2 nwljk Middle ;k Business Tier o
3 rhljk Data Tier.
Multi-Tier Architecture dks lkekU;r;k Three-Tier Architecture Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
Multi-Tier Approach esa Visual Basic tSls Frontend ls lEcaf/kr Softwares dks Client dk
Role Play djrk gS] tSlk fd Client/Server Architecture esa djrk gS] gkykafd Multi-Tier
Architecture esa Visual Basic dks Client/Server Architecture dh rqyuk esa cgqr gh de
Data Processing dk dke djuk iMrk gSA
Multi-Tier Architecture esa Visual Basic dk eq[; dke Data dks fofHkUu izdkj ls Display
djuk gh gksrk gSA ysfdu Visual Basic Middle Tier esa cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Role Play djrk gS]
tgka ij fofHkUu izdkj dh Processing o Business Rules dks Capture fd;k tkrk gSA
Visual Basic Middle Tier esa ;s egRoiw.kZ Role blfy, Play dj ldrk gS] D;ksafd Visual
Basic 6 esa ge ActiveX Components Create dj ldrs gSa] tks fd ,d Transaction-
Processing Environment tSls fd Microsoft Transaction Server (MTS) ds Under esa
Server ij Run gks ldrk gSA Multi-Tier Architecture esa ge fuEu lqfo/kkvksa dks izkIr djrs gSa]
ftUgsa Provide djus esa ,d Client/Server Architecture Fail gks tkrk gS%
1 Create fd, x, Applications dks Deploy djuk o Update j[kuk ljy gksrk gSA ;s
Architecture ml fLFkfr esa dkQh egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gksrk gS] tc ge gekjs Application
dks Web ij Use djus ds fy, c<kuk pkgrs gSaA
2 bl Architecture dh otg ls tc Hkh Business ds Business Rules Change gksrs
gSa] gesa dsoy Client Tier dks gh Modify djuk iMrk gSA
3 fofHkUu izdkj ds Business Rules dks Middle Tier esa Encapsulate djus ds dkj.k
dksbZ Hkh vU; Application, tks fd bu Business Rules dks Access djuk pkgrk gS]
og Shared Components Create djds] ,d gh Client Application ds fofHkUu
Business Rules dks vU; Client Applications esa Access dj ldrk gSA
4 Business Layer bl ckr ds fy, fuf”pr djrk gS fd Data dh Security Standard
fu;eksa ij gh vk/kkfjr gS blfy, Data iwjh rjg ls Stable gSaA
5 Multi-Tier Architecture ds dkj.k Application Scalable gksrk gSA
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Network Computing Architecture

Oracle ds Multi-Tier Design dks gh Network Computing Architecture (NCA) Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA bl Architecture esa Multi-Tier Architecture ds lHkh Features “kkfey gksrs gSaA fQj
Hkh NCA esa Client dh rqyuk esa eq[; egRo Middle Tier o Back-End Tiers dk gh gksrk gSA
NCA esa Multi-Tier Architecture ds rhuksa Layers ;k rhu ls vf/kd Layers gks ldrs gSaA
Clients
rhuksa gh Tiers dks fuEukuqlkj rhu Categories esa Describe fd;k x;k gS] ftls ge Thin
Client dg ldrs gSaA bl Architecture esa Client ,d Universal Thin Client gksrk gS] tks
fuEu esa ls dksbZ Hkh gks ldrk gS%
• A Traditional Web Browser

• A Java-Based Client
• A Network Computer
Thin Client cukus dk eq[; Purpose ;s gSa fd dksbZ Hkh Application fdlh Hkh User rd igqap
lds] fQj og User pkgs tks Operating Software Use djrk gks ;k pkgs ftl Software ds
Through og bl Application dks Use djsA
Application Server
Application Server ,d Special izdkj dk Software Piece gksrk gS] tks fd Middle Tier dks
Efficient o Scalable cukus ds fy, Develop fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh Hkh Middle Tier
Software dks Develop djus dk ,d edln ;s Hkh gksrk gS fd Server ls vkus okyh fdlh Hkh
Request dks iwjk djus ds fy, ;s Middle Tier vius fdlh Hkh Code, Object ;k
Component dks Server ds fy, Available djsA
Application Server ,d Flexible Design gksrk gS] ftls Oracle esa Cartridges dgk tkrk
gSA Cartridges os Products gksrs gSa tks Server Software ds Top ij mlh rjg ls Run gks
ldrs gSa] ftl rjg ls gekjs Web Browser esa Plug-Ins Run gksrs gSaA Cartridge dk iz;ksx
djds ge eq[;r% Base Application Software dks gh vius Lo;a ds Code Statements }kjk
Extend djrs gSaA Cartridge dh ,d lcls cMh fo”ks’krk ;s gS fd gekjs Cartridge Code esa
;fn dksbZ Error gks rks gekjk Application Server dke djuk cUn ugha djrk gSA
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Universal Data Server

Data Server Layer dks Design Philosophy ds dkj.k vDlj Universal Data Server ds
uke ls Hkh iqdkjk tkrk gS D;ksafd ,sls Data Server fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Data dks Handle djus
esa l{ke gksrs gSaA Oracle 8 esa ge 4 GB rd dk Data Handle dj ldrs gSaA Oracle dh bl
fo”ks’krk ds dkj.k ge Graphics o Video dh Information dks Oracle ds Database esa
Store dj ldrs gSaA
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Oracle
Architecture
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Oracle - Architecture
Oracle Database dks ge Database o Instance nks :iksa esa ns[k ldrs gSaA Technically ,d
Oracle Database mu Files dk ,d Physical Collection gksrk gS] tks Database esa Exist
gksrs gSaA ysfdu Lo;a Database vius Lrj ij dqN ugha gksrk gS] D;ksafd Database ls Directly
Interact djus dk User ds ikl dksbZ rjhdk ugha gksrk gSA
tcfd Instance Oracle dk ,d Running Database gksrk gS] ftlesa Memory Structure
gksrk gS vkSj Associated Process gksrs gSa] tks bu Memory Structures ls Interact gksrs gSa o
Memory Structures dks Manipulate djrs gSaA
tks yksx Oracle Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) ij dke djrs gSa]
os vDlj Instance o Database dks Interchangeably Use djrs gSaA bu nksuksa ds chp dk
eq[; vUrj ;s gS fd ,d Physical Database File ls dbZ Instances Connect gks ldrs gSaA
tc fdlh Oracle Instance dks Start djus ds fy, dksbZ Script Run gksrk gS] rc fofHkUu
izdkj ds Processes dks Start djus ds fy, Oracle mUgsa Required Memory Space
Allocate djrk gSA
bl rjhds esa gekjs ikl ,d gh Server ij ,d ls T;knk Database Instance gks ldrs gSa] tks
fd ,d nwljs ls Lora= :i ls Run gksrs gSaA Oracle Parallel Server esa Same Single Data
Files ds lewg ds lkFk ,d ls T;knk Instances Mount gks ldrs gSaA Oracle dks le>us ds
fy, gesa Memory, Server Processes o Data Files rhuksa Concepts dks le>uk gksrk gSA
Memory Structures
System Global Area (SGA) ftls dbZ ckj Shared Global Area Hkh dgrs gSa] Oracle dk
Main Memory Component gksrk gSA Oracle ,d Memory Based Database gS] ftldk
eryc ;s gS fd Data] Locks o vU; Elements Memory esa Hold gksrs gSaA SGA dh Size
dHkh Hkh Server Machine dh Physical Available Memory ls T;knk ugha gksrh gS] vU;Fkk
Virtual Memory Paging gksus yxrk gS] ftlls Oracle Database dh Performance de gks
tkrh gSA
tc fdlh Computer esa T;knk Physical Memory ugha gksrh gS] rc cMs Programs o cgqr
lkjs Programs dks ,d lkFk pykus ds fy, Operating System esa Virtual memory Model
dks Use fd;k tkrk gSA
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bl Model esa tks Application Program Active gksrk gS] mlds Data rks Main Memory esa
jgrs gSa vkSj tks Program Inactive gksrs gSa] mUgsa Hard Disk ij Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA Hard Disk
esa ftruk Free Space gksrk gS] mls Operating System }kjk Virtual Memory dh rjg Use
dj fy;k tkrk gSA
Main Memory esa tks Hkh Application Store gksrk gS] og Memory ds fofHkUu fgLlksa esa Store
gksrk gSA Memory ds fofHkUu fgLlksa dks Page dgk tkrk gS vkSj Main Memory ds Data dks
Disk dh Virtual Memory esa Hkstus dh izfØ;k dks Paging dgk tkrk gSA
lkekU;r;k Memory Pages dh Size 4KB ;k 8KB gksrh gSA igys tks Operating Systems
cus Fks] muesa iwjs Application dks gh Virtual Memory esa Hkst fn;k tkrk FkkA bl izfØ;k dks
Swapping dgk tkrk FkkA blfy, vkt ds u, Operating System esa Hkh ftl File ds Data
dks Main Memory ls Virtual Memory esa Hkstk tkrk gS] mls Swap File gh dgrs gSaA
Oracle ds System Global Area (SGA) Memory esa fuEu Components gksrs gSa%
• Database Buffer Cache

