f

REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
SCHOOL OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
MCWIV-Assignment

PLUMBING MATERIAL QUALITY &

MARKET UNIT

Prepared by: 220009313 SHYAKA STEVEN

220005323 NDAYISHIMIYE EPAPHRODITE
220004496 KUBWIMANA EMMANUEL
220009851 NIMUWABO APPOLINE
220003968 ABIZEYIMANA ARTHUR
220006740 UWIRINGIYEMUNGU PATRICK
220014709 ISHIMWE NATHAN
220010100 NDAYISHIMIYE JONATHAN

Done at 09/July/2023
 IDENTIFICATION OF TYPES OF MATERIALS, MATERIAL QUALITY
AND MARKET UNIT

There are several types of materials commonly used in water supply systems. The specific
materials chosen depend on factors such as the intended application, water quality, pressure
requirements, and local regulations. Here are some examples:
1. Pipes:
Pipes are measured in linear meter stating the diameters
 PVC (Polyvinyl chloride): Lightweight, cost-effective, and resistant to corrosion.
Commonly used for cold water supply.
 Small diameter: 20 mm (0.75 inches) to 50 mm (2 inches). These are often used for
residential water supply, internal plumbing, and smaller-scale distribution lines.
 Medium diameter: 63 mm (2.5 inches) to 160 mm (6 inches). These sizes are commonly
used for larger residential complexes, commercial buildings, and smaller community
water supply systems.
 Large diameter: 200 mm (8 inches) and above. These sizes are typically used for larger-
scale distribution networks and major water supply infrastructure.
 HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene): Durable, flexible, and suitable for both cold and hot
water applications.
 Small to medium diameter: 20 mm (0.75 inches) to 160 mm (6 inches). These sizes are
commonly used for various water supply applications, including residential, commercial,
and industrial projects.
 Large diameter: 200 mm (8 inches) and above. These sizes are suitable for larger
distribution networks and major water supply infrastructure.
 Copper: Resistant to corrosion, commonly used for indoor water supply and in areas where
aesthetics are important.
 Small to medium diameter: 6 mm (0.25 inches) to 22 mm (0.875 inches). Copper pipes
are commonly used for indoor plumbing and smaller-scale water supply systems.
 PEX (Cross-linked Polyethylene): Flexible and easy to install, often used for residential
water supply systems.
 Galvanized Steel: Strong and durable, but less commonly used due to susceptibility to
corrosion over time.
 Medium to large diameter: 20 mm (0.75 inches) to 300 mm (12 inches) and above. These
sizes are often used for larger-scale water supply networks, industrial applications, and
irrigation systems.
2. Fittings and Joints:
Fittings and joints are measured in pieces
 PVC Fittings:
  PVC couplings: Connect two pipes together in a straight line.
 PVC elbows: Change the direction of the pipeline by 90 degrees.
 PVC tees: Allow a branch connection in the pipeline, forming a T-shape.
 PVC reducers: Connect pipes of different sizes, reducing the diameter.
 PVC end caps: Seal the end of a pipeline.

 Threaded Fittings:
 Brass threaded fittings: Used for connecting metal pipes or transitioning between metal and
plastic pipes. Examples include threaded couplings, elbows, tees, and adapters.
Compression Fittings:
 Compression couplings: Used to connect pipes of the same material, such as PVC or copper.
 Compression elbows, tees, and reducers: Allow changes in direction or diameter in the
pipeline.
Push-Fit Fittings:
 Push-fit couplings: Quick and easy to install fittings that do not require any tools or
adhesives. They are commonly used for connecting PEX or PVC pipes.
Flanged Joints:
 Flange fittings: Consist of flanges attached to the ends of pipes, which are then bolted
together. Flanged joints are commonly used for larger diameter pipes and where easy
disconnection or maintenance is required.
Mechanical Joints:
Mechanical couplings: Utilize gaskets and bolts to create a secure connection between pipes. They
are often used for joining metal pipes
3. Valves:
 Gate Valves:
 Resilient seated gate valves: These valves provide a tight seal when closed and are
commonly used for on/off control of water flow in larger pipes.
 Metal seated gate valves: These valves are suitable for controlling water flow in high-
pressure applications and are commonly used in water supply networks.

 Butterfly Valves:
 Wafer-type butterfly valves: These valves are lightweight and have a low-pressure drop.
They are commonly used for regulating water flow in large pipes.
 Lug-type butterfly valves: Similar to wafer-type, these valves have lugs for easy
installation and removal. They are commonly used in water supply and HVAC systems.
  Ball Valves:

