Surviving 2º Bachillerato

Writing models Connectors

For/against Opinion ADDING CAUSE-RESULT
Advantages & disadvantages of... State your opinion about... And Because
Pros & cons of... ... Give your opinion. Also For this reason,
Introduction Introduction Too As a result,
Moreover, Therefore,
Points for Reasons, evidence Furthermore, Consequently,
Points against Reasons, evidence Besides, Hence
Conclusion Conclusion Additionally,
Apart from that, PURPOSE
Sentences you can use: CONTRASTING In order (not) to
Some people think that ... , while other people think that So as (not) to
... . In this essay, I will discuss the advantages and But So that
disadvantages of X. However,
The purpose of this essay is ...
It is widely known that ...
Nevertheless,
Nonetheless,
EXAMPLE
Did you know that ...? On the other hand, For example,
I strongly believe that ...
Although, For instance,
X has different points for and points against, but taking
In spite of That's to say,
everything into consideration, in my opinion ...
Yet In other words,
Remember: While Such as
-All your sentences must be formed by SUBJECT + VERB
(+ COMPLEMENTS). SEQUENCING SUMMARY
-Write a comma after almost every connector (moreover,...) In conclusion,
-Write short sentences and don't overuse commas. On the first hand, To conclude,
-It is a FORMAL writing. Do not use contractions and slang. On the second hand, To sum up,
-Be specific. Don't overuse "it" or "they". First, In brief,
-Give lots of reasons to support your ideas. Secondly, Overall,
-State your opinion clearly on the conclusion. Finally, On the whole,

Remember the order of the sentence

INDIRECT DIRECT OBJECT INDIRECT COORDINATOR
CONNECTOR SUBJECT VERB OBJECT OR SUBJECT OBJECT (WITH ADVERBIAL OR
COMPLEMENT "TO" OR "FOR") SUBORDINATOR

Most people believe that

social media are harming teenagers nowadays.
Moreover, they think that
some apps kill creativity.
Nonetheless, others agree that
social media are nice tools for teens.

COMPULSORY IF YOU FILL ONE COLUMN, OPTIONAL OPTIONAL OR COMPULSORY

YOU CAN'T FILL THE OTHER. DEPENDING ON THE VERB
 Pronunciation of -ED Pronunciation of -S
/id/ /t/ /d/ /iz/ /s/ /z/
T wanted P helped B rubbed C races P sleeps B crabs
D needed K looked G damaged CH watches T hats D words
*Words that F sniffed L called GE changes K books G bags
end in a C danced M claimed S buses F cliffs L deals
vocalic sound X fixed N cleaned SH dishes PH graphs M moms
use the /d/ GH laughed S used SS kisses TH myths N fans
pronunciation: SH washed R offered X boxes NG sings
followed CH watched Z amazed Z prizes R wears
continued SS kissed V loved ZZ buzzes V gloves
played Y plays

Consonants Pronunciation of vowels & diphthongs

/ð/ /θ/ ʌ sun, cup, luck eɪ rain, wait, day
(Usually grammatical (Usually words with æ can, lamp, hat
words)
This There
meaning)
Think
ɑː far, artist, market aɪ by, light, try
Author e bed, egg, pet
That Other
Those The
Healthy Thin
Thought Thumb ɜː turn, world, girl ɔɪ boy, toy, choice
ɪ milk, ship, kiss
/tʃ/ /ʃ/ iː been, sheep, keep əʊ home, know, show
Chair Shop ɒ dog, pot, not
Rich Wish ɔː for, door, board, aʊ house, now, out
Match Education ʊ could, should, put
Future Motivation uː rule, rude, June ə problem, support, family