• Redo Log Buffer
• Shared Pool Area (Which is made up of the following components:
• Library Cache (Which includes a Shared SQL Area)
• Data Dictionary Cache (also known as the Row Cache)
tc dksbZ Oracle Instance Start gksrk gS] rc Oracle mlds SGA dks Memory Allocate
djrk gSA Oracle Lo;a gh blds fofHkUu Components dh Memory dks Manage djrk gS
vkSj rc rd fdlh Hkh Component dh Memory dks Release ugha djrk gS] tc rd fd
Oracle ds ml Instance dks Shut Down ugha dj fn;k tkrkA lkFk gh Allocate dh tkus
okyh Memory Dynamically Increase ugha gksrh gSA
Memory Allocation dks Change djus ds fy,] gesa Oracle ds Instance dks Shut Down
djuk iMrk gS] mlds ckn Initialization Parameters esa Change djuk gksrk gS vkSj fQj ls
Oracle ds Instance dks Start djuk gksrk gSA
The Database Buffer Cache

;s SGA dh Memory dk og fgLlk gksrk gS] tgka Database dh fdlh Data File ls Read
fd;k x;k Data Store gksrk gSA ;gh Data fdlh Visual Basic Client Application }kjk
Access gksrk gSA ;s Cache Buffers ls curk gS] ftldh Individual Size ml Physical
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Database Files ds fdlh Database Block ds cjkcj gksrh gS] ftlesa Data dks Manage
fd;k tk jgk gksrk gSA
;fn bl Memory esa dksbZ Data uk gks] rks User ds Client Application dh Request ij
Generate gksus okyk Data blh Buffer esa Store gksrk gSA tc ge Database ls Connect
gksrs gSa] rc Oracle ,d Server Process Create djrk gS] ftls Shadow Process Hkh dgrs
gSaA ;s Process Application dh Request dks gekjh t:jr ds vk/kkj ij Handle djrk gSA
Cache esa nks Lists gksrh gSa tks Buffer dks Manage djrh gS% ftUgsa Least Recently Used
(LRU) List o Dirty List dgrs gSA Least Recently Used List lcls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gksrh
gSA SELECT tSls fdlh Command ls ftruh ckj Hkh Data Buffer Access gksrk gS] ;s Data
bl List ds Top ij igqap tkrk gSA
tcfd tks Buffer Access ugha gksrk gS] og bl List ds Bottom esa Move gks tkrk gSA bl
List esa gesa”kk vfUre ckj Access fd;k x;k Data Stored jgrk gSA bl Buffer dks Create
djus dk eq[; Purpose ;s gksrk gS fd fdlh Data ds fy, Physical Disk Reading
Operation dks de fd;k tk ldsA
Oracle dk nwljk List mu Data Buffers dh tkudkjh dks Hold djrk gS] ftUgsa Change
fd;k x;k gSA tc Hkh Client Application fdlh ,sls Data dh Request djrk gS] tks fd
Database Buffer Cache esa ugha gksrk gS] rks Oracle LRU List dks Free Buffer ds fy,
Search djrk gSA ;fn Search ds nkSjku Dirty List Buffer izkIr gksrk gS] rks Server Process
mUgsa Dirty List esa Move dj nsrk gSA
tc dqN fuf”pr la[;k esa Buffers dks Scan dj fy;k tkrk gS vkSj dksbZ Hkh Free Buffer izkIr
ugha gksrk gS] rks Database Writer Process (DBWR) dqN Dirty Buffers dks Disk ij Write
djrk gS] tks mUgsa Free dj nsrs gSaA os Buffers tks fd Dirty ugha gksrs gSa] os fdlh Hkh le; List
ls Move Out gks ldrs gSa vkSj os Buffers tks fd LRU List esa Bottom ij gksrs gSa] os lcls
igys Free gks ldrs gSaA
Redo Log Buffer

Redo Log Buffer Memory dk og Area gksrk gS] tks Database esa fd, tkus okys lHkh
General Changes dks Hold djrk gSA Database esa fd, tkus okys fofHkUu Changes dks
Redo Log Entries dgrs gSaA ;s Datablocks dh Copy ugha gksrs gSa cfYd ;s os tkudkfj;ka
gksrh gSa] ftudh t:jr Datablocks dks fQj ls Reconstruct djus ds fy, iMrh gSA
tc Database ds Changes dks Capture fd;k tkrk gS] rc bu Entries dks ftruk gks
ldrk gS mruk NksVk j[kk tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx Database ds Crash gksus ij Recovery ds
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fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Buffer dks Memory esa Circular Area ds :i esa Use fd;k tkrk gS]
blfy, Buffer Memory ds vUr ij igqap dj fQj ls Memory dh “kq:vkr ls Data Holding
dk dke djus yxrk gSA
Redo Log Entries dks Storage esa Permanently Write ;k Overwrite fd;k tkrk gSA Log
Writer Process (LGWR) bl Buffer dks Monitor djrk gS vkSj tc Hkh t:jr gksrh gS] blds
Contents dks Ftush djrk jgrk gSA Server Processes Redo Log Buffer esa Writing dks
Control djrk gS vkSj LGWR Redo Log Entries ds vk/kkj ij Changes dks Buffer esa
Write djrk gSA
Shared Pool
Shared Pool SGA Memory dk ,d ,slk Area gksrk gS] ftlesa ml Memory dk fgLlk gksrk
gS] ftls fofHkUu Users }kjk Share fd;k tk ldrk gSA blesa cgqr lkjs NksVs&NksVs Memory
Areas gksrs gSa] ftUgsa vxzkuqlkj le>k;k x;k gS%
Library Cache
Library Cache esa ,sls cgqr lkjs Components gksrs gSa] ftUgsa fofHkUu Database Users }kjk
Share fd;k tkrk gSA bldk Shared SQL Area lcls egRoiw.kZ Component gksrk gSA
Shared SQL Area esa gj SQL Statement dh Detail ds lkFk gh SQL Statement ds
Execute gksrs le; ds Execution Plan dh Hkh Detail gksrh gS] ftls Parse Tree dgk tkrk
gSA
Shared Area esa os Identical SQL Statement Hold gksrk gS] ftls ,d ls T;knk Users
Share djrs gSaA bl Statements dk lHkh Users ds fy, fcYdqy Identical gksuk t:jh gksrk
gS lkFk gh ;s SQL Statements leku Object ls gh Refer gksus Hkh t:jh gksrs gSaA
bldk Qk;nk ;s gksrk gS fd ;fn ,d ls T;knk Users ,d leku SQL Statements dks
Execute dj jgs gksrs gSa] rks ,d gh Object ls Refer gksus ds dkj.k Oracle ,d gh SQL
Statement dks Hold djrk gS] ftlls Database dh Performance Increase gks tkrh gSA
Data Dictionary Cache

SGA dk Data Dictionary Cache mu Tables dh Information Hold djrk gS] ftUgsa Use
fd;k tk jgk gSA ;s Table Name, Table Column Name o Column Data Types dks Store
djrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa tc Hkh fdlh SQL dks Parse djus dh t:jr gksrh gS] SQL ls
lEcaf/kr Information igys ls gh miyC/k jgrh gSA ;s lHkh Memory Areas o Processes ds
fy, Available jgrk gS vkSj ;s iwjh rjg ls Performance ls lEcaf/kr gksrk gSA Data
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Dictionary Cache ds fgLlksa dks Hkh mlh rjg ls Ftush fd;k tkrk gS] ftl rjg ls
Database Buffer Cache dks fd;k tkrk gSA
Additional Memory Areas

bu lHkh Memory Areas ds vykok nks vkSj Memory Areas gksrs gSa] tks fd fuEukuqlkj gSa%
1 Program Global Area ;k PGA, tks fd Server Processes ds fy, Control