 Full-port ball valves: These valves provide a straight flow path with minimal pressure
drop. They are commonly used for on/off control and isolation of water supply lines.
 Reduced-port ball valves: These valves have a smaller ball opening, resulting in higher
pressure drop but are less expensive compared to full-port valves. They are used in
applications where high flow rates are not required.
 Check Valves:
 Swing check valves: These valves allow water flow in one direction and prevent
backflow. They are commonly used to prevent reverse flow in water supply systems.
 Spring-loaded check valves: These valves use a spring mechanism to ensure a quick
closure and minimize water hammer effects.
 Pressure Relief Valves (PRVs):
PRVs are designed to relieve excess pressure from the water supply system, protecting against
potential damage due to overpressure.
4. Water Meters
Various types of water meters are used to measure and monitor water consumption in residential,
commercial, and industrial settings.
 Mechanical Water Meters:
 Volumetric meters: These meters measure the volume of water passing through them.
They typically use a piston, nutating disc, or oscillating piston mechanism to record water
flow.
 Single-jet meters: These meters have a single water jet that drives the impeller to measure
water flow. They are suitable for low to medium flow rates.
 Multi-jet meters: These meters have multiple water jets that strike the impeller from
different angles, providing accurate measurements even at low flow rates.
 Ultrasonic Water Meters:
Ultrasonic meters use ultrasonic technology to measure water flow. They employ transducers that
emit and receive ultrasonic signals to determine the velocity of water passing through the meter.
 Smart Water Meters:
Smart meters are equipped with advanced features to provide real-time data and remote monitoring
capabilities. They can transmit water consumption data wirelessly or through a communication
network, allowing for efficient meter reading and monitoring.
 Prepaid Water Meters:
Prepaid meters require users to purchase water credits in advance. The meter deducts the consumed
amount from the credits, allowing for better management of water consumption and billing.
5. Water Tanks and Storage Systems
 Concrete tanks: Durable and commonly used for large-scale water storage.
 Steel tanks: Strong and versatile, suitable for above-ground or underground storage.
 Plastic tanks: Lightweight and easy to install, often used for smaller-scale water storage.

6. Treatment Materials
 Filtration media: Such as activated carbon, sand, or anthracite used for water filtration to remove
impurities.
 Chemicals: Various chemicals are used for water treatment purposes, including disinfection and pH
adjustment.

SANITARY APPLIANCE USED IN WATER SUPPLY

Sanitary appliances are measured in pieces
Sanitary appliances are fixtures or devices used in water supply systems for various sanitary
purposes. These appliances are typically found in residential, commercial, and public buildings.
Here are some examples of commonly used sanitary appliances in water supply:
Toilets:
Flush toilets: These toilets have a water tank or flush valve connected to a water supply line,
allowing the user to flush waste away.
Waterless or composting toilets: These toilets use little to no water and rely on natural processes
to break down waste.
Sinks:
Bathroom sinks: Used for handwashing and personal hygiene in bathrooms. They are typically
equipped with faucets for hot and cold water supply.
Kitchen sinks: Used for food preparation, dishwashing, and general cleaning in kitchens. They
also have faucets for hot and cold water supply.
Bathtubs and Showers:
Bathtubs: Used for bathing and relaxation. They are connected to a water supply line for filling
and a drain for emptying.
Showers: Provide a continuous flow of water for bathing. They typically have showerheads and
mixing valves to control water temperature.
washing hand basins
There are various types of washing hand basins available, each with its own design, features, and
installation options. These are some common types of washing hand basins available in the
market. When selecting a basin, consider factors such as your bathroom space, style preferences,
functionality, and installation requirements to choose the right option for your needs.
Here are some common types:
 Pedestal Basin: A pedestal basin is a classic and traditional style of washbasin. It consists
of a basin that sits on top of a freestanding pedestal, which conceals the plumbing
connections. Pedestal basins are popular for their elegant and timeless look.
 Wall-Mounted Basin: A wall-mounted basin is fixed directly to the wall without a
pedestal or cabinet. It is a space-saving option that gives a clean and minimalist look to
the bathroom. Wall-mounted basins often have exposed plumbing connections or can be
installed with a semi-pedestal or chrome bottle trap to hide the pipes.
 Countertop Basin: A countertop basin is designed to be placed on top of a vanity unit or
countertop. It creates a stylish and contemporary look and is available in various shapes,
sizes, and materials such as ceramic, glass, or stone. Countertop basins can be installed
with or without a tap hole, depending on the type of faucet you prefer.
 Undermount Basin: An undermount basin is installed beneath the countertop, creating a
seamless and streamlined appearance. The edge of the basin is fixed to the underside of
the countertop, leaving the top surface of the counter uninterrupted. Undermount basins
are popular for their sleek and clean design.
 Semi-Recessed Basin: A semi-recessed basin is partially recessed into a vanity unit or
countertop, with the front portion of the basin protruding. This type of basin is suitable
for smaller bathrooms or where space is limited. The semi-recessed design provides some
countertop space while maintaining a compact footprint.
 Vessel Basin: A vessel basin, also known as a bowl or above-counter basin, sits on top of
the countertop. It creates a bold and eye-catching statement, and the basin itself can be
made of various materials such as glass, ceramic, or stone. Vessel basins require a
compatible countertop or vanity with a sufficient height to accommodate the basin.

Bidets:
Bidets are used for personal hygiene after using the toilet. They provide a gentle stream of water
for cleaning.
Urinals:
Urinals are fixtures specifically designed for male users. They are connected to a water supply
line and have a drain for waste removal.
Drinking Fountains:
Drinking fountains provide a source of potable water for public spaces, schools, or offices. They
typically have a water supply connection and a bubbler or faucet for drinking water.
Washing Machines:
Washing machines are connected to water supply lines for filling and rinsing clothes during the
laundry process.

