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ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 1

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ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU †m›Uvi

evsjv‡`k welqvewj
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‡jKPvi b¤^i welq c„ôv
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 01 cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm 606 †_‡K 1204 wLª. ch©šÍ| 03-06
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 02 evsjvi BwZnvm 1204 wLª. †_‡K 1911 wLª. ch©šÍ| 06-12
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 03 fviZ BwZnvm cwiµgv wLª. c~e© 327 †_‡K 1947 wLª. ch©šÍ| 12-18
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 04 evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`‡qi BwZnvm 1947 wLª. †_‡K 1971 wLª. ch©šÍ| 18-28
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 05 evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb| 28-33
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 06 evsjv‡`k cwiwPwZ, evsjv‡`‡ki b`-b`x, AvenvIqv I Rjevqy| 33-37
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 07 evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl m¤ú`, cvwb m¤ú`, grm¨ m¤ú`, LwbR m¤ú`, cÖvYx m¤ú`, we`y¨r 38-43
kw³, B‡Kv I mvdvwi cvK©|
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 08 evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv e¨e¯’v, evsjv‡`‡ki DcRvwZ, RvZxq welqvewj, RbmsL¨v I 43-48
Rbïgvwi|
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 09 evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ wkí, EPZ, ‰e‡`wkK ‡jb‡`b, e¨vsK, exgv I gy`ªv e¨e¯’v| 48-53
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 10 evsjv‡`‡ki cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM: moK, AvKvk, †bŠc_, †mZz, d¬vBIfvi, 53-55
mgy`ªe›`i, b`xe›`i I ¯’je›`i|
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 11 Kg©-Kwgkb, wbe©vPb Kwgkb, cywjk, †mbv evwnbx, †bŠevwnbx, wegvb evwnbx, Avbmvi 55-57
evwnbx, RAB I BGB|
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 12 AvBb wefvM, kvmb wefvM, wePvi wefvM, cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv I ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v| 57-61
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 13 ivR‰bwZK `j, mykxj mgvR, Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvwô Ges MYgva¨g mswkøó welq| 61-64
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 14 RvZxq AR©b, AvšÍRvwZ©K ms¯’vq evsjv‡`k, K~U‰bwZK wgkb I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Pzw³| 64-68
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 15 HwZnvwmK ¯’vb, cÖvK…wZK ¯’vb, Rv`yNi, ¯’vcZ¨, fv¯‹h©, ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwZôvb Ges 68-72
evsjv‡`‡ki †kÖômg~n|
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 16 evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ I evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^v¯’¨LvZ| 73-79
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 17 Pjw”PÎ, evsjv‡`‡ki †Ljv, wewfbœ cyi¯‹vi Ges wewea evsjv‡`k| 80-82
mycvi wUcm& 82-94
Uc wUcm& 94-103
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‡dmeyK AvBwW: Bandhon GK
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ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 2


‡jKPvi b¤^i- 01
BwZnvm kãwU DrcwË ÔBwZnÕ kã †_‡K hvi A_© ÔHwZn¨Õ| wMÖK kã
ÔHistoria’ †_‡K Bs‡iwR ÔHistory’ kãwUi DrcwË hvi evsjv
cÖwZkã BwZnvm| ÔHistoriaÕ kãwU cÖ_g e¨envi K‡ib wMÖK
HwZnvwmK I BwZnv‡mi RbK Ô‡n‡iv‡WvUvmÕ| †n‡iv‡WvUvm cÖ_g
BvZnvm I AbymÜvb G`ywU aviv‡K mshy³ K‡ib| Z‡e AvaywbK
BwZnv‡mi RbK Rvg©vb HwZnvwmK wjI‡cvì db i¨vs‡K Ges
weÁvbm¤§Z BwZnv‡mi RbK _ywKWvB‡Wm| BwZnvm‡K wkÿYxq `k©b
ejv nq, e¯‘ wbóZv I wbi‡cÿZv BwZnv‡mi ˆewkó|
Av‡jvP¨ welq: cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm 606 wLª. †_‡K 1204
wLª.ch©šÍ|
evOvwj RvwZi D™¢e I weKvk
mgMÖ evOvwj Rb‡Mvôx‡K cÖvK-Avh© ev Abvh© Rb‡Mvôx Ges Avh©
Rb‡Mvôx GB `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| Avh©c~e© Rb‡Mvôx g~jZ
†bwMÖ‡Uv, Aw÷ªK, `ªvweo I †fvUPxbxq GB PviwU kvLvq wef³ wQj|
wb‡MÖv‡`i gZ ‡`nhy³ GK Avw`g RvwZ G‡`‡k emevm Ki‡Zv|
GivB wQj mvIZvj, gyÛv cÖf…wZ DcRvwZi c~e©cyiæl | Aw÷ªK RvwZ
†_‡K evOvwj RvwZi cÖavb Ask M‡o D‡V‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|
‡KD †KD Zv‡`i Ôwblv` RvwZÕ e‡j AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb| cÖvq cuvP nvRvi
eQi c~‡e© B‡›`vPxb †_‡K Avmvg n‡q evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i Aw÷ªK
RvwZ ‡bwMÖ‡Uv‡`i DrLvZ K‡i| Aw÷ªK RvwZi mgKv‡j ev wKQzc~‡e©
`ªvweo RvwZ G‡`‡k Av‡m Ges mf¨Zvq DbœZZi e‡j Zviv Aw÷ªK
RvwZ‡K MÖvm K‡i| Aw÷ªK-`ªvweo RvwZi mv‡_ g‡½vjxq ev
†fvUPxbxq RvZxi mswgkªY N‡U|
evsjv‡`‡k Avh©Ki‡Yi c‡i g‡½vjx‡`i AvMgb N‡U e‡j evOvwji
i‡³ G‡`i wgkÖY D‡jøL‡hvM¨ bq| Mv‡iv, †KvP, wÎcyiv, PvKgv
BZ¨vw` GB †Mvwôf~³| Aw÷ªK-`ªvweo Rb‡Mvwôi wgkÖ‡Y †h RvwZi
cÖevn PjwQj, Zvi mv‡_ Avh© RvwZ G‡m mshy³ n‡q M‡o Zzj‡Q
evOvwj RvwZ| Avh©‡`i Avw`wbevm wQj BDivj ce©‡Zi `wÿ‡Y
eZ©gvb ga¨ Gwkqv-Biv‡b| fviZe‡l© Avh©‡`i AvMgb N‡UwQ‡jv
wLª÷c~e© 200 A‡ã | m¤¢eZ wLªóxq cÖ_g kZ‡K ev Zvi wKQy Av‡M
Avh©iv evsjvq Avm‡Z ïiæ K‡i|
Avh©iv mbvZb ag©vej¤^x wQj| Zv‡`i ag©MÖ‡š’i bvg wQj †e`| wLªóxq
Aóg kZvãxi w`‡K †mgxi †Mv‡Îi Aviexqiv Bmjvg ag© cÖPvi Ges
e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i gva¨‡g evOvwj RvwZi m‡½ mswgwkÖZ nq| Zv‡`i
AbyKi‡Y †bwMÖ‡Uv i³evnx nvewkivI G‡`‡k Av‡m| Ggwbfv‡e AšÍZ
†`o nvRvi eQ‡ii Abykxjb, MÖnY, eR©b, Ges iƒcvšÍwiZKi‡Yi
gva¨‡g evOvwj RvwZ M‡o D‡V| b„ZvwË¡Kfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl
cÖavbZ Avw`-A‡÷ªwjqv (Proto-Australian) bi‡Mvôxf³|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
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A_©‡e`| 3000 c~‡e©i F‡M¦‡`i ÔHZ‡iq AviY¨KÕ MÖ‡š’ me©cÖ_g Ôe½Õ
kãwU cvIqv hvq Z‡e me©cÖ_g †`kevPK ÔevsjvÕ kãwU cvIqv hvq
Aveyj dR‡ji ÔAvBb-B-AvKeixÕ MÖ‡š’|
mvims‡ÿc: mgMÖ evOvwj Rb‡Mvôx `yB fv‡M Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ
Avh© Rb‡Mvôx Ges wØZxqZ Abvh© Rb‡Mvôx| Aw÷ªK RvwZ †_‡K
evOvwj RvwZi cÖavb Ask M‡o D‡V‡Q e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| cÖvq cvuP
nvRvi eQi c~‡e© B‡›`vPxb †_‡K Avmvg n‡q evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i
Aw÷ªK RvwZ | Aw÷ªK RvwZi c‡i Av‡m `ªvweo RvwZ| `ªvweo RvwZ
Aw÷ªK RvwZ‡K MÖvm K‡i| Aw÷ªK-`ªvweo Rb‡Mvôxq wgkÖ‡Y †h
RvwZi cÖevn PjwQj Zvi mv‡_ Avh© RvwZ G‡m mshy³ n‡q M‡o
Zz‡j‡Q evOvwj RvwZ| evOvwj RvwZi cwiPq msKi RvwZ wnmv‡e|
*** evsjv‡`‡k emevmKvix DcRvwZ‡`i eo Ask g‡½vj‡qW|
evsjvi †fŠ‡MvwjK cwiPq
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f~L‡Ûi g‡a¨ wewfbœ ‡fŠ‡MvwjK bv‡gi Aew¯’wZ wQj| †gvUvgywU fv‡e
1947- Gi c~‡e© weªwUk fvi‡Zi Ô‡e½jÕ cÖ‡`‡ki f~LÛB Avgv‡`i
ÔevsjvÕ| eZ©gv‡b hv Ôevsjv‡`kÕ Ges fvi‡Zi Ôcwðge½Õ cÖ‡`k|
evsjvi c~‡e© wQj wÎcyiv I jymvB ce©Zgvjv | evsjvi Dˇi wQj
wkjs gvjf~wg Ges †bcv‡ji ZivB AÂj| cwð‡g ivRgnj Ges
`wÿ‡Y e‡½vcmvM‡ii Ae¯’vb|
cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡mi Drm/Dcv`vb
cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡mi Drm/Dcv`vb‡K 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
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wgbnvR-Dm-wmiv‡Ri ÔZeKvZ-B-bvwmixÕ, Aveyj dR‡ji
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 AwjwLZ/cÖZœZvwËK Dcv`vb: gy`ªv, wkjvwjwc, ¯Í¤¢wjwc,
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cÖZœZvwË¡K Avwe®‹vi|
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cÖvPxb Rbc` eZ©gvb Ae¯’vb
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I w`bvRcyi AÂj|
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 ÔcyÛªÕ e‡j GKwU RvwZ Rbc`wU M‡o
Zz‡jwQj| ivRavbx cyÛªbMi/cyÛªea©b|
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gqgbwmsn, dwi`cyi, h‡kvi I
Lyjbv|
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ivp  Ae¯’vb: fvMxi_x b`xi cwðg Zxi|
Gi Aci bvg my²|
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ev‡KiMÄ  ewikvj, Lyjbv I ev‡MinvU|
e‡i›`ª  Ae¯’vb: M½v I Ki‡Zvqvi ga¨eZx©
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w`bvRcyi|
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 ¯^vaxb †MŠo iv‡R¨i DÌvb nq- 606 wLªóv‡ã|
 ¯^vaxb †MŠo iv‡R¨i ¯’cwZ - kkv¼|
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weeiY Ges MÄg Zv¤ªkvmb †_‡K|
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 nl©ea©‡bi mfv Kwe wQ‡jb- evYfÆ|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 evYf‡Æi weL¨vZ MÖš’- nl©PwiZ|
wnD‡qb mvs : Pxb †`kxq †eŠ× cwÛZ wnD‡qb mvs m¤ªvU nl©ea©e‡bi
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Dcgnv‡`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡ib| wZwb nl©ea©‡bi ivRavbx cvUwjcy‡Îi
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bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq wLª: cÂg kZ‡K |
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gvrm¨b¨vq| G mgq eo †Kvb mv¤ªvR¨ ev kw³kvjx ivRv wQ‡jv bv|
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gvQ‡K MÖvm K‡i, mej ivR¨ Gfv‡e `ye©j ivR¨‡K MÖvm KiZ e‡j G
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†Mvcvj cvj| jvgvZvibv_ †Mvcv‡ji DÌvb m¤^‡Ü GK iƒcK_vi
Kvwnbxi AeZviYv K‡i‡Qb|
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weeiY|
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cvj|
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1g ch©vq- D`xqgvb cÖwZcwËi hyM|
2q ch©vq- AebwZ I cybiæ×vi|
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cÖwZnvi Ges ivóªK~U| cyÎ)|
 evsjv fvlvi Avw` wb`k©b ÔPh©vc`Õ iwPZ nq- cvj Avg‡j|  ‡ngšÍ †m‡bi cyÎ wQ‡jb - weRq ‡mb (ivRZ¡Kvj 1098
wLª. †_‡K 1160 wLª. ch©šÍ) |
*** evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖvPxbhy‡Mi GKgvÎ wb`©kb Ph©vc`| 1907
 weRq †mb evsjvq me©cÖ_g GKK kvmbvax‡b Avbvqb
mv‡j †bcv‡ji ivRMÖš’vMvi †_‡K Ph©vc` Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib
K‡ib|
gnvg‡nvcva¨vq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x| 1916 mv‡j ev 1323 e½v‡ã
 weRq †m‡bi kvmbKvj wQ‡jv 1098 wLª †_‡K 1160 wLª
KjKvZvi Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`Õ †_‡K ÔnvRvi eQ‡ii cyivb †eŠ×
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iwPZ Ges UxKvKvi gywb`Ë| Ph©vc‡`i ‡gvU c` 51 wU (gZvšÍ‡i 50
 weRq †m‡bi ivRavbx wQ‡jv- Zvui bvgvbymv‡i weRqcyi Ges
wU) Ges Kwe 24 Rb (gZvšÍ‡i 23 Rb)| Ph©vc‡`i/evsjv mwn‡Z¨i
Av‡iKwU wQj weµgcyi|
cÖvPxb Kwe ev Avw`Kwe jyBcv, c` msL¨v 1wU| Ph©vc‡`i †kÖôKwe
 weRq †m‡bi cyÎ wQ‡jb ejøvj †mb|
Ges m‡e©v”P c` iPbv K‡i‡Qb Kvýcv, c` msL¨v 13wU| Ph©vc‡`i
 ejøvj †m‡bi D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ MÖš’- `vbmvMi I A™¢zZ mvMi|
evOvwj Kwe fzmyKzcv, c` msL¨v 8wU| Ph©vc‡`i bvix Kwe Kz°zixcv,
 ‡KŠwjb¨ cÖ_vi cÖeZ©K- ejøvj †mb (BwZnv‡m GUvi †Kv‡bv
c` msL¨v 3wU| Ph©vc‡` 6 wU cÖev` i‡q‡Q|
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Zv¤ªkvmb †_‡K ag©cv‡ji ivRZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|  mgMÖ evsjvi †kl wn›`y ivRv jÿ¥Y †mb|
 ag©cvj cÖ_g cvj es‡ki g‡a¨ ci‡gk¦i, cig fÆviK Ges  jÿ¥Y ‡m‡bi mfvm` kÖxai `vm 1206 wLªóv‡ã
gnvivRvwaivR Dcvwa MÖnb K‡ib| ag©cv‡ji cyÎ †`ecvj| Ôm`yw³KYv©g„ZÕ bv‡g GKwU ms¯‹…Z Kve¨MÖš’ cÖKvk K‡ib|
 ‡`ecv‡ji mgq cvj mv¤ªvR¨ me‡P‡q ‡ewk we¯Ívi jvf  j²Y †m‡bi ivRavbx wQj- †MŠo I b`xqv‡Z|
K‡i|  1204 wLª. eLwZqvi LjwR evsjv Avµgb K‡ib Ges
 cÖ_g gnxcv‡ji Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KxwZ© n‡jv jÿ¥Y †mb‡K civwRZ K‡ib|
K‡½uvR RvwZi weZvob Ges c~e©e‡½ AwaKvi K‡i cvj  1205 wLª. jÿ¥Y †m‡bi g„Zy¨ nq|
mv¤ªv‡Ri cyb:cÖwZôv|  ‡mb es‡ki me©‡kl ivRv- †Kke‡mb (j²Y †m‡bi g„Zy¨i
 wØZxq gwncv‡ji ivRZ¡Kv‡j e‡i›`ª we‡`ªvn/‰KeZ© we‡`ªvn c‡i evsjvi wKQz As‡k †mb kvmb wQj)|
nq|
 cvj ivRv‡`i RbK f~wg wQj e‡i›`ª AÂj| *** †mb‡`i Avw` wbevm wQ‡jv `wÿYv‡Z¨i KY©vU| †KD †KD g‡b
K‡ib Zviv wQ‡jv ÔeªþÿwÎqÕ|
 e‡i›`ª we‡`ªv‡ni †bZv wQ‡jb w`eŸ¨K (wZwb †R‡j
m¤úª`v‡qi †jvK wQ‡jb)| cÖvPxb MÖš’ I cÖ‡YZv
 e‡i›`ª we‡`ªv‡ni d‡j mvgwqK ÿgZvPz¨Z nq cvj esk Ges
cÖwZôv jvf K‡i ˆKeZ©¨‡`i kvmb| A_©kv¯¿ ‡KŠwUj¨
 e‡i›`ªf~wg‡K cybiæ×vi K‡ib ivgcvj | eveibvgv/ZzhyK-B-evei evei
wKZveyj wn›`, ZvnwKK-B-wn›` Avj †eiæbx
 ivgcv‡ji Rxebxg~jK MÖš’- ivgPwiZ (iPbv K‡ib mܨvKi
wiqvR Avm mvjvwZb (HwZnvwmK MÖš’) ‡Mvjvg †nv‡mb mwjg
b›`x)|
`vb mvMi, A™¢zZ mvMi, eªZ ejøvj †mb
 w`bvRcy‡ii ivgmvMi `xwN Lbb K‡ib- ivgcvj| mvMi, AvPvi mvMi, cÖwZôv mvMi
 cvj es‡ki me©‡kl ivRv g`b cvj| †gN`~Z, AwfÁvb kKzšÍjg Kvwj`vm
 cvj‡`i `xN©Kvjxb kvmK wQ‡jb- bvivqYcvj (54 eQi)| wKZveyj †invjv Be‡b eZzZv
 ‡Uiv‡KvUv ev †cvovgvwUi djK, fv¯‹h© Avi wPÎKjvq cvj nl©iwPZ evYfÆ
Avgj mg„×| ivgPwiZg mܨvKi b›`x
BwÛKv ‡gMvw¯’wbm
‡mb esk wmw×, wmBDwK wnD‡qb mvs
kvnbvgv ‡di‡`Šwm
 evsjvi BwZnv‡m me© cÖ_g mgMÖ evsjvq GKK m¦vaxb ‡e` gywb FwlMY
ivR‡Z¡i cÖwZôv nq †mb kvmbvax‡bB| gnvfviZ ‡e`e¨vm
 ‡mbiv evsjvq G‡mwQj fvi‡Zi `vwÿYvZ¨ †_‡K| ivgvqY evj¥xwK
‡dv-Kz‡qv-wKs dv-wn‡qb
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 5

 Bmjvg ag©MÖš’: Avj- KziAvb
 ‡eŠ× ag©MÖš’: wÎwcUK
 wLª÷vb ag©MÖš’: evB‡ej
ÒcÖwkÿ‡Yi gv‡V hw` Nvg bv SivI,
Z‡e hy‡×i gq`v‡b
‡Zvgv‡K i³ Siv‡Z n‡e|Ó
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 02
Av‡jvP¨ welq: ga¨hy‡M evsjvi BwZnvm 1204 wLª. †_‡K 1757 wLª.
ch©šÍ|
eLwZqvi LjwR
 eLwZqvi wQ‡jb RvwZ‡Z ZzwK©, es‡k LjwR Ges e„wˇZ
fvM¨v‡š^lx ˆmwbK|
 eLwZqvi LjwR b`xqv AvµgY K‡ib- 1204 wLª. (·qv`k
kZ‡K)| eLwZqvi LjwR b`xqvq cÖ‡ek K‡ib 17 ev 18 Rb
Ak^v‡ivnx ˆmwbK wb‡q|
 eLwZqvi LjwR evsjvi cÖ_g gmwjg we‡RZv|
 evsjvq gymwjg AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii AMÖbvqK - eLwZqvi LjwR|
 eLwZqvi LjwR evsjv Rq K‡ib- 1204 wLª.|
 eLwZqvi LjwR AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi Migwk (AvaywbK `kZB gv‡M©i)
Awaevmx wQ‡jb|
 A‡hva¨vi kvmbKZ©v ûmvgDÏxb eLwZqvi‡K fvMeZ I
wfDjx‡Z RvqwMi cÖ`vb K‡ib Ges GLvb †_‡K eLwZqvi fvM¨
mycÖmbœ nq|
 eLwZqvi I`šÍcyix wenvi Rq K‡ib|
 eLwZqvi ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib- j²YveZ©x|
 eLwZqvi LjwR j²Y †mb‡K civwRZ K‡i evsjv Rq K‡ib|
 eLwZqv‡ii kvmb Kvj m¤ú©‡K Rvbv hvq wgbnvRDÏxb wmiv‡Ri
ÔZeKvr-B-bvwmixÕ MÖš’ †_‡K|
 eLwZqv‡ii Rxe‡b †kl Awfhvb wQ‡jv wZeŸZ Awfhvb|
 eLwZqvi LjwR 1206 wLª. g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
 eLwZqvi LjwR Rxe‡bi †kl mgq AwZevwnZ K‡ib †`e‡Kv‡U
(eLwZqv‡ii g„Zz¨i c‡i ‡`e‡KvU n‡q I‡V cÖkvmwbK †K›`ª)|
 eLwZqvi LjwR myjZvb †Nvixi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj wQ‡jb|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
LjwR gvwjK‡`i Aax‡b evsjv
 eLwZqvi LjwRi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi 3 Rb mnPi G‡Ki ci GK
evsjvq gymwjg iv‡R¨i ÿgZv `Lj K‡ib (kvmbKvj 1206 wLª.
†_‡K 1227 wLª. ch©šÍ)
 A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib Avjx g`©vb KZ…©K eLwZqvi LjwR wbnZ
n‡qwQ‡jb|
 LjwR gvwjK‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g ÿgZvq G‡mwQ‡jb gynv¤§` kxivb
LjwR (1206 wLª.-1208 wLª. ch©šÍ)
 wØZxq ÿgZvq Av‡mb BIR LjwR (1208-1210 wLª. ch©šÍ)|
 Z…Zxq ÿgZvq Av‡mb Avjx g`©vb LjwR (1210-1212 wLª.
ch©šÍ)|
 LjwR gvwjK‡`i g‡a¨ Avjx g`©vb cÖ_g cÖKv‡k¨ ¯^vaxbZv
†NvlYv K‡ib|
 PZz_© cybivq ÿgZv Av‡mb BIR LjwR (kvmbKvj 1212 wLª.
†_‡K 1227 wLª. ch©šÍ)|
 LjwR gvwjK‡`i g‡a¨ me©‡kÖó wQ‡jb BIR LjwR|
 evsjvq cÖ_g †bŠ-evwnbx M‡o †Zv‡jb BIR LjwR|
 ‡MŠ‡oi Rygv gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQ‡jv BIR LjwRi
c„ô‡cvlKZvq|
 w`wjøi myjZvb BjZzrwg‡ki cyÎ bvwmiDÏx‡bi Kv‡Q civwRZ I
wbnZ nb BIR LjwR| d‡j evsjv w`wjøi gymwjg mv¤ªv‡R¨i
GKwU cÖ‡`‡k cwiYZ nq|
*** HwZnvwmK wRqvDÏxb evivbx evsjv‡`‡ki bvg w`‡qwQ‡jb
ÔeyjMvKcyiÕ A_© Ôwe‡`ªv‡ni bMixÕ|
evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvbx
1338 mv‡j †mvbviMvu‡qi kvmbKZ©v evnivg Lv‡bi g„Zz¨ nq|
evnivg Lv‡bi eg©iÿK wQ‡jb ÔdLivÕ bv‡gi GKRb ivRKg©Pvix|
cÖfzi g„Zz¨i ci wZwb ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib Ges dLiæÏxb †gveviK
kvn bvg wb‡q †mvbviMuv‡qi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Gfv‡eB m~Pbv nq
evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvbx hy‡Mi| myZivs ejv †h‡Z cv‡i evsjvi cÖ_g
¯^vaxb myjZvb dLiæÏxb gyeviK kvn|
 Be‡b eZzZv evsjvq Av‡mb- dLiæÏxb gyeviK kvn Gi kvmb
Avg‡j (1345-1346 mv‡j)|
 Be‡b eZzZv gi‡°vi Awaevwm wQ‡jb|
 Be‡b eZzZvi ågY Kwnbxi bvg ÔwKZveyj †invjvÕ|
 Be‡b eZzZv evsjvq G‡mwQ‡jb wm‡j‡Ui kvn Rvjv‡ji mv‡_
mvÿvr Ki‡Z|
 Be‡b eZzZv evsjvq `vm-`vmx µq weµ‡qi K_v D‡jøL
K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb wb‡RI ÔAvïiv bv¤œxÕ bvgK GKRb my›`ix `vmx
µq K‡ib|
 Be‡b eZzZv evsjv‡K Ò‡`vRLcyi-Avh-wbqvgZÓ ev abc~Y© biK
e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
 evsjvq ¯^vaxb myjZvbx hy‡Mi myPbv nq- 1338 mv‡j|
6
 PÆMÖvg AÂj gymwjg kvm‡bi Aax‡b Av‡m- dLiæÏxb †gveviK
kv‡ni Avg‡j|
 evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvbx hyM 200 eQi weivRgvb wQj (1338 wLª.
†_‡K 1538 wLª. ch©šÍ)|
 dLiæÏxb †gveviK kvn ÿgZvq wQ‡jb 1338-1349 mvj
ch©šÍ| dLiæÏxb †gveviK kv‡ni g„Zz¨i c‡i †mvbviMvuI‡qi
ÿgZvq e‡mb Zvi cyÎ- BLwZqvi DÏxb MvRx| BLwZqvi DÏxb
MvRx‡K civwRZ K‡i †mvbviMvuI `Lj K‡ib- Bwjqvm kvn|
 me© cÖ_g mgMÖ evsjvi AwacwZ nb- Bwjqvm kvn (1342-1358
wLª. ch©šÍ) ÿgZvq wQ‡jb|
 Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki cÖwZôvZv- kvgmDÏxb Bwjqvm kvn|
 evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvbxi cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv ejv nq- Bwjqvm
kvn‡K|
 cÖvPxb Rbc`¸‡jv‡K GKwÎZ K‡i Ôev½vjvnÕ bvgKiY K‡ib-
Bwjqvm kvn|
 Òkvn-B-ev½vjvnÓ ejv nq- Bwjqvm kvn‡K|
 Bwjqv‡mi g„Zz¨i ci ÿgZvq e‡mb- Zvui cyÎ wmKv›`vi kvn|
 cvÛzqvi Avw`bv gmwR` wbg©vY K‡ib- wmKv›`vi kvn|
 wmKv›`vi kvn wkÿvbyivMx Ges wkívbyivMx wQ‡jb|
 wmKv›`vi kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci ÿgZvq e‡mb- Zvui cyÎ wMqvmDÏxb
AvRg kvn|
 evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvbx hy‡Mi me‡P‡q RbwcÖq myjZvb wQ‡jb-
wMqvmDÏxb AvRg kvn|
 cvi‡m¨i Kwe nvwd‡Ri mv‡_ cÎ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Zb-
wMqvmDÏxb AvRg kvn|
 myjZvb wMqvmDÏxb AvRg kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡ji cÖ_g evOvwj
gymwjg Kwe kvn gyn¤§n mMxi ÔBDmyd Ry‡jLvÕ Kve¨ iPbv
K‡ib|
 wMqvmDÏxb AvRg kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j gv-ûqvb bvgK GKRb
Pxbv ch©UK evsjvq AvMgb K‡ib|
 wMqvmDÏxb AvRg kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kvj wQ‡jv 1393-1411 wLª.
ch©šÍ|
 wMqvmDÏxb AvRg kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci ÿgZvq e‡mb- Zvui cyÎ
mvBdzDÏxb nvgRv kvn (1411-1414 wLª. ch©šÍ)|
 mvBdzDÏxb nvgRv kvn‡K ÿgZvPz¨Z K‡ib- ivRv M‡Yk d‡j
wKQz eQ‡ii Rb¨ Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki Aemvb nq (ivRv M‡Yk
fvZzoxqvi Rwg`vi wQ‡jb)|
 ivRv M‡Yk I Zvi cyÎiv cÖvq wÎk eQi ivRZ¡ K‡ib|
 ivRv M‡Y‡ki cyÎ wQ‡jb- Rvjvj DÏxb gvngy` kvn (h`y)|
 1442 wLª. cybivq Bwjqvm kvnx esk cyb:cÖwZôv jvf K‡i Ges
1487 wLª. ch©šÍ envj _v‡K|
 1487 †_‡K 1493 wLª. ch©šÍ evsjvq nvekx kvmb weivRgvb
wQ‡jv| GB nvekx kvmb wQ‡jv evsjvi BwZnv‡m GK Kj¼RbK
Aa¨vq |
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 nvekx kvm‡bi Aemvb NUvb- AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kvn (û‡mb
kvnx es‡ki cÖ_g kvmK)|
 û‡mb kvnx es‡ki me©‡kªô myjZvb- AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kvn
(1493-1519 wLª. ch©šÍ)|
 G es‡k †gvU 04 Rb kvmK wQ‡jb|
 AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kv‡ni- ivRZ¡Kvj 1493 wLª. †_‡K 1519 wLª.
ch©šÍ|
 evsjvi myjZvb‡`i g‡a¨ AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kvn wQ‡jb-me©‡kÖô|
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i c„ô‡cvlKZvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ kvmK- AvjvDÏxb
û‡mb kvn|
 AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kv‡ni ivRavbx wQj- GKWvjv|
 b„cwZ wZjK, RMrf~lY I K…òveZvi Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ nb-
AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kvn|
 ‡MŠ‡oi †QvU †mvbv gmwR` wbg©vY K‡ib- AvjvDÏxb û‡mb
kvn|
 Ôevsjvi AvKeiÕ ejv n‡Zv- AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kvn‡K|
 û‡mb kvnx es‡ki me©‡kl kvmK wQ‡jb- gvngy` kvn (1533-
1538 wLª. ch©šÍ|
 gvngy` kvn cZz©wMR‡`i evsjvq evwYR¨ NvuwU ¯’vc‡bi my‡hvM
†`q|
 1538 wLª. †ki kvn †MŠo AwaKvi K‡ib d‡j evsjvi 200
eQ‡ii ¯^vaxb myjZvbxi Aemvb nq|
evsjvq gyNj kvmb I ev‡iv f~uBqv
1538 wLª. gyNj m¤ªvU ûgvqb evsjv Rq K‡ib| evsjv Rq K‡i
ûgvqb 8 gvm evsjvq Ae¯’vb K‡ib Ges wZwb evsjvi bvg iv‡Lb
ÔRvbœvZvev`Õ| cieZx©‡Z †ki kv‡ni eskaiiv evsjv kvmb K‡ib
(ïi kvmb)| evsjvq ïi kvm‡bi Aemv‡bi ci cÖwZôv jvf K‡i
Kiivbx AvdMvb‡`i ivRZ¡| ZvR Lvb evsjvq Kiivbx es‡ki ivRZ¡
cÖwZôv K‡ib| ZvR Lvb Kiivbxi g„Zz¨i ci Zvui åvZv myjvqgvb Lvb
Kiivbx evsjvi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| myjvqgvb Lvb Kiivbx Lye
wePÿY I weÁ kvmK wQ‡jb| cieZx©‡Z `vD` Lvb Kiivbx ÿgZvq
Av‡mb| wKš‘ gyNj m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii `„wó c‡i evsjvi w`‡K| 1576
mv‡j ivRgn‡ji wbKU gyNj m¤ªvU AvKei I AvdMvb‡`i g‡a¨
Zzgyj hy× nq| GB hy‡× AvdMvb kvmK `vD` Lvb Kiivbxi civRq
NU‡j gyNj kvmK AvKei evsjv Rq K‡ib| wKš‘ AvKei mgMÖ evsjv
Rq Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| KviY Kiivbx es‡ki cZ‡bi ci evsjvq ev‡iv
f~uBqv‡`i ¯^vaxbZv cÖKvk cvq| AvKe‡ii evsjv R‡qi c‡i evsjvq
myev`vix kvmb Kv‡qg nq| gyNj‡`i cÖ_g myev`vi wbhy³ nb gywbg
Lvb| gywbg Lvb ZvbWvq ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib| m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii
Avg‡j evsjvi ‡kl myev`vi wQ‡jb ivRv gvbwmsn| gvbwmsn ZvbWv
†_‡K ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib| wZwb bZzb ivRavbx kn‡ii bvg †`b
AvKgnj ev AvKei gnj| c‡i Gi bvg ivRgnj bv‡g cwiwPZ nq|
ev‡iv f~uBqv‡`i †bZv wQ‡jb Cmv Lvb (Dcvwa: gmb`-B-Avjv) Ges
cieZx©‡Z Zvi cyÎ gymv Lvb| AvKei cyÎ m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi Zvui `~Z
Bmjvg Luvb †K w`‡q ev‡iv f~uBqv‡`i civwRZ K‡i mgMÖ evsjv cª_g
Rq K‡ib 1608 mv‡j Ges evsjvq Kv‡qg nq myev`vix kvmb|
Bmjvg Lvub ivRgnj †_‡K ivRavbx XvKvq ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib Ges XvKvi
7
bvg iv‡Li Rvnv½xi bMi| GK kZvãxi AwaKKvj Rvnv½xi bMi  evsjvi bevex es‡ki cÖwZôvZv gywk©`Kzjx Lvub (bevex es‡ki
evsjvi ivRavbx wQ‡jv| cÖwZôv nq 1717 wLª.)|
*** evi f~uBqvi ÔeviÕ ej‡Z eviR‡bi msL¨v †evSvq bv| aviYv Kiv  evsjvq ivR¯^ ms¯‹v‡ii †ÿ‡Î cÖ_g K…wZZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡Lb
nq Awbw`©ó msL¨K Rwg`vi‡`i ‡evSv‡Z ÔeviÕ kãwU e¨envi Kiv gywk©`Kzjx Lvub|
n‡q‡Q| evi f~uBqvi‡`i Avwef©ve †lvj kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS n‡Z  gywk©`Kyjx Lvub cÖewZ©Z ivR¯^ e¨e¯’vi bvg gvjRvwgbx|
m‡Z‡iv kZ‡Ki ga¨eZ©x mgq|  gywk©`Kzjx kvmbKvj wQ‡jv 1717 †_‡K 1727 wLª. ch©šÍ|
 evsjvi wØZxq beve wQ‡jb- myRvDÏxb Lvb (1727-1739 wLª.
ÒThere are no shortcuts to any place worth goingÓ
ch©šÍ)|
evi f~&uBqv‡`i bvg I AÂj
 evsjvi Z…Zxq beve wQ‡jb- midivR Lvb (1739-1740 wLª.
bvg AÂj
Cmv Luv, gymv Luv, Rygv Luv wLwRicyi, XvKv ch©šÍ)|
gnvivRv cÖZvcvw`Z¨ Lyjbv, h‡kvi  midivR Lvb‡K nZ¨v K‡i evsjvi PZz_© beve nb Avjxe`©x Lvb
dRjMvRx, evnv`yi MvRx fvIqvj, MvRxcyi (1740-1756 wLª. ch©šÍ)|
K›`c bvivqb, ivgP›`ªivq P›`ªØxc, ev‡KiMÄ  Avjxe`©x Lvb wenv‡ii bv‡qe bvwRg wbhy³ nb 1733 wLª|
j²YgvwYK¨, AbšÍgvwYK¨ fzjyqv, †bvqvLvjx  evsjvi cÂg beve wmivRD‡ÏŠjv| wmivRD‡ÏŠjv 1733 mv‡j
Pvu` MvRx, Rybv MvRx gvwbKMÄ Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zvui wcZvi bvg R‡qb DwÏb Ges gvZvi bvg
Pvu` ivq, †K`vi ivq kÖxcyi, MvRxcyi
Avwgbv| bvbv Avjxe`x© Lv‡bi g„Zz¨i ci gvÎ †ZBk eQi eq‡m
nvwg`yi ingvb evuKzov, weòzcyi
1756 mv‡j wmsnvm‡b e‡mb wmivR| 1756 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m
cxZv¤^i ivq, ivgP›`ª ivq cywVqv, ivRkvnx
M‡Yk ivq, cÖ_g ivq w`bvRcyi wZwb Bs‡iR‡`i KvwmgevRvi `~M© AwaKvi K‡ib| GKB gv‡m
gyKz›`ivg, iNybv_ fzlYv, dwi`cyi wZwb KjKvZv Rq K‡i bvg †`b ÔAvjxbMiÕ|
Ksm bvivqY Zvwnicyi, bv‡Uvi
*** Re PvY©K bv‡g GKRb Bs‡iR 1690 mv‡j 1200 UvKvi
wewbg‡q †KvjKvZv, †Mvwe›`ªcyi I myZvbwU bv‡g wZbwU MÖv‡gi
 mgMÖ evsjvi cÖ_g gyNj myev`vi wQ‡jb Bmjvg Luvb (1608- Rwg`vwi ¯^Ë¡jvf K‡ib| fvMxi_x b`xi Zx‡ii GB wZbwU MÖvg‡K
1613 wLª. ch©šÍ)| †K›`ª K‡iB cieZ©xKv‡j KjKvZv bMixi Rb¥ nq| GLv‡bB 1700
 XvKv‡K evsjvi ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib Bmjvg Luvb (1610 wLª.)| mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv Z…Zxq DBwjqv‡gi bvg Abymv‡i †dvU© DBwjqvg
 XvKvi †`vjvB Lvj Lbb K‡ib Bmjvg Lvub| `yM© wbg©vY Kiv nq|
 gyNj‡`i Av‡iKRb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© myev`vi wQ‡jb kv‡q¯Ív Lvub (cÖ_g
ÿgZvq wQ‡jb 1664-1678 wLª. ch©šÍ Ges wØZxqevi 1679-  1756 mv‡j A‡±ve‡i Ôgwbnvix hy‡×Õ kIKZ Rs‡K civwRZ I
1688 wLª. ch©šÍ)| wbnZ K‡i wZwb c~wY©qv AwaKvi K‡ib| 1757 mv‡ji 4
 kv‡q¯Ív Lvub PÆMÖv‡gi bvg iv‡Lb ÔBmjvgvev`Õ| †deªæqvwi wZwb Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_ ÔAvjxbM‡ii mwÜÕ K‡ib| †`kx
 kv‡q¯Ív Luv‡bi †g‡q wQ‡jb cixwewe (Avmj bvg Bivb `y:LZ)| AgvZ¨ I beve we‡ivax‡`i lohš¿ Ges cÖavb †mbvcwZ
 cixwewei ¯^vgx wQ‡jb hyeivR Avhg| gxiRvd‡ii wek¦vmNvZKZvq 1757 mv‡ji 23 Ryb cjvkxi
 jvjevM `~M© wbg©vY K‡ib kv‡q¯Ív Lvub| cÖvšÍ‡i beve civwRZ nb| cjvqbKv‡j cvUbvi c‡_ ivRgn‡ji
 cZz©wMR Rj`ym¨‡`i weZvwiZ K‡ib- kv‡q¯Ív Lvub| wbKU a„Z n‡q gywk©`vev‡` AvbxZ nb| gxiRvd‡ii cyÎ gxi‡bi
wb‡`©‡k gyn¤§v`x †eM wmivR‡K nZ¨v K‡ib| evsjvi †kl ¯^vaxb
evsjvi bevex kvmb beve wQ‡jb wmivRD‡ÏŠjv|
gyNj m¤ªvUiv †h AÂj `Lj KiZ †m AÂj‡K myevn ejv n‡Zv| *** ew›``kv †_‡K gyw³ †c‡q Bs‡iR ew›` njI‡qj GK wg_¨v
myevn¸‡jv‡Z gyNj‡`i cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i Rb¨ †h kvmbKZ©v cvVv‡bv n‡Zv
cÖPviYv Pvjvq hv BwZnv‡m ÔAÜK~c nZ¨vÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G‡Z ejv
Zv‡`i‡K ejv n‡Zv myev`vi| GKmgq gyNj mv¤ªv‡R¨i fxZ `ye©j n‡q
Avm‡j myev`viiv Avi gyNj‡`i Aaxb¯Í _vK‡Z Pvq bv| G nq †h, 18 dzU ‰`N©¨ I 14.10 dzU cÖ¯’ †QvU GKwU N‡i 146 Rb
cwiw¯’wZ‡Z 1717 wLª. gyNj‡`i bv‡qe Ges cieZx©‡Z myev`vi Bs‡iR‡K ew›` K‡i ivLv nq| G‡Z cÖPÛ Mi‡g kvmiæ× n‡q 123
gywk©`Kzjx Lvub evsjvq ¯^vaxb bevex es‡ki cÖwZôv K‡ib| R‡bi g„Zy¨ nq|

