29

Tuesday )
Marg
2022
ABNORMAL Y CHOL OGY
amor mel behaviou ?
4 What o
2. ndi. cakors enontrmalily.
1. Almornmal ditually miams a e
n o t u l , nieh immpies duA oliro rom
Senne clearlylefinid 10m

1. D i m u - b d t u n l , emhrem, umusud
.Durti upicttirg do pien andto ttnou
3.ustundienel-imtelteirAnd
i dauy
ehork
actinhe
.Dargeseudo h e piAen

Vasiou abprahus dishngusbir

Nermabthd BPmeTmal bebauibut
LLubiuotint 9threH: nyet dulfuin
pen payclhologice alentrarcfikt
5Luailn ius
a incllrd
a
imdiuiurn aentrmality.
dAAAr frem dbregie ejll
ubortdiche.Ons uftuing Lem
Dhnkiey uSrduA upert BlucIre0. But
March 2022
Th

enpuieml oty ichreyd. 2A45 7 10 11 1

MAaeusl Jubyotinl 27 26 233 31
 30
Wednesday

amtthel

alntx

undadapluenusso Muladajtid behoni

2 Mabadla

ubanh.ou elkBaingdgnat juat

Thl o l a o Jnaludes
uodmink
-hg behawmlwnh JnkeJius
optitmal umcueni
haladabime.

jnakLe000Jpou whuL Slhe

Sonaciatad h t nudda to be
hetaisA r oreaed pAm miguE
u h n BUhannuwn hat Aehsvil b i

3 Jtaitical deiamu o pner mal

means

auway brem nrmal k u l

a bhaNKDwh

au
nbmal , Luch a auniis uo u u nnek
0pUet pitdh Silah L m
Ap
2022 takehcelly Bmmmtm
 Peycluolo cal dichre
31
Thursday
nentel Asah. Erplaum

WK14 (000-275)
March
2022

imtelleial disabiu
ha our named
wich i ahscally mal but Jupresnh
aloneml
prerm ntrmalw
Omatien
tahws uemukValutudgemenkt
ht
wm.oleiuur aonermelils. pnuyting

inabhDrmel w t e l i e a l pluaaadnty).

hul wnolesiruble but

Wnyf abnomlC denes
Lehmen u alm
LgaeyAu
4.Volaen_ Samdado e wm ane
CLulkuA bannL hulu amd
ghmaliged as Lauss. bHhok fehms
nams
h t ue anl taugut
"and msal shamdando
Co4iCuRnd l b m d e l
uulis hey 0s
lur 0wwcclunq TU wil
diu a
BL C i d n d a l b n e m a l aih

-behannlwn jo kely do p abnemu

March 2024
Fr Sa Mo eh
Mo We Th
-EXaupe-A nuofhar 0 w 13 14 15 16 i7 9 3 43
27 28 29 30 31
 wi ha hulp dus tabe inampe
evaluatu didtet eia
01
Friday
albnermubia April

Socal cemfertNet all ules ahe

Unpacu anal o t alL ulua bothu ua
f i n hay aA alated
Moweuuu
i
N unuwnittenuu,
ncnne Vio ala
bnemmul

gut adsune h s beha us

o_ reopigu abmDrmali
6 Dhatnauiy anol unpreditablly
faun
LNB Onpea peope Ao B0han m a

wy Prhoodon lBehai Owt in tikily to

itting nert to 40u sdAlj began
Sutam nd CUOescemihes a netu
A 0 u l l be
Umrecdable and make
diserduL ohe
and disorganizl behaho pehewk
im Soyophtenia a o4ten intid
April
Molu We Th B

17 18
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
 0 tet ou RAAa cowld be u a t do olis