Information dks Store djrk gSA
2 Sort Areas tks fd Memory-Based Sorts ds fy, Use gksrk gSA
Processes
Oracle dks ftu Memory Structures dh t:jr gksrh gS] mUgsa le>us ds ckn vc gesa mu
Processes dks le>uk gS] ftudh t:jr bu fofHkUu Memories dks Manage djus ds fy,
Oracle dks gksrh gSA ;s Processes Memory Structures ds lkFk feydj Oracle ds eq[;
Concept ;kuh Oracle Instance dks ifjHkkf’kr djrs gSaA
,d Oracle Instance ds lkFk cgqr lkjs Background Processes Associated gksrs gSa vkSj ;s
lHkh Database esa vyx&vyx rjhds ls viuk Role Play djrs gSaA eq[; :i ls pkj
Processes Mandatory gksrs gSa] tks fd fuEukuqlkj gSa%
1 The Database Writer (DBWR),

2 The Log Writer (LGWR),
3 The Process Monitor (PMON),
4 The System Monitor (SMON),
bu pkjksa Processes ds ckjs esa ge vkxs foLrkj ls tkudkjh izkIr djsaxsA bu pkj Processes
ds vykok ge ,d vkSj Process ;kuh Archive Process (ARCH) ds ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh
izkIr djsaxs] D;ksafd bldh tkudkjh ds fcuk ge Disk Failure dh fLFkfr esa Database dks iwjh
rjg ls Recover ugha dj ldrs gSa vkSj vUr esa ge Listener Processes ds ckjs esa tkusaxs]
tks fd fdlh Network User tSls fd Visual Basic tSls fdlh Client Program dks
Database ls Connect gksus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA fdlh Hkh Oracle Instance esa eq[;
:i ls fuEu Processes Involved gksrs gSa%
Process Name : ARCH

Description : ;s Process Redo Logs dks Archive djus ds fy, Disk ij ;k fdlh
vU; External Device ij Copy dj nsrk gSA
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Process Name : CKPT

Description : ;s Process Checkpoint Event ds le; Data File ds Header dks
Synchronization Number ds lkFk Update djrk gSA ;s Process
Optional gksrk gSA ;fn ge bl Process dks Use uk djsa] rks LGWR
Process bl dke dks iwjk djrk gSA
Process Name : Dnnn

Description : ;s Dispatcher Process ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd User Processes ds fy,
Database ds Shared Access dks Control djrk gSA ;s Process rc
Enabled gks tkrk gS] tc Multithreaded Server Option dks Use fd;k
tkrk gSA ;s ml Server Processes dks Replace dj nsrk gS] tks User
Processes ds vk/kkj ij SQL Request dks Handle djrk gSA
Process Name : DBWR

Description : ;s Process ml Data dks File esa Write djrk gS] ftls Database
Cache esa Change fd;k x;k gksrk gS] rkfd Request fd, x, u, Data
dks SGA esa Hold djus ds fy, Room Create fd;k tk ldsA bldk
iz;ksx Transaction dks Commit djus ds fy, ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
Process Name : LCKn

Description : ;s Process dsoy Parallel Server Option ds fy, Enabled fd;k tkrk
gSA
Process Name : PMON

Description : tc Server Process Failure dh fLFkfr gksrh gS] rc Process Monitor
Transaction dks Rollback djus dk dke djrk gSA ;s Process bl ckr
dks fuf”pr djrk gS fd ftl Transaction ds fy, Database ds
Resources dks Lock fd;k x;k Fkk] os Transaction ds Fail gksus dh
fLFkfr esa Released gks tk,axsA
Process Name : RECO

Description : ;s Recover Process Networking Failure ds ckn Distributed
Transaction dks Clean dj nsrk gSA
Process Name : Snnn

Description : ;s Shared Server Process dsoy Multithreaded Server Option esa
Use gksrk gSA ;s Dispatcher Processes }kjk Request fd, x, SQL
dks Process djus dk dke djrk gSA
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Process Name : SMON

Description : Crash Recovery dh fLFkfr esa SMON Database Changes dks Last
Checkpoint Event rd Replay dj nsrk gSA ;s Changes Online Redo
Log Files esa Store gks tkrs gSaA
Process Name : SNPn

Description : ;s Automatic Snapshot Refresh Process, Distributed Database
Configuration esa Master Database o vU; Databases ds Changes
dks Propagates djus ds fy, Use gksrk gSA ge bUgsa gekjs Lo;a ds dkeksa
ds fy, Hkh Use dj ldrs gSaA
Oracle Instances dh lcls T;knk Important Processes DBWR, LGWR, PMON o

SMON gSaA ;fn buesa ls dksbZ Hkh Service Fail gks tk,] rks Oracle Instance Fail gks tkrk gSA
gkykafd ARCH ,d Optional Process gS] ysfdu fQj Hkh bl Process ds fcuk Data
Archive ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj Failure ds ckn Recovery dk Chance cgqr gh de
gksrk gSA
Windows NT ij Oracle ds mijksDr lHkh Processes ,d Single Service }kjk Active gksrs
gSaA Service ,d Executable Process gksrk gS] tks fd Windows NT okys Computer ij
Install gksrk gS vkSj ml fLFkfr esa Hkh Run gksrk jgrk gS] tc dksbZ Hkh User Logged On ugha
gksrk gSA og Oracle Service tks fd bu lHkh Threads dks NT ij Run djrk gS]
OracleServicesid dgykrk gS] tgka sid Run gksus okys Oracle Instance dk uke gksrk gSA
ge dbZ vkSj Oracle Services dks ns[k ldrs gSa] tks fd ml fLFkfr esa Lo;a gh Automatically
Start gks tkrs gSa] tc Windows NT vkSj OracleTNSListener dks Restart fd;k tkrk gSA
OracleTNSListener ,d ,slk Service gksrk gS tks Listener Process dks Start djrk gSA
;s Process Network ij fLFkr fofHkUu Users dks Database ls Connect djrk gSA Server
ij fLFkr Lo;a SQL *Plus Session tSls Native Connection ds fy, Connection dks iwjk
djus ds fy, fdlh Listener Process dh t:jr ugha gksrh gSA
Database Writer (DBWR)

ge Database esa tks Hkh Change djrs gSa] os lHkh Changes Initially Memory esa gksrs gSaA ckn
esa t:jr gksus ij Oracle Lo;a gh bu Changes dks Data Files esa Update djrk gSA Data
File dk Updation Oracle Lo;a gh Database Writer Process }kjk Handle djrk gSA ;s gh
og eq[; Process gksrk gS tks System Global Area ds Data dks Data Files esa Write djrk
gSA ;fn User ftl Data ds fy, Oracle ls Request dj jgk gS] og Data Database
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Buffer Cache esa uk gks] rks Oracle Lo;a gh ml Data dks igys Database Buffer Cache esa
Hold djrk gS vkSj mlds ckn User dh Request dks iwjk djrk gSA
Database Writer Process Database Buffer Cache ls Dirty Blocks dks Database Files
esa Write djrk gSA tc ;s Buffer INSERT, UPDATE ;k DELETE tSls fdlh SQL
Statement ds Execution ds dkj.k Change gksrs gSa] bl Buffer dks Dirty Block ds :i esa
Mark dj fn;k tkrk gSA
tc Buffer esa Dirty Blocks dh la[;k Dirty List esa ,d eku rd igqap tkrh gS] rc
Database Writer Least Recently Used List dks Use djds ;s irk yxkrk gS fd og Most
Suitable Buffer dkSulk gS] ftls Data Files esa Write djds ml Buffer dks Free fd;k tk
ldrk gSA D;ksafd Oracle Lo;a dk File Structure Use djrk gS] blfy, Database Writer
dbZ Data Blocks dks ,d gh le; esa Data Files esa Write dj ldrk gS] ftls Multi-Block
Write dgk tkrk gSA
fQj Hkh pwafd Oracle lHkh Data dks Data Files esa Continuously Write ugha djrk gS] blfy,
ml fLFkfr esa dqN Data Memory esa gh jg ldrk gS] Crash dh fLFkfr esa bl Memory dk
Data, Data File esa Write ugha gks ikrk gSA bl Problem dks Log Writer }kjk Solve fd;k
tkrk gSA
Log Writer (LGWR)

