CHAPTER 4:

Proposed
Building
Performance and
Technology Lecture By :
Mohd Fakrul Adli Bin Abdul Razak
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

Parts of Building
There are mainly two parts of the building, which are
considered during design:
(a) Sub-structure: The portion of the building below the ground
level is called sub-structure

b) Super-structure: The portion of the building above the ground

level is called superstructure. The portion of structure between
ground level and floor level is called plinth

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.
BASIC FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF A BUILDING

The design and performance of a good building should satisfy the

following basic functional requirements should be important for
the design and performance of a good building:

(I)The structure system of the building should be strong and

sound.

(II) It should have sufficient stiffness so that its deterioration does

not reduce the efficiency of the structure to its intended purpose.

(III) From the performance point of view, the building should be

well planned to make comfort and convenient to the occupants of
the building.

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.
To achieve the above three important fundamental requirements, a building should satisfy the following
requirements in its design and construction:

1. Comfort and convenience

2. Durability
3. Heat or thermal insulation
4. Moisture or damp prevention
5. Security against burglary
6. Sound insulation
7. Strength and stability
8. Dimensional stability
9. Economy
10. Fire protection
11. Light and ventilation
m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.
1. Comfort and convenience:
This is can of the basic requirements of the planning of a building. The following points should be kept in
mind to achieve these requirements:

a. A building should be provided with enough light during day or night with an effect of glare

b. A building should be design in such a manner to get maximum of natural air and light.

c. Due weightage should be given be to living, working and health conditions of the occupants of the
building.

d. Grouping of the rooms should be so planned as to ensure better circulation proper utilization of space and
maximum efficiency in a building,

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

2. Dimensional stability:

The changes in the dimensions of materials structures are by following caused:

a. Due to Elastic and plastic deformation or creep (long time applied loads).

b. Expansion and contraction due to temperature variation or moisture content) in

the atmosphere, which results into cracking of the buildings.

c. Certain Chemical reactions between moisture air and building materials.

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.
3. Durability:
Period of time up to which the building remains habitable n called its durability. The
durability of a building depends upon the following factors:
Degree of maintenance
Method of construction adopted;
Types of materials used in buildings.
Exposure conditions to weathering which is determined by the climate,
Effect of frost action on exposed building materials

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

4. Economy:

At every stage of functional planning, designing, construction.

maintenance and operation of a building economics aspect should be
considered simultaneously The building should be functionally and
structurally sound As well as should not cost much higher than usual.

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

5. Fire Protection:
To protect the building against fire, composite and non-combustible
materials should be used in the construction of walls, columns, beams. etc.
Also, standards of fire safety or fire extinguishers as specified in the
building code should be provided with sufficient and quick-fire ext. The
chances of a fire can be reduced through adequate planning of buildings in
horizontal and vertical directions.

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.
6. Heat or thermal Insulation:
Properly insulated building cuts down the cunt of electric burring in summer as well as in winter. To
achieve heat insulation requirements for different types of buildings, one or more of the following means
should be adopted:
•Exterior walls thould be thicker which imparts strength to the building and also provide insulation against
heat and cold.
• The best insulating material is used to construct cavity walls as external walls, which can prevent the
heat and cold to follow the space between the wall.
•In the construction of walls, roofs, floors etc. to fill air spaces in construction materials, heat insulating
materials like slag wool, light weight concrete, mock wool, quilts, mais, foamed slag aggregates should be
used.
•The building should be provided with chhaffas, canopy, weather sheds, verandah, courtyards, tress,
garden etc. to achieve heat insulation.
•Top terrace of the building should be insulated against heat economically by using special flooring
method.
m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

7. Light and ventilation:

In every building position, the number and sizes of doors and windows
should be in such a way that sufficient day height is free from glare from the
right direction.

Sufficient daylight should reach each and every room of the building, to
create a pleasing environment to work and to live in. The design should also
keep in mind the lighting requirements with hem insulation of the building.