April
2022
alrnbr bekaDu fHnomal
wK 14(02 271)
02
Saturday

DamgeAsSonatentsuo w darngerwua

almecl: A LuLbadepAdn id lnoa/i7alted

dayaRLuwsaIhkyoLDm haum heonnalue

minLenkec poice tai A

neana yhky ak emoley ilLLEuApu

nulitaM mam, bod dinen t Samiem
gagnpum enveme pot
de Cam mot ndumeLenmuort logtnied
hNn nental aiserele cam bi olaseS
ubuut Bep oagërOuu tan e a
u kesien f0 abnmal ilay
becisiongaboud almaemul achousios
nglala amd enPeotadury e

3.SM-5, wkuk u J and wy TE

L t a l diDtradhADs ruudo aul

May 2022 kiaÁpansetttm C
Mo MoTu We Th Fr Sa

iSerelL.
 iaghoC ProCUm uo e a
03
Sunday
pignD3licTestrmenl
W14 (03-272)
April
2022
Cualy a Cmmtn arquog
Ouagnecic i k i a Lo o d a becitt
AannRiA cams uta am iumg to
RoncuOm a nabttamt i a L Mg
lDnne eindufi UlopunemS t
b n.er pralael imlo how nu imk
alout hdal outrcles
Memtaloistrdvs ofunid a undron
Ihut rei m am mdinourl
.cantoUSEUN bn u n BLheio,
P i Dncon tgalalnen rcoihne
4umcienir
Apil
ww1s (102 63)
12
Tuesday
2022
ODASESVE - LOMPOLS(VE SOADE

Dos4on- jLentard hiebint

9Pauht
mwlsuend dwwelanaus updus

O egaim paluiead mDy al

CAtaim wadl lenty Ols ardodr

itulsL4uchv00 hamd wAAbinp Ohu. ,

aam)
May 2022
M S

Dww.el
DSM-5 Criteriafor..
Obsessive- Compulsive Disorde
A. Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both: Obses-
sions are defined by (1) and (2):
1. Recument and persistent thoughts, urges, or images
that are experienced, at some time
during the distur-
bance, as intrusive and unwanted, and that in most
individuals cause marked anxiety or distress.
2. The individual attempts to ignore or
suppress such
thoughts, urges, or images, or to neutralize them
with some other thought or action (.e., by perform-
ing a compulsion).
Compulsions are defined by (1) and (2):
1. Repetitive behaviors (e.g, hand washing, ordering,
checking) or mental acts (e.g.. praying, counting
repeating words silently) that the individual feels
driven to perform in response to an obsession or
according to rules that must be applied rigidly.
2. The behaviors or mental acts are aimed at preventing
or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some
dreaded event or situation; however, these behaviors
or mental acts are not connected in a realistic way
with what they are designed to neutralize or prevent,
or are clearly excessive.
Note: Young children may not be able to articulate
the aims of these behaviors or mental acts.
B. The obsessions or compulsions are time-consuming (0.g.
take more than 1 hour per day) or cause clinically signifi
cant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or
other important areas of functioning.
C. The obsessive-compulsive symptoms are not attributable
to the physiological effects of a substance (eg.. a drug of
abuse, a medication) or another medical condition.
D. The disturbance is not better explained by the symptoms
of another mental disorder (e.g., excessive worries, as in
generalized anxiety disorder preoccupation with appear
ance, as in body dysmorphic disorder; difficulty discard-
ing or parting with possessions, as in hoarding disorder
hair pulling, as in trichotillomania [hair-pulling disorderj
skin picking, as in excoriation (skin-picking] disorder, ste-
reotypies, as in stereotypic movement disorder; ritualized
eating behavior, as in eating disorders; preoccupation
with substances or gambling, as in substance-related
and addictive disorders; preoccupation with having an
illness, as in illness anxiety disorder; sexual urges or fan
tasies, as in paraphilic disorders; impulses, as in disrup
tive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders; guilty
ruminations, as in major depressive disorder; thought
insertion or delusional preoccupations, as in schizophre
nia spectrum and other psychotic disorders; or repetitive
patterns of behavior, as in autism spectrum disorder).
Source: Reprinted with permission from the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disordlers, Fith Edition (Copyright 2013). American
Psychiatric Association
 checking rituals are often per-
study). Both cleaning and
involve
number of times and thus also
formed a specific
repetitive counting
The performance of the compulsive
act or the ritualized
series of acts usually brings a feeling
a s well as a sense of
of reduced tension and satisfaction,
control, although this anxiety relief is typically fleeting.
This is why the same rituals need to be repeated over
and over (Purdon, 2009; Steketee & Barlow, 2002).