ge gekjs Database ds Data esa tks Hkh Changes djrs gSa] og Change u dsoy Database
Buffer Cache esa gksrk gS] cfYd ml Change dh Entry Redo Log Buffer esa Hkh gksrh gSA
;fn gekjk Oracle Instance Crash gks tkrk gS] rks Buffer dh Entries Lost gks tkrh gSaA
Crash ds ckn Recovery dks Enable djus ds fy, bu Entries dks External-Disk Files esa
Store fd;k tkuk t:jh gksrk gSA Log Writer Process bu Entries dks Redo Log Buffer
File ls ysdj ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Online Redo Log Files esa Write djus dk dke djrk gSA
pwafd tc Hkh ge gekjs Database esa Change djrs gSa] ml Change dh Entry Redo Log
Buffer esa Hkh gksrh gS] blfy, Crash gksus dh fLFkfr esa Oracle bu Redo Log Buffer Files
dk iz;ksx djds Recovery dk dke djrk gSA
;fn ge Checkpoint Process (CKPT) dks Enable ugha djrs gSa] rks Log Writer Data File
ds Header dh Updating Checkpoint Event dh fLFkfr esa Lo;a djrk gSA Log Writer
Process fuEu fLFkfr;ksa esa Redo Log Buffer ds Contents dks Write djrk gS%
1 tc Database Transaction Commit gksrk gSA
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2 tc Redo Log Buffer ,d frgkbZ Hkj tkrk gSA

3 Checkpoint Event dh fLFkfr esaA
;fn mijksDr esa ls dksbZ Hkh fLFkfr uk gks] rks Log Writer gj rhu lsd.M ds vUrjky ij Data
dks Disk Files esa Write djrk jgrk gSA
System Monitor (SMON)

SMON eq[; :i ls fuEu dkeksa dks iwjk djrk gS%
1 ;fn Previous Database Shutdown esa ,d System-Wide Checkpoint Include uk

gqvk gks] rks ;s Process System Recovery dk dke djrk gSA
2 Data File esa Free Spaces ds Adjacent Extents dks Combine djrk gSA bl
Action dks Tablespace Level ij PCTINCREASE = 0 Setting }kjk Turn Off
fd;k tk ldrk gS] tks fd Tablespace ds Default Storage Parameter esa gksrk gSA
Process Monitor (PMON)

tc Server Process Fail gksrk gS] rc Process Monitor SGA dks Clean dj nsrk gSA fo”ks’k
:i ls PMON Failed Session ds Transaction dks Roll Back dj nsrk gS vkSj Transaction
ls Associated fdlh Hkh Resource dks Lock dj nsrk gSA
Archiever (ARCH)
;s Process gkykafd Mandatory ugha gksrk gS] fQj Hkh ge blds fcuk fdlh Database dks
Media Failure tSls fd Hard Disk ds Damage gksus dh fLFkfr esa iwjh rjg ls Recover ugha
dj ldrs gSaA
gkykafd LGWR Process Data dks Redo Log Buffer ls Disk ij Write djrk gS] ysfdu bu
Disk Files dh Size o la[;k Limited gksrh gSA bUgsa Circular Resources dh rjg Use
fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd tc Memory iwjh rjg ls Fill gks tk,] rc LGWR fQj ls “kq: ls
Memory esa Data Hold dj ldsA
tc ,slk gksrk gS] rks fiNyk Data u, Data ls Over Write gks tkrk gS vkSj iqjkuk Data Lost
gks tkrk gSA bl Setup dks NOARCHIVELOG Mode dgk tkrk gS] tks fd Oracle dk
Default Mode gksrk gSA Archive Process Data dks Online Redo Logs File ls
Destination Directory esa Write djrk gSA
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Online Redo Log Files dh Overwriting dks Avoid djus ds fy, gesa Archiver Process dks
Start djuk iMrk gSA blds ckn ftruh ckj Hkh File Fills Up gks tkrh gS] ;s Process Data
dks Archive Area esa Copy dj nsrk gSA gesa bl ckr ds fy, Hkh Ensure gksuk gksrk gS fd
Database ARCHIVELOG Mode esa gSA
Archiver Process dqN gn rd Control Files dks Up-To-Date j[kus ds fy, Hkh ftEesnkj
gksrk gS] gkykafd ;s dke dqN vU; Processes tSls fd LGWR ds lkFk Shared gksrk gS] tks
fd Checkpoints o Log Sequence Information ds lkFk Control Files dks Update djrs
gSaA
buds vykok Server Processes Hkh ml fLFkfr esa Control Files dks Update djrs gSa] tc
Table Space dks ALTER DATABASE Command }kjk Add ;k Alter fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn
Archive Destination Hkj tkrk gS vkSj Archiving dks Enabled fd;k x;k gksrk gS] rks Oracle
Online Redo Logs dks Overwrite ugha djrk gS] cfYd vDlj Hang gks tkrk gSA
Server Processes
Server Processes dks bl rjg ds uke blfy, fn, x, gSa] D;ksafd Server ij fLFkr ;s gh os
Processes gSa] tks User Requests ds lkFk Deal djus ds fy, Design fd, x, gSaA fQj Hkh
vDlj bUgsa xyr rjhds ls User Processes ds :i esa Identify fd;k tkrk gSA tcfd okLro
esa Visual Basic tSls Actual Applications gh User Processes gksrs gSaA gj User
Application tSls fd Visual Basic Program }kjk dksbZ Session Create djus ij bl
Client dh Request dks Handle djus ds fy, Oracle esa Server Processes Create fd;k
tkrk gSA ;s Setup gh Users ds fy, lcls Basic Lrj dk Setup gksrk gSA Oracle dks T;knk
Users ds chp Scalable cukus ds fy, ge Multi-Threaded Server Option dks Use dj
ldrs gSa] tks fd Dispatcher Process ds lkFk Shared Server Processes dks Use djrs
gq, User dh Request dks iwjk djrk gSA ,d Server Process ds eq[;r% fuEu dke gksrs gSa%
1 SQL Statements dks Parse djuk vkSj mUgsa Execute djukA

2 Generate gksus okys Resultset dks User ds Client Program ij Return djukA
3 tc Data dh t:jr gks vkSj Required Data, Data Buffers Cache esa miyC/k uk gks]
rc Data Buffer esa Data Blocks dks Read djukA
4 Data esa fd, x, Changes dks Redo Log Entries ds :i esa Redo Log Buffer esa
Write djukA
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Listener Process
Listener Processes dksbZ Required Background Process ugha gksrk gS] ysfdu ;fn dksbZ
Database dks Network }kjk Access djuk pkgrk gS] rks bl Process dh t:jr gksrh gSA
ge bl Process dks Start djds Network ls vkus okyh Connection Requests dks
“Listen” djrs gSaA ;s Web Server ds HTTP Listener dh rjg gh dke djrk gSA
Connection LFkkfir djus ds ckn Listener Process, User o Oracle ds chp
Communication dks Handle djus ds fy, Server Processes Create djrk gSA
Database Files
gkykafd ,d Oracle Instance Memory Structure o mu Processes ls cuk gksrk gS] tks
Memory Structures dks Manage djrs gSa] fQj Hkh Physical Database Files os Files gksrh
gS] tks System dks Useable cukrh gSaA ;s Files fuEu dkj.kksa ls Database ls Associated
lHkh izdkj ds Data dks Hold djrh gSa%
1 Database dks ;s Allow djus ds fy, fd og Physical Memory esa Store gks ldus
okys Data dh {kerk ls T;knk Data ds lkFk Dealing dj ldsA ,d ckr /;ku j[ksa fd
Operating System ds Swapping o Paging dks fdlh Hkh dher ij Avoid fd;k
tkuk gksrk gS] rkfd Oracle dh Performance ij dksbZ foijhr vlj uk iMsA
2 Database Transaction dh Recovery dks Allow djus ds fy,] fQj pkgs og