*** myev evsjv ej‡Z evsjv, wenvi Ges Dwol¨v‡K †evSvq|  cjvkx hy‡×i ci evsjvi beve nb gxiRvdi (1757-1760 wLª.
ch©šÍ)|

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 8

 gxiRvd‡ii cieZ©x‡Z evsjvi beve nb gxiRvd‡ii RvgvZv
gxiKvwmg| gxiKvwmg 1760 †_‡K 1763 mvj ch©šÍ evsjv,
wenvi I Dwol¨v kvmb K‡ib| ¯^vaxb‡PZv gxiKvwm‡gi mv‡_
bvbv wel‡q Bs‡iR‡`i ØÜ ev‡a| wZwb cÖkvmb †K Bs‡iR
cÖfve gy³ Ki‡Z ivRavbx gywk©`vev` †_‡K gy‡½‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ
K‡ib| Bs‡iRiv gxiKvwmg‡K Avµgb I civ¯’ K‡ib Ges
gxiKvwmg cjvqb K‡i A‡hv×vi beve myRvD‡ÏŠjvi AvkÖq MÖnY
K‡ib| 1763 mv‡j Bs‡iRiv cybivq beve evbvb gxiRdi‡K|
evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iRi‡`i weZvwiZ Kievi Rb¨ gxiKvwmg, gyNj
m¤ªvU wØZxq kvn Avjg Ges A‡hv×vi beve myRvD‡ÏŠjvi
mvnvh¨ Pvb| 1764 mv‡j Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_ mw¤§wjZ evwnbxi
e·v‡ii hy× msNwUZ nq| G hy‡× mw¤§wjZ evwnbx Bs‡iR‡`i
Kv‡Q civwRZ nq| m¤ªvU wØZxq Avjg kvn Bs‡iR‡`i mv‡_
mwÜ Ki‡Z eva¨ nb Ges myRvD‡ÏŠjv wbiæcvq n‡q Bs‡iR‡`i
wbKU mwÜ wfÿv K‡ib| K‡qKwU kZ©mv‡c‡ÿ Bs‡iR KZ…©cÿ
beve myRvD‡ÏŠjv‡K Zvui iv‡R¨ cybtcÖwZwôZ K‡ib| evsjvi
beve gxiKvwmg hyׇÿÎ †_‡K cjvqb K‡ib Ges eû ermi
AÁvZ Ae¯’vq KvwU‡q 1777 wL. w`wjøi wbK‡U g„Zz¨gy‡L cwZZ
nb|
 evsjv †kl beve wQ‡jb wbRvg-D`-‡ÏŠjv|
Bs‡iR‡`i w`Iqvbx jvf
 Gjvnvev` Pyw³: e·v‡ii hy‡× Rqjv‡fi ci jW© K¬vBf B‡”Q
Ki‡j w`wjø AwaKvi Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb wKš‘ wZwb Zv bv K‡i w`wjøi
m¤ªvU kvn Avj‡gi mv‡_ 1765 wLªóv‡ã Gjvnvev‡` GKwU Pzw³
¯^vÿi K‡ib| GB Pyw³i d‡j ÔB÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbxÕ gyNj
ev`kvn wØZxq kvn Avj‡gi wbKU n‡Z evsjv, wenvi I
Dwol¨vi †`Iqvbx jvf K‡i|
 ‰ØZ kvmb: ‰ØZ kvmb e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©b Kiv nq 1765 mv‡j|
‰ØZ kvmb e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©K jW© K¬vBf| GB kvmb e¨e¯’vq wZwb
bev‡ei nv‡Z †bRvgZ ÿgZv A_©vr wePvi I kvm‡bi `vwqZ¡
Ac©Y K‡i Ges Bó BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi Dci ivR¯^ I †`k iÿvi
`vwqZ¡ b¨¯Í K‡ib| d‡j cÖkvmwbK ‡ÿ‡Î APjve¯’vi m„wó nq
Ges RbM‡Yi `y`©kv Pi‡g †cŠu‡Q| 1772 mv‡j Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm
‰ØZ kvmb e¨e¯’vi Aemvb NUvb|
 wQqvˇii gš^šÍi : ievU© K¬vB‡fi ‰ØZ kvmb bxwZ Ges Bs‡iR
Kg©Pvix‡`i AZ¨vPvi, Drcxob I †kvl‡Yi d‡j evsjvi
Rbmvavi‡Yi Ae¯’v µ‡gB †kvPbxq n‡q c‡o| GQvov 1770
wLªóv‡ã Abve„wó I Livi Kvi‡Y dmj bó n‡q †M‡j evsjvq
gvivZ¡K Lv`¨vfve †`Lv ‡`q| mgMÖ †`‡k GK fqven `~wf©ÿ
†b‡g Av‡m| G `~wf©‡ÿ cªvq 1 †KvwU †jvK g„Zz¨eiY K‡i| evsjv
1176 mv‡j Ges Bs‡iR 1770 mv‡j GB `~wf©ÿ nq|
 wbqvgK AvBb : ˆØZkvmb e¨e¯’vq Bs‡iR †Kv¤úvwbi Ae‡njv,
wbh©vZb I wbcxo‡bi Kvwnbx e„wUk cÎ-cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ n‡j
my`~i Bsj¨v‡Û ‰ØZ kvm‡bi weiæ‡× Zzgyj weZK© ïiæ K‡i|
GRb¨ weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›Ui mycvwikµ‡g B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
kvmb‡K wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ 1773 wLªóv‡ã wbqvgK AvBb cvm nq|
GB AvB‡bi d‡j †Kv¤úvwbi Mfb©i Gi c` Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij
c‡` DbœxZ Kiv nq| GB wbqvgK AvBb‡K Ô†i¸‡jwUs A¨v±Õ
ejv n‡q _v‡K|
 fviZ kvmb AvBb : †i¸‡jwUs AvB‡bi †`vl µwU ms‡kvab K‡i
†Kv¤úvwbi Dci e„wUk miKv‡ii KZ…©Z¡ my`„p I my¯úó Kivi Rb¨
1784 wLªóv‡ã Bsj¨v‡Ûi cÖavbgš¿x DBwjqvg wcU fviZ kvmb
AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib| 1858 mvj ch©šÍ wc‡Ui fviZ kvmb AvBb
Kvh©Ki wQj|
Bs‡iR Mfb©i/Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I fvBmiq‡`i wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
 evsjvi cÖ_g e„wUk Mfb©i|
jW© K¬vBf  ‰ØZ kvmb e¨e¯’v Kv‡qg K‡ib (1765)|
 cjvkx hy‡× Bs‡iR‡`i †mbvbvqK|
 Bs‡iR mv¤ªv‡R¨i †MvovcËb K‡ib|
 AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib 1774|
jW© KvwU©qvi  76 Gi `ywf©‡ÿi mgq Mfb©i wQ‡jb|
Iqv‡ib  cÖ_g Mf©bi †Rbv‡ij wQ‡jb|
†nw÷sm  ‰ØZ kvmb e¨e¯’vi we‡jvc mvab K‡ib|
 cvuPkvjv f~wg e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy K‡ib|
 Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g ivR¯^ †evW© ¯’vcb
K‡ib, evsjvi †Rjv¸‡jv fvM K‡ib|
jW©  wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy K‡ib (1793)|
Kb©Iqvwjm  `kkvjv f~wg e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy K‡ib|
 m~h©v¯Í AvBb cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
 Rwg`vi cÖ_vi m~Pbv K‡ib, fvi‡Z wmwfj
mvwf©m e¨e¯’v Pvjy K‡ib|
 mZx`vn cÖ_v cÖeZ©b K‡ib (1793)
jW©  AaxbZvg~jK wgÎZv bxwZ cÖeZ©K|
I‡q‡jmjx  weªwU‡ki cÖ_g mv¤ªvR¨ev`x eojvU|
 wUcy myjZv‡bi mv‡_ gnxk~i hy× K‡ib|
 ‡dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri cÖwZôv K‡ib
(1800)Ges evsjv wefvM Pvjy nq 1801|
DBwjqvg  KjKvZv †gwW‡Kj K‡jR Gi cÖwZôvZv
†ew›UsK (1835)|
 mwZ`vn cÖ_v we‡jvc K‡ib(1829)|
 Av`vj‡Z dvwm©i cwie‡Z© Bs‡iRx fvlv
Pvjy K‡ib|
 jW© g¨vK‡j KZ…K wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb|
 ¯^Z¡ we‡jvc bxwZi cÖeZ©K|
jW©  ‡ij jvBb I †UwjMÖvd jvBb ¯’vcb K‡ib|
Wvj‡nŠmx  †UwjMÖvd jvBb e¨e¯’v 1850 mv‡j Pvjy nq
Ges 2013 mv‡j eÜ n‡q hvq(162 eQi)
 weaev weevn AvBb cvk K‡ib (1856)|
jW© K¨vwbs  cÖ_g fvBmiq wQ‡jb jW© K¨vwbs |
 KvMRx gy`ªv Pvjy K‡ib, cywjkx e¨e¯’v Pvjy
K‡ib, cÖ_g ev‡RU †ck K‡ib|
 wmcvnx wecø‡ei mgq Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij
wQ‡jb|
9
jW© †g‡qv  fviZe‡l© cÖ_g Av`gïgvwi Pvjy K‡ib  evsjv wjwc ms¯‹vi K‡ib|
(1872)| bIqve Avãyj  ‡gvnv‡gWvb wjUv‡iix †mvmvBwUi
jW© wjUb  1876 mv‡j cvj©v‡g‡›U ÔRoyal Title jwZd cÖwZôvZv (1863)|
ActÕ cvk K‡i gnvivbx wf‡±vwiqv‡K  gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ AvaywbK wkÿv
ÔKvBRvi-B-wn›`Õ ev Ôfvi‡Zi m¤ªvÁxÕ cÖPj‡b AMÖYx fywgKv cvjb K‡ib|
Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡i| ‰mq` Avgxi Avjx  ‡m›Uvj b¨vkbvj †gvnv‡gWvb
 1878 mv‡j ÔA¯¿ AvBbÕ cvk K‡i webv G‡mv‡m‡qk‡bi cÖwZôvZv (1877)|
jvB‡m‡Ý A¯¿ ivLv wbwl× K‡i, Ômsev`cÎ  Zvui D‡jøL‡hvM¨ MÖš’- The Spirit
AvBbÕ cvk K‡i msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv of Islam.
niY K‡ib| hvi K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbv  jÛ‡b weªwUk †iW wµ‡m›U
K‡iwQ‡jb Ag„ZevRvi cwÎKv| †mvmvBwUi cÖwZôv|
jW© wicb  wkÿv ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ nv›Uvi Kwgkb MVb m¨vi ˆmq` Avng`  †gvnv‡gWvb A¨vs‡jv Iwi‡q›Uvj
K‡ib| K‡j‡Ri cÖwZôvZv|
 kÖwgK Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ d¨v±wi AvBb cvk  AvjxMo Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖe³v|
K‡ib|  gymjgvb‡`i Bs‡iwR wkÿvi
 ‡jvKvj †evW© I wWw÷ª± †evW© cÖwZôv cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡ib|
K‡ib| nvRx gynv¤§` gynmxb  `vbexi ejv nq|
 msev` c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`v‡b ÔBjevU© wejÕ  evsjvi Ônv‡Zg fvBÕ e‡j L¨vZ|
cvk K‡ib|  1806 mv‡j gynmxb Uªv÷ MVb
jW© KvR©b  e½f½ K‡ib (1905)| K‡ib|
 BDwbfvwm©wU A¨v± cÖYqb K‡ib|  Bgvgevov cÖwZôv K‡ib|
 KjKvZvq fvi‡Zi e„nËg B‡¤úvwiqvj
jvB‡eªwi cÖwZôv K‡ib|
 mxgvšÍ bxwZ cÖYqb K‡ib| evsjvi RvMiY
jW© wg›U  gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ c„_K wbev©P‡bi e¨e¯’v
 dwKi I mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb: Bs‡iR‡`i weiæ‡× cÖ_g Ges
K‡ib|
me‡P‡q `xN© Av‡›`vjb dwKi I mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb| weªwUk
jW© nvwW©Ä  e½f½ i` K‡ib (1911)|
 KjKvZv †_‡K w`wjø‡Z ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi miKvi dwKi‡`i Ges mbœ¨vmx‡`i Aeva PjvP‡j evav ‡`q|
K‡ib| Zvu‡`i gywô msMÖn †eAvBwb †NvlYv K‡i| Zvu‡`i A¯¿ enb
 XvKv wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZôvq Ae`vb iv‡Lb| Aciva e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| Gfv‡e dwKi I mbœ¨vmx‡`i g‡a¨
 nvwW©Ä weªR cÖwZôv K‡ib (1915)| weªwUk we‡ivax g‡bvfve M‡o D‡V| Zuviv weªwUk‡`i weiæ‡× GK
jW©  weªwUk fvi‡Zi †kl fvBmiq wQ‡jb| `xN© msMÖv‡g wjß nq| G msMÖv‡g dwKi‡`i †bZ…Z¡ †`b dwKi
gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub  jW© gvD›U e¨v‡U‡bi cwiKíbvq fviZ gRby kvn Ges mbœ¨vmx‡`i †bZ…Z¡ †`b fevbx cvVK|
(15 AvM÷ 1947) I cvwK¯Ívb (14
 AvjxMo Av‡›`vjb: gymjgvb mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK,
AvM÷ 1947) ¯^vaxb nq|
mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹„wZK †ÿ‡Î cÖMwZg~jK fveaviv M‡o †Zvjvi
Rb¨ ˆmq` Avng` Lvb AvjxMo wek¦we`¨vjq ‡h Av‡›`vj‡bi
evsjvi mgvR I wkÿv ms¯‹vi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib, Zv AvjxMo Av‡›`vjb bv‡g cwiwPZ| AvjxMo
wek^we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZôvZv m¨vi ˆmq` Avng` Lvb|
e¨w³ Ae`vb  wZZzgx‡ii Av‡›`vjb: wZZzgxi cÖ_g Rxe‡b GKRb jvwVqvj
ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq  fviZe‡l©i cÖ_g AvaywbK cyiæl|
wQ‡jb| Zvui cÖK…Z bvg ˆmq` gxi wbmvi Avjx| cÖRv‡`i Dci
(gyNj m¤ªvU wØZxq  wn›`y/‡cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡Ri cÖwZôvZv|
Rwg`vi‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii cÖwZev` K‡ib wZZzgxi Ges GKUv
AvKei KZ…©K ivRv  eªvþ mgv‡Ri cÖwZôvZv|
Dcvwa cvb)  mZx`vn cÖ_v D‡”Q‡`i Rb¨ ch©v‡q GwU weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc †bq| ‡Mvjvg gvmy‡gi
Av‡›`vjb K‡ib| †bZ„‡Z¡ kw³kvjx jvwVqvj evwnbx M‡o †Zv‡j| wZZzgxi PweŸk
 AvZ¥xqmfv MVb, A¨vs‡jv wn›`y ¯‹zj ciMbv †Rjvi evivmv‡Z bvwi‡Kjevwoqv MÖv‡g evu‡ki †Kjøv
cÖwZôv| wbg©vY K‡ib (evivmvZ we‡`ªv‡ni Rb¨)| wZZzgxi kvnv`vZ eiY
Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi  weaev weevn Pvjyi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb K‡ib 1831 mv‡j Bs‡iR K‡b©j ÷zqvU© Gi nv‡Z Ges K‡Y©j
K‡ib| ÷zqvU© evu‡ki †Kjøv aŸsm K‡i †`b| cÖ_g Bs‡iR‡`i weiæ‡×
 evsjv M‡`¨i RbK, weivg wPý I A¯¿ aviY K‡i kwn` nb wZZzgxi|
hwZ wP‡ýi cÖPjb K‡ib |

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 10

 div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb : gymjgvb‡`i diR cvj‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡
w`‡q nvRx kixqZzjøvn ag©xq ms¯‹vi wfwËK ‡h Av‡›`vjb K‡ib
Zv div‡qRx Av‡›`vjb bv‡g cwiwPZ| nvRx kwiqZzjøvn Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib gv`vixcy‡i Z‡e Av‡›`vj‡bi †K›`ª wQ‡jv dwi`cyi|
gymjgvb‡`i kwiqZ we‡ivax Kg©KvÛ †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z e‡jb|
nvRx kixqZzjøvn fviZel©‡K Ô`viæj nveiÕ ev Ôweag©x‡`i †`kÕ
e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib| kixqZzjøvni g„Zz¨i ci Zvui GKgvÎ cyÎ
gynmxb DÏxb Ii‡d `y`y wgqv div‡qRx Av‡›`vj‡bi ‡bZ…Z¡ MÖnb
K‡ib| `y`y wgqv div‡qRx Av‡›`vj‡bi ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vj‡b
iƒc`vb K‡ib| `y`y wgqv e‡jb, ÒRwg †_‡K LvRbv Av`vq Kiv,
Avjøvni AvB‡bi cwicš’x |Ó
 bxj we‡`ªvn: bxj we‡`ªvn msNwUZ nq 1859-1861|
bxjKi‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvwnbx Aej¤^‡b iwPZ bvUK- bxj `c©Y
(iPwqZv: `xbeÜz wgÎ)| evsjv‡`‡k bxj e¨emv wQ‡jv GK‡PwUqv
Bs‡iR ewYK‡`i| dwi`cyi, h‡kvi, XvKv, cvebv, ivRkvnx,
b`xqv I gywk©`vev‡` e¨vcK bxj Pvl n‡Zv| 1861 mv‡j weªwUk
miKvi BwÛ‡Mv Kwgkb ev bxj Kwgkb MVb K‡i|
e½f½
weªwUk miKvi cÖkvmwbK myweavi Rb¨ evsjv cÖ‡`k‡K `yfv‡M fvM
Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| GKRb Mfb©‡ii c‡ÿ GZ eo cÖ‡`k kvmb
Kiv mwZ¨B `yiƒn e¨vcvi wQj| ZvB jW© KvR©b 1905 mv‡j c‡njv
†m‡Þ¤^i DËi I c~e© evsjv‡K Avmv‡gi mv‡_ hy³ K‡i Ôc~e©e½ I
AvmvgÕ bv‡g Ges Ôcwðge½Õ bv‡g Avjv`v Avjv`v `y‡Uv cÖ‡`k m„wó
K‡i| Ôc~e©e½ I AvmvgÕ cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx nq XvKv Ges †QvU jvU
nb m¨vi e¨vgwdì dzjvi | cwðge‡½i ivRavbx nq KjKvZv Ges
Mfb©i nb GÛzª †d«Rvi | Avm‡j weªwUkiv e½f‡½i wcQ‡b cÖkvmwbK
KviY †`Lv‡jI Gi wcQ‡b wQj ivR‰bwZK KviY| weªwUkiv wn›`y I
gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ we‡f` m„wó Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj| cwðe‡½ g~jZ
wn›`yiv emevm Ki‡Zv Ges c~e©e‡½ gymwjgiv emevm Ki‡Zv|
gymwjgiv †h †Kv‡bv cÖ‡qvR‡b KjKvZv †hZ| KviY KjKvZv wQj
weªwUk fvi‡Zi ivRavbx| wKš‘ e½f‡½i d‡j Ôc~e©e½ I AvmvgÕ
cÖ‡`k m„wó n‡j XvKv nq bZzb ivRavbx| djkÖæwZ‡Z gymjgvb‡`i
Avi KjKvZv hvIqvi cÖ‡qvRb _v‡K bv| e½e‡½i d‡j KjKvZv
A_©‰bwZK fv‡e wcwQ‡q c‡o| d‡j wn›`yiv e½f‡½i we‡ivaxZv
K‡ib| wKš‘ gymjgvbiv e½f‡½i c‡ÿ K_v e‡jb| d‡j wn›`y I
gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ we‡f` m„wó nq| e½f‡½i d‡j wn›`yiv AmšÍó n‡q
¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡i|
¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb
e½f‡½i cÖwZev‡` ‡h Av‡›`vjb M‡o D‡V Zv‡K mvaviYfv‡e ¯^‡`kx
Av‡›`vjb e‡j| ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j K_v wQj we‡`kx cY¨ eR©b
I †`kx cY¨ e¨envi| ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ ‡`b ewikv‡ji PviY
Kwe gyKz›` `vm| Av‡›`vj‡bi c‡ÿ Rbmg_©b evov‡bvi Rb¨ wewfbœ
msMVb cÖwZôv Kiv nq| ‡hgb: XvKvq ÔAbykxjbÕ, KjKvZvq
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
ÔhyMvšÍiÕ, ewikv‡j Ô¯^‡`kx evÜeÕ, dwi`cy‡i ÔeªwZÕ, gqgbwms‡n
ÔmvabvÕ BZ¨vw`| ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjbKvix ÿzw`ivg †K Bs‡iRiv dvuwm
†`q 1908 mv‡j|
K. cÖ_g ch©vq : mfv-mwgwZ‡Z e³…Zv `vb Ges cÖ¯Íve MÖn‡Yi
gva¨‡g cÖwZev`Ávcb|
L. wØZxq ch©vq : AvZ¥kw³ MVb I RvZxq wkÿv Av‡›`vjb|
M. Z…Zxq ch©vq : eqKU ev we‡jwZ cY¨ eR©b Ges ¯^‡`kx c‡Y¨i
Drcv`b I e¨envi| eqKU bxwZ mdj Ki‡Z K…òKzgvi wgÎ,
my‡i›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, Kvwjcªmbœ Kve¨ wekvi` Ges gwZjvj
†Nvl Zvu‡`i †jLbx Øviv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|
N. PZz_© ch©vq : ˆecøweK ev mk¯¿ Av‡›`vjb|
ÿzw`ivg
1908 mv‡ji 11 AvM÷ dvuwm nq m`¨ ˆK‡kvi DËxY© ÿzw`iv‡gi|
ÿzw`ivg I cÖdzjøv PvwK wenv‡ii †gvRvddcy‡i g¨vwR‡÷ªU
wKsm‡dv‡W©i Mvwo‡Z †evgv wb‡ÿc Ki‡j Av‡ivnx `yRb wbnZ nb,
wKsm‡dvW© Mvwo‡Z bv _vKvq cÖv‡Y †eu‡P hvb| ÿzw`ivg aiv c‡ob|
wKsm‡dvW©‡K †evgv †g‡i nZ¨vi cÖ‡Póvq Ges wbixn `yRb †jv‡Ki
g„Zz¨i `vqx K‡i Zv‡K dvuwm ‡`Iqv nq| Ab¨w`‡K cÖdzjøv PvKx
AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i| ÿzw`ivg‡K wb‡q †jLv weL¨vZ Mvb ÔGKevi we`vq †`
gv Ny‡i AvwmÕ wj‡L‡Qb KjZKvZvi evKzovi †jŠwKK MxwZKvi
cxZv¤^i `vm| G‡Z myi ‡`Iqv n‡q‡Q evDj‡`i MvIqv GKwU
‡MŠiPw›`ªKv ÔGKevi G‡mv w`bgwbÕ Mv‡bi ÔSzgyi evDjÕ RvZxq myi|
MvbwU gy‡L gy‡L LyeB RbwcÖq n‡q D‡V|
cÖxwZjZv Iqv‡Ï`vi
weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g bvix knx`, ‡e_yb K‡j‡Ri QvÎx,
cÖxwZjZv Iqv‡Ï`vi wQ‡jb gv÷vi`v m~h©‡m‡bi wkl¨| wZwb 1930
mv‡j PÆMÖvg A¯¿vMvi jyÚbKv‡h© Ask †bb| wZwb wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ
†gavex Ges m~h©‡m‡bi bvix †mbvbx| 1932 mv‡j cvnvoZjx †ijI‡q
K¬ve Acv‡ikb †k‡l weªwUk‡`i nv‡Z aiv co‡j wZwb cUvwmqvg
mvqvbvBW cv‡b AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib|
gv÷vi `¨v m~h© †mb
weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi GKRb †bZv gv÷vi `¨v m~h©‡mb 1930
mv‡j 18B GwcÖj weªwUk A¯¿Mvi jyÚb K‡ib Ges 1934 mv‡j
weªwUkiv Zv‡K duvwm w`‡q e‡½vcmvM‡i jvk fvwm‡q †`q|
gymwjg jxM cÖwZôv
e½f‡½i weiæ‡× wn›`y we‡ÿvf gymjgvb‡`i GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivR‰bwZK
`j cÖwZôvq DØy× K‡i| 1906 mv‡ji 30 wW‡m¤^i XvKvq
me©fviZxq gymjxg wkÿv m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| m‡¤§jb †k‡l beve
wfKviæjg~j‡Ki mfvcwZ‡Z¡ GKwU ivR‰bwZK mfv AbywôZ nq| Zvui
D‡Øvabx fvl‡Yi ci bIqve mwjgyjøvn cÖ¯Íve K‡i †h ÔwbwLjÕ fviZ
gymjxg jxMÕ bv‡g GKwU ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb †Mv‡o †Zvjv n‡e|
cÖ¯ÍvewU me©m¤§wZµ‡g M„nxZ nq Ges Hw`bB wbwLj fviZ gymwjg
11
jxM MwVZ nq| gymjxg jx‡Mi cÖwZôvZv beve bIqve mwjgyjøvn|
me©fviZxq gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖ_g mfvcwZ wQ‡jb AvMv Lvb|
e½f½ i`
Ks‡MÖm I wkwÿZ wn›`y‡`i cÖej Pv‡c Ges ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi
ZxeªZvq weªwUk miKvi bwZ ¯^xKvi K‡i| 1911 mv‡ji 12 wW‡m¤^i
w`wjøi `iev‡i m¤ªvU cÂg RR© e½f½ i` K‡ib| e½f½ i‡`i mgq
fvBmiq wQ‡jb jW© nvwW©Ä| e½f½ i‡`i †cÖwÿ‡Z gymjgv‡biv
Amš‘ó nb, cieZ©x‡Z gymjgvb‡`i mš‘ó Kivi Rb¨ XvKv
wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZôv Kiv nq| KjKvZv †_‡K ivRavbx w`wjø‡Z
¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq 1912 mv‡j| c~e© evsjv cybivq Awef³ evsjvq
cwiYZ nq 1 Rvbyqvwi, 1912|
ÒK‡ói mv‡_B ¯^w¯Í Av‡Q,
wbtm‡›`‡n K‡ói mv‡_B ¯^w¯Í Av‡Q|Ó
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 03
Av‡jvP¨ welq: fviZ BwZnvm cwiµgv wLª÷c~e© 327 ‡_‡K 1947
wLª. ch©šÍ|
wMÖK `vk©wbK
wMÖK mf¨Zvq hyw³ev`x `vk©wbK‡`i ejv nq †mvwd÷| SPAA Øviv
wMÖK `vk©wbK‡`i ‡evSvq| GLv‡b ¸iæ wk‡l¨i ev wkÿK Qv‡Îi g‡a¨
m¤úK© we`¨gvb| m‡µwU‡mi QvÎ- †cø‡Uv, †cø‡Uvi QvÎ- Gwi÷Uj,
Gwi÷U‡ji QvÎ- Av‡jKRvÛvi|
 S = m‡µwUm:
Áv‡bi wcZv ejv nq (Father of Knowledge)| `k©‡bi RbK
ejv nq|
 Dw³: ÒKnowledge is VirtueÓ(ÁvbB cyY¨),
ÒKnow thyself Ó(wb‡R‡K Rv‡bv), ÒI to die
you to live which is better only God
knowsÓ, ÒAn Unexamined life is not
worth livingÓ, ÒEducation is the kindling
a flame not the dilling of vesselÓ
 ‡ngjK jZvi welcv‡b g„Zz¨| g„Zz¨i c~‡e© m‡µwU‡mi
†kl evK¨ wQj- ÒCrito, I owe a cock to
asclepius will you remember to pay the
debt.Ó
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 P = ‡cø‡Uv:
 Av`k© ivóª aviYvi cÖeZ©K- †cø‡Uv| Zuvi wkÿv
cÖwZôvb- GKv‡Wwgqv| MÖš’- wicvewjK, WvqvjMm,
†÷BUg¨vb|
 Dw³: ÒkvmK hw` nq b¨vqcivqY AvBb Abvek¨K,
kvmK hw` nq `ybxwZ© civqY AvBb wbi_©K|Ó
ÒVirtue is knowledge and education is the
main thing acquire virtue.Ó
 A = Gwi÷Uj:
 Gwi÷Uj ivóªweÁvb, cÖvwYweÁvb, RxeweÁvb,
bxwZweÁvb, hyw³weÁvb/ ZK©k‡¯¿i RbK| Zuvi wkÿv
cÖwZôvb- jvBwmqvg| MÖš’- cwjwU·, Bw_Km, jwRK,
†i‡UvwiK|
 Dw³: ÒMan is Social & Political AnimalsÓ
(gvbyl mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxe, hviv mgv‡R evm
K‡i bv Zviv nq †`eZv, bv nq cï), ÒAvBb n‡jv
cÿcvZnxb hyw³|Ó
 Golden Mean (myeY© ga¨K) n‡”Q `ywU Pig cš’vi
ga¨eZ©x Ae¯’vb| hvi cÖeZ©K- Gwi÷Uj|
 A= Av‡jKRvÛvi:
 Rb¥: wLª÷c~e© 356 A‡ã wMÖ‡m, g„Zy¨: wLª÷c~e© 323
A‡ã e¨vwej‡b (BivK), mgvwa: Av‡jKRvw›`ªqv,
wgki|
 fviZel© AvµgY K‡ib wLª÷c~e©- 327 A‡ã|
‡MŠZgey×
 ‡eŠ× a‡g©i cªeZ©K ‡MŠZgey×| Rb¥: wLª÷c~e© 563 A‡ã
†bcv‡ji Kgj iv‡R¨i ivRavbx Kwcj e¯‘i jyw¤^wb‡Z|
g„Zz¨: 80 eQi eq‡m wLª÷c~e© 483 A‡ã †bcv‡ji Kvkx‡Z
†`nZ¨vM K‡ib|
 Ôwbe©vY jvfÕ †eŠ× a‡g©i mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z |
 MÖš’- wÎwcUK (cvwj fvlvq †jLv)|
*** wLª÷c~e© PZz_© kZ‡K wMÖK †mbvcwZ Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii mg‡q wMÖK
†jLK‡`i weeiY †_‡K Rvbv hvq evsjv‡`‡k ÔM½vwiWBÕ bv‡g GKwU
kw³kvjx ivR¨ wQ‡jv| ejv nq GLv‡b ÔM½vwiWBÕ RvwZi evm¯’vb
wQ‡jv| wMÖK †jLKMY ÔM½vwiWBÕ QvovI ÔcÖvwmAqÕ bv‡g Aci GKwU
RvwZi D‡jøL K‡i‡Q|
Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ AvµgY
Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii Awfhvb fvi‡Zi BwZnv‡m GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv|
wZwb wQ‡jb g¨vwmWb-ivRv wdwj‡ci cyÎ| MÖxK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj
wQ‡jb Zvui M„nwkÿK wKšÍ Gwi÷U‡ji `k©bwkÿv A‡cÿv
nviwKD‡jm, KvBivm cÖf…wZ gnvb exi‡hv×v‡`i KxwZ©Kjvc-kÖe‡Y
wZwb AwaK Drmvn †c‡Zb| wLª÷c~e© 335 A‡ã wdwj‡ci g„Zz¨ n‡j
Av‡jKRvÛvi g¨vwmW‡bi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| †mB mgq Zuvi
eqm wQj Kzwo| wZwb wQ‡jb D”PvKv•ÿx I w`wM¦Rq KivB wQ‡jv Zuvi
Rxe‡bi GKgvÎ jÿ¨| wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi `yÕeQ‡ii g‡a¨ wZwb
GK wekvj ˆmb¨evwnbx MVb K‡i (30 nvRvi c`vwZK I 5000
Ak^v‡ivnx) wLª÷c~e© 334 A‡ã w`wM¦R‡q †ewi‡q wQ‡jb| wLª÷c~e©
12
334 A‡ã Av‡jKRvÛvi ¯^‰m‡b¨ cvim¨ (Bivb) Awfhv‡b AMÖmi
nb| webv evavq wZwb Gwkqv-gvBbi, wmwiqv I wgki Rq K‡ib|
wLª÷c~e© 331 A‡ã wZwi cvim¨ mv¤ªvR¨ AvµgY K‡ib| cvim¨ m¤ªvU
Z…Zxq `vivqym Avi‡ejvi hy‡× civwRZ n‡q wbnZ nb|
Av‡jKRvÛvi cvi‡m¨i ivRavbx cvwm©cwjm AwaKvi K‡i|
AvdMvwb¯Ívb I e¨vK&wUªqv (e¨vK&wUªqv ga¨ Gwkqvi GKwU cÖvPxb AÂj)
MÖxKevwnbxi n¯ÍMZ nq| wLª÷c~e© 328 A‡ãi g‡a¨ Av‡jKRvÛvi
mgMÖ cvim¨ I AvdMvwb¯Ívb `Lj K‡ib| wZwb Ôcvi‡m¨i gnvb ivRvÕ
Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib|
wLª÷c~e© 327 A‡ã Av‡jKRvÛvi wn›`yKzk ce©Z AwZµg K‡i fviZ
Awfgy‡L AMÖmi nb| wLª÷c~e© 326 A‡ã Av‡jKRvÛvi me©cÖ_g
h_v_© fviZ f~L‡Û cÖ‡ek K‡ib| Zÿkxjvi ivRv Aw¤¢ GB g‡g©
cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖ`vb K‡ib †h, Zuvi iv‡R¨i wbivcËvi wewbg‡q wZwb
Av‡jKRvÛvi‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z Av‡Qb| GwUB n‡jv
†`k‡`ªvwnZvi me©cÖ_g `„óvšÍ| Zÿkxjv ivRv cyiæ cÖ_g
Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii weiæ‡× k³ cÖZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡jb| wecvkv b‡`i
AvMfvM chšÍ© Av‡jKRvÛvi fviZ Rq K‡ib| wZwb fvi‡Zi wewRZ
AÂj¸wj‡K cuvPwU cÖ‡`‡k wef³ K‡ib|
 fviZ bvgKiY Kiv nq- ivRv `ki‡_i cyÎ ÔfiZÕ Gi
bvgvbymv‡i|
 Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii cÖavb †mbvcwZi bvg- †mwjIKvm|
 fviZ Rq K‡i Av‡jKRvÛvi Zvi †mbvcwZ‡`i fvi‡Zi
ÿgZvq ewm‡q hvb|
 Av‡jKRvÛvi g„Zz¨ eiY K‡ib- e¨vwej‡b (wLª.c~e© 323 A‡ã)|
‡gŠh© Ges ¸ß ivRviv wQ‡jb- me©fviZxq m¤ªvU| †gŠh© hy‡M cÖ‡`k‡K
ejv n‡Zv fzw³|
‡gŠh© esk
 Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii †mbvcwZ‡`i nwU‡q w`‡q cÖ_g me©fviZxq
m¤ªvU nb P›`ª¸ß †gŠh©|
 ‡gŠh© mv¤ªv‡R¨i cÖwZôvZv- P›`ª¸ß †gŠh©©|
 P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i ivRZ¡Kvj wQj- wLªóc~e© 324 †_‡K wLªóc~e©
300|
 P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i ¸iæ wQ‡jb- †KŠwUj¨ (hv‡K cÖvPxb
A_©kv‡¯¿i iPwqZv ejv nq, †KŠwU‡j¨i Aci bvg PvYK¨,
weòz ¸ß)|
 P›`ª¸‡ß ivRavbx wQj- cvUwjcy‡Î|
 P›`ª¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kv‡j wMÖK cwieªvRK †gMvw¯’wbm fviZe‡l©
AvMgb K‡ib|
 P›`ª¸ß †gŠ‡h©i g„Zz¨i ci wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib-
P›`ª¸‡ßi cyÎ we›`ymvi|
 we›`ymvi wQ‡jb kvwšÍKvgx I wkÿvi cÖwZ AbyivMx|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 BwZnv‡m ÔAwgÎvNvZÕ ev ÔkÎæn¯ÍÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQ‡jb-
we›`ymvi|
 we›`ymv‡ii g„Zz¨i ci ÿgZvq Av‡ivnY K‡ib- Zvi cyÎ
A‡kvK|
 A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kvj wQj- wLª÷c~e© 273 †_‡K wLª÷c~e©
232|
 A‡kvK Kwj½ hy× K‡ib- wLª÷c~e© 260-261|
 Kwj½ hy‡× Rqjvf K‡ib- m¤ªvU A‡kvK|
 A‡kvK †eŠ×ag© MÖnY K‡ib- Kwj½ hy‡×i fqvenZv †`‡L|
 ‡eŠ×ag© wek^a‡g© cwiYZ nq- A‡kv‡Ki cÖ‡Póvq|
 ‡eŠ×a‡g©i Kb÷¨vbUvBb ejv nq- m¤ªvU A‡kvK‡K|
 L‡ivóx wjwc I eªvþx wjwc †jLvi cÖPjb nq- m¤ªvU
A‡kv‡Ki mgq|
 Òag© weRq n‡jv GKgvÎ ‡kÖó weRqÓ Dw³wU- m¤ªvU
A‡kv‡Ki|
 wZeŸ‡Zi ivRvi Aby‡iv‡a †eŠ×ag©‡K `yb©xwZgy³ Kivi Rb¨
†mLv‡b hvb- AZxk `xc¼vi|
 ‡gŠh© esk ÿgZvq wQj- 186 wLª÷c~e© ch©šÍ|
 ‡gŠh©‡`i ivRavbx wQj- e¸ovi gnv¯’vbMo|
 ‡gŠh©‡`i cieZ©x ivRZ¡ K‡i- ï½esk (wLª÷c~e© 185 †_‡K
wLª÷c~e© 73)|
¸ß esk
 ¸ßes‡ki cÖ_g mve©‡fŠg ivRv wQ‡jb N‡UvrK‡Pi cyÎ cÖ_g
P›`ª¸ß| ¸ßivRv‡`i g‡a¨ wZwbB me©cÖ_g ÔgnvivRvwaivRÕ
Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib|
 ¸ß esk cÖwZôv nq- 320 wLª.|
 ¸ß es‡ki cÖwZôvZv ejv nq- cÖ_g P›`ª¸ß‡K| Zuvi
kvmbKvj wQj- 320 wLª. †_‡K 340 Lª. ch©šÍ|
 cÖ_g P›`ª¸‡ßi c‡i ÿgZvq Av‡mb Zvui cyÎ mgy`ª¸ß|
 ÔARvšÍvi ¸nvwPÎÕ ˆZwi Kiv nq- ¸ß hy‡M|
 ¸ß es‡ki ‡kl m¤ªvU wQ‡jb- mgy`ª¸ß|
 mgy`ª¸ß‡K fvi‡Zi †b‡cvwjqvb ejv nq|
 mgy`ª¸ß ÔKweivRÕ Dcvwa jvf K‡ib- Kve¨ iPbvi K‡i|
 mgy`ª¸ß ivRZ¡ K‡ib- 40 eQi|
 mgy`ª¸‡ßi ivRavbx wQj- cvUwjcyÎ|
 wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi Dcvwa- weµgvw`Z¨|
 Pxbv ch©UK dv wn‡qb fvi‡Z Av‡mb- wØZxq P›`ª¸‡ßi
mg‡q|
 dv wn‡qb ch©UK wQ‡jb- Px‡bi|
 gnvKwe Kvwj`vm, Agi wmsn, eivn wgwni weL¨vZ
mvwnwZ¨K wQ‡jb- ¸ß hy‡Mi|
 weL¨vZ Awfavb ÔAgi‡KvlÕ Gi †jLK- Agiwmsn|
 Jlax e¨e¯’v Avqy‡e©` welqK ÔPiK mswnZvÕ MÖ‡š’i †jLK-
PiK|
13
  fvi‡Zi ¯^Y© hyM ejv nq- ¸ß hyM‡K|  ÔjvL ev·Õ ejv n‡Zv- KzZzeDwÏb AvB‡eK‡K|
 ¸ß mv¤ªv‡R¨i cZb N‡U- ûb‡`i Avµg‡Yi d‡j|  LjRx es‡ki cÖwZôvZv- RvjvjDwÏb LjRx (kvmbKvj
 cieZ©x ¸ß eskxq †jvK wQ‡jb- †MŠ‡oi cÖ_g ¯^vaxb 1290 wLª. †_‡K 1296 wLª. ch©šÍ)|
AwacwZ kkv¼|  LjRx es‡ki ‡kÖô m¤ªvU- AvjvDwÏb LjRx (kvmbKvj
1296 wLª. †_‡K 1316 wLª. ch©šÍ)|
Avie‡`i wmÜz weRq
 evRvi wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’v Pvjy K‡ib- AvjvDÏxb LjRx|
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k gymjgvb‡`i ivR¨ we¯Ív‡ii wZbwU ch©vq jÿ¨  ZzNjK es‡ki cÖ_g kvmK- wMqvm DÏxb ZzNjK
Kiv hvq| cÖ_gZ, Biv‡Ki kvmbKZ©v nv¾vR web BDmy‡di åvZz®úyÎ (kvmbKvj 1320 wLª. †_‡K 1325 wLª. ch©šÍ)|
I RvgvZv gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ 712 wLª÷v‡ãi hy‡× ivRv  w`wjø n‡Z ivRavbx †`eMxwi‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib- gynv¤§` web
`wni civwRZ I wbnZ n‡j wmÜz I gyjZvb ivR¨ gymjgvb‡`i ZzNjK|
AwaKv‡i P‡j Av‡m| Z‡e Avie‡`i wmÜz weRq‡K wbùj weRq ejv  cÖZxwK Zv¤ª gy`ªvi cÖPjb K‡ib gynv¤§` web ZzNjK |
nq| gynv¤§` web Kvwm‡gi wmÜz I gyjZvb R‡qi cÖvq 300 eQi ci  gynv¤§` web ZzN‡ji ivRZ¡Kv‡j gi‡°vi cwieªvRK Be‡b
`kg kZ‡Ki †klw`‡K wØZxq ch©vq MRbxi ZzwK© myjZvb Avgxi eZzZv fvi‡Z Av‡mb (Be‡b eZzZv evsjvq Av‡mb
mey³Mxb I ZrcyÎ myjZvb gvngy` cybtcyb fviZ AvµgY K‡ib| dLiæÏxb gyeviK kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j)|
1000-1027 mv‡ji g‡a¨ myjZvb gvngy` †gvU 17 evi fviZ AvµgY  ‡jv`x es‡ki cÖwZôvZv- evnjyj †jv`x|
K‡ib|  ‡jv`x es‡ki †kl myjZvb- Beªvwng †jv`x|
 cvwb c‡_i cÖ_g hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q 1526 wLª. evei Beªvwng
 myjZvb gvngy‡`i g„Zz¨i cÖvq †`ok eQi ci Dcgnv‡`‡k
†jv`x‡K civwRZ K‡i w`wjøi mvjZvbv‡Zi cZb NUvb|
gymwjg kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq| G ch©v‡q †bZ…Z¡ `vb K‡ib
gynv¤§` Nyix| evsjvq ågYKvix we‡`kx ch©UK
 1192 mv‡j ZivB‡bi wØZxq hy‡× gynv¤§` Nyix c„_¡xivR‡K
civwRZ K‡i w`wjø I AvRgxi `Lj K‡ib| gynv¤§` Nyix bvg ‡`k hvi kvmbvg‡j Av‡mb
Zuvi cÖavb AbyPi I mnKg©x KzZzeDwÏb AvB‡eK‡K w`wjøi ‡gMvw¯’wbm wMÖK `~Z P›`ª¸ß †gŠh©
dv wn‡qb cÖ_g Pxbv ch©UK 2q P›`ª¸‡ßi
ÿgZvq AwawôZ K‡ib Ges KzZzeDwÏb AvB‡eK fvi‡Z
wnD‡qb Pxb (7g kZ‡K) nl©ea©b
`vm esk cÖwZôv K‡ib| gv ûqvb Pxb wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn
 D‡jøL¨: 1191 mv‡j ZivB‡bi cÖ_g hy‡× gynv¤§` Nyix Be‡b eZzZv gi‡°v fvi‡Z Av‡mb †gvnv¤§` web
c„_¡xiv‡Ri Kv‡Q civwRZ nq| ZzNjK Gi mgq
Be‡b eZzZv gi‡°v evsjvq Av‡mb dKiæwÏb
w`wjøi mvjZvbvZ †gveviK kv‡ni mgq
 w`wjøi mvjZvbvZ cÖwZwôZ nq- 1206 wLª÷v‡ã|
 w`wjøi mvjZvbv‡Zi cÖwZôvZv- KzZzeDÏxb AvB‡eK| gyNj esk
 w`wjøi mvjZvbv‡Z †gvU 5wU ivR esk ivRZ¡ K‡i|
‡jv`x es‡ki kvmK Beªvwng †jv`x‡K civwRZ K‡i evei fviZe‡l©
h_vµ‡g: `vm esk, LvjRx esk, ZzNjK esk, ˆmq` esk,
gyNj kvm‡bi †MvovcËb K‡ib| evei wQ‡jb ga¨ Gwkqvi diMbvi
†jv`x esk (1206 wLª. †_‡K 1526 wLª. ch©šÍ)|
bvMwiK| wZwb fvM¨ A‡š^lY Ki‡Z fvi‡Zi w`‡K `„wó †`b Ges
 w`wjøi cÖ_g ¯^vaxb myjZvb n‡jb- KzZzeDwÏb AvB‡eK|
cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× Beªvwng †jv`x‡K civwRZ K‡i gyNj mv¤ªvR¨
 KzZez DwÏb AvB‡e‡Ki kvmbKvj wQj- 1206 wLª. †_‡K
cÖwZôv K‡ib| gyNj Avg‡j evsjvi bvg wQ‡jv myev-B-ev½vjv|
1210 wLª. ch©šÍ|
gyNj‡`i †gvU kvmK 19 Rb| Z‡e `ÿ kvmK wQ‡jb 6 Rb|
 KzZzeDwÏb AvB‡eK cÖ_g Rxe‡b gynv¤§` Nyixi GKRb
K…Z`vm wQ‡jb| ‡KŠkj
 w`wjø‡Z ÔKzZze wgbviÕ wbg©vY K‡ib- KzZzeDwÏb AvB‡eK|
 w`wjø mvjZvbv‡Zi cÖK…Z cÖwZôvZv- myjZvb BjZzrwgk| evevi nB‡jv Avevi R¦i mvwij Jl‡a
 BjZzrwgk cÖ_g Rxe‡b KzZzeDwÏb AvB‡e‡Ki GKRb
evei ûgvqyb AvKei Rvnv½xi kvnRvnv AvIi½‡Re
K…Z`vm wQ‡jb|
 w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b cÖ_g gymwjg bvix kvmb- myjZvbv ivwRqv|  gyNj mv¤ªv‡R¨i cÖwZôvZv- RwniDwÏb gynv¤§` evei|
 myjZvb ivwRqv wQ‡jb- BjZzrwg‡ki Kb¨v|