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.
7. Light and ventilation:
Ventilation in a building means the free passage of clean air in Ventilation is essential in every building because of
the following reasons:
•If the room is not properly ventilated, there will be excessive quantity of carbon dioxide in the air. The more carbon
dioxide cause difficulty in breathing. It is observed that breathing is difficult when the amount of carbon dioxide by
volume is about fi per cent and a man loser consciousness when it reacher about 10 % or so. For comfortable in
breathing and working, the carbon dioxide content should be less than about 0.6% by volume.
•The ventilation is required to control dust and other impurites in the air Thos to the main cause of insting proper
ventilation in the industrial buildings.
•The ventilation is also required to suppress odours, smoke, concentration of bacteria, ete.
• The proper and sufficient ventilation results in absence of condensation The difference of temperature between the
outside air and the inside air tends to the deposition of molature on the room surfaces. This is known as the
condensation and it can be effectively controlled by the provision of ventilation.
•For removal of body heat liberated or generated by the occupants, the ventilation à necessary.
•in order to prevent the formation of conditions leading to suffocation in conference rooms, committee halls, cinema
halls, big rooms, eto.. the proper ventilation of such premises must be made.
m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

8. Moisture or damp prevention:

One of the basic requirements in the case of all the buildings is that the structure should remain
dry as far as possible. The presence of moisture in any building deteriorates the strength of
materials and results in a reduction in the durability of failure of the structure. In order to prevent
the entry of dampness into a building, damp proof courses are provided at various levels.

The provision of damp-proof courses prevents the entry of moisture from walls, floors, and the
basement of a building.

The moisture in the building is normally due to faulty construction, poor materials, and
workmanship. The moisture gets in a building due to water penetration through Tool or external
walls which are called mater leakage. The water leakage in the buildings is the most common
problem and is concentrated on the terrace roofs and in the toilets.
m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

9. Security against burglary:

Enough strong external walls make building safer. Also, window

openings should be protected with M.S. Grill or concrete fail or
by any other means. In important buildings where high security
is required, automatic alarm systems are also provided.

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

10. Sound Insulation:

It is necessary to give attention to the sound insulation of buildings because of

various factors such as an increase in population, change in habits of the
community, increase in noise pollution, improvement in building construction
practices, etc.

Sound insulation reduces the sound passing through it. Generally, hard materials
are used for sound-insulating material construction.

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.
10. Sound Insulation:
• Construction of cavity walls, provision of air tight windows, think external walls with hard reflecting surface,
hollow floors over structural floors, lloors with suspended ceilings, etc improve sound insulation in the
building
• Construction of inner will using the non-homogeneous structure, hollow walls, insulating materials, use of
sound absorbent materials like fiber boards, mineral wool, air tight doors, etc. reduces sound transmissions
Following methods are through wall partitions.
used for sound • Construction of floors using sound insulating materials, massive and rigid floors construction, insulated and
insulation in the suspended ceilings etc. reduces the sound
building: • using sound insulating materials like cork slabs, bitumen, asbestos, compressed straw slabs, fibre boards,
mineral wool etc.
• To achieve acceptable noise level in a building it should be planned against indoor and outdoor noises laid
down by the standards or as per the sing regulations.

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

11. Strength and stability:

The structure should be stable to resist all the loads like dead loads, live
loads, and wind loads along with all compressive and tensile stresses
coming over it. The stresses for the materials should be modified by
considering plastic deformations and the effects of moisture and thermal
changes. To achieve strength and stability of the building. proper load
factor should be applied while designing the structure.
m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.
12. Termite Control:

• The termites are popularly known as white ants as they are in one way related to the ants. The front pair of
the ants are longer than their hind pairs while in termites both the pairs are equal. There are over 2300
species of termites but only about 4% of the termite species are responsible for the damage of the
buildings.
• The termites live in a colony and they are very fast in eating wood and other cellulosic materials and food.
The cellulose forms their basic nutrient. They may also damage household properties like furniture,
furnishings, clothing, stationery, plastic, leather, rubber, etc.
• The termites are a nuisance and also affect the structural safety and durability of the building. Once the
termites enter the building, it becomes very difficult to get rid of the theme. The removal of termites from
a building is not an easy task.

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

Framed structures are

comprised of series of frames
with horizontal and vertical
components. These framed
structure concepts are
effectively used in the
construction of multi-storey
buildings.
m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

Construction of Tall Buildings

Important aspects which are to be considered in the construction of RCC tall buildings are given below:

1. RCC frames are monolithic construction of columns, beams and slabs. Because of monolithic construction, deflection
and bending moments are reduced which results in economical construction. Further adequate safety is ensured.

2. An RCC frame essentially consists of beams, columns and slabs (as floor or roof). In the case of large spans for better
distribution of load, secondary beams spanning across main beams can be introduced.

3. A typical frame of an RCC multi-storeyed building is shown below figure. It shows the monolithic construction of
columns, beams, slabs and girders.