Recovery Failure Point ls gks ;k fdlh Previous Point ls gksA
fdlh Real-Life Database esa ;s Files gh lcls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSa] D;ksafd blh ds vk/kkj
ij iwjk System dke djrk gSA Oracle esa eq[; :i ls pkj rjg dh Database Files gksrh gSa%
1 Control Files
2 Initialization (Parameter) Files
3 Online Redo Log Files
4 Data Files
;s pkjksa gh Files Oracle dks Bhd rjhds ls Run djus ds fy, t:jh o egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSaA
Control Files
;s ,d NksVh lh File gksrh gS] tks Current Database Structure dks Describe djrh gSA ge
bl File dks ,d Online Database Header File ds :i esa ns[k ldrs gSaA ;s ,d Binary File
gksrh gS] blfy, gesa bl File dks Edit djus dh dksf”k”k ugha djuh pkfg,A bl File dks Oracle
Instance }kjk Start-Up ds le; Read fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl File dks rc rd Up-To-
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Date j[kk tkrk gS] tc rd fd Oracle ds Instance dks Shut Down ugha fd;k tkrkA bl
File ds fuEu Purpose gksrs gSa%
1 Database dk uke j[kus ds fy,A

2 Database Files o Log Files dks Identify djus ds fy,A
3 Recovery ds fy, t:jh tkudkfj;ksa tSls fd Checkpoints vkfn dks Synchronize
djus ds fy,] ftudk iz;ksx Database dh Recovery ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
ftruh ckj Hkh Database Structure Change fd;k tkrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy, tc ge fdlh
Table dks Create ;k Drop djrs gSa ;k fdlh Log File dks Add djrs gSa] rc bl Physical
Change ds lkFk gh Control File Hkh Update gks tkrh gSA Oracle esa Default :i ls dsoy
,d Control File dks Configure fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu gesa de ls de nks Control Files dks
Configure djds j[kuk pkfg,] rkfd Crash dh fLFkfr esa Recovery fuf”pr gksA
Parameter Files
Parameter File esa Oracle Instance ds Start-Up Options ls lEcaf/kr lHkh Information
gksrh gSaA bls rc Read fd;k tkrk gS tc Database Start gksrk gS vkSj ;s Microsoft
Windows dh Initialization File (*.ini) Files ds leku gh gksrh gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij ,d
Oracle Instance Start gksrk gSA ge bl File dks Edit dj ldrs gSa vkSj Parameters dks
Manually Set dj ldrs gSaA ;fn ge gekjh Settings dks Change djrs gSa] rks mu Settings
dk Effect rc rd ugha gksrk gS] tc rd fd ge Oracle Instance dks Restart uk djsaA
,d Typical Parameter File dks vkxs n”kkZ;k x;k gSA By Default bldk uke initSID.ora
gksrk gS] tcfd SID Start fd, tkus okys Instance dk uke gS] ftls ge Oracle ds
Installation ds le; Specify djrs gSaA
;fn geus gekjs SID dk uke SCT j[kk gks] rks gesa bl File dks Open djus ds fy,
initSCT.ora uke dh File dks “..\Oracle\Ora81\DATABASE” Path ls Open djuk
pkfg,A tc ge bl File dks Notepad dk iz;ksx djds Open djrs gSa] rc gesa bl File esa
fuEukuqlkj Statement fn[kkbZ nsrk gS%
IFILE='C:\Oracle\admin\SCT\pfile\init.ora'
Database dh iwjh Initialization Information dks ge init.ora uke dh File ls izkIr dj

ldrs gSa] tks fd gesa “C:\Oracle\admin\SCT\pfile” Path ij izkIr gksrh gSA bl File esa
Data fuEukuqlkj gks ldrs gSa%
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# Copyright (c) 1991, 1998 by Oracle Corporation

#
##############################################################################
# Example INIT.ORA file
#
# This file is provided by Oracle Corporation to help you customize
# your RDBMS installation for your site. Important system parameters
# are discussed, and example settings given.
#
# Some parameter settings are generic to any size installation.
# For parameters that require different values in different size
# installations, three scenarios have been provided: SMALL, MEDIUM
# and LARGE. Any parameter that needs to be tuned according to
# installation size will have three settings, each one commented
# according to installation size.
#
# Use the following table to approximate the SGA size needed for the
# three scenarios provided in this file:
#
# -------Installation/Database Size------
# SMALL MEDIUM LARGE
# Block 2K 4500K 6800K 17000K
# Size 4K 5500K 8800K 21000K
#
# To set up a database that multiple instances will be using, place
# all instance-specific parameters in one file, and then have all
# of these files point to a master file using the IFILE command.
# This way, when you change a public
# parameter, it will automatically change on all instances. This is
# necessary, since all instances must run with the same value for many
# parameters. For example, if you choose to use private rollback segments,
# these must be specified in different files, but since all gc_*
# parameters must be the same on all instances, they should be in one file.
#
# INSTRUCTIONS: Edit this file and the other INIT files it calls for
# your site, either by using the values provided here or by providing
# your own. Then place an IFILE= line into each instance-specific
# INIT file that points at this file.
#
# NOTE: Parameter values suggested in this file are based on conservative
# estimates for computer memory availability. You should adjust values upward
# for modern machines.
#
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###############################################################################
db_name = "SCT"
db_domain = Domain
instance_name = SCT
service_names = SCT.Domain
db_files = 1024
control_files =
("C:\Oracle\oradata\SID\control01.ctl",
"C:\Oracle\oradata\SID\control02.ctl",
"C:\Oracle\oradata\SID\control03.ctl")
open_cursors = 100
max_enabled_roles = 30
db_file_multiblock_read_count = 8
db_block_buffers = 2048
shared_pool_size = 4194304
large_pool_size = 614400
java_pool_size = 0
log_checkpoint_interval = 10000
log_checkpoint_timeout = 1800
processes = 50
parallel_max_servers = 5
log_buffer = 32768
#audit_trail = true # if you want auditing

#timed_statistics = true # if you want timed statistics
max_dump_file_size = 10240 # limit trace file size to 5M each
# Uncommenting the line below will cause automatic archiving if archiving has
# been enabled using ALTER DATABASE ARCHIVELOG.
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# log_archive_start = true
# log_archive_dest_1 = "location=C:\Oracle\oradata\SCT\archive"
# log_archive_format = %%ORACLE_SCT%%T%TS%S.ARC
# If using private rollback segments, place lines of the following

# form in each of your instance-specific init.ora files:
#rollback_segments = ( RBS0, RBS1, RBS2, RBS3, RBS4, RBS5, RBS6 )
# Global Naming -- enforce that a dblink has same name as the db it connects to
global_names = true
# Uncomment the following line if you wish to enable the Oracle Trace product
# to trace server activity. This enables scheduling of server collections
# from the Oracle Enterprise Manager Console.
# Also, if the oracle_trace_collection_name parameter is non-null,
# every session will write to the named collection, as well as enabling you
# to schedule future collections from the console.
# oracle_trace_enable = true
oracle_trace_collection_name = ""
# define directories to store trace and alert files
background_dump_dest = C:\Oracle\admin\SCT\bdump
#Uncomment this parameter to enable resource management for your database.
#The SYSTEM_PLAN is provided by default with the database.
#Change the plan name if you have created your own resource plan.# resource_manager_plan =
system_plan
user_dump_dest = C:\Oracle\admin\SCT\udump
db_block_size = 8192
remote_login_passwordfile = exclusive
os_authent_prefix = ""
distributed_transactions = 500
compatible = 8.0.5
sort_area_size = 65536
sort_area_retained_size = 65536
Online Redo Log Files

