Chapter 1

• What is Mechanical Engineering?

Mechanical engineering is the discipline that applies engineering, physics, and materials science
principles to design, analyze, manufacture, and maintain mechanical systems.
• Why is the engineering mechanics branch the most demanded branch in reality?
because the core material permeates all engineering systems (fluid mechanics, solid mechanics,
heat transfer, control systems).

• What are the developments in Mechanical Engineering in recent years?

a) Computer Aided Design (CAD): enables a part to be constructed and tested virtually before any
physical object is manufactured.
b) Simulation: Test and modify the resulting Virtual parts as necessary before committing to
manufacturing.
c) Sensor and actuators: This device is used to monitor the health and performance of the device
and also as microcontroller input and other services
d) 3D printing: A new way to creating full-scale prototypes.
e) Collaboration with other fields: Should a mechanical engineer talk with other branches of
engineering to build operating systems modern.
• mechanical engineering jobs in some industries?
1. Automotive (Combustion, Engines)
2. Aerospace (Control systems, Heat transfer in turbines)
3. Biomedical (Flow and transport in vivo)
4. Computers (Heat transfer)
5. Construction (Stress analysis)
6. Robotics (Mechanical design of actuators, sensors)

CHAPTER 2
➢ Intensive: when the magnitude is independent of the extent of the system.
➢ Extensive: when its magnitude is additive for subsystems (volume, mass,etc.).
Linear motion: Linear motion is motion along a straight line, It can be uniform, that
is, with constant velocity (zero acceleration), or non-uniform, that is, with a variable
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
velocity (non-zero acceleration). 𝑉= , 𝑎=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
➢ Circular motion: is rotation along a circle, It can be uniform, that is, with constant
angular rate of rotation, or non-uniform, that is with a changing rate of rotation.
𝑑𝜃
𝜃 =𝑥∗𝑅, 𝜔=
𝑑𝑡
, 𝛼 = 𝑑𝜔
𝑑𝑡

𝜔 = 𝑉/𝑅 , 𝛼 = 𝑎𝑡 /𝑅
➢ Newton's first law: Everybody persists in its state, whether static or moving, unless
strongly influenced by the change of his condition.
➢ Newton’s second law: If a force affects an object it gains acceleration, directly
proportional to its strength and inversely to its mass.
F= ma
➢ Work: mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a
distance,( W=F.S )

➢ Energy: Energy is a quantity that is often understood as the ability to perform work.

• potential energy: Ep = mgh

1
• kinetic energy: Ek = mv2
2
• internal energy: Et =𝑐𝑝 mT
➢ Power: Power is the rate at which work is performed or energy is converted.
Δ𝑊
𝑃̅ =
Δ𝑡

CHAPTER 3
Heat (J, kJ) Temperature (℃, ℉, 𝐾)
is a form of energy and is measured in is the degree of hotness or coldness of
joules. a substance. K= (℃ ) + 273

Specific Heat Capacity Latent Heat

J/ (Kg.℃)or J /(Kg.𝐾) J/ kg or kJ / kg
is the quantity of heat energy required to The specific latent heat The specific latent heat
raise the temperature of 1 kg of the of fusion: of vaporization:
is the heat required to is the heat required to
substance by 1°C. change 1 kg of a change 1 kg of a
Q=m*c*(t2 -t1) substance from the substance from a liquid to
solid state to the liquid a gaseous state (or vice
state (or vice versa) at versa) at constant
constant temperature. temperature.
Q= m* Lf Q= m*Lv

Example 1
Calculate the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 5 kg of
water from 0°C to 100°C. Assume the specific heat ca- pacity of water is 4200J/(kg °C).
Solution
Q = mc(t2 – t1) = 5 x 4200 x (100 – 0) = 2100000 J .
Example 2
A copper container of mass 500 g contains 1 litre of water at 293 K. Calculate
the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of the water and container to boiling
point, assuming there are no heat losses. Assume that the specific heat capacity of copper is
390 J/(kg K), the specific heat capacity of water is
4.2 kJ(kg K) and 1 litre of water has a mass of 1 kg.

Solution

Mc=500g=0.5 kg , Mw=1 kg , t1=293k , t2=100+273=373k

Cc=390 J/(kg K) , Cw=4.2 kJ/(kg K) .
For the water Q1=m*c*(t2-t1) =1*4.2*(373-293) =336 kJ
For the copper Q2=mc*Cc*(t2-t1) = 0.5*390*(373-293) = 15600 J
Total the quantity of heat = Q1 + Q2 = (336*1000) + 15600 = 351600 J

Example 3
How much heat is needed to melt completely 12 kg of ice at 0°C ? Assume the
latent heat of fusion of ice is 335 kJ/kg.
Solution
Q = mL = 12 kg × 335 kJ/kg = 4020 kJ or 4.02 MJ

Example 4
Determine the amount of heat energy needed to change 400 g of ice, initially at
–20°C, into steam at 120°C. Assume the following: latent heat of fusion of ice =335 kJ/kg,
latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2260 kJ/kg, specific heat capacity of ice = 2.14 kJ/(kg
°C), specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 kJ(kg °C) and specific heat capacity of steam =
2.01 kJ/(kg °C).
Solution
(i) Heat energy needed to change the temperature of ice from – 20°C to 0°C is given by:
Q1 = mc(t2 – t1)= 0.4 × 2.14 × (0 - (-20)) = 17.12 kJ
(ii) Latent heat needed to change ice at 0°C into water at 0°C is given by:
Q2= m Lf = 0.4 × 335 = 134 kJ
(iii) Heat energy needed to change the temperature of water from 0°C (i.e. melting point) to
100°C (i.e. boiling point) is given by:
Q3= mc(t2 – t1) = 0.4 × 4.2 × 100 = 168 kJ
(iv) Latent heat needed to change water at 100°C into steam at 100°C is given by:
Q4 = mLv = 0.4 × 2260 = 904 kJ
(v) Heat energy needed to change steam at 100°C into steam at 120°C is given by:
Q5 = mc(t2– t1) = 0.4 × 2.01 × 20 = 16.08 kJ
Total heat energy needed,
Q = Q1+ Q2+ Q3 + Q4 + Q5 = 17.12 + 134 + 168 + 904 + 16.08 = 1239.2 kJ
 Heat transfer methods
1) Conduction: is the transfer of heat energy from one part of a body to another (or from
one body to another) without the particles of the body moving, occurs with solids.
Application (A domestic saucepan or dish conducts heat from the source to the contents)

2) Convection: is the transfer of heat energy through a substance by the actual movement
of the substance itself., occurs in liquids and gases.
Application (A cooling system in a car radiator )
3) Radiation: is the transfer of heat energy from a hot body to a cooler one by
electromagnetic waves. occurs in a vacuum.

Application (heat from the sun reaching earth- cooker grills- heat felt by a flame)

• The idea of a vacuum flask.

1) Very little heat can be transferred by conduction because
of the vacuum space and the cork stopper. (cork is a bad
conductor of heat).
2) because of the vacuum space, no convection is possible.
3) Radiation is minimized by silvering the two glass surfaces.
(radiation is reflected off shining surfaces).

Thus a vacuum flask is an example of prevention of all

three types of heat transfer and is therefore able to keep hot
liquids hot and cold liquids cold.