PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
[2023-24]
TO STUDY EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE ON
MAGNETIC STRENGTH
OF MAGNET
 Certificate
This is to certify that this project is the bonafide work of
a student , Vishal Chauhan of class 12th B on the topic “
Refractive indices of water and oil “ and has been
completed under the guidance of Mr. Ranveer Singh
Chauhan (Physics subject teacher).

Students signature-

Internal examiner signature-

External examiner signature-

Principal signature-

Acknowledgement
I would like to express my thanks of gratitude to
my physics teacher Mr Ranveer Singh Chauhan
for his able guidance and support in completing
this project on topic “Refractive indices of water
and oil”.
I would also like to thank respected Principal sir
and Vice Principal sir for giving me the
opportunity to do this project and providing me
the means to do so.
I also owe a vote of thanks to my friends and
family for their constant support and
encouragement which enabled me to complete
this project properly and on time.

INDEX
1.Introduction

2.Objective
 3.Material required

4.Theory

5.Procedure

6.Observation

7.Conclusion

8. Bibliography……

OBJECTIVE
THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS EXPERIMENT
IS TODETERMINE THE EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE ONTHE STRENGTH OF A
MAGNET.
 HYPOTHESIS
It is believed that the colder the magnet,
thestronger the magnetic force. Graphically,
the resultswill resemble an exponential
curve, with magnetic force decreasing as
temperature increases. Our independent
variable is temperature. Our dependent
variable is magnetism; this will be
calculated using the amount of paper clips
that the magnet is able to collect at each
measured temperature.

MATERIAL REQUIRED

 Safety glasses

 3-4 permanent bar magnets

 Tongs for magnet

  Ice

 Water

 Insulating container

 Three strong bowls

 Small pot

 Burner for heating water or oven

 Paper clips(1000)

INTRODUCTION
Magnets are frequently used in daily lie. For example,magnets are
used in manufacturing, entertainment, security,and they play a crucial
role in the functioning of computers.Even the earth itself is a magnet.
A magnet is any object that produces a magneticfeld . Some magnets,
referred to as permanent, hold theirmagnetism without an external
electric current. A magnet of this nature can be created by exposing a
piece of metal containing iron to a number of situations (i.e.
repeatedly jarring the metal, heating to high temperature). So if
magnets,on the other hand, are those that lose their magnetic
chargeproperties over time. Additionally, paramagnetic objects
 arethose that can become magnetic only when in the presence of an
external magnetic feld. A magnetic feld is the space surrounding a
magnet in which magnetic force is exerted. The motion of negatively
charge electrons in the magnet determines not only the polarity, but
also the strength of the magnet (Cold magnet). Magnets are flled with
magnetic lines of force . Theselines originate at the north pole of the
magnet and continue to the south pole. The north pole is positive.
Magnetic lines of force do not intersect one another. Magnetism is
created by the alignment of small domains within a specifc set of
metal. These domains function as all atoms do, thus the temperature
affects the movement. The higher the heat, the greater the energy,
and as such the movement of the particles. In contrast, cold
temperature slows the movement (magnetic Field Strengthand Low
Temperatures). Slower movement leads to more fxed directions in
terms of the domains. In the 1800’s, Pierre Curie discovered that there
exists a temperature at which objects that were previously
permanently magnetic lose this characteristic . The temperature at
which this demagnetization occurs is called the “Curie point”. As the
temperature of the magnet approaches.

THEORY
A magnet is a material or object that produces a magnetic field. This
magnetic field is invisible but is responsible for the most notable
property of a magnet: a force that pulls on other ferromagnetic
materials, such iron, and attracts or repels other magnets.

A permanent magnet is an object made from a material that is

magnetized and creates its own persistent magnetic field. An
everyday example is a refrigerator magnet used to hold notes on a
refrigerator door. Materials that can be magnetized, which are also the
ones that are strongly attracted to a magnet, are called ferromagnetic
(or ferrimagnetic). These include iron, nickel, cobalt, some alloys of
rare earth metals, and some naturally occurring minerals such as
lodestone. Although ferromagnetic (and ferrimagnetic) materials are
the only ones attracted to a magnet strongly enough to be commonly
considered magnetic, all other substances respond weakly to a
magnetic field, by one of several other types of magnetism.