gkykafd Data esa fd;k tkus okyk dksbZ Hkh Change Memory ds Redo Log Buffer esa gksrk gS]
fQj Hkh Instance ds Fail gksus dh fLFkfr esa Backup ysuk t:jh gksrk gSA bl dke dks Log
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Writer Process }kjk iwjk fd;k tkrk gS] tks fd Redo Log Buffers ls Data dks Read djds
SGA ds Online Redo Log Files esa Store dj nsrk gSA ;s Redo Log Files fQj ls
Circular Storage Areas dh rjg Treat gksrh gSa vkSj ;fn Database ARCHIVELOG Mode
esa uk gks] rks ;s Continuously Overwrite gksrh jgrh gSaA
Oracle esa Default :i ls nks Log Files gksrh gSa] ftUgs ge redo_1a o redo_2a uke ns
ldrs gSaA bUgsa Separate Groups dk Member ekuk tk ldrk gS] tks fd gekjs Case esa gj
Group esa dsoy ,d File ;k Member ds :i esa gSA
okLro esa gesa Performance dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, de ls de ,d vkSj Group dh t:jr
jgrh gS] blfy, ge ,d vkSj Group Create dj jgs gSa] ftlesa redo_3a uke dh ,d
Member File gSA vc Log Writer redo_1a, redo_2a o redo_3a Log Files esa Data dks
Write djrk gSA
blds ckn ;s fQj ls redo_1a esa Writing djus yxrk gS] vkSj blh le; blds Data dks
Archive Destination ij Copy dj fn;k tkrk gSA tks Group Write fd;k tk jgk gksrk gS]
mls Current Group dgrs gSaA
bl rjg ls lkjka”k esa dgsa rks Log Writer igys ,d Log Group esa Data dks Write djrk gS
fQj Øe ls vkxs ds Groups esa Data dks Write djrk gSA gj Log Group esa ,d ;k ,d ls
T;knk Members gks ldrs gSa vkSj ,d Group ds lHkh Members Different Disks ij Store
gksus pkfg,] rkfd Crash dh fLFkfr esa fdlh Hkh vU; Disk ls Data dks Recover fd;k tk
ldsA
Important Redo Log Files dh Losing ds Risk dks de djus ds fy,] tks fd eq[; :i ls
Disk Crash gksus dh fLFkfr esa Database dh Recovery ds fy, ftEesnkj gksrh gSa] fuEu
Guidelines dk ikyu fd;k tkrk gS%
1 gj Group esa ,d ls T;knk File dks Add djuk pkfg,] tks fd Data dks Mirror djsA
ge redo_1a, redo_2a o redo_3a dks rhuksa Groups ds u, Members ds :i esa
Add dj ldrs gSaA
2 ;s ckr fuf”pr dj ysuh pkfg, fd lHkh Mirrored Files dks Separate Disks ij
Store fd;k x;k gks] rkfd Failure dh fLFkfr esa gekjs ikl ,d ls T;knk LFkkuksa ij
Backup gksA
3 gesa ;s fuf”pr dj ysuk pkfg, fd Archiving dks Enable fd;k x;k gSA
4 bl ckr dks fuf”pr dj ysuk pkfg, fd fofHkUu Redo Logs Different Disks ij gksa]
rkfd Database ds Performance ij izHkko uk iMsA
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Data Files
;s Physical Files gksrh gSa] tgka ij Data dks Store fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bls ge Data dk
Physical Representation Hkh dg ldrs gSaA gesa bu Files dk Backup le;≤ ij ysrs
jguk pkfg,A
gj og Data File ftldk Extension lkekU;r;k .ora ;k .dbf gksrk gS] og Native
Operating System File Structure ds vk/kkj ij Data Blocks dk ,d lewg gksrk gSA bl
Base Level ds mij Oracle vius Logical Structure dks Impose djrk gSA bl rjg ls
Oracle fofHkUu Platforms ij vius Database dks Run djrk gS] tks fd cgqr gh ekewyh :i
ls Native Operating System ij fuHkZj gksrk gSA
Logical Structure
Oracle viuk Logical Database Structure ml Disk Space ls cukrk gS] tks Operating
System Oracle dks iznku djrk gSA /;ku j[ksa fd Database “kCn okLro esa Oracle
Database ds File Part ij Apply gksrk gS uk fd Memory ;k Process Based Part ijA
Oracle vius Logical Structure dks Tablespaces ds vk/kkj ij Maintain djrk gS vkSj gj
Tablespace ds fy, Files dks Resource dh rjg Use djrk gSA Oracle ds Logical
Structure ds fofHkUu fgLlksa dks ge fuEukuqlkj le> ldrs gSa%
Database
Database Data dk ,d Total Collection gksrk gS] tks fd ,d Separate Unit dh rjg
gksrk gSA Physically ;s Data Files dh ,d Series gksrh gS] tcfd Logically ;s
Tablespaces dk Group gksrk gSA
Tablespace
Tablespace Storage dk ,d Logical Unit gksrk gS] ftls fdlh fo”ks’k Purpose ds fy,
DBA }kjk Setup fd;k tkrk gSA SYSTEM Tablespace Oracle ds fy, lcls t:jh
Tablespace gksrk gS vkSj Oracle Lo;a gh bls Automatically Create djrk gSA Users
bl Tablespace dk iz;ksx Dictionary Information o System Definitions ds fy,
djrk gSA
gesa Sorting ds dke ds fy, Temporary Memory Area esa TEMPORARY uke dk ,d
Tablespace Hkh Add djuk pkfg,A gesa de ls de ,d vkSj Tablespace Create djuk
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gksrk gS] ftldk iz;ksx User Data ds fy, fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA ;fn ge User Data ds
fy, ,d vyx Tablespace Create ugha djrs gSa] rks gesa SYSTEM Tablespace dks gh
User Data Hold djus ds fy, Use djuk iMrk gSA
gesa lkekU;r;k lHkh Applications ds fy, ,d Tablespace Create djuk pkfg, vkSj gj
Index ds fy, Hkh ,d vyx Tablespace Create djuk pkfg,A gesa Rollback
Segments ds Data dks Hold djus ds fy, Hkh ,d Tablespace Create djuk pkfg,A
bl Special Tablespace dks Create djus dk dkj.k ;s gS fd ;fn fdlh Tablespace esa
Online Rollback Segment ds Data gksa] rks ml Tablespace dks Offline esa Use ugha
fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy, Rollback Segments dks lHkh vU; Segments ls vyx ;kuh
Isolated j[kk tkuk t:jh gksrk gSA
gj Tablespace esa Physically ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk Data Files gksrh gSa] ftUgsa ge ml

fLFkfr esa leku Disk ij Hold djds j[k ldrs gSa] tc gekjs ikl vf/kd Disks uk gksaA
Logically ,d Tablespace Segments dk ,d Group gksrk gS] tks fd Database ds
Internal Structures dks Organize djus dk dke djrk gSA Tablespaces dks Offline Hkh
cuk;k tk ldrk gS ;k bls ckdh ds Database dks fcuk izHkkfor fd, gq, Lora= :i ls
Backed Up Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA fQj Hkh SYSTEM Tablespace dks fdlh Hkh gkyr
esa Offline ugha cuk;k tk ldrkA
Segments
gj Segment ,d veqd izdkj ds Database Structure dks Represent djrk gSA gj
Segment Extents ds ,d lewg dk cuk gksrk gSA Segments dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa] ftUgsa
fuEukuqlkj le>k tk ldrk gS%
1 Data Segments
Oracle ds Database esa gj Non-Clustered Table ds fy, ,d Data Segment
gksrk gSA
2 Cluster Segments
gj Cluster ds fy, ,d Cluster Segment gksrk gSA ;s Cluster mu ,d ;k ,d ls
T;knk Tables dks Hold djus dk dke djrk gS] ftUgsa Database Designer us vkil
esa Physically utnhd j[kus ds fy, Decide fd;k gS] rkfd Tables dh
Performance dks Improve fd;k tk ldsA
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3 Rollback Segments
Oracle esa gesa”kk de ls de ,d ;k vf/kd Rollback Segment gksrk gS] tks fd
Oracle ds SYSTEM Tablespace esa gksrk gSA bu Segments dks bl Information
dks Hold djus ds fy, Use fd;k tkrk gS] ;fn t:jr gks rks fdlh Transaction dks
fdl izdkj ls Roll Back fd;k tk ldrk gSA
4 Index Segments
budk iz;ksx fdlh Individual Indexes dks Hold djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
5 Temporary Segments
bl Area dks Temporary Work Area ds :i esa Use fd;k tkrk gS] ftlesa Sorting
tSls fdlh dke dks iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA ;s Segments lkekU;r;k Temporary Type
ds Tablespace esa mifLFkr gksrs gSaA
gesa gesa”kk ,d Temporary Tablespace dks Create djuk pkfg, vkSj bls CREATE
USER Command esa Specify djuk pkfg,A ;fn ge Lo;a ;s Segment Create ugha
djrs gSa] rks Oracle Lo;a SYSTEM uke ds Tablespace ds Segments dks Use
djds blls lEcaf/kr dke dks iwjk djrk gSA
Extents
Extent fdlh Data File ds Data Blocks dk ,d Contiguous Group gksrk gS] tks fdlh
Particular Type dh Information dks Hold djus dk dke djrk gSA Extents vkil esa
Logically Group gksdj ,d Segment ds :i esa Identify gksrs gSaA
Database Blocks
Database Blocks fdlh Database ds Logical Storage dk Lowest Level gksrk gSA ge
Database Blocks dk iz;ksx djds Schema Objects tSls fd Table, View vkfn dks
Create djrs le; muds fy, Storage Requirement dks Define djrs gSaA gj Logical
Database Block dks ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk Physical Operating System Blocks }kjk
Represent fd;k tkrk gSA
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Oracle
DatA Concurrency
&
Consistency
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Data Concurrency and Data Consistency