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 14

 gyNj mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq- cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡×i gva¨‡g
1526 mv‡j|
 cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy× nq- evei I Beªvwng †jv`xi g‡a¨|
 cvwbc_ bvgK ¯’vbwU eZ©gvb Ae¯’vb- fvi‡Zi nwiqvbv
bvgK iv‡R¨|
 cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k evei cÖ_g
Kvgv‡bi e¨envi K‡ib|
 eve‡ii AvZ¥Rxewbg~jK MÖš’ ÔZzhyK-B-eveiÕ (GB MÖš’wU
ZzwK© fvlvq iwPZ)|
 evei g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib- 1530 wLª.|
 ZzwK© fvlvq evei k‡ãi A_©- wmsn|
 eve‡ii g„Zz¨i c‡i Zvui ˆR¨ô cyÎ ûgvqb w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b
e‡mb|
 ûgvqb k‡ãi A_©- fvM¨evb|
 ûgvqb evsjv Rq K‡ib 1538 wLª. (ûgvqb evsjvi
bvgKiY K‡ib RvbœvZvev`)|
 1539 wLª. ûgvqyb I †kikv‡ni g‡a¨ †PŠmvi hy× nq Ges G
hy‡× ûgvqyb civwRZ n‡q †Kv‡bv iKg cÖvY wb‡q w`wjø wd‡i
Av‡mb|
 1540 mv‡j K‡bŠ‡Ri hy‡× ûgvqyb †ki kv‡ni wbKU
civwRZ nb Ges w`wjø †_‡K weZvwoZ nb|
 ûgvqyb cybivq wmsnvmb cybiæ×vi K‡ib- 1555 wLª.|
 ûgvqyb g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib- 1556 wLª. MÖš’vMv‡ii wmuwo †_‡K
c‡o|
 Dcgnv‡`‡k AvdMvb kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib- †ki kvn
(ïi es‡ki cÖwZôvZv)|
 ‡ki kv‡ni evj¨bvg- dwi`|
 MÖvÛ Uªv¼ †ivW wbg©vY K‡ib- †kikvn|
 fviZe‡l© Ô‡Nvovi WvKÕ Gi cÖPjb K‡ib- †kikvn|
 ‡ki kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j ‡kÖóKxwZ©- ivR¯^ ms¯‹vi| wZwb Rwg
Rwic e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib Ges Drcvw`Z k‡m¨i GK-
Z…Zxqvsk LvRbv wba©viY K‡ib|
 fviZe‡l© Ô`vgÕ gy`ªvi cÖPjb K‡ib- †kikvn|
 AvdMvb `yM© wbg©vY K‡ib (XvKv †K›`ªxq KvivMv‡i)-
†kikvn|
 ‡ki kv‡ni eskai‡`i civ¯’ K‡i gyNj m¤ªvU ûgvqyb
cybivq w`wjøi ÿgZvq e‡mb- 1555 wLª.|
 1556 wLª. m¤ªvU ûgvqy‡bi g„Zz¨i c‡i Zvi †Zi eQi Pvi
gvm eqmx cyÎ AvKei w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb|
 cvwb c‡_i wØZxq hy‡× 1556 mv‡j AvdMvb‡`i wn›`y gš¿x
wngy‡K civwRZ K‡i gyNj mv¤ªv‡R¨i Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿv K‡ib-
AvKei|
 ÔØxb-B-GjvnxÕ bv‡g bZzb ag© cÖPjb K‡ib- AvKei
(1582 wLª.)|
 ivRcyZ bxwZ Pvjy K‡ib- AvKei|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 AvKei ivRcyZ †g‡q †hvavevB †K we‡q K‡ib|
 wRwRqv Ki I Zx_©Ki iwnZ K‡ib- AvKei|
 gbme`vix cÖ_vi Pvjy K‡ib- AvKei|
 cvÄv‡ei ÔAg„Zmi ¯^Y©gw›`iÕ , d‡Zncyi wmwµ wbg©vY
K‡ib|
 Rvjvjx mb cÖPjb K‡ib- AvKei|
 evsjv mvj, evsjv bee‡l©i cÖPjb K‡ib- AvKei|
 gyNj mv¤ªv‡R¨i †kÖô m¤ªvU wQ‡jb- m¤ªvU AvKei|
 AvKe‡ii AwffveK wQ‡jb- ˆeivg Lvb|
 Aveyj dRj wQ‡jb- m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii eÜz Ges mfvKwe|
 ÔAvBb-B-AvKiexÕ MÖ‡š’i iwPZv- Aveyj dRj|
 ‡`kevPK ÔevsjvÕ k‡ãi cÖ_g e¨envi nq- ÔAvBb-B-
AvKeixÕ MÖ‡š’|
 Zvb‡mb wQ‡jb- AvKe‡ii ivRmfvi MvqK|
 exiej wQ‡jb- AvKe‡ii ivRmfvi ‡KŠZzKKvi|
 m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii ÔivR¯^ gš¿xÕ/ÔA_©gš¿xÕ wQ‡jb- †UvWigj|
 m¤ªvU AvKei evsjv weRq K‡ib- 1576 wLª.|
 AvKei g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib- 1605 wLª.|
 AvKe‡ii mgvwa¯’j Aew¯’Z- †m‡K›`ªvq|
 1605 mv‡j AvKe‡ii g„Zz¨i c‡i w`wjøi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb
Zvui cyÎ mgvªU Rvnv½xi|
 m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii WvK bvg- ‡mwjg|
 m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii Avg‡j Zvui `~Z Bmjvg Lvb ev‡iv
f~uBqv‡`i `gb K‡i mgMª evsjv Rq K‡ib|
 evsjv Rq K‡i Bmjvg Lvb ivRavbx ivRgnj †_‡K XvKvq
¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib Ges XvKvi bvgKiY m¤ªv‡Ui bv‡g
Rvnv½xibMi iv‡Lb|
 Rvnv½xi cÖ_g evsjvi myev`vi wbhy³ K‡ib- Bmjvg
Lvb‡K|
 XvKv me©cÖ_g evsjvi ivRavbx nq- 1610 mv‡j|
 m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi we‡q K‡iwQ‡jb- byiRvnvb †K (byiRvnv‡bi
cÖK…Z bvg †g‡niæ‡bœmv)|
 byiRvnv‡bi fvB wQ‡jb- AvmdLvb (gyNj‡`i cÖavb
†mbvcwZ wQ‡jb)|
 AvmdLv‡bi †g‡q wQ‡jb- ggZvR gnj (huvi we‡q n‡qwQj
hyeivR kvnRvnv‡bi mv‡_| kvnRvnvb wQ‡jb m¤ªvU
Rvnv½x‡ii Kwbô cyÎ)|
 m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii Avg‡j B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbx evsjvq
AvMgb K‡ib|
 m¤ªvU Rvnv½xi wb‡Ri bv‡g gy`ªv Pjy K‡ib|
 AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖš’- ZzhyK-B-Rvnv½xi, mgvwa: jv‡nvi,
cvwK¯Ívb|
 m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii g„Zz¨i c‡i Zvui cyÎ kvnRvnvb w`wjøi
wmsnvm‡b e‡mb|
 kvnRvnvb A_©- wek^ m¤ªvU|
15
  Ô Prince of BuildersÕ bv‡g L¨vZ- m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb|
 kvnRvnv‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wbg©vY Kg©- AvMÖvi ZvRgnj, gq~i
wmsnvmb (1739 mv‡j cvi‡m¨i Ôbvw`i kvnÕ jyÚb K‡ib ),
w`wjø Rv‡g gmwR`, w`wjøi jvj‡Kjøv, AvMÖvi gwZ gmwR` I
jv‡nv‡i mvwjgvi D`¨vb, w`wjøi Ô‡`Iqvbx-B-AvgÕ I
Ô‡`Iqvbx-B-LvmÕ|
 ZvRgnj Aew¯’Z AvMÖvi hgybv b`xi Zx‡i (ZvRgn‡ji
wbg©vY Kvj wQ‡jv- 1632 wLª. †_‡K 1653 wLª. ch©šÍ)|
ZvRgn‡ji ¯’cwZ- I¯Ív` Ckv Luv (ZvRgnj wbg©vY 20
nvRvi kÖwgK 22 eQ‡i)| ZvRgnj‡K 252 Zg wek^
HwZn¨ †NvlYv Kiv nq- 1983 wLª.|
 m¤ªvU kvnRvnv‡bi †kl Rxeb my‡Li Kv‡Uwb KviY Zvui 4
cy‡Îi (Lyiig/AvIi½‡Re, kvnwiqvi, `vivwk‡Kv, kvn
myRv) g‡a¨ fvZ… Ø›` †`Lv †`q|
 m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb cieZ©x mg‡q Zuvi cyÎ AvIi½‡Re w`wjøi
wmsnvm‡b e‡mb|
 m¤ªvU AvIi½‡Re †K ÔwR›`vcxiÕ ejv nq| m¤ªvU
AvIi½‡Re wRwRqv Ki cyb:¯’vcb K‡ib| m¤ªvU
AvIi½‡R‡ei kvmb Avg‡j evsjvi myev`vi wQ‡jb kv‡q¯Ív
Lvb|
 XvKvi jvjevM `yM© wbg©vY K‡ib- kv‡q¯Ív Lvb|
 gyNj m¤ªvU wØZxq kvn& Avjg Bswjk B÷ BwÛqv
†Kv¤úvbx‡K evsjv, wenvi Ges Dwol¨vi †`Iqvbx cÖ`vb
K‡ib|
 gyNj es‡ki †kl m¤ªvU wQ‡jb- wØZxq evnv`yi kvn (1857
wLª. wmcvnx we‡`ªv‡n †bZ…Z¡ †`qvi `v‡q 1858 wLª. Zv‡K
†i½y‡b wbe©vmb †`qv n‡j gyNj es‡ki mgvwß N‡U)|
gyNj ¯’vcZ¨
¯’cwZ ¯’vcZ¨Kg©
kv‡q¯Ív Lvb jvjevM †Kjøv, †QvU KvUiv
‡kikvn AvdMvb `yM©, B›`ªvKcyi `yM©
kvnRvnvb w`wjøi jvj †Kjøv, ZvRgnj, gq~i wmsnvmb,
kvwjgvi D`¨vb, Avggnj, Lvmgnj
kvnRv`v myRv eo KvUiv
gxi Rygjv XvKv †MBU
Zviv gmwR` gxR©v †Mvjvgcxi
gxi gyiv` ‡nvmwb `vjvb ev Bgvg evov (17 kZ‡K XvKvi
eKwk evRvi wbwg©Z wkqv ag©vej¤^x‡`i
Dcvmbvjq I Kei¯’vb)
fviZ Z_v evsjvq BD‡ivcxq‡`i AvMgb
1498 mv‡j cZz©wMR bvweK fv‡¯‹v-`v-Mvgv fvi‡Z Avmvi Rjc_
Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| wZwb Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki cwðg I `wÿY DcK~j
Ny‡i BD‡ivc †_‡K fvi‡Zi KvwjKU e›`‡i Dcw¯’Z nb| cieZ©x‡Z
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
wewfbœ BD‡ivcxq‡`i AvMgb N‡U evsjvq| fviZe‡l© g~jZ cuvPwU
†`‡ki ewYK‡`i evwY‡R¨i Rb¨ AvMgb N‡UwQ‡jv:
 cZz©wMR
 Ij›`vR
 Bs‡iR
 w`‡bgvi
 divwm
 cZ©ywMR‡`i AvMgb N‡U 1516 mv‡j|
 cZ©ywMRiv Ôwdwiw½Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj|
 fviZe‡l© cZz©wMR Dcwb‡ek¸‡jvi cÖ_g Mfb©i wQ‡jb-
AvjeyKvK©|
 ‡Mvqv wQj- cZz©wM‡Ri g~j NuvwU|
 evsjv e¨vKiY iPbv K‡ib- cZz©wMRiv|
 A‡bK cZz©wMR kã evsjv fvlvi mv‡_ wg‡k wM‡q‡Q|
†hgb:- mvevb, †Zvqvjv, evjwZ, eviv›`v, Rvbvjv, †K`viv,
Avjwcb BZ¨vw`|
 cZz©wMR‡`i c‡i Av‡m- WvP ev Ij›`vRMY|
 Ij›`vRiv eZ©gvb †b`vij¨vÛ‡mi bvMwiK|
 Ij›`vRiv evsjvq Av‡mb 1602 mv‡j|
 Bswjk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbx MwVZ nq- 1600 mv‡j|
 Bswjk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbx evsjvq Av‡m- 1602 mv‡j|
 Bs‡iR‡`i evwYR¨ KzwV wbg©v‡Yi AbygwZ †`b- m¤ªvU
Rvnv½xi|
 Bs‡iRiv KzwV ¯’vcb K‡i- nwinicy‡i|
 KjKvZv bMix cÖwZôv K‡ib- Re PvY©K|
 Bs‡iRiv KjKvZvq ‡dvU© DBwjqvg `~M© wbg©vY K‡ib-
1700 mv‡j|
 Bswjk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbx gyNj m¤ªvU 2q kvn Avj‡gi
KvQ †_‡K 1765 mv‡j †`Iqvbx jvf K‡i|
 Dcgnv‡`‡k w`‡bgvi bv‡g cwiwPZ wQ‡jv- †Wbgv‡K©i
Awaevmx|
 w`‡bgviMY †Wwbm B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbx MVb K‡i G‡`‡k
Av‡m- 1616 mv‡j|
 w`‡bgviMY Zv‡`i evwYR¨ KzwV wewµ K‡i †`q Bs‡iR‡`i
Kv‡Q|
 divwmiv evsjvq Av‡mb- 1668 mv‡j|
 BD‡ivcxq mv¤ªvR¨ ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ_g †Póv K‡i- divwmiv|
 divwmiv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ me©‡kl Dcgnv‡`‡k AvMgb K‡i-
divwmiv|
 divwmiv Zv‡`i d¨v±ix wbg©vY K‡i- P›`b bM‡i|
 Dcgnv‡`‡k †h `yB wfbœ RvwZ ci¯úi hy‡× wjß wQj-
Bs‡iR I divwm|
16
 wmcvnx we‡`ªvn
1857 mv‡ji wmcvnx we‡`ªvn‡K fvi‡Zi cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg ejv
nq| ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I ag©xq Kvi‡Y wmcvnx‡`i
g‡a¨ Bs‡iR kvm‡bi weiæ‡× Am‡šÍvl †`Lv †`q| ZvQvov wn›`y-
gymjgvb Dfq m¤úª`v‡qi wmcvnx‡`i e¨env‡ii Rb¨ ÔGbwdìÕ
ivB‡d‡ji cÖPjb Kiv nq| GB ivB‡d‡ji †UvUv `uvZ w`‡q †K‡U
e›`y‡K cÖ‡ek Kiv‡Z n‡Zv| wmcvnx‡`i gv‡S G ¸Re Qwo‡q co‡jv
†h GB †UvUvq Miæ I k~K‡ii Pwe© wgwkÖZ Av‡Q| Avi GB Am‡šÍvl
†_‡K 1857 mv‡j wmcvnx we‡`ªvn nq| e¨vivKcy‡i wmcvnxiv cÖ_g
we‡`ªvn K‡i| 1857 mv‡jb 19 gvP© e›`y‡Ki ¸wj Qz‡o we‡`ªv‡ni
m~Pbv K‡i Ôg½jcv‡ÛÕ bv‡g GK wmcvnx| wmcvnxMY w`wjøi m¤ªvU
evnv`yi kvn‡K fvi‡Zi m¤ªvU e‡j †NvlYv K‡i| wKš‘ Bs‡iRiv
K‡Vvi n‡¯Í GB wecøe `gb K‡i| wecøe cieZ©x mg‡q Bs‡iRiv
wecø‡e †bZ…Z¡ †`qvi `v‡q 2q evnv`yi kvn‡K †is¸‡b wbe©vmb †`q|
d‡j †gvNj m¤ªv‡R¨i cwimgvwß N‡U| wmcvnx wecøe cieZ©x mg‡q
e„wUk miKvi wbR nv‡Z fviZ kvm‡bi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i| d‡j
1858 mv‡j Bswjk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvbxi kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|
fviZxq Ks‡MÖm cÖwZôv
fviZxq Ks‡MÖm cÖwZôv nq 1885 mv‡j| Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖwZôv A¨vjvb
A‡±vwfqvb wnDg| Ks‡MÖ‡mi MVbZš¿ Abyhvqx mfvcwZ I †m‡µUvix
†Rbv‡ij n‡eb h_vµ‡g: fviZxq I weªwUk| Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖ_g mfvcwZ
wQ‡jb ev½vjx e¨vwióvi D‡gkP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Ges cÖwZôvKvjxb
mvaviY m¤úv`K wQ‡jb A¨vjvb A‡±vwfqvb wnDg|
j‡ÿèŠ Pzw³
1916 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i Ks‡MÖm I gymwjg jxM GKB mv‡_ j‡ÿèŠ
kn‡i wbR wbR `‡ji `jxq m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb K‡ib| G m‡¤§jb Dfq
`‡ji †bZviv HwZnvwmK Ôj‡ÿèŠ Pzw³Õ ¯^vÿi K‡ib| G Pzw³ g~jZ
wn›`y I gymjgvb‡`i m¤úªxwZ I mg‡SvZvi GK g~j¨evb `wjj|
ivIjvU AvBb I RvwjqvevM nZ¨vKvÐ
fvi‡Zi mš¿vmev`x Av‡›`vjb Ges e½f½ i` Av‡›`vjb cÖwZnZ
Kivi Rb¨ weªwUk miKvi 1918 mv‡j KzL¨vZ I cÖwZwµqvkxj
ivIjvU AvBb cÖeZ©b K‡i| GB AvB‡bi Øviv msev`c‡Îi KÚ‡iva
Ges †h ‡Kv‡bv †jvK‡K wbe©vmb Ges webv wePvi Kviv`Û †`Iqvi
e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| cvÄv‡e KzL¨vZ ivIjvU AvB‡bi cÖwZev‡` RbM‡Yi
kvwšÍc~Y© †kvfvhvÎv I cÖwZev` PvjvKv‡j miKvi ¸wj Pvwj‡q wKQz
†jvK‡K nZ¨v K‡i| Gi cÖwZev‡` 1919 mv‡j 13 GwcÖj Ag„Zm‡ii
RvwjIqvbIqvjvevM D‡`¨v‡b 10 nvRvi gvbyl mg‡eZ nb| †Rbv‡ij
Wvqvi mg‡eZ RbM‡Yi †Kvbiƒc ûwkqvwi cÖ`vb bv K‡i Zvi
†mbvevwnbx‡K ¸wjel©‡Yi wb‡`©k †`b| G‡Z eû‡jvK wbnZ nq|
RvwjIqvbIqvjvevM b„ksm nZ¨vKv‡Ði Kvwnbx cÖPvwiZ n‡j mg¯Í
fvi‡Z cÖwZev‡`i So D‡V|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb
Zzi‡¯‹i wLjvd‡Zi cweÎZv iÿv‡_© fviZxq gymjgv‡biv Bs‡iR‡`i
weiæ‡× 1919 mv‡j wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡jb| wLjvdZ
Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ †`b gvIjvbv †gvnv¤§` Avjx I gvIjvbv kIKZ
Avjx bv‡g `yB fvB|
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb
RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZ¨vKv‡Ði cÖwZev‡` 1920 mv‡j gnZ¥v MvÜxi
†bZ…‡Z¡ weªwUk miKvi‡K Amn‡hvwMZv Kivi Rb¨ †h Av‡›`vjb M‡o
D‡V ZvB Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb| DËi cÖ‡`‡ki †PŠwi‡PŠiv bvgK MÖv‡g
cywjk I we‡ÿvfKvix‡`i g‡a¨ msN‡l© D‡ËwRZ RbZv _vbvq Av¸b
w`‡q 22 Rb cywjk‡K cywo‡q gv‡i| djkÖæwZ‡Z Av‡›`vjbwU Avi
Awnsm _vK‡Q bv e‡j MvÜxwR 1922 mv‡j GB Av‡›`vjb ¯’wMZ K‡i
†`b| RvwjIqvbIqvjevM nZ¨vKv‡Ûi cÖwZev‡` iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi bvBU
Dcvwa cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib|
fviZ kvmb AvBb- 1919
1919 mv‡j g‡›U¸-‡Pgm‡dvW© fviZ kvmb AvBb cÖYqb K‡i hv
g‡›U¸-‡Pgm‡dvW ms¯‹vi AvBb bv‡gI cwiwPZ| G AvB‡bi cÖavb
ˆewkó¨-
 wØ-Kÿwewkó AvBb mfv m„wó, cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvmb,
hy³ivóªxq miKvi MVb, c„_K wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v Pvjy|
fviZ kvmb AvBb- 1935
1919 mv‡j fviZ kvmb AvB‡b fviZevmxi Avkv-AvKv•ÿvi
cÖwZdjb N‡Uwb| d‡j 1935 mv‡j fviZ kvmb AvBb cybivq
cÖYqb Kiv nq| G AvB‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨-
 cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvmb|
 gvqvbgvi‡K fviZel© n‡Z c„_KxKiY|
 wØ-Kÿwewkó AvBb mfv |
 wmÜz I Dwol¨v bv‡g `ywU bZzb cÖ‡`‡ki m„wó|
cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb- 1937
1935 mv‡j fviZ kvmb AvBb 1937 mv‡j Kvh©Ki nq| 1937
cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| cÖavbZ wZbwU `j GB wbe©vP‡b
AskMÖnY K‡i| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k GwUB cÖ_g wbe©vPb| Avi GB
cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vP‡b g~L¨gš¿x wbe©vwPZ nb †k‡i evsjv G. †K dRjyj
nK| 1937 mv‡j wbe©vP‡b Dcgnv‡`‡ki bvixiv cÖ_g †fvUvwaKvi
cÖ‡qvM K‡i| 1943 mv‡j Awef³ evsjvi wØZxq g~L¨gš¿x nb LvRv
bvwRgDwÏb Ges 1946 mv‡j Awef³ evsjvi Z…Zxq g~L¨gš¿x
wbe©vwPZ nb †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x|
17
 wØ-RvwZZË¡- 1940  gymwjg jxM MwVZ nq 1906 mv‡j| gymwjg jxM MwVZ nq
XvKvq (cÖwZôvZv beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn), gymwjg jx‡Mi
wØ-RvwZZ‡Ë¡i RbK ‡gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn wn›`y I gymjgvb‡`i‡K
Av‡›`vj‡bi dmj- cvwK¯Ívb|
Avjv`v RvwZmËv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib wØ-RvwZZ‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ w`‡q
 wØRvwZZË¡ †ck K‡ib- gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn (22 gvP©,
(1940 mv‡ji 22 gvP©)| wØ-RvwZZ‡Ë¡i ga¨ w`‡q 1947 mv‡ji 14
1940 wLª.)|
AvM÷ cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq|
 jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve †ck K‡ib- G. †K dRjyj nK (23 gvP©,
jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve- 1940 1940 wLª.)| jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve‡K cieZ©x‡Z cvwK¯Ívb cÖ¯Íve ejv
nZ|
1940 mv‡ji 23 gvP© gymwjg jx‡Mi GK we‡kl Awa‡ek‡b
 gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn 22 gvP©, 1940 wLª. G. †K dRjyj
HwZnvwmK jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve M„nxZ nq| cÖ¯ÍvewU DÌvcb K‡ib †k‡i
nK‡K Ôevsjvi evNÕ Dcvwa †`q|
evsjv G. †K dRjyj nK| G cÖ¯Ív‡e fvi‡Zi c~e©v‡j I DËi
 ‡mvnivIqv`©x ALÛ evsjv ivóª MV‡bi cwiKíbv †bb| d‡j
cwðgv‡ji †hme ¯’v‡b gymjgv‡biv msL¨vMwiô †mme A‡j
wZwb kirP›`ª emyi mv‡_ GKwU Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡ib|
gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ GKvwaK ¯^vaxb, ¯^vZš¿ ivóª MV‡bi wm×všÍ †`Iqv
BwZnv‡m †hwU Ôemy-†gvnivIqv`©x cÖ¯ÍveÕ bv‡g cwiwPwZ| wKš‘
nq|
gymwjg jx‡Mi we‡ivaxZvi Kvi‡Y ALÛ evsjv ivóª cÖwZôv
Ò‡gvbvRv‡Z S‡o cov †Pv‡Li cvwb, jvf K‡iwb|
KL‡bv wed‡j hvq bv|Ó ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg ivóª wn‡m‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi AvZ¥cÖKvk

cvwK¯Ívb ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i 1947 mv‡j 14 AvM÷| cvwK¯Ív‡bi

