REVIEW OF

MATRIX ALGEBRA
Prepared by: Dr. Andres Winston C. Oreta

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 MATRIX: DEFINITION

• Matrix – an array of elements arranged in m rows and n

columns enclosed by a bracket.
• Size of the matrix: m x n
• Element aij: i = row and j = column

ܽ11 ܽ12 Matrix A has 3 rows and 2 columns

A= ܽ21 ܽ22 Size of A: 3 x 2
ܽ31 ܽ32 ܽ12 = an element at the 1st row & 2nd column

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 MATRIX ADDITION & SUBTRACTION
• Matrix Addition and Subtraction is possible only iff the two
matrices have the same size.
• To add matrices, A + B = C, simply add the corresponding
elements: aij + bij = cij
• To subtract matrices, A - B = D, simply subtract the corresponding
elements: aij - bij = dij

Given A and B, then C and D are obtained as shown.

10 20 5 10 15 30 5 10
A= 30 40 B= 15 20 C= 45 60 D= 15 20
50 60 25 30 75 90 25 30

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 SCALAR MULTIPLICATION

To obtain the product of a matrix by a scalar, k: B = k A,

simply multiply all elements of the matrix by k: bij = k x aij

Given A, solve for B = 5A.

10 20 5‫ݔ‬10 5‫ݔ‬20 50 100
A= 30 40 B= 5‫ݔ‬30 5‫ݔ‬40 = 150 200
50 60 5‫ݔ‬50 5‫ݔ‬60 250 300

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

• To obtain the transpose of a matrix, simply interchange the rows

as columns and the columns as rows.
• Hence if matrix A has a size m x n, the size of AT will be n x m
Given A, solve for AT.
10 20
10 30 50
A= 30 40 AT = 20 40 60
50 60

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 MATRIX MULTIPLICATION
• Matrix Multiplication of two matrices in the order A (m x n) B (p x q) is possible
iff the no. of columns of pre-multiplier (A) is equal to the no. of rows of the post-
multiplier (B): n = p
• The size of the product C = AB will be m x q. The element cij is the sum of the
product of the elements in ith row of A and the jth column of B.

Given A and B. Solve for C = AB. Q: Is AB = BA ?

1 2
9 8 7
A= 3 4 B= 6 5 4
5 6
(1‫ݔ‬9 + 2‫ݔ‬6) (1‫ݔ‬8 + 2‫ݔ‬5) (1‫ݔ‬7 + 2‫ݔ‬4) 21 18 15
C= (3‫ݔ‬9 + 4‫ݔ‬6) (3‫ݔ‬8 + 4‫ݔ‬5) (3‫ݔ‬7 + 4‫ݔ‬4) = 51 44 37
(5‫ݔ‬9 + 6‫ݔ‬6) (5‫ݔ‬8 + 6‫ݔ‬5) (5‫ݔ‬7 + 6‫ݔ‬4) 81 70 59

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 PROPERTIES OF MATRICES

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 PROPERTIES OF MATRICES

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 DETERMINANT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
• The determinant of a square matrix |A| or det(A) is a number associated with the
matrix and used to determine the singularity property of a square matrix.
Diagonal method is simply a short cut. If det(A) = 0, the matrix is “Singular.”

2nd order determinant

-

2 terms
+
3rd order determinant:
- - -

+ + + 6 terms

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 MINORS AND COFACTORS
• The Minor |Mij| of an element aij is the value of determinant of the matrix formed after
crossing-out the elements along the row and column passing aij
• Cij = Cofactor of an element aij is simply value of the Minor |Mij| multiplied by (-1) i+j
• Cij = (-1) i+j |Mij|

Example: To obtain |M12|, cross-out row and column passing a12.

|M12| will consist of the remaining elements and will give the value of the determinant.