tc dHkh Hkh fdlh Database dks ,d ls T;knk Users Use djrs gSa] rc ;s tkuuk t:jh gksrk
gS fd tc nks Users leku Table ds leku Row dks ,d gh le; ij Access djuk pkgrs gSa]
rc Oracle mUgsa dSls Manage djrk gSA ;s ckr Access ;k Oracle fdlh Hkh Database ij
ykxw gksrh gSA ,d Database bl Multi-User Issue dks fdruh vPNh rjg ls Deal djrk gS]
;s ckr ,d Developer ds fy, cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gksrh gSA gkykafd Oracle bl leL;k dks Lo;a
gh Handle djrk gS vkSj gesa bl lEca/k esa fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ fpUrk djus dh t:jr ugha
gksrh gSA Multi-Users Issue ds lkFk fuEu Oracle Functions Deal djrs gSa%
Data Concurrency
Different Users }kjk leku Data dks Update djus dh izfØ;k dks Manage djus dh Ability
dks Data Concurrency dgk tkrk gSA Oracle esa ;s Management ,d fo”ks’k Locking
Schema ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA ;fn ge fdlh Table ds Row dks Update dj jgs gksrs gSa] rks
Oracle ml Row dks Lock dj nsrk gS vkSj dksbZ vU; User rc rd ml Data dks Access
ugha dj ldrk gS] tc rd fd ml Row ds lkFk gekjk Transaction Complete ugha gks tkrk
gSA
Data Consistency
fdlh SELECT Statement }kjk ,d Consistence Result izkIr djus dh {kerk dks Data
Consistency dgk tkrk gSA bldk eryc ;s gksrk gS fd ;fn ge fdlh Data dks Use dj
jgs gSa rks fdlh nwljs User }kjk mlh Data dks Update djus dk izHkko gekjs Result ij ugha
iMrk gSA bl izfØ;k esa og Change Hkh “kkfey gksrk gS] ftls fdlh vU; User us Database
esa Apply rks fd;k gS] ysfdu ml Change dks vHkh rd Commit ugha fd;k gSA bl Function
dks Statement Level Read Consistency dgk tkrk gSA
Locking Strategies
tc dksbZ User fdlh Data dks Change djuk pkgrk gS] rc Oracle Affect gksus okys Rows
ij ,d Lock yxk nsrk gSA ,slk djus ds dkj.k dksbZ Hkh nwljk User Same Rows dks tc rd
ds fy, Modify ugha dj ikrk gS] tc rd fd igyk User mu Affected Rows ds lkFk viuk
Transaction Complete ugha dj ysrk gSA bu Affected Rows dks Destructive
Interference dgk tkrk gSA
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blds vykok Oracle Table ij ,d Share Lock Hkh Place djrk gSA ;s Lock fdlh Hkh vU;
User dks Data Definition Language (DDL) Statements }kjk Database ds Structure dks
Alter djus ;k fdlh Table dks Drop djus ls jksd nsrk gSA
Oracle fdlh Table esa Row Level ij Locking djus esa l{ke gS] tcfd dbZ vU;
Databases dsoy Page-Level Locking dh lqfo/kk gh Provide djrs gSa] ftlesa cgqr lkjs
Rows Lock gks tkrs gSa] fQj pkgs ,d gh Row dks Update D;ksa uk fd;k tk jgk gksA
Consistency Achievement
Oracle esa Consistency dks ,d cgqr gh Clear rjhds ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA tc ge Oracle
dks dksbZ SELECT Statement Submit djrs gSa] rks Oracle Request ds Start Time dks
Note dj ysrk gS vkSj mlds ckn Data dks Retrieve djrk gSA SELECT Statement ds
Start gksus ds ckn ;fn dksbZ Row Change gksrk gS] rks Consistency Rule dk Violation gksrk
gSA
bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, Oracle Changed Data dks fQj ls Rollback djds mlh
fLFkfr esa Store dj nsrk gS] ftl fLFkfr esa Data Rollback Segment esa igys FkkA bl rjg
ls Rollback Segment esa fiNyk Data gh Stored jgrk gSA tc SELECT Statement
Changed Row ij igqaprk gS] Oracle Directly mls Rollback Segment ij Hkst nsrk gS]
rkfd fiNyk Record gh izkIr gksA
Schemas
Developers dh utj esa Database ,d ,slk System gksrk gS] tks User dks fofHkUu izdkj ds
Database Objects Provide djrk gSA Developer dk View Schemas ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA
Oracle esa ftrus Hkh Users gksrs gSa] mu lHkh dk ,d Schema gksrk gS] tks fd Database ds
fofHkUu Objects dks Group djus dk ,d rjhdk gksrk gS] rkfd gj User vius Database
Objects dks vU; Users ls lqjf{kr j[k ldsA
Users
fcuk ,d User Name o Password ds] ge Oracle Database esa Log On ugha gks ldrs
gSaA Oracle vius gj User o mlds Encrypted Password dk /;ku j[krk gSA tc ge ,d
u;k User Create djrs gSa] ml User ls Associated ,d Schema Create gksrk gS vkSj
User ml Schema ds fdlh Hkh Object dks Access djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA fQj Hkh ,d u;k
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User Database ds fdu Objects dks Access dj ldus esa l{ke gksxk] ml User dks bl
ckr ls lEcaf/kr dqN vf/kdkj fn, tkrs gSaA gj u;k User viuh mu Limitations ds vUrxZr gh
fdlh Database dks Access djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA gj User ds fy, Oracle esa ,d
Session Create djuk o mls Tablespace ds dqN fgLls dks Access djus dh lqfo/kk nsuk
Privileges Allow djuk dgykrk gSA Tablespace ds bl Allowed Memory Space dks
Quota dgk tkrk gSA
Tables
Tables fdlh Hkh Data ds Fundamental Storage Unit gksrs gSaA buesa Rows o Columns
gksrs gSaA Schema ds gj Table dk ,d Unique uke gksrk gSA Table ds gj Column dk Hkh
,d Unique uke gksrk gS tks fd ,d Data Type tSls fd NUMBER ;k DATE ls
Associated gksrk gSA Tablespace esa ftruh Hkh Tables gksrh gSa] os ,d ;k ,d ls T;knk
Data Files ds chp fc[kjh gqbZ gks ldrh gSaA Table ds Extents dks Locate djus ds fy,
dba_extents o dba_data_files Views dk iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Indexes
Indexes ,d nwljk Schema Object gksrk gS] tks vius Lo;a ds Segment esa Store gksrk gSA
Indexes Create djus dk Most Common rjhdk B-Trees dks Use djuk gksrk gSA
Clusters
Clusters fofHkUu Database Tables dks Store djus dk ,d Alternative rjhdk gksrk gSA
Clusters dk iz;ksx djds ge Data ds Disk ij Physically Store gksus ds rjhds dks Control
dj ldrs gSa] rkfd ge Database dh Performance dks c<k ldsa vkSj Data ds Streams dks
ml rjhds ls izkIr dj ldsa] ftl rjhds ls Data Index File esa Store gksrs gSaA
tc ge Cluster Segment Create djrs gSa] rc ge Cluster Column dks Identify djrs gSaA
tc ge Tables Create djrs gSa] rc ge ;s Indicate djrs gSa fd ge mu Tables dks fdl
Cluster esa j[kuk pkgrs gSaA tc ge fdlh Table dks fdlh Cluster esa Add djrs gSa] rks
Cluster o Table nksuksa esa ,d leku Columns gksus t:jh gksrs gSaA Table dh Rows okLro
esa Physically Cluster Index Order esa Store gksrs gSa] blfy, mUgsa Hashing Algorithm ds
vk/kkj ij Hkh Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA
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ge fdlh Cluster esa dbZ Tables Store dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu gesa ,slk rHkh djuk pkfg,] tc os
lHkh Tables ,d lkFk Use dh tkrh gksaA lkekU;r;k Clusters dk iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gS]
D;ksafd Performance dk Qk;nk dsoy rHkh gksrk gS] tc Clusters esa fLFkr Tables Static gksaA
Sequence Generators
;s ,d ,slk Built-In rjhdk gksrk gS] ftldk iz;ksx Unique Sequential Numbers Create
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bldk eq[; Purpose Tables dks Unique Keys Provide djuk
gksrk gS] D;ksafd Oracle esa Autonumber tSlh dksbZ lqfo/kk ugha gksrh gS] tSlh dh MS-Access
esa gksrh gSA bldk iz;ksx fcuk fdlh ijs”kkuh ds ,d ls T;knk Users }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gS]
tcfd fdlh nwljs rjhds ls ;s Number Create djus ij Locking ls lEcaf/kr leL;k dk
lkeuk djuk iM ldrk gSA
Procedures
Oracle gesa ,sls Procedural Codes fy[kus dh lqfo/kk nsrk gS] ftUgsa ge Database esa Store
djds j[k ldrs gSaA bu Procedures dks PL/SQL Language esa fy[kk tkrk gSA ;s gesa
Procedures, Functions o Database Triggers fy[kus dh lqfo/kk nsrk gSA Triggers os
Code Blocks gksrs gSa] tks Table ij fdlh Action ds Perform gksus ij Automatically
Execute gks tkrs gSaA
Views
;s ,d ,slk Predefined rjhdk gksrk gS] ftlds }kjk ge mu ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd Joined
Tables ds Data dks ns[k ldrs gSa] ftUgsa Base Tables dgrs gSaA ;s MS-Access dh Query
ds leku gksrs gSaA Views dk iz;ksx Base Tables dh Information dks Hide djus ds fy,
fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlds }kjk Users dks Base Tables ds dsoy dqN Columns dks gh
Access djus dh lqfo/kk Provide fd;k tkrk gSA
bldk ,d lcls cMk Qk;nk ;s gS fd ;fn Base Tables esa u, Files Create fd, tk,] rks Hkh
Views dks Modify djus dh t:jr ugha gksrh gSA os fcuk Modify fd, gq, Hkh Bhd mlh izdkj
ls dke djrs gSa] ftl rjg ls Base Tables esa u, Columns dks Add djus ls igys djrs FksA
budk iz;ksx djds dbZ Tables dks Join djus dh Complexity dks Hkh Hide fd;k tk ldrk
gSA
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ge Views dk iz;ksx Hkh Bhd mlh rjg ls dj ldrs gSa] ftl rjg ls Base Tables dk djrs
gSaA ;kuh ge Views ij Hkh mlh rjg ls SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE o DELETE
Commands dks Apply dj ldrs gSa] ftl rjg ls Base Tables ij djrs gSa] gkykafd ,slk
djus ij gesa dqN Restrictions dks /;ku esa j[kuk gksrk gSA
Synonyms
Synonym fdlh Hkh Schema Object dk ,d nwljk uke ;kuh Alias gksrk gSA Oracle esa ge
fdlh Table, View, Procedure ;k Sequence dks ,d nwljk Alias Hkh iznku dj ldrs gSaA
Synonyms Public ;k Private gks ldrs gSa vkSj budk iz;ksx Schema ds fdlh Object ds
Names dks Security ds dkj.kksa ls Hide djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA Synonyms dks
Microsoft dk ODBC Support ugha djrk gS] blfy, bls ge lkekU; rjhds ls Visual Basic
tSls fdlh Client Software esa Use ugha dj ldrs gSaA
gkykafd Oracle dh lHkh Internal Details dks iwjh rjg ls le>kuk dkQh eqf”dy gSA lkFk gh
tc ge Oracle dks Practically Development ds fy, Use djrs gSa] rc gesa bu Details dh
t:jr Hkh ugha gksrh gSA fQj Hkh gesa bl ckr dh General tkudkjh gksuh pkfg, fd Oracle
D;k vkSj dSls dj jgk gSA Oracle ds dke djus dh iwjh izfØ;k dks ge fuEukuqlkj le> ldrs
gSa%
1 lcls igys DBA Database ds Start-Up Procedure dks Initiate djrk gS] tks fd
• Initialization File ls Parameters dks Read djrk gSA
• SGA dks Memory Allocate djrk gSA
• Required Processes dks Start djrk gSA
• Control Files dks Open o Read djrk gSA
• Database dh Data Files dks General Access ds fy, Open djrk gSA
2 fQj DBA ,d Listener Process Start djrk gS vkSj User-Connection ds fy,
Request djrk gSA
3 ,d Visual Basic Connection Database ls ODBC Network ;k OLE Oracle
Object }kjk Database ls Connection LFkkfir djrk gSA
4 fQj Listener Process ,d Server Process dks User ds SQL Requests dks
Handle djus ds fy, Dispatch djrk gSA
5 Visual Basic Application ,d SQL Statement dks Database ij Pass djrk gSA
6 SQL Statements ds fy, Shared Pool dk ,d Area Allocate fd;k tkrk gSA
7 ;fn Database Buffer Cache esa dksbZ Data uk gks] rks Required Data dks blesa
Pull fd;k tkrk gSA
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8 Memory esa fd, x, fdlh Hkh Change o Store fd, x, fdlh Hkh Change dh
Entry Redo Log Buffer esa dh tkrh gSA
9 Control fQj ls Visual Basic Client Application dks ,d Appropriate Result ds
lkFk Return gksrk gSA
10 tc dksbZ Criteria esy djrk gS] rc Database Writer Process Data Changes dks
fQj ls Disk ij Write dj nsrk gSA
11 tc Changes dks Commit fd;k tkrk gS] rc Log Writer bu Changes dks Redo
Log Files esa Write dj nsrk gSA
bl rjg ls ,d Visual Basic Client o Oracle Server ds chp dk Communication