WATER HEATER
These are some of the most common types of water heaters available, each with its own
advantages and considerations. When choosing a water heater, factors such as energy efficiency,
fuel availability, installation requirements, and upfront costs should be taken into account.

 Storage Tank Water Heater: This is the most common type of water heater. It
consists of an insulated tank that stores hot water until it is needed. It is powered
by electricity, natural gas, propane, or fuel oil. Cold water enters the tank and is
heated by a heating element or a burner. The heated water is then stored until it is
used.
 Tankless (On-Demand) Water Heater: Also known as instantaneous or
continuous flow water heaters, these units’ heat water directly without the need
for a storage tank. When a hot water tap is turned on, cold water passes through a
heat exchanger, where it is quickly heated by either a gas burner or electric
heating element. Tankless water heaters provide hot water on demand and are
more energy-efficient than storage tank water heaters because they eliminate
standby heat loss.
 Heat Pump Water Heater: This type of water heater uses electricity to move
heat from the surrounding air to heat the water. It works similarly to a refrigerator
in reverse. Heat pump water heaters are highly efficient and can significantly
reduce energy consumption compared to conventional electric water heaters.
 Solar Water Heater: Solar water heaters use energy from the sun to heat water.
They typically consist of solar collectors that absorb heat from the sun and
transfer it to the water. Solar water heaters can be either active (with pumps to
circulate the water) or passive (relying on gravity and natural convection). They
are environmentally friendly and can save energy and money in the long run,
although initial installation costs can be higher.
 Condensing Water Heater: Condensing water heaters are designed to maximize
energy efficiency by capturing and utilizing the heat from combustion exhaust
 gases that would otherwise be wasted in a traditional water heater. They are
available in both storage tank and tankless configurations.
 Hybrid Water Heater: Hybrid water heaters combine the technology of a heat
pump water heater with a conventional storage tank. They use a heat pump to
extract heat from the air and transfer it to the water, but they also have electric or
gas backup heating elements for periods of high demand.
Hot water cylinders
There are different types of hot water cylinders available to provide heated water for various
purposes. Here are some common types:
 Vented Cylinder: A vented cylinder, also known as an open-vented cylinder, is connected
to a cold water storage tank usually located in the loft or an elevated position. The cold
water flows into the cylinder, and hot water is drawn from the top. Vented cylinders rely
on gravity to deliver water pressure. They require a vent pipe to allow the expansion of
hot water and relieve pressure.
 Unvented Cylinder: An unvented cylinder, also called a sealed system cylinder, is
directly connected to the mains water supply. It operates under high pressure and doesn't
require a cold water storage tank. Unvented cylinders are equipped with safety features
like pressure relief valves and expansion vessels to manage pressure and temperature.
They can provide high water flow rates and are suitable for properties with multiple
bathrooms.
 Thermal Store Cylinder: A thermal store cylinder is a type of hot water storage system
that separates the heating circuit from the domestic hot water. It contains a large volume
of water that is indirectly heated by a boiler or other heat source. The hot water from the
thermal store is then passed through a heat exchanger to supply hot water for taps and
showers. Thermal store cylinders are commonly used in properties with renewable energy
sources or where multiple heat sources are utilized.
 Combination (Combi) Boiler: While not a traditional hot water cylinder, a combination
boiler is a popular option for providing both heating and hot water. Combi boilers heat
water on-demand as it passes through the unit, eliminating the need for a separate
cylinder. They are space-saving and provide instant hot water without the need for storing
large volumes.
 Heat Pump Cylinder: A heat pump cylinder is specifically designed to work in
conjunction with a heat pump system. It stores hot water produced by the heat pump,
which can be utilized for domestic use. Heat pump cylinders are well-insulated to
minimize heat loss and maximize energy efficiency.
Plumbing material found in provided drawings
1. Pipes
 Cold water Stand pipes 20mm diameter
 Cold water supply pipe of 20mm,25mm,32mm and 40mm diameter
 Hot water supply pipes of 20mm,25mm,32mm and40mm diameter
  Rain water supply pipes of 20mm,25mm,32mm and40mm diameter
2. Sanitary appliance
 Closed couple water closet
 Pedestal wall wash hand basin
 Double wall hunged urinals
 Sink
 3kw instantaneous water heater
 2N0HW colorifier@150 litres, @capacity 1N0 6KW and 1N0.3.5KW
 25mm diameter cold water cylinders

3. Pumps
 12M3/HR against 10M head duty standby secondary circuit circulation pumps as
grounds ups 65-120 or equivalent
 6M3/HR against 10M head duty standby solar circulation (primary circuit)

4. Water Tanks and Storage Systems

 Pressed steel tank for water storage capacity:2m3,2m*1m*1m high, supposed to
structural engineer’s details
 Pressed steel tank for rain water service capacity:3m3,2m*1m*1m high, supposed
to structural engineer’s details
 Automatic rain water tank level operated solenoid valve
 Pressed steel tank for portable water storage capacity:4m3. 2m*1m*1m high,
supposed to structural engineer’s details