Prevalence, Age of Onset,

and Gender Differences
Approximately 2 to 3 percent of people meet criteria for

OCD at point in their lifetime, and approximately

some

f 1 percent meet criteria in a given year (Ruscio et al.,

e 2010). Over 90 percent of treatment-seeking people
Howard Stern, a famous radio
other personality
and author, as with
people who have suffered from OCD, found relief in a
compulsive act or ritualized series of acts to
reduced tension and a sense of control. In bring
of about a feeling
his book Miss
America, Stern describes behaviors such as
turning pages in
magazines only with his pinky finger, walking
with the through doors
right side of his body leading, and flipping through
television stations in a
particular order before turning the set off.
with OCD
experience both obsessions and compulsions
(Foa &Kozak, 1995; Franklin &
Foa, 2007). When men-
tal rituals and
included
compulsions
such as
counting are
98 percent.
as
compulsive behaviors, this figure jumps to
Divorced (or separated) and
are somewhat unemployed people
overrepresented among people with
OCD (Torres et al.,
2006), which is not surprising
the great difficulties this given
disorder creates for
sonal and interper-
occupational functioning. Some studies
showed little o r no
gender difference in adults, which
would make OCD
of the
quite different from most of the rest
anxiety disorders. However, one British epidemi-
ological study found a gender ratio of 1.4 to 1 (women
to men; Torres et
al., 2006). OCD typically
adolescence or early begins in late
adulthood, but also can occur in
children, where its symptoms are strikingly similar to
those of adults (Poulton et al.,
2009; Torres et al., 2006).
Childhood or early adolescent onset is more common in
boys than in girls and is often associated with greater
severity (Lomax et al., 2009) and greater heritability
(Grisham et al., 2008). In most cases the disorder has a
gradual onset, and once it becomes a serious condition
 OCDfeel compelled to perform
behavior, but people
Many of us show some compulsivee behavior, b

wit
response to an obsession, in order to reduce the

discomfort created by the obsession.Alt Although ety or

thep
realize that the behavior is excessive or
unreasonable, he or
does not feel able to control the urge. Obsessi
,

author, as with

and relief in a
washers may spend hours a day washing and may e -compulsive heh
abrasive cleansers to the point that their hands bleed
ang about a feeling
s book Miss
aing pages in

through doors
ping through it tends to be chronic, although the severity of
off. and wanes over time sym
tuming the
set toms sometimes waxes
(Mata
Cols et al., 2002).
and compulsions
07). When men- Comorbidity with Other Disorders
as counting are
OCD frequently co-occurs with other anxiety disordes
sfigure jumps to most commonly social phobia, panic disorder, GAD
andPTSD (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, et al., 20057 Mathès
mployed people 2009). Moreover, approximately 25 to 50 percent of pe
ng people with

surprising given ple with OCD experience major depression at some time

in their lives and as many as 80 percent experience sig-

ates for interper- nificant depressive symptoms (Steketee & Barlow, 202
g. Some studies
Torres et al., 2006), often at least partly in response to
in adults, which
having OCD.
amost of the rest
British epidemi
f 1.4 to 1 (women
Psychological Causal Factors
allybeginsin late The following psychological factors may cause obses
also can occur in sive-compulsive disorder.
ikingly similar to
The dominant behav
orres et al., 2006). OCD AS LEARNED BEHAVIOR
more common in ioral or learning view of obsessive-compulsive disorder
is derived from Mowrer's two-process theory of avoid
ated with greater
ance learning (1947). According to this theory, neutral
reater heritability
the disorder has a stimuli become associated with frightening thoughts or
serious condition, exper through cal
conditioning and cometo