RvwZi RbK gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn| Zuvi Dcvwa wQj Kv‡q‡` Avhg
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 04 (gnvb †bZv)| ¯^vaxb cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g Mf©bi †Rbv‡ij gynv¤§` Avjx
wRbœvn (`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib 1947 mv‡j 14 AvM÷ n‡Z 1948
mv‡ji 11 †m‡Þ¤^i ch©šÍ)|
cvwK¯Ívb c~e© ivRbxwZ
 cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb (14 AvM÷,
 e½f½ nq 1905 mv‡j, e½f½ K‡ib jW© KvR©b, e½f½
1947 wLª. †_‡K 16 A‡±ie, 1951 wLª. ch©šÍ)|
i`Kv‡j fvBmiq wQ‡jb jW© nvwW©Ä, e½f½ i` nq 1911
 cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g †cÖwm‡W›U B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v (23 gvP©, 1956
mv‡j|
wLª. n‡Z 27 A‡±vei, 1958 wLª. ch©šÍ)|
 gwj©-wg‡›Uv ms¯‹vi AvBb cvm nq- 1909 mv‡j
 cvwK¯Ívb m„wóKv‡j Zvi cuvPwU cÖ‡`k wQj| h_v: wmÜz,
( wn›`y gymwjg‡`i c„_K wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v)|
cvÄve, DËi cwðg mxgvšÍ cÖ‡`k, †ejywP¯Ívb Ges c~e©
 1923 wLª. ‡`keÜz wPËiÄb `vm, G. †K dRjyj nK Ges
cvwK¯Ívb|
†mvnivIqv`©x wn›`y gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ HK¨ ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨
Ô†e½j c¨v±Õ Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡ib| AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM
 1928 wLª. †b‡niæ wi‡cvU© †ck nq GLv‡b gymjgvb‡`i
evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`‡qi BwZnv‡m AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cÖwZôv GKwU
c„_K wbe©vP‡bi e`‡j hy³ wbe©vP‡bi K_v ejv nq|
HwZnvwmK gvBjdjK| AvIqvgx jxM wQj cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g Kvh©Ki
(D‡jøL¨: 1909 mv‡j gwj©-wg‡›Uv ms¯‹vi AvB‡b wn›`y
we‡ivax `j| 1949 mv‡ji †kl bvMv` cvwK¯Ív‡b cÖvq wekwU `j
gymwjg‡`i c„_K wbe©P‡bi K_v ejv wQj)|
mwµq wQj| wKš‘ AvIqvgx jx‡Mi b¨vq Ab¨ †Kvb `‡ji RbwcÖqZv I
 1929 mv‡j wRbœvn 14 `dv †ck K‡ib| wZwb g~jZ
Kvh©KwiZv wQ‡jvbv| AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM cÖwZwôZ nq 23 Ryb
†K›`ªxq AvBb mfvq gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ GK Z…Zxqvsk Avmb
1949 mv‡j XvKvi †ivR Mv‡W©‡b| AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM †_‡K gymwjg
`vwe K‡ib|
kãvwU ev` c‡i 1955 mv‡j|
 1932 wLª. weªwUk miKvi mv¤úª`vwqK ev‡Uvqviv †NvlYv
K‡ib|  AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖwZôvZv Ges cÖ_g mfvcwZ -
 1935 mv‡j fviZ kvmb AvB‡b gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ c„_K gvIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx|
wbe©vP‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq|  cÖ_g mvaviY m¤úv`K- kvgmyj nK|
 Awef³ evsjvi cÖ_g g~L¨gš¿x G. †K dRjyj nK (1937),  AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM‡i cÖwZôvKvjxb mg‡q †kL gywReyi
wØZxq g~L¨gš¿x LvRv bvwRgDwÏb (1943), me©‡kl ingvb wQ‡jb- hyM¥ m¤úv`K|
g~L¨gš¿x ‡nv‡mb knx` ‡mvnivIqv`©x (1946)|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 18
  ‡kL gywReyi ingvb AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi mvaviY  2 gvP©, 1948 mv‡j me©`jxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil` MVb
m¤úv`K nb- 1953 mv‡j| ‡kL gywReyi ingvb AvIqvgx nq|
jx‡Mi mfvcwZ nb- 1966 mv‡j|  11 gvP©, 1948 mv‡j XvKv e¨vcx evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi
`vwe‡Z niZvj nq| GB 11 gvP© cieZ©x wZb eQi A_vr
AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖ_g mvsMVwbK KwgwU
1948-1952 ivóªfvlv w`em wn‡m‡e cvjb Kiv nq|
gvIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb (fvmvbx) mfvcwZ  19 gvP©, 1948 mv‡j wRbœvn&i XvKvq AvMgb Dcj‡ÿ¨ c~e©
AvZvDi ingvb Lvb mn-mfvcwZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi gyL¨gš¿x LvRv bvwRgDwÏb fvlvi e¨vcv‡i
mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb mn-mfvcwZ bgbxq nb|
Avjx Avng` Lvb mn-mfvcwZ  wRbœvn&i g„Zz¨i c‡i cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ
Avjx AvgRv` Lvb mn-mfvcwZ Avjx Lvb my‡KŠk‡j D`y© fvlv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv
Avãym mvjvg Lvb mn-mfvcwZ
Kievi cÖqvm Pvjvb|
kvgmyj nK mvaviY m¤úv`K
‡kL gywReyi ingvb hyM¥-mvaviY m¤úv`K  cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq cÖavbgš¿x- LvRv bvwRgDÏxb 1952 mv‡j
L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avn‡g` mn-m¤úv`K cybivq D`y©‡K ivóªfvlv Kievi cÖqvm ïiæ K‡ib|
G. †K. Gg iwdKzj Bmjvg mn-m¤úv`K  cybivq me©`jxq ‡K›`ªxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil` MwVZ nq
Bqvi †gvnv¤§` Lvb ‡Kvlva¨ÿ 31 Rvbyqvwi, 1952 mv‡j| GB msMÖvg cwil` 21
†deªæqvwi evsjv‡K ivóªfvlvi `vwe‡Z wewfbœ Kg©m~wPi †NvlYv
†`q|
fvlv Av‡›`vjb
 52 Gi fvlv Av‡›`vjb P~ovšÍ iƒc jvf K‡i 21 †deªæqvwi,
1947 mv‡j 14 AvM÷ wØRvwZZ‡Ë¡i wfwˇZ fviZ wef³ n‡q 1952 mv‡j (e„n¯úwZevi, 8 dvêyb, 1358)| Gmgq c~e©
cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi m„wó nq| cvwK¯Ívb Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡ w`‡qwQj gymwjg evsjvi g~L¨gš¿x byiæj Avgxb Ges cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x
jxM| ivóªwU cÖwZôvi ci ¯^vfvweKfv‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbfvi b¨¯Í nq LvRv bvwRgDÏxb|
gymwjg jx‡Mi Dci| gymwjg jxM kvmK‡Mvôx cvwK¯Ívb R‡b¥i c‡iB  52 Gi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g knx` gvwbKM‡Äi iwdK|
D`y©‡K ivóª fvlv Kievi loh‡š¿ wjß nq| 1952 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi iwdK RMbœv_ wek^we`¨vj‡qi wnmve weÁvb wefv‡Mi QvÎ
cÖ_g Av`gïgvix‡Z †`Lv hvq- wQ‡jb|
 ‡K›`ªxq knx` wgbvi AvbyôvwbKfv‡e D‡Øvab nq 24
fvlv kZKiv
evsjv 54.60% †deªæqvwi, 1952 (D‡Øvab K‡ib knx` kwdD‡ii wcZv
cvÄvwe 28.04% †gŠjfx gvneyeyi ingvb)|
wmwÜ 5.8%  fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi Dci iwPZ cÖ_g bvUK ÔKeiÕ| iPwqZv:
ckZz 7.1% gybxi †PŠaywi|
D`y© 7.2%  fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi Dci iwPZ Dcb¨vm ÔAv‡iK dvêybÕ|
wewfbœ 1.8% iPwqZv: Rwni ivqnvb|
†gvU 104.54%  fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi Dci iwPZ KweZv ÔAvwg Kuv`‡Z Avwmwb
 wKQz †jvK †`vfvlx nIqvi Kvi‡Y kZKiv nvi 104.54%
duvwmi `vwe wb‡q G‡mwQÕ| iPwqZv: gvneyye-Dj-Avjg
nq|
†PŠaywi|
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g msMVb ZgywÏb gRwjm (1947 mv‡ji c‡njv  GKz‡ki cÖ_g Mvb Ôfzje bv fzje bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwi fzje
†m‡Þ¤^i cÖwZôv)| ZgywÏb gRwjm cÖwZôv K‡ib XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi bvÕ | iPwqZv: fvlv ˆmwbK Av. b. g. MvRxDj nK|
c`v_©weÁvb wefv‡Mi ZiæY Aa¨vcK Aveyj Kv‡mg| ZgywÏb  GKz‡ki cÖ_g msKjb ÔGKz‡k †deªæqvwiÕ| m¤úv`bv K‡ib
gRwj‡mi D‡`¨v‡M 1947 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m ivóª fvlv msMÖvg nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb|
cwil` MVb nq| G msMV‡bi D‡`¨v‡M fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g
hy³d«›U
cyw¯ÍKv ÔcvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóª fvlv evsjv bv D`y©Õ cÖKvwkZ nq| (‡jLK
wZb Rb)| 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi gymwjg jxM‡K †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ hy³d«›U
MVb wQj GKwU HwZnvwmK NUbv| cÖavb we‡ivax `j¸‡jvi mgš^‡q
 cvwK¯Ív‡bi MYcwil‡` evsjv fvlvi `vwe cÖ_g DÌvcb hy³d«›U MwVZ nq| hy³d«›U MV‡bi D‡`¨v³v wQj ZrKvjxb cÖavb
K‡ib Kzwgjøvi ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë (1948 mv‡ji 23 we‡ivax `j I RbwcÖq ivR‰bwZK `j c~e© cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgx gymwjg
†deªæqvwi)| jxM| hy³d«›U MwVZ nq 4 wW‡m¤^i , 1953 mv‡j| hy³d«‡›Ui
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 19
ivR‰bwZK `j wQj 4wU| h_v: AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM (gvIjvbv  cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g †cÖwm‡W›U B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v| B¯‹v›`vi
fvmvbx), K…lK cÖRv cvwU© (G †K dRjyj nK), †bRvg-B-Bmjvg wgR©v‡K ÿgZvPz¨Z K‡ib AvBqye Lvb|
(gvIjvbv AvZvnvi Avjx) I evgcš’x MYZš¿x `j (nvRx `‡bk)  ‡gŠwjK MYZš¿ Pvjy K‡ib AvBqye Lvb| 1959 mv‡ji 30
wb‡q| GwcÖj Ges 1 †g KivwP‡Z Mfb©i‡`i m‡¤§jb WvKv nq Ges
†mB m‡¤§j‡b †gŠwjK MYZš¿ cÖeZ©‡bi wm×všÍ †bIqv nq|
 hy³d«‡›Ui cÖZxK wQj †bŠKv|
Gi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z 1959 mv‡j 26 A‡±vei AvBqye Lvb Zuvi
 hy³d«‡›Ui wbe©vPwb Bk‡Znvi wQj 21 `dv| 21 `dvi cÖ_g
ÿgZv `L‡ji el©c~wZ©‡Z Ô‡gŠwjK MYZš¿ Av‡`kÕ Rvwi
`dv evsjv‡K Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv Kiv| 21 `dvi cÖ‡YZv
K‡ib|
Aveyj gbmyi Avng`|
 ‡gŠwjK MYZš¿xi msL¨v wQj 80 nvRvi| GivB BDwbqb
 hy³d«›U wbe©vP‡b †gvU Avmb wQ‡jv 309 wU| hy³d«›U jvf
KvDwÝji †Pqvig¨vb, RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK AvBb mfvi
K‡i 223 wU Avmb| ÿgZvmxb gymwjg jxM jvf K‡i 9wU
m`m¨ Ges ivóªcwZ wbe©vwPZ Ki‡eb|
Avmb|
 hy³d«‡›Ui gš¿xmfvq K…wl,eb,mgevq I cjøx Dbœqb ‡gŠwjK MYZš¿ I Zvi Aax‡b wbe©vPb
gš¿Yvj‡qi `vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb †kL gywReyi ingvb|
µ. ¯Í‡ii bvg ‡Pqvig¨vb m`m¨MY
 hy³d«›U gš¿xmfvq gyL¨gš¿x nb †k‡i-evsjv G. †K. dRjyj
bs
nK| hy³d«›U miKvi ÿgZvq wQj 56 w`b| 01. wefvMxq wefvMxq Kwgkbvi A‡a©K wbe©vwPZ,
KvDwÝj (miKvwi Kg©KZ©v) A‡a©K miKvwi
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g msweavb
Kg©KZ©v
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g msweavb cÖwYZ nq 1956 mv‡j| ÔcvwK¯Ívb kvmbZš¿ 02. ‡Rjv ‡Rjv cÖkvmK A‡a©K wbe©vwPZ,
wejÕ DÌvcb K‡ib ZrKvjxb AvBbgš¿x AvB P›`ªxMo| cvwK¯Ív‡bi KvDwÝj (miKvwi Kg©KZ©v) A‡a©K miKvwi
Kg©KZ©v
cÖ_g kvmbZ‡š¿i bvg wQj ÔBmjvgx cÖRvZš¿Õ msweavb|
03. _vbv A‡a©K BDwbqb
 evsjv‡K ivóªfvlvi gh©v`v †`Iqv nq, evsjvi bvg c~e© KvDwÝj/ gnKzgv cÖkvmK KvDw݇ji
wgDwbwmc¨vj (miKvwi Kg©KZ©v) †Pqvig¨b, A‡a©K
cvwK¯Ívb ivLv nq- 1956 mv‡j|
KwgwU miKvwi Kg©KZ©v
KvMgvwi m‡¤§jb- 1957 04. BDwbqb BDwbqb
KvDwÝj KvDw݇ji
1957 mv‡ji 7 †deªæqvwi AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mvwe©K ZË¡veav‡b Uv½vBj (MÖvg ‡Pqvig¨vb m`m¨MY me©Rbxb
†Rjvi m‡šÍv‡l GKwU HwZnvwmK m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq hv ÔKvMgvwi GjvKvq) (m`m¨‡`i Øviv †fvUvwaKv‡ii
m‡¤§jbÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| m‡¤§j‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib gvIjvbv Ave`yj Ges UvDb I wbe©vwPZ) wfwˇZ RbM‡Yi
BDwbqb cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U
nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx Ges cÖavb AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb †nv‡mb
KwgwU (kni wbe©vwPZ
knx` †mvnivIqv`©x| m‡¤§j‡bi cÖavb G‡RÛv wQj c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi GjvKvq)
¯^vqZ¡kvmb I ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ| Abyôv‡b gIjvbv fvmvbx cvwK¯Ív‡bi  1960 mv‡ji 11 Rvbyqvwi mgMÖ cvwK¯Ív‡b †gŠwjK MYZ‡š¿i
†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cÖwZ ûwkqvix D”PviY K‡i e‡jb, hw` c~e© cÖ_g ¯Íi BDwbqb KvDw݇ji wbe©vwPZ m¤ú~Y© nq| G‡Z
cvwK¯Ív‡b †kvlY Ae¨vnZ _v‡K Z‡e wZwb cwðg cvwK¯Ívb‡K mgMÖ cvwK¯Ív‡b 80 nvRvi †gŠwjK MYZvš¿x wbe©vwPZ nb|
ÔAvmmvjvgy-AvjvBKzgÕ Rvbv‡Z eva¨ n‡eb|  1960 mv‡ji 14 †deªæqvwi †gŠwjK MYZvš¿x‡`i Aax‡b
ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb nq| G wbe©vP‡b AvBqye Lv‡bi †Kv‡bv
1958-Gi mvgwiK kvmb I AvBqye Lvb
cÖwZØ›Øx bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y Ônu¨vÕ I ÔbvÕ ‡fv‡Ui e¨e¯’v _v‡K|
1958 mv‡j 7 A‡±vei GK †NvlYve‡j ZrKvjxb †cÖwm‡W›U B¯‹v›`vi 75,283 wU Ôn¨uvÕ †fvU ‡c‡q wbe©vwPZ nb AvBqye Lvb|
wgR©v cvwK¯Ív‡b cÖ_g mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi K‡ib| wZwb cÖavb  ‡gŠwjK MYZvš¿x‡`i Aax‡b RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil`
‡mbvcwZ †Rbv‡ij †gvnv¤§` AvBqye Lvb‡K cÖavb mvgwiK kvmbKZ©v wbe©vPb nq h_vµ‡g 28 GwcÖj Ges 6 †g| RvZxq cwil‡`
wb‡qvM K‡ib| gvÎ 20 w`‡bi gv_vq AvBqye Lvb †cÖwm‡W›U B¯‹v›`vi †gvU Avmb wQj 156 wU (6wU msiwÿZ gwnjv Avmbmn)|
wgR©v‡K ÿgZvPz¨Z K‡ib Ges †`kZ¨v‡M eva¨ K‡ib| 1958 mv‡j  1965 mv‡j †gŠwjK MYZvš¿x‡`i Aax‡b wØZxqev‡ii g‡Zv
27 A‡±vei †Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lvb wb‡R‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^wbe©vwPZ cvwK¯Ív‡b ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb nq| G wbe©vP‡b AvBqye Lv‡bi
†cÖwm‡W›U wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib| mv‡_ cÖwZØ›ØxZv K‡ib m‡¤§wjZ we‡ivax `‡ji †bZv
dv‡Zgv wRbœvn| wKš‘ Aí wKQz †fv‡U Gev‡iv AvBqye Lvb
 cvwK¯Ív‡b cÖ_g mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi nq 1958 mv‡j|
†cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vwPZ nb|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 20
 wkÿv Av‡›`vjb- 1962
kZ †RjRyjyg gv_vq wb‡q QvÎ msMVb¸‡jv AvBqye Lv‡bi we‡ivax
Av‡›`vjb cwiPv‡jvbvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| G j‡ÿ¨ 1961 mv‡ji
30 wW‡m¤^i QvÎ BDwbqb I QvÎjx‡Mi †K›`ªxq †bZ…e„‡›`i GKwU
†Mvcb mfv AbywôZ nq| B‡Zvg‡a¨ c~e© cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
†bZv †kL gywReyi ingvb †Mvc‡b KwgDwb÷ cvwU© I b¨v‡ci m‡½
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡ib| D³ ‰eV‡K wm×všÍ nq, †h †Kv‡bv wKQzi
wewbg‡q mvgwiK ˆ¯^ivPv‡ii weiæ‡× HK¨e× Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zzj‡Z
n‡e| 1962 mv‡ji 21 †deªæqvwi †_‡K Av‡›`vjb ïiæi w`bÿY wVK
Kiv nq wKš‘ Zuvi c~‡e©B †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©xi †MÖdZv‡ii d‡j
Av‡›`vj‡bi my‡hvM ˆZwi nq| 62 Gi QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡b QvÎjxM I
QvÎ BDwbqb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| 62 Gi AvBqye we‡ivax
QvÎ Av‡›`vjb‡K wZbwU ¯Í‡i fvM K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-
1.‡nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©xi †MªdZv‡ii weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb|
2.AvBqye Lvb cÖewZ©Z msweavb we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb|
3.AvBqye cÖewZ©Z wkÿvKwgkb we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb|
 ‡nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©xi †MÖdZvi nb- 1962 mv‡ji
30 Rvbyqvwi|
 1962 mv‡ji 1 gvP© wePvicwZ kvnveyÏxb Kwgk‡bi
wi‡cvwU©i wfwˇZ ‡cÖwm‡W›U AvBqye Lvb cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨
GKwU bZzb kvmbZš¿ Rvwi K‡ib| GwU ÔAvBqy‡e kvmbZš¿Õ
bv‡g cwiwPZ| G kvmbZš¿wU Zvi †gŠwjK MYZ‡š¿i Dci
wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj|
 AvBqye Lvb GKwU RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ cÖYq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ 1959
mv‡ji 5 Rvbyqvwi nvgy`yi ingv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ 11 m`m¨ wewkó
GKwU Kwgkb MVb K‡ib hv Ônvgy`yi ingvb wkÿv KwgkbÕ
wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| 1962 mv‡ji gvSvgvwS mgq Kwgk‡bi
wi‡cvU© cÖKvk cvq| G wi‡cv‡U©i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ welq¸‡jv
n‡jv lô †_‡K ¯œvZK †kÖwY ch©šÍ Bs‡iwR eva¨Zvg~jK,
D`©y‡K RbM‡Yi fvlvq cwiYZ Kiv|
 AvBqye Lvb 1962 mv‡ji 8 Ryb mvgwiK AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi
K‡ib|
cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq msweavb
‡cÖwm‡W›U AvBqye Lv‡bi kvmbKv‡j 1962 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq
msweavb cÖYxZ nq| G msweav‡b cvwK¯Ívb‡K GKwU ÔBmjvgx cÖRvZš¿Õ
wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq Ges msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i cwie‡Z© ivóªcwZ
kvwmZ miKvi cÖwZwôZ nq| G mgq cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivRavbx KivwP
†_‡K ÔBmjvgvev‡`Õ ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq|
ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb- 1965
‡cÖwm‡W›U AvBqye Lvb 1965 mv‡ji 2 Rvbyqvwi †gŠwjK MYZ‡š¿i
wfwˇZ †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vPb †`q Ges wb‡R Kb‡fbkb gymwjg jx‡Mi
cÖ_g †_‡K †cÖwm‡W›U cÖv_©x nb| GgZve¯’vq AaxKvsk we‡ivax `j
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
wgwjZ nq ÔKcÕ bv‡g GKwU mw¤§wjZ †RvU MVb K‡i| G †Rv‡Ui
cÖv_©x wQ‡jb †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn&i ‡evb dv‡Zgv wRbœvn| G wbe©vP‡b
AvBqye Lvb †gŠwjK MbZš¿x cš’vq †cÖwm‡W›U wbev©wPZ nb|
cvK-fviZ hy×
Kvk¥xi‡K †K›`ª K‡i 1965 mv‡j cvK-fviZ hy× nq| 6 †m‡Þ¤^i
ïiæ nq cvK-fviZ hy×| G hy‡×i ¯’vqxZ¡Kvj wQ‡jv 17 w`b| 17
w`be¨vcx G hy‡× evOvwj ˆmb¨iv Am¤¢e mvnwmKZv †`Lvq|
RvwZms‡Ni n¯Í‡ÿ‡c †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi cÖavbgš¿x wg. †KvwmwM‡bi
†bZ…‡Z¡ ÔZvmLÛ Pzw³iÕ gva¨‡g 10 Rvbyqvwi 1966 mv‡j cvK-fviZ
hy‡×i Aemvb N‡U|
Qq`dv-1966
evOvwj RvwZi gyw³i mb` ev g¨vMbvKvU©v bv‡g cwiwPZ 6 `dv| 6
`dv DÌvcb K‡ib †kL gywReyi ingvb jv‡nv‡i| †kL gywReyi ingvb
6 `dv‡K ÔAvgv‡`i euvPvi `vweÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| 6 `dv
†NvlYv Kiv nq 3 evi| h_v:
1. 5 †deªæqvwi, 1966| (jv‡nv‡i we‡ivax`jxq m‡¤§j‡b)
2. 13 †deªæqvwi, 1966|
3. 23 †deªæqvwi, 1966| (AvbyôvwbKfv‡e)
 6 `dv w`em 7 Ryb, 6 `dvi cÖ_g knx` gby wgqv|
 6 `dv wb¤œiƒc:
 1g `dv: kvmbZvwš¿K KvVv‡gv I iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ|
(A_©vr cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvmb)
 2q `dv: †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ÿgZv|
 3q `dv: gy`ªv I A_© welqK ÿgZv|
 4_© `dv: ivR¯^ Ki I ïé welqK ÿgZv|
 5g `dv: ˆe‡`wkK evwbR¨ welqK ÿgZv|
 6ô `dv: AvÂwjK †mbvevwnbx MV‡bi ÿgZv|
*** g¨vMbvKvU©vi A_© n‡jv ¯^vaxbZvi/gyw³i mb`| 1215 mv‡ji
15 Ryb Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv Rb mvgšÍ‡`i Pv‡c c‡o ivRvi AwaKvi
msµvšÍ GKwU Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡i| BwZnv‡m GwU g¨vMbvKvU©v bv‡g
cwiwPZ|
1968 AvMiZjv gvgjv Ges 1969- Gi MYAfy¨Ìvb
cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx Qq-`dv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cÖwZ ûgwK
¯^iƒc g‡b K‡i Qq-`dv Kg©m~wP‡K A¼z‡i webó Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨
1968 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K cÖavb
Avmvgx K‡i 35 R‡bi weiæ‡× ivóª‡`ªvwnZvi Awf‡hvM G‡b
ÔAvMiZjv lohš¿Õ bv‡g GKwU gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv nq| Zuv‡`i weiæ‡×
Awf‡hvM wQ‡jv †h, Zviv fvi‡Zi mnvqZv mk¯¿ wecø‡ei gva¨‡g c~e©
cvwK¯Ívb‡K cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K wew”Qbœ Kivi loh‡š¿ wjß wQ‡jb|
21
fvi‡Zi ÔAvMiZjvÕ Kw_Z Pµv‡šÍ g~j†K›`ª wQj weavq, GB gvgjv
AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv bv‡g AwfwnZ nq|
 AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv nq 1968 mv‡j 35
R‡bi weiæ‡×| cÖavb Avmvgx †kL gywReyi ingvb|
AvMiZjv gvgjv †_‡K †kL gywReyi ingvb gyw³ cvb 1969
mv‡ji 22 †deªæqvwi|
 AvMiZjv lohš¿ duvm K‡i †`b Avwgb †nv‡mb|
 ‡kL gywReyi ingvb‡K Ôe½eÜÕz Dcvwa †`b †Zvdv‡qj
Avn‡¤§` 23 †deªæqvwi 1969 mv‡j|
 ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡qi wkÿK kvgmy‡¾vnv knx` nb 18
Rvbyqvwi 1969| (gyw³hy‡×i cÖ_g knx` eyw×Rxwe)
{ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡q Aew¯’Z knx` kvgmy‡¾vnvi ¯§„wZ
fv¯‹‡h©i bvg Ôùwj½Õ, fv¯‹i: KbK Kygvi cvVK}
 c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvgKiY Ôevsjv‡`kÕ Kiv nq 5 wW‡m¤^i
1969 mv‡j| Ôevsjv‡`kÕ bvgKiY K‡ib †kL gywReyi
ingvb|
c~e© cvwK¯Ívb QvÎjxM, QvÎ BDwbq‡bi `ywU MÖæc Ges RvZxq QvÎ
†dWv‡ik‡bi GKvsk wb‡q 1969 mv‡ji 5 Rvbyqvwi GKwU me©`jxq
ÔQvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ MwVZ nq| RbM‡Yi MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi Av`v‡qi
j‡ÿ¨ G msMÖvg cwil` Zv‡`i 11 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv Kiv nq|
AvIqvgx jx‡Mi 6 `dv Kg©m~wP Gi AšÍf~©³ Kiv nq| QvÎ msMÖvg
cwil‡`i 11 `dv Ges 6 `dvi wfwˇZ QvÎ-RbZv HK¨e× n‡j
AvBqye miKv‡ii weiæ‡× †h avivevwnK Av‡›`vjb K‡i ZvB
MYAfy¨Ìv‡b iƒc †bq| MYAfy¨Ìv‡bi Pv‡ci gy‡L AvBqye Lvb
c`Z¨vM K‡ib 1969 mv‡j 25 gvP© Ges ÿgZv †bb Av‡iK mvgwiK
kvmK Bqvwnqv Lvb|
1970- Gi wbe©vPb
1970 mv‡ji 7 wW‡m¤^i Ges 17 wW‡m¤^i h_vµ‡g RvZxq cwil`
cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡`i wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| G wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM
RvZxq cwil‡`i 169 wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 167 wU Avm‡b weRqx n‡q
GKK msL¨vMwiô `‡j cwiYZ nq|
RvZxq cwil` wbe©vPb- 7 wW‡m¤^i, 1970
 wbe©vwPZ Avmb - 300 wU
msiwÿZ Avmb - 13 wU
‡gvU Avmb msL¨v - 313 wU|
 AvIqvgx jxM Rq jvf K‡i- 167 wU Avm‡b|
cÖv‡`wkK cwil` wbe©vPb- 17 wW‡m¤^i, 1970
 wbe©vwPZ Avmb - 300 wU
msiwÿZ Avmb - 10 wU
‡gvU Avmb msL¨v - 310 wU|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 AvIqvgx jxM Rq jvf K‡i- 298 wU Avm‡b|
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb
e½eÜz Zuvi 7 gv‡P©i fvl‡Y wbe©vwPZ `j wn‡m‡e AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
wb‡`k©bv Abyhvqx †`k cwiPvjbvi †NvlYv ‡`b| RbMY‡K cvwK¯Ívb
miKv‡ii m‡½ me©vZ¥K Amn‡hvwMZvi wb‡`©k w`‡q wZwb Zvui fvl‡Y
e‡jb, Ò†KvU©-KvPvwi, Awdm-Av`vjZ, wkÿv cÖwZôvb Awbw`©óKv‡ji
Rb¨ eÜ Kivi †NvlYv Kiv n‡jv|Ó
wZwb e‡jb, Ò†h ch©šÍ Avgvi G‡`‡ki gyw³ bv n‡”Q ZZw`b LvRbv-
U¨v· eÜ K‡i †`Iqv n‡jv|Ó 25 †k gvP© RvZxq cwil‡`i
Awa‡ek‡b †hvM`v‡bi c~e©kZ© wn‡m‡e †h PviwU `vwe wZwb †NvlYv
K‡ib cvwK¯Ívb miKvi G `vwe¸‡jv †g‡b bv †bqv ch©šÍ wZwb
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Ae¨vnZ ivLvi wb‡`©k †`b| cvwK¯Ívb miKvi G
`vwe¸‡jv †g‡b †bqwb, d‡j evOvwjiv Av‡›`vjb †eMevb n‡q D‡V|
2 gvP© †_‡K 25 gvP© chšÍ© Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb P‡j| Amn‡hvM
Av‡›`vjb PjvKv‡j e½eÜzi wb‡`©‡k 2 I 3 gvP© mviv‡`‡k niZvj
cvwjZ nq|
¯^vaxbZvi B‡kZnvi
GKvˇii 1jv gvP© e½eÜz wb‡`©‡k QvÎjxM mfvcwZ b~‡i Avjg
wmwÏKx, mvaviY m¤ú`K kvnRvnvb wmivR Ges WvKmyi mn-mfvcwZ
Av.m.g Avãyi ie, mvaviY m¤úv`K Avãyj KzÏym gvLb GB Pvi †bZv
wg‡j GK ˆeV‡K Ô¯^vaxb evsjv QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ MVb K‡i|
GKvˇii 3 gvP© QvÎ msMÖvg cwil‡`i cëb mgv‡e‡k Ô¯^vaxbZvi
Bk‡ZnviÕ cvV Kiv nq| G‡Z c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg
evsjv‡`k Ges e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K evsjv‡`‡ki
Ômev©wabvqKÕ †NvlYv Kiv nq|
7B gv‡P©i HwZnvwmK fvlY
1971 mv‡ji 7B gvP© XvKvi igbvq Aew¯’Z †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b,
eZ©gvb †mvnivIqv`©x D`¨v‡b 18 wgwbU 19 †m‡KÛ ¯’vqx †kL gywReyi
ingvb KZ…©K GK HwZnvwmK fvlYB 7B gv‡P©i fvlY| D³ fvlYwU
wQ‡jv evOvwji ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZi AvnŸvb| D‡jøL¨ †h,
1970 mv‡j RvZxq cwil` wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zk
msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b Ki‡jI cvwK¯Ívwb kvmb‡Mvôx †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv
Lvb 3 gvP© RvZxq cwil‡`i Awa‡ekb 1 gvP© Awbw`©ó Kv‡ji Rb¨
g~jZwe †NvlYv K‡i| d‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY we‡ÿv‡f †d‡U
c‡o| 2 gvP© XvKvq Ges 3 gvP© cëb gq`v‡bi wekvj Rbmfvi
gva¨‡g me©vZ¥K Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Kg©m~wP Pvjy nq| GB
cUf~wg‡ZB ZrKvjxb †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b 7B gvP© wecyj msL¨K
gyw³Kvgx evOvwji mvg‡b e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb HwZnvwmK 7B
gv‡P©i fvlYwU cÖ`vb K‡ib|
22
 7B gv‡P©i fvl‡Yi welqe¯‘ wQj 4wU
 Pjgvb mvgwiK AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi|
 ‰mb¨‡`i e¨viv‡K wdwi‡q wb‡q hvIqv|
 MYnZ¨vi Z`šÍ Kiv|
 wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡`i Kv‡Q ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv|
7B gv‡P©i fvlY m¤ú‡K© Av‡iv Z_¨
 e½eÜz Zuvi HwZnvwmK fvlYwU †`b 7B gvP©, 1971 mv‡j
†im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b|
 7B gv‡P©i fvl‡Yi g~j e³e¨ wQ‡jv- cybivq wbe©vPb|
 7B gv‡P©i fvl‡Y e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †ck K‡i- 4
`dv `vex|
 fvl‡Yi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `ywU Dw³:
 Gev‡ii msMÖvg gyw³i msMÖvg, Gev‡ii msMÖvg
¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg|
 i³ hLb w`‡qwQ i³ Av‡iv w`e, GB †`‡ki gvbyl‡K
gy³ K‡i Qvo‡ev BbkvAvjøvn|
25 gv‡P©i MYnZ¨v I gyw³hy‡×i m~Pbv
19 gvP© 1971 B÷ †e½j †iwR‡g›U MvRxcy‡i gyw³hy‡×i cÖ_g mk¯¿
cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjv nq| cvwK¯Ívwb †mbviv 1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP©
iv‡Z ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b †h MYnZ¨vg~jK Awfhvb Pvwj‡qwQj
Zvi bvg w`‡qwQj ÔAcv‡ikb mvP© jvBUÕ| Acv‡ikb mvP© jvB‡Ui g~j
cwiKíbvKvix †jd‡Ub¨v›U †Rbv‡ij wU°v Lvb I ivIdigvb Avjx|
cÖ_g AvµgY Pvjv‡bv nq ivRvievM cywjk jvB‡b|
¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv
25 gvP© 1971 †ivR e„n¯úwZevi w`evMZ ivZ †`oUvq e½eÜz †kL
gywReyi ingvb‡K avbgwÛ 32 bs evmv n‡Z †MÖdZvi Kiv nq|
IBw`b w`‡bi †ejv †h †Kv‡bv Riæix †NvlYv cÖPv‡ii Dcj‡ÿ wZwb
cÖ‡KŠkj wek^we`¨vj‡qi K‡qKRb cÖ‡KŠkjx wb‡q avbgwÛi 32 bs
evmfe‡b GKwU UªvÝwgUvi ¯’vcb K‡ib e‡j AvIqvgx jxM m~‡Î
D‡jøL Av‡Q| ew›` nevi c~‡e© ga¨iv‡Z A_©vr 26 gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i
wZwb evsiv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib Ges G †NvlYv Iqvi‡jm
†hv‡M PÆMÖv‡g †cÖiY K‡ib| c‡ii w`b wewewmi ÔcÖfvZxÕ Awa‡ek‡b
e½eÜzi †NvlYvwU cÖPvwiZ nq| 1971 mv‡ji 26 gvP© e½eÜzi
†NvlYvwU evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi †NvlYv wn‡m‡e a‡i wb‡q
1980 mv‡j 26 gvP©‡K ¯^vaxbZv w`em ev RvZxq w`em wn‡m‡e
†NvlYv Kiv nq| 26 gvP©, 1971 `ycy‡i ZrKvjxb PÆMªvg AvIqvgx
jx‡Mi mvaviY m¤úv`K Avãyj nvbœvb e½eÜz c‡ÿ KvjyiNvU †eZvi
†K›`ª n‡Z ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvwU cÖPvi K‡ib| 27 gvP© 1971 KvjyiNvU
†eZvi †K›`ª n‡Z †gRi wRqvDi ingvb cÖ_‡g wbR bv‡g Ges c‡i
e½eÜz c‡ÿ ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv cvV K‡ib|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
*** 1971 mv‡ji 26 gvP© Bqvwnqv Lvb †eZvi fvl‡Y e½eÜz m¤ú‡K©
`‡¤¢vw³ K‡i e‡jb, Ò‡kL gywReyi ingvb KZ©„K ïiæ nIqv Amn‡hvM
Av‡›`vjb ivóª‡`ªvwnZvi kvwgj, GB †jvKwU Ges Zvi `j cvwK¯Ív‡bi
kÎæ|Ó
RvwZi wcZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb KZ©„K cÖ`Ë
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv
ÔBnvB nqZ Avgvi †kl evZ©v, AvR nB‡Z evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb| Avwg
evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY‡K AvnŸvb RvbvB‡ZwQ †h, †h †hLv‡b AvQ, hvnvi
hv wKQz Av‡Q, ZvB wb‡q iæ‡L `vovI, me©kw³ w`‡q nvbv`vi
evwnbx‡K cÖwZ‡iva K‡iv| cvwK¯Ívwb `Lj`vi evwnbxi †kl ˆmb¨wU‡K
evsjvi gvwU nB‡Z weZvwoZ bv Kiv ch©šÍ Ges P~ovšÍ weRq AR©b bv
Kiv ch©šÍ jovB Pvwj‡q hvIÕ|
gyw³ †dŠR I gyw³ evwnbx MVb
 gyw³ †dŠR MVb Kiv nq 4 GwcÖj, 1971 nweM‡Äi
†Zwjqvcvov Pv evMv‡b|
 gyw³ †dŠR MV‡bi †bZ…Z¡ †`b- ZrKvjxb †mbvevwnbxi
cÖavb K‡b©j AvZvDj MwY Imgvbx|
 gyw³ †dŠ‡Ri bvg cwieZ©b K‡i gyw³evwnbx ivLv nq- 11
GwcÖj, 1971 mv‡j|
¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ª
¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ª Avgv‡`i gyw³hy‡×i GK g¯Í eo A¯¿
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡iwQ‡jv| G †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡KB gvbyl e½eÜzi c‡ÿ
wRqvDi ingv‡bi K‡É gyw³hy‡×i WvK ïb‡Z cvq| hy× ïiæ n‡j
¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K cÖwZw`b iYv½‡bi LeivLei Rvbv‡bv
QvovI PigcÎ, ‡`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb, bvUK, Kw_Kv BZ¨vw` Abyôvb
cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g RbMY‡K hy‡×i D×z× K‡i †i‡LwQj|
 Ae¯’vb- PÆMÖv‡gi KvjyiNv‡U|
 AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq `ywU Abyôvb- ÔPigcÎÕ I ÔRjøv‡`i `iev‡iÕ|
ÔPigcÎÕ cvV K‡ib- Gg.Avi.AvLZvi gyKzj|
 ÔRjøv‡`i `iev‡iÕ Abyôv‡b, †Rbv‡j Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi
cÖZxKx PwiÎ- †Kjøv d‡Zn Lvb|
 cÖ_g bvix wkíx- bwgZv †Nvl|
 cwÎKv cvV K‡ib- †ejvj Avn‡g`|
 ¯^vaxY evsjv †eZvi †K‡›`ªi m¤úªPvi eÜ Kiv n‡qwQj- 30
gvP©, 1971|
gnvb gyw³hy×
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi me©vwabvqK ‡kL gywRe‡K ÔRvwZi
RbKÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡ib Av.m.g Ave`yi ei 3 gvP© 1971 mv‡j|
23
  evsjv‡`‡ki cZvKv cÖ_g D‡Ëvjb K‡ib- Av.m.g Ave`yi ‡m±i
ie- 2 gvP© 1971| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv w`em 2
gvP©| bs `vwqZ¡cÖvß KgvÛvi m`i`ßi
‡m±i ‡gRi wRqvDi ingvb (GwcÖj-Ryb)| nwibv,
 gyw³hy‡× cÖ_g mk¯¿ cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡j- B÷ †e½j
1 ‡gRi iwdKzj Bmjvg (Ryb-wW‡m¤^i)| wÎcyiv
†iwR‡g›U (MvRxcy‡i)| ‡m±i ‡gRi Lv‡j` †gvkviid(GwcÖj- ‡gNvNi,
 1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP© cvwK¯Ívwbiv †h mvgwiK AvMÖmb Pvjvq 2 ‡m‡Þ¤^i)| wÎcyiv
Zvi bvg- Acv‡ikb mvP© jvBU| ‡gRi nvq`vi (‡m‡Þ¤^i- wW‡m¤^i)|
 cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i ee©iZvi Lei cÖ_g ewn©we‡k^ cÖKvk K‡ib- ‡m±i ‡gRi kwdDjøvn (GwcÖj-‡m‡Þ¤^i)| KjvMvwQ,
mvBgb wWªs (e„‡Ub)| 3 ‡gRi byiæ¾vgvb (‡m‡Þ¤^i- wW‡m¤^i)| wÎcyiv
‡m±i ‡gRi wm Avi `Ë| (mv¤úªwZ gviv †M‡Qb KwigMÄ/
 Kvjyi NvU †eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K 26 gvP© ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv
4 eva¨K¨ RwbZ Kvi‡Y)| bvwQgcyi,
cvV K‡ib- AvIqvgxjx‡Mi †bZv Gg. nvbœvb| Avmvg
 gywRebM‡ii cyivZb bvg- ˆe`¨bv_ Zjvi f‡eicvov| ‡m±i ‡gRi gxi kIKZ Avjx| euvkZjv,
5 mybvgMÄ
gywRebMi miKvi ‡m±i DBs KgvÛvi evkvi| eywogvix,
6 cvUMÖvg
evsjv‡`‡ki gywRebMi miKv‡ii ivRavbx †g‡nicyi †Rjvi
‡m±i ‡gRi KvRx byiæ¾vgvb| Zi½cyi,
gywRebMi| gywRebMi miKvi MwVZ nq 10 GwcÖj 1971| gywRebMi 7 cwðge½
miKvi kc_ †bq 17 GwcÖj 1971| A¯’vqx miKv‡ii kc_ evK¨ cvV ‡m±i ‡gRi Imgvb †PŠayix (A‡±ei ch©š)Í | ‡ebv‡cvj
Kivb Aa¨vcK BDmyd Avjx| evsjv‡`k cÖRvZš¿ †NvwlZ nq 17 8 ‡gRi Gg. G gbRyi (GwcÖj-wW‡m¤^i)| Kj¨vYx,
GwcÖj 1971| gywRebMi w`em cvwjZ nq 17 GwcÖj| fviZ
‡m±i ‡gRi Ave`yj Rwjj (GwcÖj-wW‡m¤^i)| nvmbvev`,
*** gywRebMi miKv‡ii Aci bvg A¯’vqx miKvi, cÖevmx miKvi| 9 Gg.G. gÄyi (AwZwi³ `vwqZ¡)| fviZ
gš¿Yvjq msL¨v 12 wU Ges miKv‡ii ‡gvU m`m¨ wQ‡jb 6 Rb| ‡m±i gyw³evwnbxi †UªwbscÖvß †bŠ-KgvÛviMY| ‡bB
10
 A¯’vqx miKv‡ii cÖavb: e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb ‡m±i ‡gRi Avey Zv‡ni (GwcÖj-b‡f¤^i)| g‡n›`ªMÄ,
(ivóªcwZ)| 11 d¬vBU ‡j: Gg nvwg`yjøvn (b‡f¤^i-wW‡m¤^i)| Avmvg
 A¯’vqx miKv‡ii Dc-ivóªcwZ I A¯’vqx ivóªcwZ: ˆmq`
bRiæj Bmjvg|
gyw³evwnbxi †dvm©
 A¯’vqx miKv‡ii cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb: ZvRywÏb Avn‡g`|
GQvovI A_© I cÖwZiÿv Dc‡`óv, Z_¨ cÖPvi Ges gyw³evwnbxi 3 Rb †kÖô KgvÛv‡ii bvgvbymv‡i 3wU †dvm© MVb Kiv
†Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM, A_©‰bwZK I cwiKíbv Ges Dbœqb nq| h_v:
welqK, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨, kÖg Ges mgvR Kj¨vY welqK|
 A_©gš¿x: Gg. gbmyi Avjx| ¯^ivóª, ÎvY I cybev©mb gš¿x:  AwabvqK: †gRi wRqvDi ingvb|
‡RW †dvm©  MwVZ nq: 7 RyjvB, 1971|
G.GBP.Gg. Kvgviæ¾vgvb| ciivóª I AvBbgš¿x: L›`Kvi
 m`m`ßi: †ZjXvjv, Zziv|
†gvkZvK Avng`|
 AwabvqK: †gRi Lv‡j` †gvkvid
 A¯’vqx miKv‡ii †mbvcÖavb wQ‡jb: AvZvDj MwY Imgvbx| ‡K †dvm©  MwVZ nq: 7 A‡±ei, 1971|
A¯’vqx miKv‡ii wegvb evwnbxi cÖavb wQ‡jb: K¨v‡Þb G.  m`m `ßi: AvMiZjv, wÎcyiv|
†K. L›`Kvi| wPd Ae ÷vd K‡b©j (Ae) Avãyi ie Gm †dvm©  AwabvqK: †gRi ‡K.Gg. kwdDjøvn|
GgGbG| cÖevmx miKv‡ii gyL¨ mwPe- iæûj KzÏym, gš¿x  MwVZ nq: ‡m‡Þei, 1971|
cwil` mwPe- GBP.wU Bgvg|  m`m`ßi: nvRvgviv|
 A¯’vqx miKv‡ii mwPevjq wQj- 8bs w_‡qUvi †ivW,
KjKvZv| we‡`kx eÜz
 me©`wjq Dc‡`óv KwgwU- gIjvbv fvmvbx (†Pqvig¨vb),  cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i ee©iZvi Lei cÖ_g ewn©we‡k^ cÖKvk K‡ib-
ZvRDÏxb Avng` (AvnŸvqK), Kg‡iW gwY wms (m`m¨), mvBgb wWªs (e„‡Ub)|
Aa¨vcK †gvRvddi Avng` (m`m¨), g‡bviÄb ai  GKgvÎ we‡`kx ‡LZve cÖvß gyw³hy×v- †nvqvBj †ngvi
(m`m¨) I L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avng` (m`m¨)| IqvWvij¨vÛ| IqvWvij¨vÛ wQ‡jb Avgv‡`i cÖavb †Mwijv
cÖwkÿK|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 24
  Concert for Bangladesh Gi AvnŸvqK- iwe msKi c~e© Rvg©vwb 11 Rvbyqvwi 1972
(†mZviv ev`K), cÖavb wkíx- RR© n¨vwimb, RR© BD‡ivc ‡cvj¨vÛ, BZvwj 12 †deªæqvwi 1972
n¨vwim‡bi e¨vÛ `‡ji bvg weUjm (1960)| biI‡q 4 †deªæqvwi 1972
d«vÝ 14 †deªæqvwi 1972
 September on Jessore Road KweZvwU iPbv K‡ib-
‡m‡bMvj 1 †deªæqvwi 1972
gvwK©b Kwe A¨v‡bj wM‡bmevM©| gwikvm 20 †deªæqvwi 1972
 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡×i mgq fvi‡Zi cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb- Avwd«Kv Mvw¤^qv 2 gvP© 1972
Bw›`iv MvÜx (wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki c‡ÿ †MvUv we‡k^ RbgZ M¨veb 6 GwcÖj 1972
MVb K‡ib)| Avj‡Rwiqv 16 RyjvB 1973
eve©v‡Wvm 20 Rvbyqvwi 1972
KbmvU© di evsjv‡`k DËi Av‡gwiKv KvbvWv 14 †deªæqvwi 1972
gvwK©b hy³ivóª 4 GwcÖj 1972
iK MvqK RR© n¨vwimb wbDBq©‡Ki †gwWmb ¯‹qv‡i GK Kbmv‡U©i ‡gw·‡Kv 10 †g 1972
gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i Rb¨ 9 wgwjqb Wjvi msMÖn K‡ib| ‡f‡bRy‡qjv 2 †g 1972
AbywôZ nq- 1 AvM÷, 1971| Av‡qvRK: †dvevbv, e¨vÛ `j `wÿY ‡gw·‡Kv 11 †g 1972
weUjm| cÖavb wkíx: RR© n¨vwimb, mnwkíx: cwÐZ iweksKi, Av‡gwiKv eªvwRj 15 †g 1972
Av‡R©w›Ubv 25 †g 1972
eewWjvb|
 cÖ_g †`k wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i- fzUvb|
wewea Z_¨  evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vbKvix cÖ_g DËi Av‡gwiKvb
†`k- eve©v‡Wvm|
 Zvivgb wewe, K¨v‡Þb †mZviv ‡eMg I KuvKb wewe wQ‡jb  evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vbKvix cÖ_g BD‡ivwcqvb Ges
gwnjv gyw³‡hv×v| gyw³hy‡× Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ ivóªxq cyi¯‹vi- cÖ_g mgvRZvwš¿K †`k- c~e©Rvg©vb (†cvj¨vÛ)|
4wU (m‡ev©”P †LZve exi‡kÖô)|  evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vbKvix cÖ_g Gkxq gymwjg
 cvwK¯Ívwb †bŠ-kw³‡K aŸsk Kivi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ Awfhvb †`k/Abvie gymwjg †`k- B‡›`v‡bwkqv I gvj‡qwkqv|
ÔAcv‡ikb R¨vKcUÕ|  evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vbKvix cÖ_g Avwd«Kvb †`k/cÖ_g
 gyw³hy‡×i mgq †_‡K kµgy³ †Rjv- h‡kvi (7 wW‡m¤^i, gymwjg †`k- †m‡bMvj|
1971)|  evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vbKvix cÖ_g Avie †`k/ga¨cÖv‡P¨i
 mvwnwZ¨K Ave`ym mvËvi gyw³hy‡× Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ exi †`k- BivK|
cÖZxK †LZve cvb|
 mvZ Rb exi‡kÖô Gi g‡a¨ cÖ_g g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib †gv: ivóªxq †LZve
†gv¯Ívdv Kvgvj, me©‡kl g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib gwnDwÏb miKvi 1973 mv‡ji 15 wW‡m¤^i gyw³hy‡× K…wZZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivLvi
Rvnv½xi| ¯^xK…wZ¯^viƒc 4 ai‡bi †LZve cÖ`vbK‡ib| h_v:
 gwnjv gyw³‡hv×v Lvwmqv m¤úª`v‡qi KuvKb wewe (gyw³‡ewU)
eZ©gvb
†Kvb ivóªxq †LZve cvbwb|
 exi‡kÖô †LZve - 7 Rb 7 Rb
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ
 exi DËg †LZve - 68 Rb 68 Rb
wewfbœ †`k KZ…©K evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^xK…wZ  exi weµg †LZve - 175 Rb 174 Rb
gnv‡`k ‡`k ZvwiL  exi cÖZxK †LZve - 426 Rb 424 Rb
fzUvb 6 wW‡m¤^i, 1971 ‡gvU †LZve cvb = 676 Rb 672 Rb
fviZ 6 wW‡m¤^i, 1971
Gwkqv B‡›`v‡bwkqv 25 †deªæqvwi 1972 *** 6 Ryb 2021 mv‡j gyw³hy× welqK gš¿Yvjq e½eÜz nZ¨v
gvj‡qwkqv 25 †deªæqvwi 1972 gvgjvq `wÛZ 4 R‡bi exiZ¡m~PK ivóªxq †LZve evwZj K‡i cÖÁvcb
BivK 8 RyjvB 1972 Rvwi K‡i|
cvwK¯Ívb 22 †deªæqvwi 1974
exi‡kÖô‡`i bv‡gi ZvwjKv
bvg Kg©¯’j c`ex hy‡×i †m±i g„Zz¨ ZvwiL wbR †Rjv
‡gv¯Ívdv Kvgvj ‡mbvevwnbx wmcvnx 2 bs 18 GwcÖj, 1971 ‡fvjv
nvwg`yi ingvb ‡mbvevwnbx wmcvnx 4 bs 28 A‡±ei, 1971 wSbvB`n
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 25
gwnDwÏb Rvnv½xi ‡mbvevwnbx K¨v‡Þb 7 bs 14 wW‡m¤^i, 1971 ewikvj
b~i ‡gvnv¤§` BwcAvi j¨vÝ bv‡qK 8 bs 05 †mÞei, 1971 bovBj
gywÝ Avãyi iDd BwcAvi j¨vÝ bv‡qK 1 bs 20 GwcÖj, 1971 dwi`cyi
gwZDi ingvb wegvbevwnbx d¬vBU ‡jd‡Ub¨v›U cvwK¯Ívb 20 AvM÷, 1971 biwms`x
iæûj Avwgb ‡bŠ-evwnbx BwÄwbqvi 2 bs 10 wW‡m¤^i, 1971 ‡bvqvLvjx