C12 = = (-1) 1+2 |M12| = (-1) 3 |M12| = - |M12|
ܽ21 ܽ23 ܽ24
|M12|= ܽ31 ܽ33 ܽ34
ܽ41 ܽ43 ܽ44

ܽ21 ܽ23 ܽ24

C12 = - ܽ31 ܽ33 ܽ34
ܽ41 ܽ43 ܽ44

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 MINORS AND COFACTORS
Examples of a Minor |Mij| of an element aij and
a Cofactor of an element aij, Cij = (-1) i+j |Mij|

MINORS COFACTORS

C11 = (+1) x 2 = 2

C12 = (-1) x (-34)= 34

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 SOLVING DETERMINANTS BY COFACTOR EXPANSION
• The determinant of the a square matrix of any order is obtained by expansion.
• Chose a row or column for expansion. Preferal a row or column with many zeroes.
• The determinant is then obtained as as the sum of the product of the elements in the row
or column selected and their corresponding cofactors.
• For column 2 Expansion:
det (A) = a12 (-1) 3 |M12| + a22 (-1) 4 |M22| + a32 (-1) 5 |M32| + a42 (-1) 6 |M42|
det (A) = - a12 |M12| + a22 |M22| - a32 |M32| + a42 |M42|
• Use the diagonal method for the 3 x 3 Minors: |M12|, |M22|, |M32| and |M42|

Q: If you expand a 4th order

determinant, how many terms
will there be?
A: n!

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

DETERMINANT OF 3TH ORDER BY COFACTOR EXPANSION

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

DETERMINANT OF 4TH ORDER BY COFACTOR EXPANSION

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

NOW IT’S YOUR TURN TO COMPUTE THE DETERMINANT!
2nd Order 3rd Order 4th Order

ANSWERS

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 COFACTOR AND ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX
• The Cofactor Matrix of a square matrix, A or Cof(A) is formed by simply computing
the cofactor of each element of the matrix.
 Ex. C11 is the cofactor of a11, …, Cij is the cofactor of aij.
• The Adjoint of matrix, A or Adj(A) is the transpose of the Cofactor Matrix
• Minor |Mij| of an element aij is the value of determinant of the matrix formed after
crossing-out the elements along the row and column passing aij

ܽ11 ܽ12 ܽ13 ‫ܥ‬11 ‫ܥ‬12 ‫ܥ‬13

A = ܽ21 ܽ22 ܽ23 Cof(A) = ‫ܥ‬21 ‫ܥ‬22 ‫ܥ‬23
ܽ31 ܽ32 ܽ33 ‫ܥ‬31 ‫ܥ‬32 ‫ܥ‬33

‫ܥ‬11 ‫ܥ‬21 ‫ܥ‬31

Adj(A) = Cof(A)T = ‫ܥ‬12 ‫ܥ‬22 ‫ܥ‬32
‫ܥ‬13 ‫ܥ‬23 ‫ܥ‬33
MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020
 INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX
The Inverse of a Non-Singular Square Matrix, A-1 is equal to the adjoint of A
divided by the determinant of A: Inverse (A) = A-1 = Adj(A)/det(A)

Solve the Cofactors Cij

Solve the Minors, Mij
Example:

A=

Adj(A) = Cof(A)T

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX

CHECK:
A A-1 = A-1 A = I

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

PROPERTIES OF THE INVERSE OF A SQUARE MATRIX

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 INVERSE METHOD

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 INVERSE METHOD

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

CRAMER’S RULE FOR SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQNS

Appropriate for
2 x 2 and 3 x 3 systems

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 FORMING SUBMATRICES BY PARTITIONING
A matrix can be partitioned to form submatrices.

Partitioning a matrix is a common

strategy in the Direct Stiffness Method
for analyzing structures.

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 PRACTICE PROBLEMS ON MATRIX ALGEBRA

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020

 ONLINE RESOURCES

• https://www.khanacademy.org/math/precalculus/x9e81a4f98389efdf:matrices

• http://ee263.stanford.edu/notes/matrix-primer-lect2.pdf

• https://www.mathplanet.com/education/algebra-2/matrices

VIDEO TUTORIALS
• INTRO TO MATRICES 11.22 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yRwQ7A6jVLk

• MATRIX MULTIPLICATION 17.4 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzt9c7iWPxs

• DETERMINANT 10.16 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ROzG6n4yMc

• 3x3 INVERSE 14.44 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKZyszzmyeQ

MATRIX THEORY OF STRUCTURES - DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, DE LA SALLE UNIVERSITY - 2020