Maths formula Sheet

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Inequalities:
n a £ b Þ either a < b or a = b
n a < b and b < c Þ a < c
n a < b Þ a + c < b + c " c ÎR
n a < b Þ -a > -b i.e. inequality sign reverses if both sides are multiplied by a negative
number
n a < b and c < d Þ a + c < b + d and a – d < b – c
n a < b Þ ma < mb if m > 0 and ma > mb if m< 0
n 0 < a < b Þ ar < br if r > 0 and ar > br if r < 0
æ 1ö
n ç a + a ÷ ³ 2 " a > 0 and equality holds for a = 1
è ø
æ 1ö
n ç a + a ÷ £ -2 " a < 0 and equality holds for a = -1
è ø
Basic Properties of Greatest Integer and Fractional Part:
n [[x]] = [x], [{x}] = 0, {[x]} = 0
n x – 1 < [x] £ x, 0 £ {x} < 1
n [n + x] = n + [x] where n Î I
ì0, if x Î int eger
n [x] + [ - x] = í
î -1, if x Ï int eger
ì 0, x Î Integer
n {x} + {-x} = í
î1, x Ï Integer
ïì [ x ] + [ y ] , if {x} + {y} < 1
n [ x + y] =í .
ïî[ x ] + [ y ] + 1 , if {x} + {y} ³ 1
Hence [x] + [y] £ [x + y] £ [x] + [y] +1
é[ x] ù éxù
n
ê n ú = ênú , n ÎN , x ÎR
ë û ë û

Domain and Range of a relation: Let R be a relation defined from a set A to a set B,
i.e. R Í A ´ B . Then the set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in R is called the domain of
R. The set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in R is called the range of R. That is, D =
{ {}
domain of R = x : ( x, y ) Î R or x : x Î A and ( x, y )Î R , }
R* = range of R = {y : ( x, y ) Î R} or {y : y Î Band ( x, y ) Î R}.

Clearly D Í A and R* Í B .
Inverse relation:

R -1 = {( y, x ) : ( x, y ) Î R} ,
Types of relation in a set A are:
(i) Identity relation:
 Maths formula Sheet
R = {( x, y ) : x Î A, y Î A, x = y} or R = {( x, x ) ; x Î A}is called the identity relation.
Trigonometric or Circular Functions:
The domains and ranges of these functions are:
Function Domain Range
sin x R [- 1, 1]
cos x R [- 1, 1]
tan x ì p ü R
R - í(2n + 1) : n Î Z ý
î 2 þ
cot x R - {np : n Î Z} R
sec x ì p ü (- ¥, - 1] È [1, ¥)
R - í(2n + 1) : n Î Zý
î 2 þ
cosec x R - {np : n Î Z} (- ¥, - 1] È [1, ¥)

The graphs of the trigonometric functions are given below:

y = sinx y = cosx
1
1
-p -p/2 -p p/2 p
O p/2 p -p/2 O
-1 –1

y y

y =secx y=cosecx

1
1 p 3p/2 2p
-p/2 p/2 p 3p/2 O p/2
-1 x
O x
-1

We give below some standard functions along with their inverse functions:
Function Inverse Function
1. f : [0, ¥) ® [0, ¥) f : [0, ¥) ® [0, ¥)
-1

defined by f(x) = x2 defined by f -1 (x) = Öx

 Maths formula Sheet
é p pù é p pù
2. f : ê - , ú ® [-1, 1] f -1 [-1,1] ® ê - ,
ë 2 2û ë 2 2 úû
defined by f(x) = sinx defined by f -1 (x) = sin-1x
3. f : [0, p] ® [-1,1] f -1 : [-1, 1] ® [0, p]
defined by f(x) = cos x defined by f -1 (x) = cos-1x
æ p pö æ p pö
4. f : ç- , ® (-¥, ¥) f -1 : (-¥, ¥) ® ç - ,
è 2 2 ÷ø è 2 2 ÷ø
defined by f(x) = tan x defined by f -1 (x) = tan-1x
5. f : (0, p) ® (-¥, ¥) f -1 : (-¥, ¥) ® (0, p)
defined by f(x) = cot x defined by f -1 (x) = cot-1x
é pö æp ù é pö æp ù
6. f : ê0, ÷ ! ç , p ú ®(-¥,-1]![1, ¥) f -1 : (-¥, -1] ! [1, ¥) ® ê0, 2 ÷ ! ç 2 , p ú
ë 2ø è2 û ë ø è û
defined by f(x) = sec x defined by f -1 (x) = sec-1x
7. f -1 : (-¥, -1] ! [1, ¥)®
é p ö æ pù é p ö æ pù
f : ê - , 0 ÷ ! ç 0, ú ® ( -¥, -1] ! [1, ¥ )
ë 2 ø è 2û ê - 2 ,0 ÷ ! ç 0, 2 ú
ë ø è û
defined by f(x) = cosec x defined by f -1 (x) = cosec-1x
8. f : R ® R+ f -1(x) : R+ —® R
defined by f(x) = ex defined by f -1 (x) = ln x.