EDUCATION JOBS TRAVELLING ENVIRONMENT LOSE THE VERY

VERY SAD
Gloomy
Somber
Miserable
VERY GOOD
Excellent
SOCIAL ISSUES NEW TECH FEMINISM - LGTBIQ+ RACISM Superb
Spendid
Marvelous
VERY BAD
Detrimental
Abominable
Awful
MENTAL HEALTH WAR ENTERTAINMENT RANDOM
VERY IMPORTANT
Decisive
Paramount
Imperative
Critical
 Rephrasings
Perfect tenses
I haven't redecorated my house for 10 years.
The last time I redecorated my house was 10 years ago.
It's 10 years since I redecorated my house for the last time.
I have never met a more intelligent girl than Sue.
Sue is the most intelligent girl I have ever met.
I have been working with computers for 2 years.
I started working with computers 2 years ago.
Despite - Although
Although she likes broccoli, she didn't enjoy the broccoli soup. John may/might come earlier.
In spite of liking broccoli, she didn't enjoy the broccoli soup.
Reported speech
She said that she couldn't go to that party.
She asked if they were going to that party.
She asked who was going to the party.
She suggested organizing a party.
She told us to buy the drinks for the party.
So - Such
My sister is so brave that she fought against a bear.
My sister is such a brave girl that she fought against a bear. It is possible that/Perhaps/Maybe Nancy bought the tickets.
Conditional sentences
If I were you, I would buy the house.
If I had money, I would buy the house.
If I had saved money, I would have bought the house.
I wish - If only
I wish I had more money.
I wish I hadn't spent all my money on clothes.
I wish my mom would lend me money. She never does!
Relative clauses
Defining
I bought a house. It was advertised in the local paper.
I bought a house which was advertised in the local paper.
That's the boy. I told you about him last night.
That's the boy who/that/x I told you about last night.
Non-Defining
Venice is a nice place. We spent our last holidays there.
Venice, where we spent our last holidays, is a nice place.
Helen has just arrived. She had a car accident.
Helen, who had a car accident, has just arrived.
Be good at something
My cousin plays musical instruments pretty well.
My cousin is pretty good at playing musical instruments.
Too - Enough
Their children were too young for that movie.
Their children were not old enough for that movie.
Modal verbs
It's prohibited/not allowed/forbidden to smoke in here.
You mustn't smoke in here.
I advice you to study harder/If I were you, I'd study harder.
You should study harder.
It is possible that/Perhaps/Maybe John comes earlier.
It isn't necessary/There's no need to wear a jacket.
You don't need to wear a jacket.
Perfect modal verbs
I'm sure that this was not Anne's fault.
It must have been another person's fault. It can't have been
Anne's fault.
I regret/am sorry/It was wrong of me to call Sheila.
I shouldn't have called Sheila.
Nancy may/might have bought the tickets.
I wanted to be a teacher but I decided/I chose to be a vet.
I could have been a teacher.
I wanted to be a teacher but my marks weren't good.
I would have been a teacher.
Would rather - Prefer
I'd rather dance than sing.
I prefer dancing to singing.
Passive & Causative
Passive
The teacher will explain the passive voice.
The passive voice will be explained by the teacher.
Impersonal Passive
It is said that teens are extremeley irresponsible.
Teens are said to be extremely irresponsible.
Causative
A mechanic fixed my motorbike last week.
I got/had my motorbike fixed last week.
Others
*Dont forget to review WH question words for the
"Write the correct question for the underlined words"
type of rephrasings.
Usually misspelled words Nice idioms to incorporate
Environment Knowledge It's high time that...
Embarrass Foreign This may sound Greek to you but...
Definitely Acquire In the long run,...
Necessary Business This is not really my cup of tea but...
Government Completely Deep down,...
Occasion Responsible The fly in the ointment is that...
Receive Disappoint This argument is beside the point.
Privilege Possession This is far from the truth.
Rhythm Politician This is still up in the air.
Believe Success Facts speak for themselves.
Beginning
Appearance
Assessment
Weird V We must take this with a pinch of salt.
Every cloud has a silver lining.

Tips
Lexicon True & False
Recuerda que las palabras que te piden VAN Recuerda que las frases VAN EN ORDEN en el
EN ORDEN en el texto. Haz primero la que texto. Busca la evidencia de la que tengas más
tengas más segura y empieza a buscar el segura y empieza a buscar el resto por
resto por encima o por debajo de esa. encima o por debajo de esa.
Identifica el tipo de palabra que te están Recuerda que no debes escribir NADA CON
pidiendo (adjetivo, verbo, adverbio o TUS PROPIAS PALABRAS.
sustantivo). La forma de la palabra puede Evita escribir evidencias muy largas.
darte muchas pistas (por ejemplo, si te piden Recuerda escribir TRUE o FALSE con todas las
un sinónimo de "bored" puede ser tanto un letras, y no únicamente T o F.
adjetivo como un verbo en pasado simple.
Phonetics Rephrasings Writing
Intenta buscar palabras en el Tacha los rephrasings que Intenta escoger el writing
texto que hayamos trabajado pienses que pueden darte que esté relacionado con el
en clase. Si no encuentras problemas. De los que queden, reading que has hecho. Así
ninguna, busca palabras elige los 6 con los que sientas tendrás más ideas para
escritas de manera similar más seguridad. hablar del tema e incluso
(e.g. /aɪ/ fly, try, cry...) Revisa bien la estructura del podrás utilizar algo de
Presta atención a los rephrasing. Cuidado con los vocabulario con la certeza de
enunciados. A veces hay 3 tiempos verbales, los que esté bien escrito.
preguntas en lugar de 4, pero participios irregulares, la -S Respeta la estructura en 4
en alguna de ellas te piden 2 de 3ª persona y la puntuación. párrafos, los márgenes y el
palabras. Intenta no dejar los espaciado entre tus 4
Escribe ÚNICAMENTE el rephrasings para el final. Son párrafos.
número de palabras que te 3 puntos del examen. Hazlos Asegúrate de terminar con
piden. Si es 1, 1. Si son 2, 2. No con tranquilidad. una conclusión potente.
más.