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.
Construction of Tall Buildings

4. The concreting procedure is the same as for other structures. However, a sequential procedure has to be followed.
Here the formworks for different members to be cast are first installed or erected in position. Necessary reinforcement is
then placed and concreted. The formwork is removed after the concrete has attained adequate strength.

5. The next member to be formed is taken up and formwork is fixed and concreting done. The general sequence is the
construction of columns followed by beams, cross beams and slabs together.

6. As the entire construction can not be done in one stretch, construction joints are required to be provided at intervals.
Further, in framed construction, the joints should be at the point of minimum shear.

7. The height of the columns is concreted so as to provide proper lap with the sides of the beams and columns in upper
storeys.

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

Details of RCC multi storey building m.f.Adli

 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

PRE-FABRICATED BUILDINGS

Pre-fabricated buildings are constructed based on the articulated structure

concept. Articulated structure means, the separation of a structure into two or
more elements and join the entire structural elements such that it functions as a
monolithic structure. The elements are pre-fabricated and are assembled and
erected. This technique is applied to framed structures also.

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional
and
performan
ce
requireme
nts of
framed
and
complex
buildings.

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

shear walls are widely used to

resist earthquake forces. Such
forces produce large
displacement, vibration and big
moments in building which lead
to an unsafe building and
causing discomfort to the
occupants. The reinforced
concrete shear walls are quite
stiff in their own plane.

m.f.Adli
 4.11
Functional and performance requirements of framed and complex
buildings.

m.f.Adli
 4.12
Understand, describe, select and illustrate alternative options available for the onsite
or offsite construction of primary and secondary building elements of framed and
complex buildings including those with basements.

“bottom-up” and “top-down” construction method

Usually bottom-up method is used when

there is sufficient area to divert any
obstructions from the construction area.
This is a direct process that permit the
contractor to focus on one execution at a
time.

m.f.Adli
 4.12
Understand, describe, select and illustrate alternative options available for the onsite
or offsite construction of primary and secondary building elements of framed and
complex buildings including those with basements.

“bottom-up” and “top-down”

construction method
The top-down method ia used when the
construction area is to congested and
hard to manage existing condition. The
“top-down” method allows excavation
to continue in dense areas while
allowing minimal building acquisition,
traffic control or demolition during the
duration of construction.
m.f.Adli
 4.12
Understand, describe, select and illustrate alternative options available for the onsite
or offsite construction of primary and secondary building elements of framed and
complex buildings including those with basements.

Top Down Construction

Methodology for Basements
Top-down method is mostly suitable for two
types of urban structures, tall buildings
containing deep basements and
underground structures like car parks,
underpasses and subway stations. In such a
circumstance the basement floors are built
up as the excavation steps forward.
m.f.Adli
 4.12
Understand,
describe,
select and
illustrate
alternative
options
available for
the onsite
or offsite
construction
of primary
and
secondary
building
elements of
framed and
complex
buildings
including
those with
basements. m.f.Adli
 4.12
Understand, describe, select and illustrate alternative options available for the onsite
or offsite construction of primary and secondary building elements of framed and complex buildings
including those with basements.
Construction Procedure.

1. Pilling(end bearing pile or friction piles) are driven to act as foundation and column)
2. Construct a perimeter wall or Diaphram wall(D-Wall)
3. Proceed with the first stage of first basement level.
4. Proceed to the first stage of excavation
5. Start construction of the superstructure.
6. Cast the floor slab of the second basement and proceed to the second stage of excavation.
7. Repeat the same procedure till the desired depth is reach.
8. Construct the foundation slab and ground beams.etc:Complete the basement
9. Keep constructing the superstructure to completion up to highest floor design.
m.f.Adli
 4.13
Undertake design option appraisal to ensure adherence to current building legislation
including the conservation of energy, carbon emissions, inclusion, accessibility, security
and structural performance control.

Legislation
In Malaysia, the Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984
enacted under the Street Drainage and Building Act 1974
stipulate that all new buildings require submission of plans
for approvals prior to construction by a principal submitting
person (PSP), such as a Professional Architect and
Professional Engineer.
m.f.Adli
 Formwork- Self Climbing Formwork