evwnbx wfwËK exi‡kÖô GKvˇii wgwQj Keix mv‡ivqvi

 ‡mbvevwnbx- 3 Rb|
 ‡bŠevwnbx- 1 Rb| gyw³hy× wb‡q wbwg©Z cÖvgvY¨ wPÎ
 wegvbevwnbx- 1 Rb| bvg cwiPvjK
 BwcAvi (cywjk evwnbx)- 2 Rb| ÷c †R‡bvmvBW, Rwni ivqnvb
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ knx` eyw×RxexMY G †÷U BR eb©
`¨v wjev‡ikb dvBUvm© AvjgMxi Kwei
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„w×Rxex we`m- 14 wW‡m¤^i| gyw³i Mvb Zv‡iK gvmy` I K¨v_wib gvmy`
 ‡mwjbv cvifxb- mvsevw`K wQ‡jb| gyw³hy‡× wbnZ GKgvÎ cjvkx †_‡K avbgwÛ Avãyj Mvd&dvi †PŠayix
bvix mvsevw`K| ¯§„wZ 71 Zvbfxi ‡gvKv‡¤§j
 Rwni ivqnvb- †jLK I Pjw”PÎKvi wQ‡jb| knx`yjøvn Liberation AvjgMxi Kwei
Kvqmv‡ii †QvU fvB| Fighters, Diaries
 gybxi †PŠayix- wkÿK I mvwnwZ¨K wQ‡jb| Xv.we. evsjv of Bangladesh, GK
wefv‡M wkÿKZv Ki‡Zb| mvMi i‡³i wewbg‡q
 knx`yjøv Kvqmvi- Av‡jvwPZ mvsevw`K wQ‡jb|
gyw³hy× wfwËK Pjw”PÎ
 Av‡bvqvi cvkv- wkÿK wQ‡jb| Xv.we. evsjv wefv‡M
wkÿKZv Ki‡Zb|
bvg cwiPvjK
 ‡Mvwe›` P›`ª †`e- wkÿK I `vk©wbK wQ‡jb| Xv.we. `k©b
Iiv GMviRb, msMÖvg, Pvlx bRiæj Bmjvg
wefv‡M wkÿKZv Ki‡Zb|
nv½i b`x †MÖ‡bW,
 ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë- ivRbxwZwe` I fvlv ˆmwbK wQ‡jb| evsjv ‡g‡Ni c‡i †gN
fvlvi cÖ¯ÍveK| i³v³ evsjv ggZvR Avjx
 AvjZvd gvngy`- MxwZKvi I myiKvi wQ‡jb| ax‡i e‡n †gNbv AvjgMxi Kwei
gyw³hy×Kvjxb eû Mv‡bi iPwqZv| Av‡jvi wgwQj bvivqY †Nvl wgZv
 ‡R¨vwZg©q ¸nVvKziZv- wkÿK wQ‡jb| Xv.we. Bs‡iwR Av¸‡bi cikgwb, ûgvqyb Avn‡g`
wefv‡M wkÿKZv Ki‡Zb| k¨vgj Qvqv
gyw³hy×Kvjxb mg‡q e„nr ivóªmg~‡ni ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨w³eM© Avgvi eÜz iv‡k`, ‡LjvNi, ‡gvi‡k`yj Bmjvg
Awbj evMwPi GKw`b
 fvi‡Zi cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb Bw›`iv Mv×x| 71 Gi gv Rbbx kvn Avjg wKib
 ‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U wQ‡jb wb‡KvjvB c`MwY©| euvabnviv G.‡R. wg›Uz
 hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U wQ‡jb wiPvW© wb·b| KjgxjZv knx`yj nK Lvb
 hy³iv‡óª wbivcËv welqK Dc‡`óv wQ‡jb †nbix wKwmÄvi| RqhvÎv ‡ZŠwKi Avn‡g`
 Px‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U wQ‡jb †`vs wely| GKvˇii hxï, ‡Mwijv bvwmiDwÏb BDmyd
gyw³hy×wfwËK ¯^í‰`N© Pjw”PÎ
Avevi †Zviv gvbyl n, Lvb AvZvDi ingvb
GLbI A‡bK ivZ
bvg cwiPvjK
ûwjqv Zvbfxi ‡gvKv‡¤§j b`xi bvg gaygwZ, Zvbwfi †gvKv‡¤§j
wPÎv b`xi cv‡o
AvMvgx, m~Pbv ‡gvi‡k`yj Bmjvg
‡g‡Ni A‡bK is nviæbyi iwk`
AveZ©b, a~mi hvÎv Avey mvBwq`
ü`‡q-71 mv‡`K wmwÏKx
GKvˇii hxï bvwmiæÏxb BDmyd ev”Py
Rqevsjv dLiæj Avjg
`yišÍ Lvb AvLZvi †nv‡mb
Pvw° Gbv‡qZ Kwei evejy
eLv‡U nvweeyj Bmjvg nvwee

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 26

 gyw³hy× wfwËK Mvb ‡`qvj Avey Rvdi kvgmywÏb
Mvb MxwZKvi/myiKvi/wkíx ‡divix m~h© iv‡eqv LvZzb
me KwU Rvbvjv Ly‡j `vI MxwZKvi- bRiæj Bmjvg evey I¼vi, AjvZPµ Avng` Qdv
bv........ myiKvi- Avn‡g` BgwZqvR eyjeyj
wkíx- mvwebv Bqvmwgb gyw³hy× wfwËK bvUK
Avgv‡`i msMÖvg Pj‡eB, MxwZKvi- wmKvb`vi Avey Rvdi
RbZvi msMÖvg Pj‡eB..... MÖš’ ‡jLK
‡gviv GKwU dzj‡K euvPv‡ev MxwZKvi- †Mvwe›` nvj`vi cv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvq, byiæj kvgmyi ingvb
e‡j hy× Kwi......... wkíx- Av‡cj gvngy` `x‡bi mvivRxeb
c~e© w`M‡šÍ m~h© D‡V‡Q,..... MxwZKvi- †Mvwe›` nvj`vi wK Pvn k•LwPj, eY¨‡Pviv, eKzj ggZvR DwÏb Avn¤§`
GK mvMi i‡³i wewbg‡q MxwZKvi- †Mvwe›` nvj`vi cy‡ii ¯^vaxbZv
evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv Avb‡j wkíx- cÖ_‡g ¯^cœv ivq c‡i †i‡eKv ‡h Ai‡Y¨ Av‡jv †bB bxwjgv Beªvwng
hviv....... myjZvbv bi‡K jvj †Mvjvc AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`
Rq evsjv evsjvi Rq..... MxwZKvi- MvRx gvhnviæj Ò Have you think about water
Av‡bvqvi that you drinkÓ
‡kvb GKwU gywRe‡ii MxwZKvi- †MŠixcÖmbœ gRyg`vi
†_‡K.........
gyw³hy× wfwËK Kve¨MÖš’
gyw³hy× wfwËK cÖ_g
Kve¨MÖš’ ‡jLK
aib bvg cwiPvjK
Zwzg Avm‡e e‡j †n ¯^vaxbZv ‰mq` kvgmyj nK
¯^í ‰`N©¨ Pjw”PÎ AvMvgx (1985) †gvi‡k`yj Bmjvg
e›`x wkwei †_‡K kvgmyi ingvb
cÖvgvY¨ Pjw”PÎ ÷c †R‡bvmvBU Rwni ivqnvb
Avgvi cÖwZw`‡bi kã ‰mq` Avjx Avnmvb
(1971)
gyw³hy‡×i KweZv Aveyj nvmbvZ
c~Y©½ Pjw”PÎ Iiv 11 Rb (1972) Pvlx bRiæj
Bmjvg
Dcb¨vm ivB‡dj †ivwU Av‡bvqvi cvkv gyw³hy× wfwËK cÖeÜ
AvIivZ (1971)
cÖ_g fv¯‹h© RvMÖZ †Pvi½x, Avãyi iv¾vK cÖeÜ ‡jLK
MvRxcyi (1973) Avwg exiv½bv ejwQ bxwjgv Beªvwng
bvUK cv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv ‰mq` kvgmyj nK Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg MvRxDj nK
hvq evsjv‡`k K_v Kq Avãyj Mvddvi †PŠayix
KweZv ¯^vaxbZv Zzwg kvgmyi ingvb evsjv‡`k I e½eÜz ‡gvbv‡qg miKvi
Mí msKjb evsjv‡`k K_v Kq Avãyj Mvddvi
†PŠayix gyw³hy× wfwËK MíMÖš’

gyw³hy× wfwËK Dcb¨vm MíMÖš’ ‡jLK

bvg cwiPvjK ‡iBb‡KvU AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm
‡R¨vr¯œv I Rbbxi Mí, ûgvqyb Avn‡g` GKvˇii hxï kvnwiqvi Kwei
Av¸‡bi cikgwb bvgnxb †MvÎnxb nvmvb AvwRRyj nK
Rvnvbœvg n‡Z we`vq, hvÎv, kIKZ Imgvb mg‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b Rwni ivqnvb
‡bK‡o AiY¨, Rb¥ hw` Ze e‡½, Rb¥ hw` Ze e½ kIKZ Imgvb
`yB ˆmwbK
ivB‡dj ‡ivwU AvIivZ Av‡bvqvi cvkv gyw³hy× wfwËK m¤úvw`Z MÖš’
gv Avwbmyj nK
bxj `skb, wbwl× †jvevb ‰mq` kvgmyj nK MÖš’ ‡jLK
gyw³h‡×i Dcb¨vm mgMÖ AvgRv` †nv‡mb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy×: `wjj cÎ nvmvb nvwdRyi ingvb
nv½i b`x †MÖ‡bW ‡mwjbv †nv‡mb (15 L‡Û msKwjZ)
GKwU Kv‡jv †g‡qi K_v, 1971 Zviv k¼i e‡›`vcva¨vq gyw³hy× †Kvl (12 L‡Û msKwjZ) gybZvmxi gvgyb
Dcgnv‡`k Avj gvngy` GKvˇii wPwV cÖ_gv cÖKvkb †_‡K
LuvPvq iwk` nvq`vi cÖKvwkZ

