MIND MAP

FOR JEE ASPIRANTS

Inorganic Chemistry

HYDROGEN

OM PANDEY , IIT Delhi

 Today’s Targets
1 Hydrogen as Alkali & Halogen both

2 Isotopes of Hydrogen

3 Preparation of H2

4 H2O Vs D2O

5 H2O2

6 Hard & Soft Water

 Hydrogen exhibits a dual behaviour

Alkali Metal Halogens

Electronic Configuration Requires only one electron to have the
configuration of the nearest noble gas.

Electropositive Nature Electronegative Nature

Tendency to form diatomic molecule

 Isotopes of Hydrogen

Protium Deuterium Tritium

Ordinary hydrogen Heavy hydrogen Radioactive
Neutrons

Occurrence 99.98 % 0.16 % 10–15 %

 Preparation of H2

Active metals ( Na, K ) Na + H2O

Less active metals ( Ca, Zn Mg, Al ) Al + H2O

Reaction of NaOH with Sn, Al, Pb, Zn, B, Si

M + NaOH NaxMOy + H2

NaOH(aq)

Elements NaOH(aq)
 Gassing Reaction : Fe + H2O

Bosch Process : Industrial Preparation

1270 K Syn gas : Methanol prepn

C + H2O

773 K
H2 + CO + H2O
Fe2O3 . Cr2O3
Water gas shift reaction

CO2 gas is removed by sodium arsenite solution, and this process is called as scrubbing.
Preparation of pure hydrogen
(1) The electrolysis of a solution of Ba(OH)2 using Ni electrodes gives extra pure H2

(2) NaH + H2O

 Types of Hydrides

Saline / Salt Hydride Covalent / Molecular Hydrides Interstitial Hydrides

Ionic Hydride P block ( Non-metal ) + H Metallic Hydrides
S block Metal & H HCl , H2O , CH4 , PH3 D block Metal & H
Crystalline solids Fe3H , VH0 .56 and TiH1.7
High M.P. & B.P. Less M.P. & B.P. High M.P. & B.P.
Good conductor of Poor conductor of electricity. Nonstoichiometric in nature
electricity.
(i) electron-deficient

(ii) electron-precise

(iii) electron-rich hydrides

Thermal Stability : LiH > NaH > KH > RbH > CsH
 H2O Vs D2O

Property H 2O D 2O
Molecular mass (g mol–1) 18.0151 20.0276
Melting point/K 273.0 276.8
Boiling point/K 373.0 374.4
Temp of max. density/K 276.98 284.2
Density (298 K)/g cm–3 1.0000 1.1059
Viscosity/centipoise 0.89036 1.107
Dielectric constant/C2/N.m2 78.39 78.06

D2O is extensively used as a moderator in nuclear reactors and in exchange

reactions for the study of reaction mechanisms.
 H2O2

Laboratory Method
BaO2 .8H2O + H2SO4

Industrial Method Auto oxidation of 2-Ethyl anthraquinol

 Strength of hydrogen peroxide solution

Percentage strength :
20% aqueous solution (w/v) of H2O2 : 20g of hydrogen peroxide is present in 100 ml of
the solution

Volume strength : The volume (in ml) of oxygen liberated at N.T.P. by the decomposition
of 1 ml sample of hydrogen peroxide.

Molarity and Volume Strength : Molarity = Volume Strength / 11.2

 Hard water & Soft water

Hardness is due to presence of the bicarbonates, sulphates and chlorides of Ca and Mg.

Temporary Hardness Bicarbonates of Ca and Mg

By Boiling Bicarbonates decompose in insoluble carbonates (ppt)

Boil
Ca(HCO3)2

Boil
Mg(HCO3)2

Clark’s Method It can be removed by addition of slaked lime

Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2
 Permanent Hardness
Sulphates ,Chlorides of Ca , Mg
This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling or by the addition of slaked lime.

Water Softeners : Washing Soda

Calgon
Permutit
Ion Exchange Resins

Synthetic Resins Method

Washing Soda It removes both the temporary and permanent hardness by
converting soluble calcium and magnesium compounds into
insoluble carbonates. Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2CO3
CaCl2 + Na2CO3

CaSO4 + Na2CO3

O O O O O O O
Permutit / Hydrated Zeolite
Si Al Si Si Al Si

O OO O O O O O O O O O

Na2Al2Si2O8. xH2O + Ca2+

CaAl2Si2O8. xH2O + NaCl

Calgon Sodium Hexametaphosphate = Na2[Na4(PO3)6]

CaSO4 + Na2[Na4(PO3)6]

MgSO4 + Na2[Na4(PO3)6]

Synthetic Resins Method

Cation Exchange Resin Synthetic Substance

Anion Exchange Resin

Insoluble organic acid resin having giant Giant organic molecules with basic group
molecules with – SO3H or – COOH groups derived from amines
R – H + Ca2+ R – NH3OH + Cl–
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