4.21
Examine
the
potential
and use of
sustainable
technologie
s applied to
case study
buildings.

m.f.Adli
 Formwork- Self Climbing Formwork

4.21
Examine
the
potential
and use of
sustainable
technologie
s applied to
case study
buildings.

m.f.Adli
 Formwork- Self Climbing Formwork
Benefits.
4.21 1. Prevents falls from the slab edge
Examine
the 2. Excellence protection against inclement weather
potential 3. Protects against workers experiencing fear of
and use of
sustainable heights
technologie 4. Flexibility
s applied to
case study 5. Operates without crane assistance
buildings. 6. Can be anchored to slab or wall
7. Complete enclosed the entire perimeter

m.f.Adli
 Formwork- Self Climbing Formwork

4.21
Examine
the
potential
and use of
sustainable
technologie
s applied to
case study
buildings.

m.f.Adli
 Formwork- Rail Climbing System Formwork

4.21 combines the advantages of different climbing

Examine systems to create one single construction kit.
the
potential The rail climbing system can be used as climbing
and use of form- work as well as a climbing protection panel
sustainable
technologie and can easily be adapted to meet specific site
s applied to requirements.
case study
buildings.

m.f.Adli
 Formwork- Rail Climbing System Formwork

1. It enable the climbing of the panel without

4.21 separating the structure from the wall.
Examine
the
potential 2. Ensures safe lifting operation in any weather
and use of
condition.
sustainable
technologie
s applied to
3. Rail climbing system for the forming of core,
case study
buildings. shear walls and perimeter walls using hydraulic
lifting mechanism, with crane lifting as an
optional.

m.f.Adli
 4.21
Examine Formwork- Rail
the
potential
and use of Climbing System
sustainable
technologie
s applied to
Formwork
case study
buildings.

m.f.Adli
 Formwork- Rail Climbing System Formwork

4.21
Examine
the
potential
and use of
sustainable
technologie
s applied to
case study
buildings.

m.f.Adli
 Formwork- Rail Climbing System Formwork

4.21
Examine
the
potential
and use of
sustainable
technologie
s applied to
case study
buildings.

m.f.Adli
 Reinforced Diaphram wall

4.21
Examine
the
potential
and use of
sustainable
technologie
s applied to
case study
buildings.
Diaphragm walls: Diaphragm walls are a special type of cavity wall in which masonry
headers or “webs” are used to connect the inner and outer wythes to achieve
composite structural action in the resistance to lateral loads.

m.f.Adli
 Reinforced Diaphram wall
Application of Diaphram wall
• Used as retaining structure during excavation of basement
4.21
Examine • Facilitate speedy construction over basement level.
the • Usage as permanent load-bearing element and retaining wall
potential
and use of • Construction of dams, Deep basement and enclosures.
sustainable
technologie
s applied to
case study
buildings.

m.f.Adli
 Reinforced Diaphram wall

4.21
Examine
the
potential
and use of
sustainable
technologie
s applied to
case study
buildings.

m.f.Adli
 Reinforced Diaphram wall
Trench excavation – In
4.21 normal soil condition
Examine excavation is done using
the a clamshell or grab, or by
potential use of trenching drum
and use of cutter excavator if the soil
sustainable contains soft boulders
technologie
s applied to and rocks. The latter,
case study called
buildings. the spoil is than mixed
into the slurry

m.f.Adli
 Reinforced Diaphram wall

4.21
Examine
the
potential
and use of
sustainable
technologie Placement of prefabricated reinforcement cage
s applied to that consists of horizontal reinforcement grid to
case study which main reinforcement grid is welded. Main
buildings. Inserting reinforcement is installed on both sides of the
cage. The distancers are necessary to be
reinforcement installed to so as to secure the protective layer
of bentonite concrete; recommended layer is
approximately 10cm

m.f.Adli
 Reinforced Diaphram wall
•Concreting –
•placing of concrete is done using
4.21 tremie pipes. The pipe initially
Examine
the touches only the bottom of the
potential excavation to avoid the segregation of
and use of
sustainable concrete. As concrete being poured
technologie
s applied to down, bentonite from slurry gets
case study displaced due to its lower
buildings.
density than concrete. Concreting
step must be executed in line with
the technical prescript and as an
uninterrupted step m.f.Adli
 Reinforced Diaphram wall
Finishing - Finishing involves
4.21
Examine removing the top of the concreted
the
potential diaphragm because a 0.5 to 0.8 m
and use of
sustainable bad layer appears at the top of the
technologie
s applied to diaphragm, which needs to be
case study
buildings. removed. Sometimes parts of the
diaphragm are connected by a
capping reinforced concrete
beam m.f.Adli
 Reinforced Diaphram wall