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 27

 gyw³hy× wfwËK ¯§„wZK_v
¯§„wZK_v
GKvˇii w`b¸‡jv
GKvˇii wbkvb
GKvˇii XvKv
¯§„wZi kni
GKvˇii eY©gvjv, Avwg weRq
†`‡LwQ, Rq evsjv, gyw³hy× GKvËi
GKvˇii Wv‡qix
‡divix Wv‡qix
cÖev‡m gyw³hy‡×i w`b¸wj
GKvˇii weRq Muv_v
Avgvi wKQz K_v
gyw³hy× wfwËK Bs‡iwR‡Z †jLv MÖš’
MÖš’
A Golden Age, The Good
Muslim, The bones of Grace
Surrender at Dacca: Birth of a
Nation
`¨ µzqj ev_© Ae evsjv‡`k
eøvW †UwjMÖvg
A Search for Identity
The Libaration War of
Bangladesh
The Rape of Bangladesh,
Bangladesh A Legacy of Blood
Witness to Surrender
The Betrayal of East Pakistan
gyw³hy× wfwËK Ab¨vb¨ MÖš’
MÖš’
g„Zz¨Äqx gywRe
Rb¥B Avgvi AvRb¥ cvc
jÿ cÖv‡Yi wewbg‡q
Avwg bvix Avwg gyw³‡hv×v
AvZ¥K_v 1971 (¯§„wZPviYg~jK),
¯^vaxbZv G kãwU Kxfv‡e Avgv‡`i n‡jv
(KweZv)
¯^vaxbZv Zzwg, †Zvgv‡K cvIqvi Rb¨ †n
¯^vaxbZv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wKQz MÖš’
‡k‡i evsjv †_‡K e½eÜz, Avgvi †`Lv
ivRbxwZi 50 eQi, Avqbv
‡kl we‡K‡ji †g‡q, eid Mjv b`x,
Av‡iK dvêyb
‡jLK ‡ZBk b¤^i ˆZjwPÎ AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`
we‡`ªvnx (KweZv), KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
Rvnvbviv Bgvg euvab nviv, g„Zz¨ÿz`v, K‡nwjKv
iv‡eqv LvZzb (Dcb¨vm)
‡mwjbv †nv‡mb welv` wmÜz gxi †gvkviid †nv‡mb
kvgmyi ingvb µxZ`v‡mi nvwm kIKZ Imkvb
Gg Avi AvLivZ gyKzj ÔebjZv †mbÕ KweZv Rxebvb›` `vk
Avwg wKse`wšÍi K_v ejwQ Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvn
mywdqv Kvgvj
AvjvDwÏb Avj AvRv`
Ò Take what is given freely,
Avey mvC` †PŠayix
iwdKzj Bmjvg enjoy what is good,
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi and turn away from the ignorant |Ó
ingvb
‡jKPvi b¤^i-05
‡jLK
Zvnwggv Avbvg
‡R Avi R¨vKe GKwU iv‡óªi m‡ev©”P AvBb ev `wjj msweavb| msweav‡b iv‡óªi
wZbwU A½ ev wefvM A_©vr AvBb, kvmb I wePvi wefv‡Mi g‡a¨
AvP©vi †e eøvW© ÿgZv mylgfv‡e ewY©Z _v‡K| msweavb g~jZ GKwU iv‡óªi `cY©|
M¨vwi †R e¨vm msweavb `yB cÖKvi: wjwLZ I AwjwLZ| Z‡e ms‡kvab c×wZi Dci
‡gRi Avãyj Rwjj wfwË K‡i msweavb `yB cÖKvi: mycwieZ©bxq I `y®úwieZ©bxq|
myLIqvšÍ wms
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb wjwLZ I `y®úwieZ©bxq|
A¨vš’wb
gvmKv‡ibnvm c„w_exi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g wjwLZ msweavb cÖYqb K‡i wek^bwe nhiZ
wmwÏK gvwjK gynv¤§` (m.) hv gw`bv mb` bv‡g cwiwPZ [624wLª:]| gw`bvi mb‡`i
G. †K. Lvb wbqvRx 47 wU aviv i‡q‡Q| ivóªweÁv‡bi RbK Gwi÷Uj e‡j‡Qb, Òiv‡óªi
cQ›`K„Z Rxeb c×wZB msweavb|Ó
msweavb iPbvi †cÖÿvcU
‡jLK 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb n‡j e½eÜz ¯^‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i †`k
wkwib Av³vi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU msweav‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡ib| 11
`vD` nvq`vi Rvbyqvwi e½eÜz A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`k Rvwi K‡ib| 12 Rvbyqvwi
‡gRi iwdKzj e½eÜz cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡MÖnY K‡ib Ges ivóªcwZi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i
Bmjvg
Avey mvC` †PŠayix| 1972 mv‡ji 23 gvP© gnvgvb¨ ivóªcwZ Avey
‡mwjbv †nv‡mb
wbg©‡j›`ª ¸Y mvC` †PŠayix MYcwil‡` Av‡`k Rvwi K‡ib| evsjv‡`k msweavb
iPbvi cÖ_g c`‡ÿc wQj MYcwil` Av‡`k Rvwi| GB Av‡`k
Abyhvqx 1970 mv‡j wbe©vwPZ RvZxq cwil` I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡`i
kvgmyi ingvb m`m¨‡`i wb‡q MYcwil` MwVZ nq| cÖv‡`wkK I RvZxq cwil‡`i
†gvU m`m¨ wQj 469 Rb| Z‡e mK‡j MYcwil‡`i m`m¨ n‡Z
cv‡iwb| KviY gyw³hy‡× kwn` nb 12 Rb, `vjvwji Awf‡hv‡M ev`
c‡ob 5 Rb, `yb©xwZi `v‡q AvIqvgx jxM †_‡K ewn®‹vi nb 46 Rb,
Aveyj gbmyi Avng` cvwK¯Ívb‡K mg_©b K‡ib 2 Rb Ge ˆe‡`wkK PvKzwi‡Z †hvM`vb
K‡ib 1 Rb, A_©vr †gvU 66 Rb ev` c‡o hvb d‡j MYcwil‡`i
Rwni ivqnvb
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 28
‡gvU m`m¨ `vuovq 403 Rb| MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g Awa‡ekb e‡m
1972 mv‡ji 10 GwcÖj| H Awa‡ek‡bB msweavb iPbvi KwgwU Kiv
nq| 16 wW‡m¤^i, 1972 ¯^vaxbZvi wVK GK eQi ci evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavb Kvh©Ki Kiv nq|
MYcwil`
 Av‡`k Rvwi Kiv nq- 23 gvP©, 1972|
 Av‡`k Rvwi K‡ib- Avey mvC` †PŠayix|
 ‡gvU m`m¨- 403 Rb|
 cÖ_g Awa‡ekb e‡m- 10 GwcÖj, 1972|
 cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib- gvIjvbv Avãyj iwk`
ZK©evwMk|
 cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b ¯úxKvi wQ‡jb- kvn Avãyj nvwg`|
 cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b †WcywU ¯úxKvi wQ‡jb- ‡gvnv¤§` Djøvn|
 Lmov msweavb MYcwil‡` DÌvcb Kiv nq- 12 A‡±vei,
1972|
 Lmov msweavb MYcwil` KZ©„K M„wnZ nq- 4 b‡f¤^i,
1972| msweavb w`em- 4 b‡f¤^i|
 MYcwil‡`i m`m¨MY Lmov msweav‡b ¯^vÿi K‡i- 14 I
15 wW‡m¤^i, 1972|
 Lmov msweav‡b cÖ_g ¯^vÿi K‡ib- †kL gywReyi ingvb|
 msweavb Kvh©Ki nq- 16 w‡m¤^i, 1972|
 MYcwil` †f‡½ †`Iqv nq- 16 wW‡m¤^i, 1972|
msweavb iPbv KwgwU
 evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi iƒcKvi/ RbK W. Kvgvj †nv‡mb|
ZrKvjxb mgq (1972) wZwb AvBbgwš¿ wQ‡jb|
 MVb Kiv nq- 11 GwcÖj, 1972|
 ‡gvU m`m¨- 34 Rb|
 AvIqvgx jx‡Mi m`m¨ wQ‡ib- 33 Rb|
 GKgvÎ gwnjv m`m¨- ivwRqv Av³vi evby|
 GKgvÎ we‡ivax `jxq m`m¨ wQ‡jb- myiwÄZ †mb ¸ß|
 cÖ_g Awa‡ekb nq- 17 GwcÖj, 1972|
 Lmov msweavb Aby‡gv`b K‡i- 10 Ryb, 1972|
GK bR‡i evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb
 msweav‡bi ïiæ- cÖ¯Ívebv w`‡q, †kl nq Zdwmj w`‡q|
 msweav‡bi AwffveK/ e¨vL¨vKiK- mywcÖg †KvU©|
 msweav‡bi fvlv- 2wU (evsjv I Bs‡iwR)|
 ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ- 4wU|
 ‡gŠwjK bxwZ- 7wU|
 Zdwmj msL¨v- 7wU|
 Aa¨vq ev fvM- 11wU, msweav‡bi ˆewkó- 12wU|
 Aby‡”Q`- 153wU|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 ms‡kvabx- 17wU|
 n¯ÍwjwLZ msweav‡bi †jLK Avãyi iDd|
 Lmov msweav‡bi AjsKiY I wWRvDbvi Rqbyj Av‡ew`b|
 n¯ÍwjwLZ msweav‡bi c„ôv- 93 wU, Z‡e ¯^vÿimn 108 wU|
msweav‡bi 4wU g~jbxwZ
g~jbxwZ 1972 cwiewZ©Z g~jbxwZ
1. ag©wbi‡cÿKZv 1. me©kw³gvb Avjøvni Dci c~Y© Av¯’v
I wek^vm
2. evOvwj RvZxqZvev` 2. evsjv‡`wk RvZxqZvev`
3. MYZš¿ 3. MYZš¿
4. mgRvZš¿ 4. A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK b¨vq wePvi
A‡_© mgvRZš¿
¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡kl Z_¨
 evsjv‡`k weRq jvf K‡i- 16 wW‡m¤^i, 1971|
 msweavb Kvh©Ki nq- 16 wW‡m¤^i, 1972|
 MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g mfvcwZ- gvIjvbv Ave`yi ikx`
Ze©evwMk| MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g ¯úxKvi- kvn Avãyj nvwg`|
 MYcwil‡`i cÖ_g †WcywU ¯úxKvi- ‡gvnv¤§` Djøvn|
 RvZxq msm‡`i cÖ_g ¯úxKvi- ‡gvnv¤§` Djøvn| eZ©gvb
¯úxKvi kxwib kvigxb †PŠaywi (13 Zg)|
 RvZxq msm‡`i cÖ_g †WcywU ¯úxKvi- ‡gvnv¤§` evqZzjøvn|
eZ©gvb †WcywU ¯úxKvi kvgmyj UzKz (13 Zg)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki g~j msweavb msiwÿZ Av‡Q- kvnevM RvZxq
Rv`yN‡i|
 we‡k^i me‡P‡q eo msweavb- fvi‡Zi msweavb|
 we‡k^i me‡P‡q †QvU msweavb- hy³iv‡óªi msweavb|
 c„w_exi kvwšÍi msweavb ejv nq Rvcv‡bi msweavb‡K|
 evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb iwPZ n‡q‡Q weª‡Ub I fvi‡Zi
msweav‡bi Av`‡j|
 wjwLZ msweav‡bi †`k fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb, hy³ivóª, ivwkqv,
d«vÝ| AwjwLZ msweav‡bi †`k weª‡Ub, †¯úb, wbDwRj¨vÛ,
†mŠw` Avie|
 we‡k^i `ywU †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv cÎ i‡q‡Q| hy³ivóª
(1776: RR© IqvwmsUb) Ges evsjv‡`k (1971: e½eÜz)|
msweav‡bi Aa¨vq ev fvM Ges Aby‡”Q`mg~n
cÖ_g fvM-cÖRvZš¿
Aby‡”Q` welq
1 cÖRvZš¿
2 cÖRvZ‡š¿ ivóªxq mxgvbv
2 (K) ivóªag©
29
 3 ivóªfvlv 38 msMV‡bi ¯^vaxbZv
4 RvZxq m½xZ, cZvKv I cÖZxK 39 wPšÍ I we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv Ges evK&-¯^vaxbZv
4 (K) e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi cÖwZK…wZ ¯’vcb 40 ‡ckv ev e„wËi ¯^vaxbZv
5 ivRavbx 41 ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv
6 bvMwiKZ¡ 42 m¤úwËi AwaKvi
7 msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨ 43 M„n I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi iÿY
7 (K) msweavb evwZj, ¯’wMZKiY, BZ¨vw` Aciva 44 ‡gŠwjK AwaKvi ejrKiY
7 (L) msweav‡bi †gŠwjK welqvejx ms‡kvab A‡hvM¨| 45 k„•Ljvg~jK AvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î AwaKv‡ii cwieZ©b
46 `vqgyw³-weav‡bi ÿgZv
wØZxq fvM- cÖRvZš¿ cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ 47 KwZcq AvB‡bi †ndvRZ
47(K) msweav‡bi KwZcq weav‡bi AcÖ‡hvR¨Zv
Aby‡”Q` welq
PZz_© fvM- wbe©vnx wefvM
8 g~jbxwZmg~n
9 RvZxqZvev`
10 mgvRZš¿ I ‡kvlYgyw³ Aby‡”Q` welq
11 MYZš¿ I gvbevwaKvi 48 ivóªcwZ
12 ag©wbi‡cÿZv I ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv 49 ÿgv cÖ`k©‡bi AwaKvi
13 gvwjKvbvi bxwZ 50 ivóªcwZ-c‡`i †gqv`
14 K…lK I kªwg‡Ki gyw³ 51 ivóªcwZi `vqgyw³
15 ‡gŠwjK cÖ‡qvR‡bi e¨e¯’v 52 ivóªcwZi Awfksmb
16 MÖvgxY Dbœqb I K…wl wecøe 53 Amgv‡_©i Kvi‡Y ivóªcwZi AcmviY
17 A‰ebwZK I eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿv 54 Abycw¯’wZ cÖf…wZi Kv‡j ivóªcwZ-c‡` ¯úxKvi
18 Rb¯^v¯’¨ I ˆbwZKZv 55 gš¿xmfv
18 (K) cwi‡ek I Rxe-‰ewPÎ msiÿY I Dbœqb 56 gš¿xMY
19 my‡hv‡Mi mgZv 57 cÖavbgš¿xi c‡`i †gqv`
20 AwaKvi I KZ©e¨iƒ‡c Kg© 58 Ab¨vb¨ gš¿xi c‡`i †gqv`
21 bvMwiK I miKvwi Kg©Pvwi‡`i KZ©e¨ 59 ¯’vbxq kvmb
22 wbe©vnx wefvM nB‡Z wePvi wefv‡Mi c„_KxKiY 60 ¯’vbxq kvmb-msµvšÍ cÖwZôv‡bi ÿgZv
23 RvZxq ms¯‹…wZ 61 me©vwabvqKZv
23 (K) DcRvwZ, ÿz`ª RvwZmËv, b„-‡Mvôx I m¤úª`v‡qi 62 cÖwZiÿv Kg©wefv‡Mi fwZ© cÖf…wZ
ms¯‹…wZ 63 hy×
24 RvZxq ¯§„wZwb`k©b cÖf…wZ 64 A¨vUwb©-‡Rbv‡ij
25 AvšÍRv©wZK kvwšÍ, wbivcËv I msnwZi Dbœqb
cðg fvM- AvBbmfv
Z…Zxq fvM- †gŠwjK AwaKvi
Aby‡”Q` welq
Aby‡”Q` welq 65 msm`-cÖwZôv
26 ‡gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii mwnZ AmvgÄm¨ AvBb evwZj 66 msm‡`i wbe©vwPZ nIqvi †hvM¨Zv I A‡hvM¨Zv
27 AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgvb 67 m`m¨‡`i Avmb k~b¨ nIqv
28 ag© cÖf„wZ Kvi‡Y ˆelg¨/ bvix cyiæ‡li mgZv 68 msm` m`m¨‡`i [cvwikÖwgK] cÖf…wZ
29 miKvwi wb‡qvMjv‡f my‡hv‡Mi mgZv 69 kc_ MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© Avmb MÖnY ev †fvU`vb Kwi‡j
30 we‡`wk †LZve cÖf…wZ MÖnY wbwl×KiY m`m¨‡`i A_©`Û
31 AvB‡bi AvkÖq jv‡fi AwaKvi 70 ivR‰bwZK `j nB‡Z c`Z¨vM ev `‡j wec‡ÿ
32 Rxeb I e¨w³-¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi-iÿY †fvU`v‡bi Kvi‡Y Avmb k~b¨ nIqv
33 ‡MÖßvi I AvUK m¤ú‡K© iÿvKeP 71 ‰ØZ-m`m¨Zvq evav
34 Rei`w¯Í- kÖg wbwl×KiY 72 msm‡`i Awa‡ekb
35 wePvi I `Ð m¤ú‡K© iÿKeP 73 msm‡` ivóªcwZi fvlY I evYx
36 Pjv‡divi ¯^vaxbZv 73 (K) msm` m¤ú‡K© gwš¿M‡Yi AwaKvi
37 mgv‡e‡ki ¯^vaxbZv 74 ¯úxKvi I †WcywU ¯úxKvi

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 30

 75 Kvh©cÖYvwj-wewa, †Kvivg cÖf…wZ ¯^vaxb
76 msm‡`i ¯’vqx KwgwUmg~n 117 cÖkvmwbK UªvBey¨bvjmg~n
77 b¨vqcvj
78 msm` I m`m¨‡`i we‡kl-AwaKvi I `vqgyw³ mßg fvM- wbe©vPb
79 msm`-mwPevjq
(Secretariat of Parliament)
Aby‡”Q` welq
80 AvBb cÖYqb-c×wZ
118 wbe©vPb Kwgkb cÖwZôv
81 A_©wej
119 wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi `vwqZ¡
82 Avw_©K e¨e¯’vejxi mycvwik
120 wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi Kg©PvixMY
83 msm‡`i AvBb e¨ZxZ Kiv‡iv‡c evav
121 cÖwZ GjvKvi Rb¨ GKwUgvÎ †fvUvi-ZvwjKv
84 mshy³ Znwej cÖRvZ‡š¿i miKvwi wnmve 122 ‡fvUvi-ZvwjKvq bvgfw³i †hvM¨Zv
85 miKvwi A‡_©i wbqš¿Y 123 wbe©vPb- Abyôv‡bi mgq
86 cÖRvZ‡š¿i miKvwi wn‡m‡e cÖ‡`q A_© 124 wbe©vPb m¤ú‡K© msm‡`i weavb- cÖYq‡bi ÿgZv
87 evwl©K Avw_©K wee„wZ 125 wbe©vPbx AvBb I wbe©vP‡bi ˆeaZv
88 mshy³ Znwe‡ji Dci `vq 126 wbe©vPb Kwgkb‡K wbev©nx KZ…©c‡ÿi mnvqZv`vb
89 evwl©K Avw_©K wee„wZ m¤úwK©Z c×wZ
90 wbw`ó©KiY AvBb Aóg fvM- gnv wnmve wbixÿK I wbqš¿b
91 m¤ú~iK I AwZwi³ gÄyix
92 wnmve,FY cÖf…wZi Dci †fvU
92 (K) wejyß Aby‡”Q` welq
93 Aa¨v‡`k cÖYqb-ÿgZv 127 gnvwnmve-wbixÿK c‡`i cÖwZôv
128 gnvwnmve-wbixÿ‡Ki `vwqZ¡
129 gnvwnmve-wbixÿ‡Ki K‡g©i †gqv`
lô fvM- wePvi wefvM 130 A¯’vqx gnvwnmve-wbixÿK
131 cÖRvZ‡š¿i wnmve-iÿvi AvKvi I c×wZ
Aby‡”Q` welq 132 msm‡`i gnvwnmve-wbixÿ‡Ki wi‡cvU© Dc¯’vcb
94 mywcÖg †KvU© cÖwZôv
95 wePviK wb‡qvM beg fvM- evsjv‡`‡ki Kg© wefvM
96 wePviK‡`i c‡`i †gqv`
97 A¯’vqx cÖavb wePvicÖwZ wb‡qvM Aby‡”Q` welq
98 mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i AwZwi³ wePviKMY 133 wb‡qvM I K‡g©i kZv©ejx
99 Aemi MÖn‡Yi ci wePviKM‡Yi AÿgZv 134 K‡g©i †gqv`
100 mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i Avmb 135 AmvgwiK miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡`i eiLv¯Í cÖf…wZ
101 nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi GLwZqvi 136 Kg©wefvM-cybM©Vb
103 Avcxj wefv‡Mi GLwZqvi 137 Kg© Kwgkb cÖwZôv
104 Avcxj wefv‡Mi c‡ivqvbv Rvix I wbev©nx 138 m`m¨ wb‡qvM
105 Avcxj wefvM KZ…©K ivq ev Av‡`k cybwe©‡ePbv 139 c‡`i †gqv`
106 mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i Dc‡`óvg~jK GLwZqvi 140 Kwgk‡bi `vwqZ¡
107 mycªxg †Kv‡U©i wewacÖYqb-ÿgZv 141 evwl©K wi‡cvU©
108 ÔÔ‡KvU© Ae †iKW©Ó iƒ‡c mycªxg †KvU©
109 Av`vjZmg~‡ni Dci ZË¡eavqK I wbqš¿Y beg fvM (K)- Riæwi weavbvejx
110 Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ nB‡Z nvB‡KvU© wefv‡M gvgjv
¯’vbvšÍi
111 mycªxg †Kv‡U©i iv‡qi eva¨Zvg~jK Kvh©KiZv Aby‡”Q` welq
112 mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i mnvqZv 141 (K) Riæwi-Ae¯’v †NvlYv
113 mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i Kg©PvixMY (Riæwi Ae¯’v AbvwaK 120 w`‡bi †ewk bq|)
114 Aab¯Í Av`vj‡Z cÖwZôv 141 (L) Riæwi Ae¯’vi mgq KwZcq Aby‡”Q‡`I weavb
115 Aab¯Í Av`vj‡Z wb‡qvM ¯’wMZKiY
116 Aab¯Í Av`vjZmg~‡ni wbqš¿Y I k„•Ljv 141 (M) Riæwi Ae¯’vb mgq †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n
116(K) wePviwefvMxq Kg©PvixMY wePviKvh© cvj‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¯’wMZKiY
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 31
 `kg fvM- msweavb ms‡kvab Ò ÔmgqÕ I Ô†¯ªvZÕ
Kv‡iv Rb¨ A‡cÿv K‡i bv|Ó
Aby‡”Q` welq
GKbR‡i msweav‡bi ms‡kvabxmg~n
142 msweav‡bi weavb ms‡kva‡bi ÿgZv
GKv`k fvM- wewea ms‡kvabx welqe¯ÍÍ
1g  mvj- 1973
Aby‡”Q` welq ms‡kvabx  hy×e›`x Ges Ab¨vb¨ hy×vcivax‡`i wePvi
143 cÖRvZ‡š¿i m¤úwË wbðZKiY|
144 m¤úwË I Kvievi cÖf…wZ-cÖm‡½ wbe©vnx KZ…©Z¡ 2q  mvj- 1973
145 Pzw³ I `wjj ms‡kvabx  Af¨šÍixY wKsev evwn¨K †Mvj‡hv‡M Riæwi Ae¯’v
145(K) AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ †NvlYvi weavb|
146 evsjv‡`‡ki bv‡g gvgjv 3q  mvj- 1974
147 KwZcq c`vwaKvixi cvwikÖwgK cÖf…wZ ms‡kvabx  mxgvšÍ Pzw³ Abyhvqx fviZ‡K †eiæevox n¯ÍvšÍi|
148 c‡`i kc_
149 cªPwjZ AvB‡bi †ndvRZ
4_©  mvj- 1975
150 µvwšÍKvjxb I A¯’vqx weavbvejx
ms‡kvabx  msm`xq miKv‡ii cwie‡Z© GK`jxq miKvi
151 iwnZKiY e¨e¯’v Pvjy|
152 e¨vL¨v  eû`jxq ivRbxwZi cwie‡Z© GK`jxq ivRbxwZ
153 cÖeZ©b, D‡jøL I wbf©i‡hvM¨ cvV (evKkvj) cÖeZ©b|
5g  mvj- 1979
msweav‡bi Zdwmj 7wU ms‡kvabx  15 AvM÷, 1975 †_‡K 1979 mv‡ji 5 GwcÖj
ch©šÍ mvgwiK miKv‡ii mKj Kv‡Ri ˆeaZv
`vb cÖm‡½|(Bb‡WgwbwU Aa¨v‡`k cÖYqb)
Zdwmj :: Zdwmj k‡ãi evsjv A_© weeiY| †Kv‡bv wel‡q
 msweav‡b wemwgjøvn ms‡hvRb, RvwZ wn‡m‡e
Av‡jvPbvi ci †m Av‡jvPbv‡K c~Y©v½ Kivi Rb¨ AwZwi³ weei‡Yi
evOvwj Ges bvMwiK wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`kx|
cÖ‡qvRb n‡j D³ AwZwi³ Av‡jvPbv‡K Zdwmj e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki
 cÖ_g weK…Z ms‡kvabx ev First Distoration
msweav‡b Zdwmj 7wU| of Constitution ejv nq|
bs welqe¯ÍÍ m¤úwK©Z 6ô  mvj- 1981
Aby‡”Q` ms‡kvabx  DcivóªcwZi c` †_‡K ivóªcwZ c‡` wbe©vP‡bi
1g Zdwmj Ab¨vb¨ weavb m‡Ë¡I Kvh©Ki 47 bs weavb wbwðZKiY|
AvBb| Aby‡”Q`
7g  mvj- 1986
2q Zdwmj ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb(eZ©gv‡b wejyß) msweavb
AvBbÕ 75
ms‡kvabx  1982 †_‡K 1986 mvj ch©šÍ mvgwiK
3q Zdwmj kc_ I †NvlYv 148 bs miKv‡ii mKj Av‡`‡ki ˆeaZv Aby‡gv`b
Aby‡”Q` cÖm‡½|
4_© Zdwmj µvwšÍKvjxb I A¯’vqx weavbejx 150 (1) bs 8g  mvj- 1988
Aby‡”Q` ms‡kvabx  ivóªag© wn‡m‡e Bmjvg‡K ¯^xK…wZ
5g Zdwmj 1971 mv‡ji 7B gvP© Zvwi‡L  XvKvi evB‡i nvB‡Kv‡V©i QqwU †e ¯’vcb
XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b RvwZi 150 (2) bs  Dacca ‡_‡K Dhaka, Bengali ‡_‡K
wcZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi Aby‡”Q` Bangla bv‡gi cwieZ©b|
ingv‡bi †`Iqv HwZnvwmK 9g  mvj- 1989
fvlY| ms‡kvabx  ivóªcwZ Ges Dc-ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb
6ô Zdwmj 25 gvP© ga¨iv‡Z †k‡l A_©vr
26 gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i RvwZi wcZv 150 (2) bs  ivóªcwZi ÿgZv 5 eQi
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb KZ…©K Aby‡”Q`  ivóªcwZi ÿgZv `yB †gqv‡` mxgveÜ KiY|
cÖ`Ë ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv| 10g  mvj- 1990
7g Zdwmj 1971 mv‡ji 10B GwcÖj Zvwi‡L 150 (2) bs ms‡kvabx  msm‡` bvix‡`i Rb¨ msiwÿZ 30wU Avm‡bi
gywRebMi miKv‡ii RvwiK…Z Aby‡”Q` †gqv` Av‡iv 10 eQ‡ii Rb¨ e„w×KiY|
¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv|  ivóªcwZi Kvh©Kv‡ji †gqv` †kl nIqvi 180
w`‡bi g‡a¨ ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb|

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 32

 11g  mvj- 1991
ms‡kvabx  A¯’vqx ivóªcwZ wePvicwZ kvnveywÏb Avn‡g`
Gi ¯^c‡` wd‡i hvIqvi weavb m¤^wjZ|
12g  mvj- 1991
ms‡kvabx  ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii cwie‡Z© msm`xq
miKvi cyb:cÖeZ©b|
 Dc-ivóªcwZ, Dc-cÖavbgš¿x c`¸‡jv evwZj|
13g  mvj- 1996
ms‡kvabx  Aeva, myô I wbi‡cÿ wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨
ZË¡veavqK miKvi Pvjy Kiv|
14g  mvj- 2004
ms‡kvabx  msm‡` bvix‡`i Rb¨ 45wU msiwÿZ Avmb 10
eQ‡ii Rb¨ msiÿY|
 cÖavb wePvicwZi Aemi eqmmxgv 65 †_‡K
67 eQi KiY|
 wcGmwm †Pqvig¨vb I Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡`i Aemi
eqm 62 †_‡K 65 †Z DbœxZKiY, gnvwnmve
wbixÿK I wbqš¿K `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi ZvwiL †_‡K
5 eQi ev Zvi eqm 65 c~Y© nIqv chšÍ© ¯^c‡`
envj _vK‡e|
15g  mvj- 2011
ms‡kvabx  1972 mv‡j msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ Pvjymn
msweavb cyb:gy`ªY I ms‡kvab Kiv|
 ZË¡eavqK miKvi e¨e¯’v wejyß|
 msiwÿZ bvix Avmb 45wU †_‡K 50 wU‡Z
e„w×|
 RvwZi wcZv ¯^xK…wZ I cÖK…wZ msiÿY
 RvwZi wcZvi 7B gv‡P©I fvlY, ¯^vaxbZvi
†NvlYv I †NvlYvcÎ hy³|
 Avjøvni cÖwZ c~Y© Av¯’v I wek^vm| ivóªag©
Bmjvg I wemwgjøvn envj Z‡e Ab¨vb¨ a‡g©i
mggh©v`v
16g  mvj- 2014
ms‡kvabx  wePvicwZ‡`i Awfksm‡bi ÿgZv RvZxq
msm‡`i nv‡Z cÖ`vb|
 cvewjK mvwf©m Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb I m`m¨,
gnvwnmvi wbixÿK I wbqš¿K, wbe©vPb
KwgkbviMY, RvZxq gvbevwaKvi Kwgk‡bi
†Pqvig¨vb, `yb©xwZ `gb Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb
Gi Awfksm‡bi ÿgZv RvZxq msm‡`i Dci
n¯ÍvšÍiKiY
we.`ª: †Nvok ms‡kvabx‡K A‰ea †NvlYv Kiv nq
(mycÖxg †KvU©)|
17g  mvj- 2018
ms‡kvabx  D‡Ïk¨- RvZxq msm‡`i 50wU bvix msiwÿZ
Avmb Av‡iv 25 eQ‡ii Rb¨ envj ivLv|
wKQz K_v: msweav‡bi cÖ_g 4 wU ms‡kvabx DÌvcb K‡ib ZrKvjxb
AvBbgš¿x g‡bviÄb ai| msweavb ms‡kvab we‡j ivóªcwZ ¯^vÿi
K‡ib 7 w`‡bi g‡a¨| Bb‡WgwbwUi AvwfavwbK A_© KvD‡K wbivc`
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
Kiv ev `vq †_‡K gyw³ †`Iqv| †kL nvwmbv miKvi 1996 mv‡ji
12B b‡f¤^i RvZxq msm‡` Bb‡WgwbwU Aa¨v‡`k evwZj K‡i|
PZz_© ms‡kvabxi wecixZ ms‡kvabx ejv nq Øv`k ms‡kvabx‡K|
mywcÖg‡KvU© KZ„K cÂg, mßg, ·qv`k I ‡lvok msweavb ms‡kvabx
A‰ea ‡NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mvsweavwbK c` I cÖwZôvb
mvsweavwbK c`: ‡hme c‡`i wb‡qvM, Kvh©Kvj, K‡g©i cwiwa cÖf…wZ
msweav‡b wjwce× _v‡K, †mme c`‡K mvsweavwbK c` e‡j|
mvsweavwbK c` 9 wU| h_v: ivóªcwZ, cÖavbgš¿x, w¯úKvi I †WcywU
w¯úKvi, A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡ij, msm` m`m¨MY, mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i
wePvicwZMY, cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi I Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨MY, Kg©
Kwgk‡bi mfvcwZ I Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨MY, gnvwnmve wbixÿK I
wbqš¿K|
mvsweavwbK cÖwZôvb: RvZxq msm`, evsjv‡`k mywcÖg †KvU©,
evsjv‡`k wbe©vPb Kwgkb, evsjv‡`k miKvwi Kg©
Kwgkb(wewcGmwm), evsjv‡`k K¤ú‡Uªvjvi GÛ AwWU †Rbv‡ij-Gi
Kvh©vjq(IwmGwR), A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡ij-Gi Kvh©vjq|
Ògvbyl AK…ZÁ| †m wec`-Avc` ¸‡jv
¸‡b ¸‡b iv‡L, wKš‘ wbqvgZ ¸‡jv
fz‡j hvq|Ó
‡jKPvi b¤^i-06
evsjv‡`k cwiwPwZ
 miKvix bvg: MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k (The People’s
Republic of Bangladesh)
 ¯^vaxbZv jvf: 26 gvP©, 1971 mv‡j|
 UN m`m¨c` jvf: 17 †m‡Þ¤^i, 1974 mv‡j (136 Zg
m`m¨)| AvqZb: 1,47,610 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi (we‡k^ 94
Zg)|
 RbmsL¨v: 16 †KvwU 51 jÿ 58 nvRvi 616 Rb|
 ivRavbx: XvKv (evwYR¨ ivRavbx: PÆMÖvg, ch©Ub ivRavbx:
K·evRvi)|
 wefvM: 8wU (me©‡kl gqgbwmsn)| ‡Rjv: 64wU|
 Dc‡Rj: 495 wU| me©‡kl: C`MuvI (K·evRvi), Wvmvi
(gv`vixcyi), ga¨bMi (mybvgMÄ)|
 AvqZ‡b evsjv‡`‡ki eo wefvM- PÆMÖvg|
 AvqZ‡b evsjv‡`‡ki ‡QvU wefvM- gqgbwmsn|
 ‡Rjvi msL¨vq eo wefvM- XvKv (13wU ‡Rjv)|
33
  ‡Rjvi msL¨vq †QvU wefvM- wm‡jU I gqgbwmsn (4wU K‡i
‡Rjv)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg MÖvg- evwbqvPs (nweMÄ)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki ÿz`ªZg BDwbqb- nvRxcyi (†fvjv)|
 RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡: 1119 Rb (cÖwZ eM© wK‡jvwgUv‡i)|
 gv_vwcQz Avq: 2824 gvwK©b Wjvi| mxgvšÍeZ©x †`k: fviZ
I gvqvbgvi| ¯’vbxq mgq: GMT+ 6 N›Uv|
 Ae¯’vb: evsjv‡`k GKw`‡K 20034'' DËi Aÿvsk n‡Z
26038'' DËi Aÿvsk ch©šÍ Ges Aciw`‡K 88001'' c~e©
`ªvwNgv n‡Z 92041'' c~e© `ªvwNgv ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| KK©UµvwšÍ ev
UªwcK Ae K¨vbÝvi evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq ga¨fvM w`‡q
AwZµg K‡i‡Q| myZivs, evsjv‡`k µvšÍxq A‡j
Aew¯ÍZ|
‡fŠMwjK ˆewkó¨
 c„w_exi e„nËg e-Øxc evsjv‡`k|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg e-Øxc my›`ieb|
 c„w_exi e„nËg Øxc- MÖxbj¨vÛ|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg Øxc/ mvMiØxc- †fvjv|
 evsjv‡`‡ki Øxc †Rjv- †fvjv|
 evsjv‡`‡ki ga¨ w`‡q AwZµg K‡i‡Q- 900 c~e© `ªvwNgv,
KK©UµvwšÍ †iLv ev UªwcK Ae K¨vbÝvi|
 XvKvi cÖwZev` ¯’vb- wPwji wbKU cÖkv¯Í gnvmvM‡i|
 MÖxwbP A‡cÿv evsjv‡`‡ki mgq- 6 N›Uv AMÖeZ©x|
 1 wWMÖx `ªvwNgvi Rb¨ mg‡qi cv_©K¨ nq- 4 wgwbU|
 900 c~e© `ªvwNgv †iLv AwZµg K‡i‡Q- ‡kicyi, Rvgvjcyi
I ei¸bv †Rjv eivei|
 KK©UµvwšÍ †iLv I `ªvwNgv †iLv GKwÎZ n‡q‡Q- dwi`cy‡i
fv½vq|
evsjv‡`‡ki f~-cÖK„wZ
f~-cÖK…wZi Abymv‡i evsjv‡`k‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v:
‡kÖwY wefvM ‡hme AÂj‡K eySvq
PÆMÖvg I cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AÂj, gqgbwmsn I
cvnvox †b·Kvbvi DËivsk, wm‡j‡Ui DËi-c~e©vsk,
AÂj †gŠjfxevRvi Ges nweMÄ †Rjvi `wÿYvsk wb‡q
cvnvox AÂj MwVZ|
gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji Mo, Kzwgjøvi jvjgvB cvnvo
‡mvcvb AÂj/ Ges e‡i›`ªf~wg AÂj wb‡q †mvcvb AÂj MwVZ|
PËi f~wg
(ˆewPÎgq)
cÙv, †gNbv, hgybv I eªþcyÎmn AmsL¨ Dcb`x
cøveb mgfzwg I kvLvb`x evwnZ GjvKv wb‡q cøveb mgf~wg
AÂj MwVZ|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg cvnvo- Mv‡ivcvnvo (gqgbwmsn)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg ce©Z- ZvwRsWs/weRq (ev›`ieb)|
 e‡i›`ª fzwg- ivRkvnx wefv‡Mi DËi cwðgvsk|
 e‡i›`ªf~wgi AvqZb- 9,324 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 mgy`ª mgZj †_‡K me‡P‡q DuPz †Rjv- w`bvRcyi| (D”PZv:
37.50 wgUvi)
 mgy`ª mgZj †_‡K e¸ovi D”PZv- 20 wgUvi|
 mgy`ª mgZj †_‡K Kzwgjøvi D”PZv- 21 wgUvi|
 gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji Mo Aew¯’Z- MvRxcyi, gqgbwmsn I
Uv½vBj †Rjvq| (fvIqv‡ji Mo: MvRxcyi )
 gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji M‡oi AvqZb- 4,105 eM©
wK‡jvwgUvi|
evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvbv
w`K fvi‡Zi mxgvšÍ ivR¨
Dˇi fvi‡Zi cwðge½, †gNvjq I Avmvg
`wÿ‡Y e‡½vcmvMi
c~‡e© fvi‡Zi Avmvg, wÎcyiv I wg‡Rvivg Ges gvqvbgvi
cwð‡g fvi‡Zi cwðge½
 evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿ‡Y fvi‡Zi †Kvb mxgvšÍeZ©x cÖ‡`k Av‡Q
Kx? bvB|
 evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿ‡Y fvi‡Zi cÖ‡`k- Av›`vgvb wb‡Kvei
ØxccyÄ (†K›`ªkvwmZ AÂj)|
*** evsjv‡`ki DËi-c~e©v‡ji fvi‡Zi 7 wU †K›`ªkvwmZ ivR¨‡K
e‡j †m‡fb wm÷vm©| ‡KŠkj: AvwgwÎ †g Abvg: Av-Avmvg,
wg-wg‡Rvivg, wÎ-wÎcyiv, ‡g-‡gNvjq, A-AiæbvPj, bv-bvMvj¨vÛ,
g-gwYcyi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki c~‡e© fviZ Qvov- gvqvbgv‡ii mxgv i‡q‡Q|
 evsjv‡`k mgy`ª DcK~‡ji ˆ`N¨©- 711 wK.wg.|
 c„w_exi e„nËg mgy`ª ˆmKZ K·evRvi Gi ˆ`N©¨- 155
wK.wg.|
 KzqvKvUvi mgy`ª ˆmK‡Zi ˆ`N¨©- 18 wK.wg.|
 evsjv`‡kj ivR‰bwZK mgy`ªmxgv- 12 bwUK¨vj gvBj|
 1 bwUK¨vj gvB‡j- 1.853 wK.wg. nq|
 evsjv‡`k gvqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ mgy`ªmxgv Rqjvf K‡i- 2012
mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k fvi‡Zi mv‡_ mgy`ªmxgv Rqjvf K‡i- 2014
mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki mgy`ªmxgvi cÖ_g c~Y©v½ gvbwPÎ cÖKvk K‡i-
PÆMÖvg wek^we`¨vjq|
 mgy`ª welK AvšÍRv©wZK Av`vjvZ- ITLOS| c~Y©iƒc
International Tribunal for the Law of the
Sea. AvšÍRv©wZK mgy`ªwelqK AvBb‡K ejv nq
UNCLOS| c~Y©iƒc United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea.
 KvßvB ‡_‡K cøvweZ cve©Z¨ PÆMªv‡gi DcZ¨Kv GjvKv‡K
ejv nq- †f½x f¨vwj|
 evsjv‡`‡ki me©`wÿ‡Yi ¯’vb- †QuovØxc|
 me©`wÿ‡Yi BDwbqb- †m›UgvwU©b (mvgyw`ªK cÖevj Øxc)|
 ‡mvqvP Ae †bv MÖvDÛ Lv`wU Aew¯’Z- e‡½vcmvM‡i|
34
 evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZ©x †Rjv GKwU ¯^vaxb †`‡ki g‡a¨ Aci GKwU ¯^vaxb †`‡ki wKQz Ask co‡j
†m Ask‡K- wQUgnj e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki fviZ-mxgvšÍ Pzw³ nq- 16
wefvM ‡Rjvi msL¨v
†g, 1974 †hUv BwZnv‡m gywRe- Bw›`iv ˆeVK, wQUgnj Pzw³ ev
Lyjbv wefv‡M 6wU
mxgvšÍ Pzw³ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
iscyi wefv‡M 6wU
ivRkvnx wefv‡M 4wU  evsjv‡`k fviZ wQUgnj wewbgq Pzw³ AvbyôvwbK Kvh©Ki
gqgbwmsn wefv‡M 4wU nq- 31 RyjvB, 2015 (ga¨iv‡Z)|
wm‡jU wefv‡M 4wU  fvi‡Zi cÖavbgš¿x b‡i›`ª †gvw` evsjv‡`k-fviZ wQUgn‡ji
PÆMÖvg wefv‡M 8wU `wjj wewbgq K‡ib- 6 Ryb, 2015 mv‡j|
me©‡gvU †Rjv 32wU  wQUgnj mgm¨vi AvbyôvwbK mgvavb nq- 68 eQi ci|
 evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU mxgvšÍeZ©x †Rjv- 32wU|  ¯’jmxgvšÍ wejwU wQ‡jv- fvi‡Zi msweav‡bi 100 Zg
 fvi‡Zi mv‡_ 30 wU Ges gvqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ 3wU| ms‡kvabx|
 evsjv‡`‡ki iv½vgvwU †Rjvi mv‡_ fviZ I gvqvbgv‡ii  evsjv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ fvi‡Zi wQUgnj wQj- 111wU|
mxgvšÍ Av‡Q|  fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki wQUgnj wQj- 51 wU|
 XvKv I ewikvj wefv‡Mi mv‡_ mxgvšÍ ms‡hvM †bB|  fvi‡Zi AwaKvsk wQUgnj wQj evsjv‡`‡ki- jvjgwbinvU
 gvqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ mxgvšÍ ms‡hvM i‡q‡Q- PÆMÖvg wefv‡Mi| †Rjvq| jvjgwbinvU‡K ÔwQUgnj †ewóZ †RjvÕ ejv nq|
(3 wU ‡Rjv: iv½vgvwU, ev›`ievb I K·evRvi )|  evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg wQUgnj `nMÖvg I A½i‡cvZv wQUgnj
wQ‡jv- jvjgwbinv‡U|
evsjv‡`‡ki w`K wfwËK Ae¯’vb  ‡eiæevox wQUgnj wQ‡jv- cÂM‡o|
w`K ‡Rjv _vbv ¯’vb  gkvjWv½v wQUgnj wQ‡jv- KzwoMÖvg|
DËi cÂMo †ZuZzwjqv evsjvev›`v  wZbweNv Kwi‡Wv‡ii AvqZb- 178×85 wgUvi| wZ¯Ív
(RvqMxi‡RvZ) b`xi Zx‡i|
`wÿY K·evRvi ‡UKbvd ‡QuovØxc evsjv‡`‡ki AvenvIqv I Rjevqy
cwðg beveMÄ wkeMÄ gbvKkv
c~e© ev›`ieb _vbwP AvLvbBVs  gnvKvk M‡elYv Ges `~i Abyaveb †K›`ª SPARRSO
(evsjv‡`k AvenvIqv Awa`߇i bvg SPARRSO ) |
 SPARRSO Gi c~Y©iƒc- Space research and
evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb
Remot Sensing Organzation| cÖwZwôZ nq 1980
evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb 1,47,610 eM© wK.wg. mv‡j| m`i`ßi: AvMviMvuI, XvKv|
‡gvU mxgvšÍ 5,138 wK.wg.  evsjv‡`‡ki AvenvIqv Awa`ßi- cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi
‡gvU ¯’jmxgv 4,427 wK.wg. Aax‡b|
‡gvU Rjmxgv/mgy`ªmxgv 711 wK.wg.
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cÖwZiÿv gš¿x- ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g`|
fvi‡Zi mv‡_ mxgvšÍ ˆ`N¨© 4156 wK.wg.
wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ mxgvšÍ ˆ`N©¨ 271 wK.wg. eZ©gvb cÖwZiÿv gš¿x †kL nvwmbv|
ivR‰bwZK mgy`ªmxgv 12 bwUK¨vj gvBj  evsjv‡`‡ki AvenvIqv †K›`ª- 4wU (XvKv, c‡Z½v,
A_©‰bwZK mgy`ªmxgv 200 bwUK¨vj gvBj K·evRvi I cUzqvLvjxi †Lcycvovq)| AvenvIqv Awdm-
35wU|
 evsjv‡`k µvšÍxq †gŠmywg Rjevqyi AšÍM©Z|
fviZ- evsjv‡`‡ki wQUgnj I mxgvšÍ mgm¨v
 evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqyi cÖavb ˆewkó¨- †gŠmywg evqyi w`K
weeiY msL¨v Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b|
evsjv‡`‡ki wfZ‡i jvjgwbinvV-59wU, cÂMo-  evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy- mgfvevcbœ I bvwZkx‡Zvò|
fvi‡Zi wQUgnj 111 36wU, KzwoMÖvg-12wU,  evsjv‡`‡ki m‡ev©”P e„wócvZ nq- wm‡j‡Ui jvjLv‡b,
wQ‡jv bxjdvgvix-4wU|
me©wb¤œ e„wócvZ nq- bvU‡ii jvjcy‡i|
fvi‡Zi wfZ‡i KzPwenvi-51wU
evsjv‡`‡ki wQUgnj 51  evsjv‡`‡k evwl©K Mo e„wócvZ- 203 ‡m.wg.|
wQ‡jv  evsjv‡`‡ki kxZjZg gvm- Rvbyqvwi, DòZg gvm- GwcÖj|
‡gvU wQUgn‡ji msL¨v 162  evsjv‡`‡ki DòZg †Rjv I wefvM- ivRkvnx (¯’vb-
wQ‡jv jvjcyi)|