Perform gksrk gSA
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Oracle in Hindi

BccFalna.com Kuldeep Chand

Then I have covered PL/SQL which is specially added

And in last part I have used Visual Basic 6 to develop Frontend

Betalab Computer Center

Oracle 8i/9i – SQL/PLSQL in Hindi

Lead Editors: Kuldeep Chand

Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Betalab Computer Center, Behind of

For information on translations, please contact BetaLab Computer Center, Behind of

This book is dedicated to those

who really wants to be

Oracle – The History.................................................................................... 16

Oracle - Architecture ................................................................................... 24

Data Concurrency and Data Consistency ................................................. 44

Creating a Database .................................................................................... 51

Application Development Process............................................................. 88

Database Design – An Example from Start To End ................................ 117

Database Implementation ......................................................................... 132

Maintaining Sequence .................................................................................... 205

Accessing Data – SQL Queries ................................................................ 237

UPPER() ........................................................................................................ 250

Updating Database .................................................................................... 270

Complete SQL – Structured Query Language......................................... 288

INSTR Functions ............................................................................................ 314

Introduction to PL/SQL ............................................................................. 363

Creating Stored Procedures ..................................................................... 402

Distributed Databases ............................................................................... 446

Client-Side Technology ............................................................................. 450

The ODBC Driver Manager ............................................................................ 450

Accessing Oracle from Visual Basic ....................................................... 477

Oracle Objects for OLE ............................................................................. 498

LastServerErrResetSession ........................................................................... 503

Accessing the Fields Of An OraDynaset ......................................................... 520

ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) ..................................................................... 548

Opening Connection ....................................................................................... 556

Last but not Least. There is more…......................................................... 587

Oracle – The History

gkykafd Oracle dh Stability o Reliability /khjs&/khjs Improve gqbZ tc rd fd Oracle dk

The Relational Database Architecture

tc ge Back-End ds :i esa Microsoft Access dks rFkk Front-End ds :i esa Visual-Basic

1 igyk Client ;k GUI Tier,

Network Computing Architecture

• A Traditional Web Browser

Universal Data Server

• Database Buffer Cache

The Database Buffer Cache

Redo Log Buffer

Data Dictionary Cache

Additional Memory Areas

1 Program Global Area ;k PGA, tks fd Server Processes ds fy, Control

1 The Database Writer (DBWR),

Process Name : ARCH

Process Name : CKPT

Process Name : Dnnn

Process Name : DBWR

Process Name : LCKn

Process Name : PMON

Process Name : RECO

Process Name : Snnn

Process Name : SMON

Process Name : SNPn

Oracle Instances dh lcls T;knk Important Processes DBWR, LGWR, PMON o