CHEMISTRY REVIEWER

QUIZ 3

Properties of Liquids
Viscosity: Liquids have varying levels of viscosity, which is their resistance to flow. Viscosity
depends on the intermolecular forces and temperature. High viscosity liquids, like honey, have
stronger intermolecular forces and flow more slowly.
Surface Tension: Liquids exhibit surface tension due to cohesive forces between molecules at
the surface. This creates a "skin" on the surface, allowing insects like water striders to "walk" on
water.
Capillary Action: Liquids can move against gravity in narrow tubes due to capillary action. This
is driven by the adhesive forces between the liquid and the tube's material, and the cohesive
forces within the liquid.
Boiling and Freezing Points: Each liquid has specific boiling and freezing points, which
depend on the strength of intermolecular forces. For example, water boils at 100°C and freezes
at 0°C under standard conditions.
Density: The density of a liquid is its mass per unit volume. It varies depending on the
substance and temperature. Liquids are usually denser than gases but less dense than solids.
Expansion and Contraction: Liquids expand when heated and contract when cooled. This
property is vital in various applications like thermometers and engine cooling systems.

Properties of Water
Polarity: Water molecules are polar, with an uneven distribution of charge. This results in
hydrogen bonding between water molecules, which leads to high cohesion, adhesion, and
surface tension.
High Heat Capacity: Water has a high heat capacity, meaning it can absorb and release a
large amount of heat with only a small change in temperature. This property helps regulate
Earth's climate and maintain stable aquatic environments.
Universal Solvent: Water is often called the "universal solvent" because it can dissolve a wide
range of substances due to its polar nature. This is crucial for biological processes, as many
compounds are transported in solution.
Surface Tension: Water's strong cohesive forces lead to a high surface tension, allowing small
insects to stay afloat. It also contributes to the capillary action in plants.
Anomalous Expansion: Unlike most substances, water expands when it freezes, making ice
less dense than liquid water. This property is vital for aquatic life as it insulates bodies of water
in cold climates.
Boiling and Freezing Points: Water has a boiling point of 100°C and a freezing point of 0°C
under standard conditions, making it suitable for various industrial and domestic applications.

Properties of Solids
Definite Shape and Volume: Solids maintain a fixed shape and volume due to the strong
intermolecular forces that keep their particles in a closely-packed arrangement
Crystalline Structure: Solids can be classified as crystalline or amorphous. Crystalline solids
have a repeating, ordered arrangement of particles, while amorphous solids lack this structure.
Melting and Freezing: Solids have distinct melting and freezing points, which are determined
by the strength of the forces holding their particles together. When heated, they transition from a
solid to a liquid.
Density: The density of a solid is typically higher than that of a liquid or gas. It varies depending
on the material and its specific atomic or molecular structure.
Conductivity: Solids can be conductors, semiconductors, or insulators depending on their
electrical properties. For example, metals are good conductors, while materials like rubber are
insulators.
Mechanical Properties: Solids exhibit a wide range of mechanical properties, including
hardness, elasticity, brittleness, and plasticity. These properties are crucial in engineering and
material science.
Allotropes: Some elements can exist in different forms in the solid state, known as allotropes.
For instance, carbon can exist as both diamond and graphite, each with distinct properties.
Understanding these properties and how liquids, water, and solids work is fundamental in the
field of chemistry and has significant implications in various scientific, industrial, and everyday
contexts.

Types of Solids
Crystalline Solids: Atomic/Molecular Arrangement: In crystalline solids, particles are arranged
in a regular, repeating pattern known as a crystal lattice. This ordered structure extends in three
dimensions. Crystalline solids are those that have a typical geometry. In such types of solids,
there are definite arrangements of particles (atoms, molecules or ions ) throughout the 3-
dimensional network of a crystal in a long-range order. Examples include Sodium Chloride,
Quartz, Diamond, etc.
Amorphous Solids: Atomic/Molecular Arrangement: Amorphous solids lack a long-range order
in their atomic/molecular arrangement. Their particles are more randomly distributed.
Amorphous solid-state comprises those solids which have the property of rigidity and
incompressibility but to a certain extent. They do not have a definite geometrical form or long
range of order. Examples include glass, rubber, plastic, etc.
Ionic Solids: Composition: Ionic solids are composed of positively charged ions (cations) and
negatively charged ions (anions) held together by electrostatic forces. In ionic solids, the
constituent particles are ions. These are formed by the arrangement of cations and anions by
strong Coulombic forces.
Covalent Network Solids: Atomic Arrangement: In covalent network solids, atoms are bonded
to each other by strong covalent bonds, forming a giant network structure. A wide range of
crystalline solids of non-metal form covalent bonds between adjacent atoms throughout the
crystal and form giant molecules or large molecules.These solids are hard, like diamond and
soft, like graphite which are isotopes of carbon. They are insulators, as in the case of a
diamond, but in the case of graphite, due to free electrons, they conduct electricity and act as a
conductor.
Molecular Solids: Atomic/Molecular Arrangement: Molecular solids consist of individual
molecules held together by weaker intermolecular forces (such as van der Waals forces or
hydrogen bonds). In molecular solids, the constituent particles are molecules. They are further
divided into three categories:
1. Non-polar Molecular Solids
These solids are formed from molecules or atoms that share a non-polar covalent bond. The
atoms or molecules are held by weak dispersion force or by London forces.
2. Polar Molecular Solids
These solids are held together by polar covalent bonds, and the atoms/molecules are bonded
by relatively stronger dipole-dipole interactions.
3. Hydrogen-bonded Molecular Solids
The solids contain polar covalent bonds with Hydrogen, Fluorine, Oxygen and Nitrogen atoms.
In these solids, molecules are held together via strong hydrogen bonding.
Metallic Solids: Atomic Arrangement: Metallic solids consist of a lattice of positively charged
metal ions held together by a "sea" of delocalized electrons. Positive metal ions in a sea of
delocalised electrons. These electrons are evenly spread out throughout the crystal. Due to the
presence of free and mobile electrons, they are responsible for high electrical and thermal
conductivity. They are conductors in both solid and molten states. The physical nature of these
solids is hard, but they are malleable and ductile. They have high melting point than ionic solids.
Examples: Fe, Cu, Ag, Mg, etc.
Composite Solids: Composition: These are solids that combine different types of atomic or
molecular arrangements. For example, ceramics are composite solids that may have both ionic
and covalent components.