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 35

 evsjv‡`‡ki kxZjZg †Rjv I wefvM- wm‡jU (¯’vb-
kÖxg½j)|
 el©v FZz‡K ¯^Zš¿ FZz ejv nq|
 †b`vij¨vÛm wfwËK cwi‡ek Av‡›`vj‡bi bvg ÔwMÖb wcmÕ|
 cwi‡ek Av‡›`vj‡bi m~PbvKvix- ‡niwb †WwfW n¨v‡iv
(Bsj¨vÛ)|
 evsjv‡`k cwi‡ek welqK msMV‡bi bvg- BEMF|
 evsjv‡`k cwi‡ek Av‡›`vj‡ib bvg evcv|
 wMÖb- nvD‡Ri ÿwZi KviY CFC (Chloro Fluoro
Carbon) M¨vm|
 wmWi N~wY©SowU AvNvZ nv‡b 15 b‡f¤^i, 2007 mv‡j|
 wmWi ÔwmsnjxÕ fvlvi kã hvi A_©- †PvL|
 N~wY©So †gviv AvNvZ nv‡b- 2017 mv‡j|
 ‡gviv Ô_vBÕ kã hvi A_©- mvM‡ii Zvuiv|
evsjv‡`‡ki b`-b`x
 ‡Kvb cvnvo ev ce©Z †_‡K DrcwË wKš‘ DrcwË ¯’‡j
†Rvqvi-fvUv nq bv Zv‡K b` e‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki `x©NZg b`- eªþcyÎ| eªþb‡`i fviZxq
As‡ki bvg wWwn Ges wZeŸZxq As‡ki bvg mvb‡cv|
 evsjv‡`‡ki `x©NZg b`x- †gNbv|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖk¯Í b`x- hgybv|
 Li‡¯ªvZv b`x- KY©dzjx|
 evsjv‡`k I gvqvbgvi‡K wef³Kvix b`x- bvd
(K·evRvi)| bvd b`xi ˆ`N©¨ 56 wK.wg.|
 evsjv‡`k I fviZ‡K wef³ Kvix b`x- nvwoqvfv½v|
 `wÿY ZvjcwÆ/c~e©vkv/wbDgyi Øxc- mvZÿxiv †Rjvq
nvwoqvfv½v b`xi †gvnbvq|
 Drcw˯’‡j †gNbvi bvg- eivK b`x|
 ‡gNbv b`x cwZZ n‡q‡Q- e‡½vcmvM‡i|
 evKj¨vÛ evua- eywoM½v b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z| wbg©vY Kiv nq
1864 mv‡j (XvKv †cŠimfv MVb nq- 1864 mv‡j)|
 evKj¨vÛ evua- XvKv kni‡K iÿvi Rb¨ wbg©vY Kiv nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki Rjmxgvq DrcwË I mgvwß b`x- nvj`v |
(Ack‡b nvj`v bv _vK‡j mv½y)
 ÔcÖvK…wZK grm¨ cÖRbb †ÿÎÕ ejv nq- nvj`v b`x‡K|
 KvßvB Rjwe`y¨r †K›`ª wbg©vY Kiv nq- 1962 mv‡j KY©dzjx
b`xi Ici|
 1787 mv‡ji f~wgK‡¤úi d‡j m„ó b`x- hgybv|
 b`x fv½‡b me©¯^všÍ RbMY‡K ejv nq ÔwmKw¯ÍÕ|
 b`xi Pi RvM‡j hviv Pvlvev` ïiæ K‡i Zv‡`i ejv nq
Ôcq¯ÍxÕ|
 RxešÍmË¡v (wjwfs GbwUwU) gh©v`v cvIqv †`‡ki cÖ_g b`x-
ZzivM|
 gvIqv †dixNvU- cÙv b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 Kzwgjøvi `ytL ejv nq- †MvgZx b`x‡K (†Rvqvi fvUv nq
bv)|
 evsjvi `y:L ejv nq- `v‡gv`vi b`x‡K|
 evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU Awfbœ ev AvšÍtmxgvšÍ b`x- 57 wU|
fvi‡Zi mv‡_ 54wU Ges gvqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ 30wU|
 e¨w³i bvg b`xi bvg-iƒcmv (iƒcjvj kvn)|
 b`xi bv‡g †Rjv- †dbx|
 cÙv b`x evsjv‡`‡k cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q- beveMÄ †Rjv w`‡q
(AvšÍR©vwZK b`x)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb b`x e›`i bvivqYMÄ (kxZjÿ¨v b`xi
Zx‡i Aew¯’Z)|
 evsjv‡`k †_‡K fvi‡Z cÖ‡ekKvix b`x- 1wU (KzwjL)|
 ‡gNbv b`x cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q- wm‡jU †Rjv w`‡q|
 eªþcyÎ b`x cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q- KzwoMÖvg †Rjv w`‡q|
 evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡ji ÔjvBd jvBbÕ ejv nq- wZ¯Ív
b`x‡K|
 ‡gNbv b`xi †gvnbvq- wbSzg Øxc Aew¯’Z|
 eªþcyÎ b`xi cªavb kvLv b`x- hgybv|
 evsjv‡`k I gvqvbgv‡iii g‡a¨ Awfbœ b`x- mv½y,
gvZvgûix I bvd|
 evsjv‡`k b`x M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU- dwi`cy‡i Aew¯’Z|
wUcvBgyL evua: wUcvBgyL evua fvi‡Zi gwbcyi iv‡R¨i PzivPvu`cyi
†Rjvq eivK b`xi Ici| evsjv‡`k n‡Z wUcvBgyL euv‡ai `yiZ¡ 100
wK.wg.| wUcvBgyL evua †_‡K we`y¨r Drcv`b Kiv n‡e 1500
†gMvIqvU|
dviv°v evua: dviv°v evua wbg©vY Kiv nq M½v b`xi Dci (fviZ)|
Ae¯’vb: g‡bvnicyi, gywk©`vev`| ‰`N©¨: 2240 wgUvi/7350 dzU|
evsjv‡`k mxgvšÍ n‡Z dviv°v euv‡ai `yiZ¡ 16.5 wK.wg./ 11 gvBj|
evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zii g‡a¨ M½vi cvwb e›Ub Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq 12
wW‡m¤^i 1996 Ges Pzw³wU Kvh©Ki nq 4 b‡f¤^i 1997| M½vi
cvwbe›Ub Pzw³‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki c‡ÿ †bZ…Z¡ †`b cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv
Ges fvi‡Zi c‡ÿ cÖavbgš¿x †`e‡MŠov| Pzw³wU n‡q‡Q fvi‡Zi
bqvw`wjø‡Z, ‡gqv` 30 eQi, fvlv 3 wU (Bs‡iwR, wnw›` I evsjv)|
M½vi cvwb e›Ub Pzw³i †gqv` ‡kl n‡e 2026 mv‡j| gvIjvbv
Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx giY duv` dviv°v euv‡ai weiæ‡× js gvP©
K‡ib 16 ‡g, 1976|
b`-b`xi wgwjZ ¯’vb
b`-b`x wgwjZ ¯’vb
wZ¯Ív + eªþcyÎ wPjgvwi
hgybv + evOvjx e¸ov
cÙv + hgybv ‡Mvqvj›`
myigv + Kzwkqviv Kvjbx
cyivZb eªþcyÎ + †gNbv ‰fieevRvi
cÙv + †gNbv Puv`cyi
nvj`v + KY©dzjx KvjyiNvU
36
 evsjv‡`‡ki b`x e›`i Kzwgjøv ‡MvgwZ
ivRkvnx, ‡`Šjw`qv, ivRevox, cÙv
e›`i ‡h b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z kixqZcyi
bvivqbMÄ (cÖavb) kxZjÿ¨v gnv¯’vbMo Ki‡Zvqv
‰fie ‡gNbv mybvgMÄ myigv
Pv`ucyi ‡gNbv iscyi wZ¯Ív
wmivRMÄ hgybv Uv½vBj hgybv
ewikvj KxZ©b‡Lvjv cÂMo Ki‡Zvqv
Lyjbv iƒcmv/ ˆfie K·evRvi, ‡UKbvd bvd
‡Mvqvj›` cÙv bv‡Uvi AvÎvB
ev›`ievb ksL/mv½y
b`-b`xi c~e© bvg I Drcw˯’j e¸ov Ki‡Zvqv
KvßvB KY©dzjx
b`x c~e©bvg Drcw˯’j LvMovQwo ‡P½x
cÙv bwjbx wngvj‡qi Mv‡½vÎx wngevn biwms`x ‡gNbv I kxZjÿ¨v
(Acibvg gvwbKMÄ hgybv
KxwZ©bvkv)
‡gNbv eivK Avmv‡gi jymvB cvnvo
hgybv ‡RvbvB wZeŸ‡Zi ˆKjvm k„‡½i gvbm m‡ivei evsjv‡`‡ki †dwiNvU
eªþcyÎ ‡jŠwnZ¨ wZeŸ‡Zi ˆKjvm k„‡½i gvbm m‡ivei gvIqv †dwiNvU gywÝMÄ
KY©dzjx - wg‡Rviv‡gi jymvB cvnvo ‡`Šjw`qv †dwiNvU ivRevox
Ki‡Zvqv - wmwK‡gi ce©Z¨ AÂj cvUzixqv †dwiNvU gvwbKMÄ
eywoMv½v ‡`vjvB - AvwiPv †dwiNvU gvwbKMÄ
wZ¯Ív - wmwKg ce©Zgvjv bMievwo †dwiNvU cvebv
nvj`v - LvMovQwoi ev`bvZjx k„½
‡dbx - wÎcyivi cve©Z¨ AÂj
bvd I mv½y - AvivKvb ce©Z Dcb`x I kvLv b`x

b`x ZxieZ©x ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kni g~j b`x †_‡K †ei nIqv b`x‡K kvLv b`x e‡j Ges wewfbœ b`x g~j
b`xi mv‡_ wgk‡j Zv‡K g~j b`xi Dcb`x e‡j|
¯’vb b`/b`x b`x Dcb`x kvLv b`x
XvKv eywoM½v Kzgvi, gv_vfv½v, ˆfie,
PÆMÖvg, iv½vgvwU KY©dzjx cÙv gnvb›`v MovB, gaygwZ, Avwoqvj
ewikvj KxZ©b‡Lvjv Lvu, K‡cvZvÿ
Lyjbv iƒcmv gnvb›`v cybf©ev, UvsMb I -
U½x ZzivM KzwjK
Uz½xcvov evBMvi ‡gNbv gby, wZZvm I -
Pvu`cyi ‡gNbv †MvgZx
MvRxcyi ZzivM eªÿcyÎ aijv I wZ¯Ív hgybv, eskx I kxZjÿ¨v
gsjv cïi hgybv wZ¯Ív, Ki‡Zvqv I a‡jk^ix
‰fie ‡gNbv AvÎvB
Kzwóqv MovB KY©dzjx nvj`v, gvBbx -
evsjvevÜv gnvb›`v ‰fie - K‡cvZvÿ I cïi
P›`ª‡Nvbv KY©dzjx a‡jk^ix - eywoM½v
‡Nvovkvj kxZjÿ¨v
‡MvcvjMÄ gaygwZ
bovBj wPÎv ÒRxe‡b mdj n‡Z PvB‡j `ywU wRwbm
wZbweNv Kwi‡Wvi wZ¯Ív
‡bvqvLvjx ‡gNbvi WvKvwZqv
cÖ‡qvRb: ÔwR`Õ Avi ÔAvZ¥wek^vmÕ|Ó
eªvþYevwoqv wZZvm

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 37


‡jKPvi b¤^i- 07
evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl m¤ú`
 evsjv‡`‡ki ‡gvU Pvlvev`‡hvM¨ Rwgi cwigvY- 2 †KvwU 1
jÿ 94 nvRvi GKi|
 gv_vwcQz Avevw` Rwgi cwigvY- 0.15 GKi|
 cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj- 80 fvM
gvbyl|
 dmj Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ mviv eQi‡K 2wU †gŠmy‡g fvM Kiv
n‡q‡Q| h_v: iwe Ges Lwic †gŠmyg|
 iwe †gŠmyg : Avwk^b gvm †_‡K dvêyb gvm (ga¨ †m‡Þ¤^i
†_‡K ga¨ gvP©)|
 iwe km¨ wb¤œiƒc:- dzjKwc, evavKwc, g~jv, MvRi, jvD,
mxg, U‡g‡Uv, †ev‡iv avb, Mg, Avjy I mwilv GB †gŠmy‡gi
cÖavb dmj|
 Lwic †gŠmyg:- ˆPÎ gvm †_‡K †R¨ô gvm chšÍ© mgq‡K (ga¨
gvP© †_‡K ga¨ RyjvB)|
 Lwic km¨ wb¤œiƒc:- AvDm avb, cvU, †Xuom, cyBkvK,
wgwó Kzgov, Kijv, cUj, KvK‡ivj, eiewU G †gŠmy‡gi
cÖavb dmj| Avg, Rvg, KvuVvj, †cu‡c G ‡gŠmy‡gi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ dj|
 evsjv‡`‡ki dmj †Zvjvi FZz 3 wU| h_v: fv‡`vB,
ˆngwšÍK, iwe|
 kxZKvjxb km¨‡K ejv nq iwe km¨ Ges MÖx®§Kvjxb km¨‡K
ejv nq Lwic km¨|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb A_©Kvix dmj- cvU| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki
cÖavb dmj avb|
 ewikvj‡K evsjv‡`‡ki km¨fvÛvi ejv nq|
 evsjv‡`‡k G chšÍ© K…wlïgvix AbywôZ n‡q‡Q †gvU 6 evi
Z‡e ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k 5 evi| h_v: cÖ_g 1960
(bgybvKv‡i), 1977 (¯^vaxbZvi cieZ©x cÖ_g K…wlïgvwi),
1983-84, 1996-97, 2008 (cÖ_g c~Yv½ K…wlïgvix),
me©‡kl 2019 mv‡ji 9-20 Ryb|
 ¯^Y©v GK cÖKvi ˆRe mvi| W. ˆmq` Ave`yj Lv‡jK 1987
mv‡j GUv Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 cÖ‡dmi W. evû`yi wgqv †`‡ki cÖ_g exR †kvab h‡š¿i
D™¢veK|
 evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl w`em c‡njv AMÖnvqY| 2008 mv‡j
dLiæÏxb miKv‡ii Avg‡j Pvjy nq|
 evsjv‡`k K…wl gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b K…wl Dbœq‡b Ôe½eÜz
RvZxq K…wl cyi¯‹viÕ cÖ`vb Kiv nq- 1973 mvj †_‡K|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
(RvwZi RbK †kL gywRei ingvb GUv Pvjy K‡ib)|
c~e©bvg wQ‡jv ÔivóªcwZ c`KÕ |
 BDwiqv mvi ˆZwii cÖavb KvuPvgvj wg‡_b M¨vm|
 Ryg Pvl Kiv nq cvnvwo GjvKvq| we‡klZ cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg
A_©vr iv½vgvwU, LvMovQwo I ev›`ievb| Ryg Pvl‡K
¯’vbvšÍi Pvlvev` ev ÔShifting CultivationÕ ejv n‡q
_v‡K|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg K…wl D`¨vb Aew¯’Z- MvRxcyi †Rjvi
Kvwkgcyi|
 evsjv‡`ki me‡P‡q eo †mP cÖKí- wZ¯Ív euva cÖKí|
Ae¯’vb: jvjgwbinvU †Rjvi mxgv‡šÍ wZ¯Ív b`x‡Z| KvR
ïiæ nq 1979 mv‡j Ges †kl nq 1990 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki weÁvbx GwU Gm wRqv DwÏb mvi I exR
wQUv‡bvi hš¿ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib|
 evsjv‡`k K…wl M‡elYv Bbw÷wUD‡Ui bvg- BARI :
Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute
 BARI- Ae¯’vb: Rq‡`ecyi, MvRxcyi| cÖwZôv jvf K‡i
1976 mv‡j|
 K…wlKv‡Ri me©v‡cÿv Dchy³ gvwU †`v-Avuk gvwU|
 K…wl Rwg‡Z Pzb e¨envi Kiv nq- gvwUi A¤øZv n«v‡mi Rb¨|
 evsjv‡`k Lv‡`¨ ¯^qs¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b K‡i 2000 mv‡j|
 Pvlvev‡`i myweav‡_© evsjv‡`‡ki FZz‡K fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q-
2 fv‡M (iwe FZz, Lwic FZz)|
 e‡i›`ª eûgyyLx Dbœqb KZ…©c‡ÿi m`i`ßi ivRkvnx|
cÖavb dmj avb
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖavbZ- 3 cÖKvi avb Pvl nq| h_v: AvDm,
Avgb, †ev‡iv|
 avb Drcv`‡b c„w_exi kxl© †`k Pxb|
 Pvj ißvwb‡Z c„w_exi kxl© †`k- fviZ|
 evsjv‡`‡ki avb M‡elYv Bbw÷wUD‡Ui bvg- BRRI:
Bangladesh Rich Research Institute|
 BRRI cÖwZôv jvf K‡i 1970 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡k me‡P‡q †ewk Drcw`Z nq- †ev‡iv avb|
 evsjv‡`‡k avb Pvl Kiv nq †gvU Avevw` Rwgi- 70 fvM|
 AvšÍR©vwZK avb M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU IRRI-
International Rich Research Institute| Ae¯’vb:
g¨vwbjv, wdwjcvBb| cÖwZôv jvf K‡i 1960 mv‡j |
 weªkvBj, BivUg, Ddwm n‡jv- DbœZRv‡Zi avb|
 Ddwm Gi c~Y©iƒc- D”P djbkxj|
 cvwL Qvov ÔgqbvÕ- DbœZRv‡Zi avb|
 mv¤úªwZ evsjv‡`‡k D™¢vweZ D”P djbkxj Rv‡Zi bvg-
mycvi ivBm|
38
 ÔevsjvgwZÕ nj- GK ai‡bi myMwÜ avb|
 `wÿYv‡ji jeYv³ mwnòz avb: webv avb 8, webv avb 9,
we Avi 47|
 Liv mwnòz avb: bvwiKv-1 Z‡e g½v GjvKvq Liv mwnòz avb
we Avi 33|
 eb¨v cieZ©x cøvweZ GjvKvi Dc‡hvwM avb: weª avb 46|
A_©Kvix dmj cvU
 ‡mvbvjx Avu‡ki †`k evsjv‡`k|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb A_©Kvix dmj cvU|
 ‡Kvb †Rjvq †ewk cvU R‡b¥- dwi`cyi|
 cvU Drcv`‡b c„w_exi kxl© †`k- fviZ|
 cvU ißvwb‡Z kxl© †`k- evsjv‡`k|
 70 fvM cvU I 30 fvM Zzjvi mswgkÖ‡Y ˆZix GK cÖKvi
e¯¿ n‡jv RyUb| RyU‡bi Avwe®‹vi W. ‡gvnv¤§` wQwÏKzjøvn|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cvU M‡elYv †evW© Aew¯’Z- gvwbKM‡Ä|
 cvU‡K K…wlcY¨ †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q- 6 gvP©, 2017 (cvU
w`e‡m)|
 cv‡Ui Rxeb inm¨ D‡b¥vPb K‡ib- gvKmy`yj Avjg|
 cvU‡K 3 ‡kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv nq| h_v: †nvqvBU, †Zvlv,
†g¯Ív| ‡`‡ki DbœZ Rv‡Zi cvUexR †Zvmv|
 cvU KvUvi mgq Ryb †_‡K †m‡Þ¤^i|
 cvU cvZv w`‡q meyR Pv ˆZwi Kiv cÖ_g †`k- evsjv‡`k|
 cvU †_‡K cPbkxj cwjgvi e¨v‡Mi D™¢veK- †gveviK
Avn‡g`|
 c„w_exi/Gwkqvi e„nËg cvUKj- Av`gwR cvUKj|
 Av`gwR cvUKj cÖwZôv nq- 1951 mv‡j| Av`gwR
cvUKj bvivqYM‡Ä Aew¯’Z| Av`gwR cvUKj eÜ n‡q hvq
30 Ryb 2002 mv‡j|
 W¨vwÛ Aew¯’Z ¯‹Uj¨v‡Û Z‡e cªv‡P¨i WvwÛ ejv nq-
bvivqYMćK|
 cvU e¨emvi cÖavb †K›`ª bvivqYMÄ|
 cvU KvUvi mgq Ryb †_‡K †m‡Þ¤^i|
 eZ©gv‡b 17 wU c‡Y¨ cvURvZ †gvoK e¨envi Kiv
eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Mg
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q †ewk Mg Drcvw`Z nq- VvKziMvuI
†Rjvq|
 ejvKv, †`v‡qj DbœZ Rv‡Zi Mg| GQvovI M‡gi wKQz
RvZ: KvÂb, AvKei, eiKZ, †mŠif I †MŠie|
 Mg Drcv`‡b c„w_exi kxl© †`k- Pxb, Mg ißvbx‡Z c„w_exi
kxl© †`k ivwkqv|
 evsjv‡`‡ki Mg M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU- w`bvRcy‡i Aew¯’Z|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
Pv
 evsjv‡`‡ki wØZxq A_©Kvix dmj- Pv|
 Pv‡qi Avw`evm- Pxb| eZ©gv‡b Pv‡qi kxl© Drcv`b I
ißvwbKviK †`k Pxb|
 evsjv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g Pv Pvl ïiæ nq- 1840|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ Pv Pvl ïiæ nq- 1857
mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡k Pv M‡elYv †K›`ª- kÖxg½j, †gŠjfxevRvi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Pv evMvb- wm‡j‡Ui gvwjwb Qov|
 eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k Pv evMvb Av‡Q- 167 wU| (‡`‡ki
me©‡kl Pv evMvb bxjdvgvix‡Z Aew¯’Z)|
 ‡gŠjfxevRvi †Rjvi me‡P‡q †ewk- Pv Drcv`b nq|
 evsjv‡`‡ki Pv wbjvg †K›`ª 2 wU|
 Pv wbjvg †K›`ª cÖ_gwU PÆMÖv‡g Avi wØZxqwU kÖxg½j,
†gŠjfxevRvi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki wU wgDwRqvg Aew¯’Z- †gŠjfxevRv‡ii
kÖxg½j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki AM©vwbK Pv Pvl ïiæ nq- cÂM‡o (wgbv Pv)|
‡ikg
 ‡ikg Pvl‡K ejv nq †mwiKvjPvi|
 gmwjb Kvc‡oi myZv ˆZwi‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq- †ikg
Zzjv|
 me©cÖ_g ‡ikg D™¢vweZ nq Px‡b| eZ©gv‡b ‡ik‡gi kxl©
Drcv`b I ißvwbKviK †`k Pxb|
 evsjv‡`‡k me‡P‡q †ewk †ikg Drcbœ nq- beveMÄ
†Rjvq|
 evsjv‡`k †ikg †evW© Aew¯’Z- ivRkvnx‡Z|
ZvgvK
 ZvgvK †ewk R‡b¥- Kzwóqv|
 ÔmygvÎvÕ I Ôg¨vwbjvÕ DbœZRv‡Zi ZvgvK|
 ZvgvK Drcv`‡bi Rb¨- Kzwóqv †Rjvi 26wU MÖvg‡K
†Mv‡ìb wf‡jR ejv nq|
 eZ©gv‡b ZvgvK Drcv`‡b kxl© †`k Pxb Ges ißvwb‡Z kxl©
†`k eªvwRj|
Zzjv
 Zzjv †ewk R‡b¥- h‡kv‡i|
 iƒcvjx I †Wj‡dvm©- DbœZ Rv‡Zi Zzjv km¨|
 Zzjv MvQ †K- m~h©¨ Kb¨v ejv nq|
 eZ©gv‡b Zzjv Drcv`‡b kxl© †`k fviZ Ges ißvwb‡Z kxl©
†`k Pxb |
39
 ivevi
 evsjv‡`‡k ivevi Pvl ïiæ nq- 1961 mvj †_‡K|
 ivevi Pv‡li Rb¨ weL¨vZ ¯’vb- K·evRv‡ii ivgy|
 evsjv‡`‡k me‡P‡q †ewk ivevi Pvl nq- wm‡jU, PÆMÖvg I
K·evRvi| eZ©gv‡b ivevi evMvb i‡q‡Q 18 wU|
 evsjv‡`‡ki ivevi †Rvb wn‡m‡e L¨vZ- evBkvix,
ev›`ievb|
fzÆv
 ÔeY©vjxÕ I ÔïåÕ- DbœZRv‡Zi fzÆv|
 eª¨vK D™¢vweZ nvBweªW fzÆvi bvg- DËiY|
 fzÆv M‡elYv †K›`ª- bwkcyi, w`bvRcyi|
 kxl© Drcv`b I ißvwbKviK †`k hy³ivóª|
dm‡ji D”Pdjbkxj RvZ
 avb: wniv, gvjv, wecøe, `yjv‡fvM, weªkvBj, nwiUg, Avkv,
cÖMwZ, gy³v, weª nvBweªW avb-1, evD- 16, Av‡jvK-
6210, †mvbvi evsjv-1, mycvi ivBm|
 Mg: ejvKv, †`v‡qj, AMÖYx, †mvbvjxKv|
 ZvgvK: mygvÎv I g¨vwbjv|
 Avg: gnvb›`v, †gvnb‡fvM, j¨vsov, †Mvcvj‡fvM|
 U‡g‡Uv: evnvi, gvwbK, iZb, Ac~e©, wmu`yi, SzgKv|
 Kjv: Ag„ZmvMi, †g‡nimvMi, mewi, AwMœk^i, KvbvBeuvkx,
†gvnbeuvkx, exURev|
 njy`: wWgjv, my›`ix|
 Avjy: WvqgÛ, KvwW©bvj, my›`ix|
 wcqvR: Zv‡nicyix, wSUKv|
 wgwó Kzgov: nvRx I `v‡bk|
 mwilv: AMÖYx, mdj|
ebR m¤ú`
 ‡Kvb †`‡ki cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿvi Rb¨- 25 kZvsk
ebf~wg cÖ‡qvRb|
 miKvwi wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki- 17.50% ebf~wg Av‡Q|
 FAO Gi g‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki ebf~wg Av‡Q- 10% cÖvq|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg eb- cvnvwo eb|
 GKK wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg eb/evsjv‡`‡ki dzmdzm
- my›`ieb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq eb my›`ie‡bi evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb
6017 eM© wK.wg. (2400 eM©gvBj)| my›`ie‡bi †gvU
AvqZb: 10,000 eM© wK.wg.|
 my›`ieb ivgmvi mvB‡Ui AšÍf©~³ Kiv nq- 1992 mv‡j|
(560 Zg)| my›`ieb †_‡K 14 wK.wg. `~~‡i wbwg©Z n‡”Q
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
ivgcvj we`y¨r †K›`ª| my›`ie‡bi cÖavb e„ÿ my›`ix
(70%)| my›`ie‡bi †ewki fvM Ask Aew¯’Z ev‡Minv‡U|
 my›`ieb w`em 14 †deªæqvwi|
 nvwoqvWv½v I ivqg½vj `ywU cÖavb b`x my›`ie‡bi †fZi
w`‡q cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q|
 my›`ie‡bi Aew¯’Z c‡q›U 3wU| h_v: wniY c‡q›U, Rvdi
c‡q›U, UvBMvi c‡q›U| Gwj‡d›U c‡q›U Aew¯’Z
K·evRv‡i|
 ‡`‡ki e¨eüZ Kv‡Vi kZKiv 60 % Av‡m my›`ieb
†_‡K|
 UNESCO my›`ieb‡K wek^ HwZ‡n¨i Ask wn‡m‡e
†NvlYv K‡i- 1997 mv‡j (798Zg)| Z‡e 2019 mv‡j
UNESCO 43 Zg Awa‡ek‡b AvRvievBRv‡bi evKy‡Z
my›`ieb‡K ÔSzwKc~Y© wek^ HwZn¨Õ e‡j †NvlYv K‡i|
 my›`ie‡bi 62% evsjv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ c‡o‡Q|
 my›`i‡ib evN MYbvi cÖ×wZi bvg- K¨v‡giv Uªvwcs| c~‡e©
wQ‡jv cvMgvK©|
 my›`ie‡b 2 ai‡bi nwiY i‡q‡Q- wPÎv I gvqv|
 my›`ieb evsjv‡`‡ki- 5wU †Rjv‡K †K›`ª K‡i Aew¯’Z
(m~Î-evc Lye mvZ A_vr ev-ev‡MinvU, c-cUzqvLvjx, Ly-
Lyjbv, e-ei¸bv, mvZ-mvZÿxiv)|
 cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ebf~wg Av‡Q-
7wU †Rjvq|
 ivóªxq ebf~wg †bB- 29 wU †Rjvq|
 evsjv‡`ki DcK~jxq †Rjv 19wU |
 fvIqv‡ji ebvÂj- MvRxcyi †Rjvq| weL¨vZ ebf~wg:
kvjeb| gaycy‡ii ebvÂj- MvRxcyi, gqgbwmsn I
UvB½vB‡j Aew¯’Z| gaycy‡ii ebv‡ji cÖavvb e„ÿ- kvj|
 evsjv‡`‡ki `xN©Zg e„ÿ- ˆejvg e„ÿ (ev›`ieb †Rjvq
R‡b¥)|
 evsjv‡`‡k †gvU ebf~wgi cwigvY- 25 jÿ †n±i ev 25
nvRvi eM© wK.wg.|
 ‡h RvZxq MvQ ZvovZvwo e„w× cvq- evuk|
 ÔDcK~jxq meyR †eóbxÕ ebvÂj Kiv n‡q‡Q- 10wU †Rjvq|
 GKK †Rjv wn‡m‡e ebf~wgi cwigvY †ewk- ev‡MinvU
†Rjvq|
cÖ‡qvRbxq ebf~wg i‡q‡Q- 7wU †Rjvq
 Lyjbv  ivOvgvwU
 mvZÿxiv  ev›`ieb
 ev‡MinvU  K·evRvi
 PÆMÖvg
 cwi‡ek iÿvq ÿwZKi MvQ- BDwK¬cUvm| cwi‡ek iÿv
mnvqK MvQ- wbgMvQ|
 evsjv‡`k eb M‡elYv †K›`ª Aew¯’Z- PÆMÖvg|
40
  ‡cwÝj ˆZwi nq- ay›`j KvV †_‡K| Mivb Mv‡Qi Qvj
†_‡K- is cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| MR©b MvQ †_‡K †ij jvB‡bi
w¯øcvi ‰Zwi Kiv nq| Mvgvix MvQ †_‡K mv¤úvb/‡bŠKv
‰Zwi Kiv nq|
 Lyjbv wbDRwcÖ›U wg‡ji KvuPvgvj †MIqv, Lyjbv nvW©‡evW©
wg‡ji KuvPvgvj my›`ix MvQ|
 c„w_exi me©vwaK g¨vb‡MÖvf ebvÂj i‡q‡Q B‡›`v‡bwkqvq|
 c„w_exi GKK e„nËg g¨vb‡MÖvf eb- my›`ieb|
 c„w_exi weL¨vZ UvBWvj eb/‡¯ªvZR eb- my›`ieb|
 Zzjv MvQ‡K ejv nq- m~h© Kb¨v|
 PÆMÖvg wefv‡M evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q ‡ewk ebf~wg Av‡Q|
 wefvM Abymv‡i me‡P‡q Kg ebf~wg Av‡Q ivRkvnx‡Z|
 cwi‡ek bxwZ †NvlYv Kiv nq- 1992 mv‡j|
 ‡bwcqvi- GK RvZxq Nvm|
grm m¤ú`
 gvQ cÖvwYR Avwgl|
 ‡iby‡cvbv Qvov nq el©vKv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq gvQ- Bwjk, cyKz‡i evu‡P bv Bwjk
gvQ|
 Bwj‡ki AfvqvkÖg 6 wU me©‡kl ewikvj|
 Bwj‡ki wR‡bvg wmKz‡qÝ ev Rxeb inm¨ D‡b¥Pb K‡ib
XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK nvwmbv Lvb I evsjv‡`k K…wl
wek^we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK kvgmyj Avjg|
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g wPswo M‡elYv †K›`ª Aew¯’Z- ev‡Minv‡U|
 evsjv‡`‡ki grm¨ AvB‡b Bwjk gv‡Qi †cvbv aiv wb‡la
25 †m.wg. ev 10 BwÂi Kg ˆ`‡N©¨i, iæB RvZxq gv‡Qi
†cvbv aiv wb‡la 23 †m.wg. Kg ˆ`‡N©¨i|
 ‡mvbvØxc weL¨vZ- mvgyw`ªK gvQ wkKv‡ii Rb¨|
 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©‡bi wPswoi Ae¯’vb- wØZxq|
 ‡gwib wdkvwiR GKv‡Wwg PÆMÖv‡g|
 evsjv‡`‡ki grm¨ M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU- 5wU|
¯^v`y cvwbi gvQ M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU gqgbwmsn
mvgyw`ªK cvwbi gvQ M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU K·evRvi
Bwjk I b`xi gvQ M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU Puv`cyi
‡jvbv cvwbi gvQ M‡elYv †K›`ª Lyjbv
wPswo M‡elYv †K›`ª ev‡MinvU
 wcivbnv GK ai‡bi- ivÿz‡m gvQ|
 evsjv‡`‡ki wPswo m¤ú`‡K ejv nq- White Gold.
 ÔMj`v wPswoÕ ißvwb nq Avwki `kK †_‡K|
 grm m¤ú‡` Bwj‡ki Ae`vb 12.45%, wRwWwc‡Z Bwj‡ki
Ae`vb 1%|
 wPswo Pv‡li Rb¨ Kz‡qZ wmwU ejv nq- Lyjbv AÂj‡K|
 Trust Sector ejv iq- wngvwqZ Lv`¨‡K|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 gy‡L wWg †i‡L ev”Pv dzUvq- †Zjvwcqv gvQ|
 wgVv cvwbi Drm b`x-wej-nvIo|
 wgVv cvwbi gv‡Qi eo Drm- Pjbwej|
 my›`ie‡bi `wÿ‡Y Aew¯’Z Ô`yejvi PiÕ weL¨vZ gvQ I
ïuUwKi Rb¨|
cÖvwYR m¤ú`
 ÔBlack BengleÕ DbœZ Kv‡jv Rv‡Zi QvMj| Ôeø¨vK
†KvqvUviÕ Mevw` cïi †ivM|
 nwiY cÖRbb †K›`ª Aew¯’Z- K·evRv‡ii WzjvnvRvivq|
 Ôevsjv‡`k Mevw`cï M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDUÕ Aew¯’Z XvKvi
mvfv‡i|
 evsjv‡`‡k ÔQvMj cÖRbb †K›`ªÕ Aew¯’Z wm‡j‡Ui wXjvM‡o|
evsjv‡`‡ki weÁvbxiv me©‡kl QvM‡ji Rx‡bvg Avwe®‹vi
K‡ib|
 evsjv‡`‡ki AwZw_ cvwL Av‡m- mvB‡ewiqv †_‡K|
 evsjv‡`‡ki †K›`ªxq †Mv cÖRbb I `yy» Lvgvi- XvKvi
mvfv‡i|
 ivYx‡ÿZ, emšÍ, i³ Avgvkqv, K‡jiv, iƒc - gyiwMi
†iv‡Mi bvg|
 evW© d¬z n‡”Q cvwLi GK ai‡bi Bbd¬z‡qÄv|
 WvK †cøM I †ivcv- nuv‡mi †iv‡Mi bvg|
 Ô‡Mv emšÍÕ- Mevw` cïi †ivM|
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q e„nËg †Mv-PviY †ÿÎ Aew¯’Z-
wmivRM‡Ä|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cÖRvcwZ cvK© Aew¯’Z- c‡Z½v, PÆMÖvg|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ miKvwi Kzwgi cÖRbb †K›`ª- KigRj,
my›`ieb|
 Ô`y»ivYxÕ ejv nq- myBRvij¨v‡Ûi Ôm¨v‡bbÕ QvMj‡K|
cvwb m¤ú`
 Av‡m©wb‡Ki ms‡KZ Kx- As (cvigvYweK msL¨v-33)|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Av‡m©wbK aiv c‡o- 1993 mv‡j
(PuvcvBbeveM‡Ä)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki me©vwaK Av‡m©wbK AvµvšÍ †Rjv- Pvu`cyi|
 WHO Gi g‡Z 1 wjUvi cvwb‡Z 0.01 wg.MÖv. Av‡m©wbK
_vK‡j Zv‡e Av‡m©wbK `~lY e‡j| WHO Gi g‡Z
Av‡m©wb‡Ki MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvi gvÎv 0.05 wgwjMÖvg/wjUvi|
 ‡MvcvjMÄ †Rjvi Uzw½cvov ¯^v¯’¨ Kg‡cø‡· evsjv`‡ki
me©cÖ_g Av‡m©wbK wUªU‡g›U cøv›U ¯’vcb Kiv nq|
 Av‡m©wbK wbg~©‡j evsjv‡`k‡K mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb K‡i-
wek^e¨vsK (WB)|
 RvZxq cvwb cwiKíbv ms¯’vi bvg ÔIqvi‡cvÕ|
41
 cvwbi ms‡KZ- H2O| fvix cvwbi ms‡KZ Kx- D2O
(wWD‡Uwiqvg WvB-A·vBW)| e„wói cvwb‡Z wfUvwgb- B
_v‡K|
 cvwb †_‡K gvÎvwZwi³ Av‡m©wbK `~i Kivi Kv‡R e¨en„Z
m‡bv wdëv‡ii D™¢veK Aveyj ûmmvg Ges Av_© wdëv‡ii
D™¢veK `yjvjx †PŠaywi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg cvwb †kvabvMvi- mvq`vev` cvwb
†kvabvMvi (2002)|
 evsjv‡`k cvwb Dbœqb †evW© WAPDA: Water and
Power Development Authority | cÖwZwôZ nq:
1959 mv‡j|
cÖvK…wZK M¨vm
 Kqjv, †c‡Uªvj I cÖvK…wZK M¨vm‡K Rxevk¥ R¦vjvwb ejv
nq| cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb wg‡_b M¨vm|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb LwbR m¤ú` cÖvK…wZK M¨vm|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g M¨vm‡ÿÎ Avwe®‹vi nq- 1955 mv‡j|
(wm‡j‡Ui nwicy‡i)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g M¨vm D‡ËvwjZ nq- 1957 mv‡j|
 eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k M¨vm †ÿÎ KZwU- 28 wU| me©‡kl
M¨vm †ÿÎ RwKMÄ, wm‡jU|
 M¨vm D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨ mgMÖ †`k‡K †gvU 49 wU eø‡K fvM
Kiv n‡q‡Q| ¯’jfvM‡K 23 eø‡K Ges DcK~j‡K 26 wU
fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 evsjv‡`‡ki eo M¨vm †ÿÎ †KvbwU- wZZvm, eªþYevwoqv|
(XvKv kn‡i M¨vm ms‡hvM †`Iqv nq| me‡P‡q †ewk M¨vm
D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq GLvb †_‡K)|
 evLivev` M¨vm‡ÿÎwU Aew¯’Z- Kzwgjøvq|
 mybvgM‡Äi ‡UsivwUjv M¨vm‡ÿÎ AwMœKvÐ N‡U- 2005
mv‡j| ‡UsivwUjv M¨vm‡ÿ‡Î Kg©iZ wQ‡jv KvbvwWqvb
†Kv¤úvbx bvB‡Kv| †gŠjfxevRv‡ii gv¸ovQovq AwMœKvÐ
N‡U 1997 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki mgy`ª DcK~‡j 2wU M¨vm †ÿÎ Av‡Q (mv½y,
PÆMÖvg I KzZzew`qv, K·evRvi)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ Lwbi Kv‡Ri †`kxq ms¯’v- BAPEX.
(Bangaldesh Petroleum Exploration &
Production Company Ltd.)| cÖwZôv nq 1983
mv‡j|
 wmwjÛvi K‡i weµq Kiv M¨v‡mi bvg weD‡Ub|
 CNG Gi c~Y©iƒc Compressed Natural Gas|
 bvB‡Kv- KvbvWvi †Kv¤úvbx
 ‡Kqvb© GbwR©- hy³iv‡R¨i †Kv¤úvbx|
 ‡kfib, Aw·‡W›Uvj- hy³iv‡óªi †Kv¤úvbx|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 eZ©gv‡b cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi kxl© Drcv`bKvix †`k hy³ivóª
Ges ißvwbKviK †`k ivwkqv|
LwbR †Zj
 evsjv‡`‡ki LwbR †Zj Avwe®‹„Z nq 1986 mv‡j wm‡j‡Ui
nwicy‡i| LwbR †Zj D‡ËvwjZ nq 1987 mvj †_‡K|
 ‡`‡ki GKgvÎ †Zj †kvabvMvi- B÷vb© widvBbvix wj.
(PÆMÖv‡gi c‡Z½vq Aew¯’Z)| ‡Zj Drcv`b eÜ n‡q hvq
1994 mv‡j|
 eZ©gv‡b LwbR †Z‡ji kxl© Drcv`bKvix/ißvwbKviK/
e¨enviKvix †`k hy³ivóª
Kqjv
 evsjv‡`‡ki eo Kqjvi Lwb- w`bvRcyi †Rjvq `xwNcvov|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Kqjv PvwjZ we`y¨r †K›`ª- eocyKzwiqv,
w`bvRcyi|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖvß me‡P‡q DbœZgv‡bi Kqjv- weUwgbvm|
 evsjv‡`‡k DbœZgv‡bi Kqjv cvIqv †M‡Q- RvgvjMÄ,
RqcyinvU|
 ‡k^Z Kqjvi †`k ejv nq myBRvij¨vÛ‡K|
 eZ©gv‡b Kqjvi kxl© Drcv`bKvix †`k Pxb Ges
ißvwbKviK †`k A‡÷ªwjqv |
MÜK
 evsjv‡`‡ki KzZzew`qvq M܇Ki mÜvb cvIqv wM‡q‡Q|
evwZN‡ii Rb¨ weL¨vZ Øxc- KzZzew`qv (K·evRvi)|
BD‡iwbqvg
 ‡gŠjfxevRvi †Rjvi KzjvDov cvnv‡o BD‡iwbqvg cvIqv
hvq 4 Ryb 1994 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g B‡ivwbqvg cvIqv hvq- Mv‡iv cvnv‡o|
‡ZRw¯Œq evwj I wPbv gvwU
 K·evRvi mgy`ª ˆmK‡Z- †ZRw¯Œ evwj cvIqv ‡M‡Q|
 Black Gold - †ZRw¯Œq LwbR c`v_©|
 wPbv gvwUi mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q- weRqcyi, †b·Kvbv I
cZœxZjv, bIMuv|
 iscyi ‡Rjv Zvgvi Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
we`y¨r kw³
 we`y¨r GK cÖKvi kw³| XvKvq me©cÖ_g ˆe`y¨wZK evwZi
cÖPjb nq- 7 wW‡m¤^i 1901 mv‡j| evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g
ˆe`y¨wZK evwZ R¦‡j XvKvi Avnmvb gwćj|
42
 evsjv‡`‡k Zvcwe`y¨r †K‡›`ªi msL¨v- 11 wU (me‡P‡q eo
Zvcwe`y¨r †K›`ª cvqiv Zvc we`y¨r †K›`ª, cUzqvLvjx)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cvwb we`y¨r †K›`ª- KvßvB Rjwe`y¨r
†K›`ª| wbg©vY Kiv nq 1962 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g fvmgvb †mŠiwe`y¨r †K›`ª wbwg©Z n‡”Q-
gsjvq|
 iƒccyi AvYweK we`y¨r †K›`ª- cvebv †Rjvq Aew¯’Z (wbg©vY
Kiv nq- 1961 mv‡j)|
 XvKv gnvbMixi we`y¨r mieivn KZ…©c‡ÿi bvg- ‡Wmv|
 cÖ_g †mŠi we`y¨r cÖKí Pvjy nq- biwms`x †Rjvq|
 cjøx we`y¨r †evW© cÖwZwôZ nq- 1977 mv‡j|
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g M¨vm PvwjZ we`y¨r †K›`ª- wm‡j‡Ui nwicyi
we`y¨r †K›`ª|
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g Kqjv PvwjZ we`y¨r †K›`ª- w`bvRcy‡ii
eocyKzwiqv we`y¨r †K›`ª|
 evsjv‡`‡k evqy we`y¨r cÖKí i‡q‡Q- 3wU (PÆMÖvg †Rjvq,
K·evRv‡ii KzZzew`qv, †dbxi †mvbvMvRx‡Z)|
 weR‡qi Av‡jv we`y¨r †K›`ª- wmivRMÄ †Rjvi evNvevwo‡Z
Aew¯’Z|
RvZxq D`¨vb, eb¨cÖvYxi AfqviY¨, B‡Kv I mvdvwi cvK©
 ‡`‡k cÖ_g B‡KvcvK© ¯’vwcZ nq- PÆMÖv‡g|
 gvaeKz‡Ûi B‡Kv cvK© Aew¯’Z- †gŠjfxevRvi †Rjvi
eo‡jLvq|
 ‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 16 wU B‡Kv cvK© Av‡Q| me©‡kl wgVvcyi
B‡Kv cvK©, iscyi|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g mvdvwi cv‡K©i bvg- e½eÜz †kL gywRe
mvdvwi cvK©, WzjvnvRiv, K·evRvi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^xK…wZcÖvß †evUvwbK¨vj
Mv‡W©‡bi bvg- evsjv‡`k K…wl wek^we`¨vj‡qi †evUvwbK¨vj
Mv‡W©b|
 evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl wek^we`¨vj‡q †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b
cÖwZwôZ nq- 1961 mv‡j|
 ‰PZb¨ bvm©vwii cÖwZôvZvi bvg- Ck^iP›`ª ¸ß|
 b¨vkbvj †evUvwbK¨vj Mv‡W©b Aew¯’Z- wgicyi, XvKv|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxbZg cvK©- evnv`yi kvn cvK©|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvPxbZg Mv‡W©b- ejav Mv‡W©b|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg I wØZxq mvdvwi cvK©- e½eÜz mvdvwi
cvK© (kÖxcyi, MvRxcyi)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ÔnvB‡UK cvK©Õ wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q- MvRxcy‡ii
Kvwjqv‰K‡i| cÖ_g ÔcÖRvcwZ cvK©Õ Aew¯’Z- MvRxcyi|
 WzjvnvRviv mvdvwi cv‡K©i eZ©gvb bvg- e½eÜz †kL gywReyi
ingvb mvdvwi cvK© I eb¨ cÖvYx cÖRbb †K›`ª|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
Avwg ejjvg,
ÒAvgvi †Kv‡bv cwiKíbv mdj n‡”Q bv|Ó
Avjøvn ej‡jb, ÒAvjøvn m‡ev©Ëg cwiKíbvKvix|Ó
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 08
DcRvwZ ev Avw`evmx
 DBwKwcwWqvq cÖvß Z_¨ g‡Z, mvaviYZ †Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó
GjvKvq AbycÖ‡ekKvix ev `Lj`vi Rb‡Mvôxi AvMg‡bi
c~‡e© hviv emevm Ki‡Zv Ges GL‡bv K‡i; hv‡`i wbR¯^
Avjv`v ms¯‹…wZ, ixwZbxwZ I g~j¨‡eva Av‡Q ZvivB
Avw`evmx|
 miKvwi Z_¨ g‡Z evsjv‡`‡k †gvU 50 wU DcRvwZ Av‡Q|
Z‡e Avw`evmx wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx 45 wU|
 evsjv‡`‡k emevm K‡i bv gvDwi, Ryjy, wb‡MÖv, `ªvweo,
bvMv, wcMwg, Kzjy, Kzw`©, Avwd«w`, †UvWv, †kicv BZ¨vw`
DcRvwZ|
 cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g mv‡K©j 3 wU| h_v: PvKgv, gs, †evgvs|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb Ges e„nËg Avw`evmx- PvKgv|
 PvKgviv †eŠ× ag©vej¤^x| PvKgv‡`i cÖavb ag©xq Drme
ˆekvLx c~wY©gv| PvKgv mgv‡Ri ivRv c`wU eskvbyµwgK|
PvKgv‡`i †gŠRvi cÖavb‡K ejv nq †nWg¨vb|
 PvKgv mgv‡R Kve©vwi I †nWg¨v‡bi KvR cvov I †gŠRvi
kvwšÍ k„•Ljv iÿv Kiv| wc‡bvb I nvw` n‡jv PvKgv
†g‡q‡`i cwi‡aq Kvco|
 PvKgv‡`i HwZn¨evnx Lvevi n‡jv euv‡ki ˆZwi Lvevi|
 ‡dmey‡Ki wØZxq fvlv- PvKgv |
 PvKgv fvlvq wjwLZ cÖ_g Dcb¨vm- †d‡ev (2014)|
 PvKgv‡`i el© eiY Drme‡K e‡j- weSz|
 weSz Drm‡ei ce© 3wU| h_v: dzjweSz, g~jweSz Ges bIemi
ev †MvR¨v‡cvR¨v| weSz Drme 3 w`b e¨vwc cvjb Kiv nq|
 ‡`‡ki wØZxq e„nËg DcRvwZ muvIZvj (DËie‡½i cÖavb
Avw`evmx, mgZ‡j emevm K‡i, muvIZvj‡`i cÖavb †`eZv
m~h© †`eZv )|
 Szgyi Mvb n‡jv- mvIZvj‡`i|
 evsjv‡`‡ki ÿz`ªËg Avw`evmx- Lywg I PvK|
 evsjv‡`‡ki gvZ…Zvwš¿K DcRvwZ- Mv‡iv, Lvwmqv, muvIZvj|
 evsjv‡`‡ki wcZ… cÖavb DcRvwZ- gvigv I nvRs|
 evsjv‡`‡ki gymjgvb DcRvwZ- cv½b (*** gyi gymwjg
DcRvwZ hviv evsjv‡`‡k emevm K‡i bv)|
43
  KwVb Pxi`vb Abyôvb cvjb Kiv nq cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg DcRvwZ‡`i mvs¯‹…wZK †K›`ª
A‡j|
 DcRvwZi mvs¯‹…wZK GKv‡Wgx- wewiwkwi, †b·Kvbv|
 Mv‡iv‡`i wb‡R‡`i fvlv‡K e‡j AvwPK KzwmK A_©vr  DcRvwZq mvs¯‹…wZK Bbw÷wUDU- ev›`ievb|
cvnvwo fvlv|
 DcRvwZq mvs¯‹…wZK †K›`ª- ivOvgvwU|
 Lvwmqv MÖvg¸‡jv‡K ejv nq cywÄ|  eZ©gv‡b DcRvwZ‡`i mvs¯‹…wZK cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q 8 wU|
 DcRvwZi fvlvi msL¨v- 32wU|
 wek^ Avw`evmx w`em- 9 AvM÷| DcRvwZ‡`i Drme
 ewYK‡`i weiæ‡× PvKgv †bZv Ry¤§v Lvb we‡`ªv‡ni cZvKv  PvKgv- weSy
Dwo‡q wQ‡jb|  wÎcyiv- ˆemyK GK‡Î el©eiY‡K e‡j ˆemvwe|
 ‡Kvb DcRvwZ exicÖwZK †LZve cvb BD †K Pxs gvigv|  gvigv- mvsMÖvB
 muvIZvj we‡`ªvn nq 1855-1856 mv‡j|  Mv‡iv- IqvbMvjv|
 muvIZvj we‡`ªvn w`em 30 Ryb|  muvIZvj- †mvnivB|
 Mv‡iv‡`i Avw` a‡g©i bvg mvsmv‡iK|  ivLvBb- mv‡›`ª, Rj‡Kwj|
 Mv‡iviv cÖavbZ wLª÷vb| Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i ˆZwi †cvkv‡Ki  gwbcyix- gnvivg jxjv|
bvg `Kgv›`v| evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv e¨e¯’v
 Avw`evmx‡`i Rxebaviv wb‡q me©vwaK eB wj‡L‡Qb-
Ave`ym mvËvi| weL¨vZ eB: AiY¨ Rbc` I AiY¨  msweav‡bi 17bs Aby‡”Q‡` A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK
ms¯‹…wZ| wkÿvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
 ÔevIqvjx, ejv nq my›`ie‡bi †MvjcvZv msMÖnKvix‡`i|  ewikvj wefv‡M- wkÿvi nvi †ewk|
 wm‡jU wefv‡M- wkÿvi nvi Kg|
 ÔQBqvjÕ n‡jv hviv euvk wLo w`‡q Ni evbvq|
 evsjv‡`k eZ©vg‡b wbiÿigy³ †Rjv- 7wU| cÖ_g
cve©Z¨ kvwšÍPzw³: RbmsnwZ mwgwZ I cvnvwo‡`i ‡Mwijv evwnbx wbiÿigy³ †Rjv- gv¸iv (me©‡kl- wmivRMÄ)|
ÔkvwšÍevwnbxiÕ cÖwZôvZv gvb‡e›`ª ‡evwawcÖq jvigv| kvwšÍevwnbxi  evsjv‡`‡k eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkÿv AvBb cvm nq-
eZ©gvb †Pqvig¨vb †RvwZ›`ª †evwawcÖq jvigv (mš‘ jvigv)| evsjv‡`k 1990 mv‡j| evsjv‡`‡k eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wkÿv Pvjy
miKvi I kvwšÍevwnbxi g‡a¨ Ôcve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg kvwšÍPzw³Õ m¤úvw`Z nq nq 1992 mv‡j (68 wU _vbvq)| mviv‡`‡k eva¨Zvg~jK
1997 mv‡ji 2iv wW‡m¤^i| Pzw³‡Z evsjv‡`‡k miKv‡ii c‡ÿ ¯^vÿi cÖv_wgK wkÿv Pvjy nq 1993 mv‡j|
K‡ib Ges RbmsnwZ mwgwZi c‡ÿ †RvwZ›`ª †evwawcÖq jvigv|
evsjv‡`‡ki K¨v‡WU K‡jR
evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ DcRvwZ‡`i Ae¯’vb
 evsjv‡`‡ki K¨v‡WU K‡jR Av‡Q- 12wU| †Q‡j‡`i 9 wU
DcRvwZ Ae¯’vb Ges †g‡q‡`i 3 wU|
PvgKv PÆMÖvg, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg  cÖ_g K¨v‡WU K‡jR- †dŠR`vinvU K¨v‡WU K‡jR
wÎcyiv cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg (cÖwZôv- 1958 mv‡j)|
gvigv K·evRvi, ev›`ievb, cUzqvLvjx
 ‡dŠR`vi nvU K¨v‡WU K‡jR- PÆMÖv‡g Aew¯’Z|
muvIZvj DËie½ A_©vr ivRkvnx, iscyi, w`bvRcyi
ivReskx iscyi, w`bvRcyi, ivRkvnx, e¸ov  cÖ_g ewjKv K¨v‡WU K‡jR- gqgbwms‡n Aew¯’Z (cÖwZôv-
IiuvI e¸ov, ivRkvnx I iscyi 1985 mv‡j)|
Mv‡iv gqgbwmsn, †kicyi, †b·KvYv, Uv½vBj,
evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv Kwgkb
wm‡jU I mybvgMÄ
nvRs gqgbwmsn, †b·Kvbv I †kicyi  Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g wkÿv Kwgkb- nv›Uvi Kwgkb (1882)|
gwbcyix wm‡jU, †gŠjfxevRvi I nweMÄ
 G ch©šÍ †`‡k 5wU wkÿv Kwgkb MVb nq|
Lvwmqv wm‡jU, mybvgMÄ I nweMÄ
ivLvBb cUzqvLvjx  cÖ_g wkÿv Kwgkb- W. Kz`iZ-B-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb
cv½b †gŠjfxevRvi (1972 mv‡ji 26 RyjvB) |
evIqvjx, my&›`ieb  cÂg wkÿv Kwgkb- gwbiæRRvgvb wgTv wkÿv Kwgkb
gvIqvjx (2003)|