Ferromagnetic materials can be divided into magnetically "so if"

materials like annealed iron, which can be magnetized but do not tend
to stay magnetized, and magnetically "hard" materials, which do.
Permanent magnets are made from "hard" ferromagnetic materials
such as alnico and ferrite that are subjected to special processing in a
powerful magnetic field during manufacture, to align their internal
microcrystalline structure, making them very hard to demagnetize. To
demagnetize a saturated magnet, a certain magnetic field must be
applied, and this threshold depends on coercivity of the respective
material. "Hard" materials have high coercivity, whereas "soft"
materials have low coercivity.

PROCEDURE

Cold Process
1. Place paperclips in bowl.

2. Situate scale near bowl.

3. Weigh magnet and record.

4. Place magnet and freezer thermometer in freezer set to lowest

temperature possible.
5. Wait approximately 20 minutes for the magnet to reach the
temperature of the freezer.

6. Record temperature read by freezer thermometer.

7. Place magnet in bowl filled with paperclips.

8. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and place on scale.

9. Record temperature of magnet and grams attracted.

10.Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight of the magnet
and the paperclips combined.

11. Remove paperclips and place back in bowl.

12.Set freezer to 5-Celsius degrees higher than previous temperature.

(Note: freezer accuracy is dubious. Use temperature readby freezer
thermometer)

13.Repeat steps 4-12 until freezer and magnet have reached zero
degrees Celsius.

HOT PROCESS

1. Place paperclips in the bowl.

2. Situate scale near bowl.

3. Weigh magnet and record.

4. Place magnet in oven set to highest temperature possible.

5.Wait approximately 20minutes For the magnet to reach the
temperature of the oven.

6. Place magnet in bowl filled with paperclips.

7. Remove magnet and attached paperclips and place on scale.

8. Record temperature of magnet and grams attracted.

9.Subtract the weight of the magnet from the weight of the magnet
and the paperclips combined.

10. Remove paperclips and place back in bowl.

11. Allow magnet to rest for 5 minutes undisturbed.

12. Repeat steps 6-11 until magnet reaches room temperature.

OBSERVATION
MAGNETS UNDER
EXTREME HEAT

TIME AFTER REMOVAL WEIGHT ATTRACTED

FROM OVEN [IN GRAMS]
[MINUTES]
0 200
5 200
 10 240
20 210
25 230
30 220
35 206
40 204
45 200
50 185

MAGNETS UNDER COLD

TEMPERATURE

TEMPERATURE WEIGHT ATTRACTED

[Degree Celsius] [In grams]
-21.3 275
-19.4 275
-18.1 265
-15.3 270
-13.7 260
-6.7 245
-4.6 220
-1.7 200
0 225
 CONCLUSION
Magnetic materials should maintain a balance between
temperature and magnetic domains (the atoms’ inclination to
spin in a certain direction). When exposed to extreme
temperatures, however, this balance is destabilized;
magnetic properties are then affected. While cold
strengthens magnets, heat can result in the loss of magnetic
properties. In other words, too much heat can completely
ruin a magnet. Excessive heat causes atoms to move more
rapidly, disturbing the magnetic domains. As the atoms are
sped up, the percentage of magnetic domains spinning in the
same direction decreases. This lack of cohesion weakens the
magnetic force and eventually demagnetizes it entirely. In
contrast, when a magnet is exposed to extreme cold, the
atoms slow down so the magnetic domains are aligned and,
in turn, strengthened.
Ferromagnetism:-
The way in which specifc materials form permanent magnets
or interact strongly with magnets. Most everyday magnets
are a product of ferromagnetism.
Paramagnetism:-
A type of magnetism that occurs only in the presence of an
external magnetic feld. They are attracted to magnetic fields,
but they are not magnetized when the external field is
removed. That's because the atoms spin in random
directions; the spins aren’t aligned, and the total
magnetization is zero. Aluminum and oxygen are two
examples of materials that are paramagnetic at room
temperature.
Curie Temperature:-
Named for the French physicist Pierre Curie, the Curie
Temperature is the temperature at which no magnetic
domain can exist because the atoms are too frantic to
maintain aligned spins. At this temperature, the
ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.icbse.com

 www.sciencebuddies.com

 www.technopedia.com

 www.wikipedia.com

 NCERT Physics book

 www.howmagnetswork.com