4.21
Examine
the
potential
and use of
sustainable
technologie
s applied to
case study
buildings.

m.f.Adli
 4.22
Evaluate and
challenge the
use of
proposed
technologies
against the
need for
contemporary
and innovative
solutions to
achieve
integration,
buildability,
speed, cost,
health and
safety, inclusion
and quality
criteria applied
to
case study
buildings. m.f.Adli
 4.22
Evaluate and Need for High Rise
challenge the
use of
proposed As urbanisation becomes a key aspect of modern living, the
technologies need for space is essential. Cities find it far more convenient to
against the
need for build vertically than to spread horizontally. This is a key factor
contemporary in managing city infrastructure and makes it easier for the
and innovative
solutions to governing bodies to manage the demands of a growing
achieve population.
integration,
buildability, The design and construction of skyscrapers involve creating safe, habitable spaces in very tall buildings.
speed, cost,
health and The buildings must support their weight, resist wind and earthquakes, and protect occupants from fire.
safety, inclusion Yet they must also be conveniently accessible, even on the upper floors, and provide utilities and a
and quality
criteria applied comfortable climate for the occupants. The problems posed in skyscraper design are considered
to among the most complex encountered given the balances required between economics, engineering,
case study
buildings. and construction management. m.f.Adli
 4.22
Evaluate and
challenge the
Sustainability
use of “1 Bligh Street” in Sydney is a pioneer in sustainable construction
proposed in Australia.
technologies
against the a. It has been constructed as an ecologically sustainable
need for development and was awarded six-star green status by the
contemporary Green Building Council of Australia.
and innovative
solutions to b. Sustainable features include a basement sewage plant that
achieve recycles 90 percent of the building waste water, solar panels on
integration, the roof and air conditioning by chilled beams.
buildability,
speed, cost, c. Full double-skin façade with external louvres. These conserve
health and energy, eliminate sky glare and optimise user comfort.
safety, inclusion
and quality d. The angle of the louvre blades is automatically adjusted
criteria applied according to their orientation to the sun.
to
case study e. A naturally ventilated, full height atrium, on the southern side
buildings. of the building, maximises natural light to each office level. m.f.Adli
 4.22
Evaluate and
challenge the
use of Habitats Rather Than
proposed
technologies Standalone
against the
need for
The impact of a tall building is far wider than
contemporary
and innovative just the building itself, and makes significant
solutions to
contributions to the urban realm in connection
achieve
integration, with tall buildings.
buildability,
speed, cost,
health and
safety, inclusion Architects and planners ensure that new projects demonstrate a positive contribution to the
and quality
criteria applied surrounding environment, add to the social sustainability of both their immediate and wider settings,
to and represent design influenced by context, both environmentally and culturally.
case study
buildings. m.f.Adli
 4.22
Evaluate and Innovations in structural systems
challenge the
use of
proposed Innovative diagrid system: Currently,
technologies
against the the diagrid system is one of the most
need for
contemporary innovative and adaptable approaches to
and innovative structuring high-rise buildings (Capital
solutions to
achieve Gate Tower (Abu Dhabi, UAE), Swiss Re
integration,
buildability, (London, UK), Hearst Tower (New York,
speed, cost, NY, USA), and CCTV headquarters (Beijing,
health and
safety, inclusion China)). This kind of structure has evolved
and quality
criteria applied from a diagonalized tube. A diagrid is a
to special form of spatial truss.
case study
buildings. m.f.Adli
 4.22
Evaluate and Innovations in structural systems
challenge the
use of
proposed
technologies Advanced vibration damping
against the systems: The development of the
need for
contemporary advanced damping system has
and innovative
solutions to been characterized on the basis of
achieve Japan, which has the most active
integration,
buildability, seismic zone in the world and which
speed, cost,
health and paradoxically occupies third place
safety, inclusion in terms of the number of
and quality
criteria applied skyscrapers.
to
case study
buildings. m.f.Adli
 4.22
Evaluate and Innovations in structural systems
challenge the
use of Innovative energy systems in high-rise buildings:
proposed
technologies a. The achievement of high energy efficiency in modern
against the high-rise buildings requires many environmental
need for conditions to be taken into account at the stages of
contemporary design and construction.
and innovative
solutions to b. Satisfying these requirements allows the maximum
achieve use of available ambient energy, the reduction of
integration, heat loss from the building, and also a smaller
buildability, demand for heat and electricity.
speed, cost,
health and c. One of the most finance-intensive requirements is
safety, inclusion the ventilation and heating of buildings, accounting
and quality for about 30% of the energy demand in high-rise
criteria applied buildings.
to
case study
buildings. m.f.Adli
End of topic for Week

Any Question??