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 44

 cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i me©Rbxb I A‰eZwbK eva¨Zvg~jK wkÿv *** cÖv‡P¨i K¨vgweªR bv‡g L¨vZ ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡q cÖ_gev‡ii
cÖeZ©b K‡ib, GKgyLx wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi mycvwik K‡ib- W. g‡Zv Ôe½eÜz †PqviÕ Aa¨vcK wn‡m‡e g‡bvwbZ n‡q‡Qb iex›`ªM‡elK
Kz`iZ-B-Ly`v wkÿv Kwgkb I A_©bxwZex` mbr Kzgvi mvnv|

evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ wewfbœ wek^we`¨vj‡qi cÖwZôv mvj

 G ch©šÍ 3wU wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb Kiv nq| me©‡kl RvZxq  XvKv wek^we`¨vjq- 1921 mvj|
wkÿvbxwZ cÖYqb KwgwUi cÖavb wQ‡jb- Aa¨vcK Kexi  ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vjq- 1953 mvj|
†PŠayix (2009)|  K…wl wek^we`¨vjq- 1961 mvj|
 eZ©gv‡b wkÿve¨e¯’vi ¯Íi Av‡Q- 3wU|  cÖ‡KŠkjx wek^we`¨vjq- 1962 mvj (ey‡qU)|
 cÖv_wgK ¯Íi- cÖ_g †_‡K Aóg †kÖYx ch©šÍ|  PÆMÖvg wek^we`¨vjq- 1966 mvj|
 gva¨wgK ¯Íi- beg †_‡K Øv`k ch©šÍ|  Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vjq- 1970 mvj|
 D”P gva¨wgK- ¯œvZK †_‡K cieZ©x ch©šÍ|  Bmjvgx wek^we`¨vjq- 1980 mvj|
 Db¥y³ wek^we`¨vjq- 1992 mvj|
evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿv cÖkvmb
 RvZxq wek^we`¨vjq- 1992mvj|
 cÖv_wgK wkÿK‡`i wb‡qvM cÖ`vb K‡i- cÖv_wgK wkÿv  e½eÜz †kL gywRe †gwW‡Kj wek^we`¨vjq- 1997 mvj|
Awa`ßi| cÖv_wgK wkÿv Awa`߇ii cÖavb‡K ejv nq-  RMbœv_ wek^we`¨vjq- 2005 mvj|
gnvcwiPvjK|  ‡eMg ‡iv‡Kqv wek^we`¨vjq- 2008 mvj|
 wkÿv wel‡q Rwic Pvjvq- BANBEIS|
cÖv‡P¨i A·‡dvW© ÔXvKv wek^we`¨vjqÕ
 BANBEIS Gi c~Y©iƒc- Bangladesh Bureau of
Educational Informational and Statistics. XvKv wek^we`¨vjq MwVZ nq- 1912
 RvZxq cÖv_wgK wkÿv GKv‡Wgx- NAPE| MwVZ Kwgkb cÖwZôvi R‡b¨ MwVZ mv‡j;
 NAPE Gi c~Y©iƒc- National Academy for Kwgkb- bv_vg Kwgkb| m`m¨ wQj- 13 Rb|
cÖwZôv cÖwZôv- 1921 mv‡j 1 w`em- 1 RyjvB|
Primary Education.
RyjvB|
 NAPE gqgbwms‡n Aew¯’Z (1978 mv‡j)|
XvKv wek^we`¨vjq Rwg`vb K‡ib m¨vi
 RvZxq wkÿv e¨e¯’vcbv GKv‡Wgx- bv‡qg| Ae`vb cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î f~wgKv mwjgyjøvn|
 NAEM Gi c~Y©iƒc- National Inastitute of iv‡Lb- jW© nvwW©Ä|
Education Management. cÖwZôvKvjxb Abyl` wQ‡jv- 3wU
 cÖv_wgK wkÿv ev¯Íevq‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i- DPE. Abyl` (AvBb, Kjv I weÁvb)|
eZ©gv‡b Abyl` 13 wU |
 DPE Gi c~Y©iƒc- Directorate of Primary
cÖwZôvKvjxb QvÎ- QvÎx wkÿK wQ‡jb- 60
Education. wQj- 877 Rb| Rb|
cÖ_g QvÎx XvKv wKk^we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g gymwjg QvÎx
evsjv‡`‡ki cvewjK wek^we`¨vjq
Ges gwnjv cÖ_g QvÎx wQ‡jb jxjv dwRjvZz‡bœmv †Rvnv|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cvewjK wek^we`¨vjq ¸‡jv‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i wkÿK bvM |
cÖ_g gwnjv wkÿK wQ‡jb- KiæYv KYv ¸ß
UGC: University Grants Commission |
(BwZnvm wefvM)|
 ‡`‡ki miKvwi wek^we`¨vjq Pvjy i‡q‡Q 52 wU| P¨v‡Ýji cÖ_g P¨v‡Ýji wQ‡jb eZ©gvb P¨v‡Ýji
 wek^we`¨vjq gyÄywi Kwgk‡bi eZ©gvb †Pqvig¨vb Aa¨vcK jW© WvbWvm gnvgvb¨ ivóªcwZ
KvRx knx`yjøvn (13 Zg)| (†RwmAvB)|
 ‡`‡ki GKgvÎ AvevwmK wek^we`¨vjq- Rvnv½xibMi fvBm- cÖ_g fvBm- P¨v‡Ýji eZ©gvb fvBm-
wek^we`¨vjq (1970 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq)| P¨v‡Ýji wQ‡jb m¨vi wc.‡R P¨v‡Ýji (wfwm)
nvU©R| Av³viæ¾vgvb (28
 evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ gy³ wek^we`¨vjq- Lyjbv wek^we`¨vjq
Zg)|
(1987 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq)| cÖwZôvKvjxb nj- 3wU, eZ©gv‡b nj- 19wU;
 ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g wf.wm.- W. AvB. GBP. AvevwmK nj mwjgyjøvn, (‡g‡q‡`i 5wU)|
Ry‡eix| eZ©gvb wf.wm. Aa¨vcK †Mvjvg mvweŸi mvËvi| knx`yjøvn,
RMbœv_
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 45
 ‡køvMvb XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi g‡bvMÖv‡g †jLv †køvMvb n‡jv- nq 1990 mv‡j, me©‡kl WvKmy wbe©vPb nq 11 gvP© 2019
wkÿvB Av‡jv| (37 Zg)|
mgveZ©b cÖ_g mgveZ©b- 22 wdeªæqvwi, 1923 mv‡j|
¯^vaxbZvi ci cÖ_g me©‡kl 53 Zg ‡gwW‡Kj K‡jR wek^we`¨vjq
mgveZ©b- 1999 mv‡j mgveZ©b ïiæ nq 19
b‡f¤^i 2022  evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi †gwW‡Kj K‡jR 39 wU| me©‡kl:
QvÎ wn‡m‡e W. †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb| e½eÜz †gwW‡Kj K‡jR, mybvgMÄ|
wfwm nb,  evsjv‡`‡k Avg©‡dvm© †gwW‡Kj K‡jR- 1wU|
wZwb 52-Gi  evsjv‡`‡k †gwW‡Kj wek^we`¨vjq- 5 wU| me©‡kl: †kL
fvlv
nvwmbv †gwW‡Kj wek^we`¨vjq|
Av‡›`vj‡bi
mgq wfwm, wewea
e½eÜz‡K
ewn®‹viK wfwm  evsjv‡`‡k †gvU wkÿv †evW©- 11 wU| evsjv‡`‡k gva¨wgK I
wQ‡jb D”Pgva¨wgK wkÿv‡evW©- 9wU| evsjv‡`‡k gv`ªvmv
wkÿv‡evW©- 1wU| KvwiMwi wkÿv‡evW©- 1wU|
gyw³hy× PjvKvjxb mg‡q wfwm, QvÎ Avey mvC` †PŠayix|
nZ¨vi cÖwZev‡` c`Z¨vM K‡ib  evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g wkÿv‡evW©- gva¨wgK D”Pgva¨wgK wkÿv
†evW© XvKv (cÖwZôv- 1947)|
cÖ_g Dc-gnv‡`kxq wfwm/ gymwjg wfwm m¨vi G. Gd. ingvb  evsjv‡`‡k wkÿvgš¿Yvjq cÖwZôv jvf K‡i- 1972 mv‡j|
cÖ_g evOvjx i‡gk P›`ª gRyg`vi  cÖv_wgK MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq cÖwZôv jvf K‡i- 2003 mv‡j|
BwZnvm wefv‡M- e½eÜz †Pqvi|  me©cÖ_g RvZxq Aa¨vcK wb‡qvM ïiæ nq- 1975 mvj
evsjv wefv‡M- W. Avngv` kixd †Pqvi|
†_‡K|
‡Pqvi c`v_©weÁvb wefv‡M- †evm †Pqvi|
DB‡gb GÛ ÷vwWR wefv‡M- †iv‡Kqv †Pqvi|  cÖ_g RvZxq Aa¨vcK wQ‡jb- wZb Rb, †gqv`- 5 eQi |
ivóªweÁvb wefv‡M- iv¾vK †Pqvi|  wkívPvh© Rqbyj Av‡e`xb|
 Aa¨vcK Ave`yi iv¾vK|
 W. KvRx †gvZv‡ni †nv‡mb †PŠayix|
wewea XvKv wek^we`¨vjq
wewfbœ GKv‡Wwg
 iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡q G‡mwQ‡jb- 1 evi
(1926 mv‡j)|  evsjv‡`k Gqvi‡dvm© †Uªwbs †m›Uvi Aew¯’Z- h‡kvi|
 gyw³hy‡× XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi- 19 Rb wkÿK wbnZ nb|  evsjv‡`k wgwjUvix GKv‡Wwg Aew¯’Z- PÆMÖv‡gi
 XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡q Av‡jvwPZ- 7 Rb e¨w³i Kei i‡q‡Q| fvwUqvix‡Z|
h_v: G.‡K dRjyj nK, †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x, LvRv  evsjv‡`k ‡gwib GKv‡Wwg Aew¯’Z- PÆMÖv‡gi Rjw`qvq|
bvwRgywÏb, KvRx byRiæj Bmjvg, Rqbyj Av‡e`xb,  evsjv‡`k ‡bfvj GKv‡Wwg Aew¯’Z- PÆMÖv‡gi c‡Z½vq|
Kvgiæj nvmvb I W. †gvnv¤§` knx`yjøvn|  cywjk GKv‡Wgx- ivRkvnxi mvi`vq|
 XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡q i‡q‡Q- wZb †bZvi gvRvi (Awef³  Avbmvi GKv‡Wgx- MvRxcy‡ii mwdcy‡i|
evsjvi wZbRb gyL¨gš¿x)|  evsjv‡`k ‡cv÷vj GKv‡Wwg- ivRkvnx‡Z|
 XvKv wek^we`¨vjq n‡Z cÖ_g bvix W±‡iU wWwMÖ cÖvß- W.
bxwjgv Beªvwng| RvZxq welqvejx
 ‡h weÁvbx Xv.we. c`v_©weÁvb wefv‡Mi QvÎ wQ‡jb-
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cÖZx‡Ki wWRvBbvi- Kvgiæj nvmvb|
m‡Z¨›`ªbv_ emy|
RvZxq cÖZx‡Ki ZviKv wPý 4wU|
 XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi Kv‡jv w`em- 23 AvM÷|
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Mv‡Qi bvg- AvgMvQ|
 XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi ‡kvK w`em- 15 A‡±vei|
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq e‡bi bvg- my›`ieb|
 WvKmy ej‡Z †evSvq- XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi †K›`ªxq QvÎ-
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq gmwR‡`i bvg- evqZzj †gvKvig
QvÎx msm`| WvKmy cÖwZôv nq- 1924 mv‡j| cÖ_g WvKmy
gmwR`, RvZxq gw›`i Xv‡Kk^ix gw›`i|
wbe©vPb nq 1924 mv‡j, ¯^vaxbZvi ci cÖ_g WvKmy wbe©vPb
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Rv`yNiÑ XvKv RvZxq Rv`yNi
(kvnevM)|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 46
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq D`¨v‡bi bvg- †mvnivIqv`©x D`¨vb|  iYmsMxZ me©cÖ_g ÔbZz‡bi MvbÕ wk‡ivbv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq|
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq wegvb e›`i- kvnRvjvj (i.)  bRiæ‡ji ÔmܨvÕ Kve¨M‡š’i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- iYmsMxZ|
AvšÍR©vwZK wegvbe›`i|
RvZxq cZvKv, RvZxq cÖZxK I g‡bvMÖvg
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Drme- evsjv beel© eiY| c‡njv
ˆekvL Pvjy K‡ib m¤ªvU AvKei| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq I cÖZx‡Ki cZvKvi wWRvBbvi Kvgiæj nvmvb|
 26 gvP©‡K RvZxq w`em wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq- 1980 Z‡e gvbwPÎ LwPZ cZvKvi wWRvBbvi wQ‡jv wke bvivqY `vk|
mv‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKvi AbycvZ 10:6 ev 5:3| evsjv‡`‡ki
 c„w_exi gvbwPÎ cÖ_g Avu‡Kb wMÖK weÁvbxMY| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv D‡Ëvjb K‡ib- Av.m.g Ave`yi ie (2 gvP© 1971)
gvbwPÎ cÖ_g Avu‡Kb †gRi †Rgm †i‡bj (1981)| Xv.we. Kjvfe‡bi mvg‡b eUZjvq| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv w`em
 RvZxq †Ljv KvevwW/nvWzWz, RvZxq cvK© fvIqvj b¨vkbvj 2 gvP©|
cvK©|
 RvZxq msev` ms¯’v evmm|  evsjv‡`‡ki cZvKvi mv‡_ wgj i‡q‡Q Rvcvv‡bi cZvKvi|
 eZ©gvb RvZxq cZvKv miKvwifv‡e M„nxZ nq 17 Rvbyqvwi
RvZxq msMxZ 1972|
 evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªxq g‡bvMÖv‡gi wWRvBbvi- G.Gb. mvnv|
 RvZxq msMx‡Zi iPwqZv I myiKvi- iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi|
ivóªxq g‡bvMÖv‡gI ZviKvi msL¨v 4 wU|
 e½f½ nq- 1905 mv‡j| e½f‡½i †cÖÿvc‡U iex›`ªbv_
 RvZxq cÖZx‡Ki 4 wU ZviKv Øviv msweav‡bi 4 wU
VvKzi Avgv‡`i RvZxq msMxZ iPbv K‡ib|
g~jbxwZ‡K †evSvq|
 GUv cuwPk jvB‡bi KweZv wQj| Avgiv RvZxq msMxZ
 RvZxq cÖZxK e¨envi K‡ib ivóªcwZ I cÖavbgš¿x|
wn‡m‡e wb‡qwQ cÖ_g `k jvBb| ‡Kvb ivóªxq Abyôv‡b
RvZxq msMx‡Zi cÖ_g 4 PiY evRv‡bv nq| µxov msMxZ
 ÔAvgvi †mvbvi evsjvÕ MvbwU evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ
wn‡m‡e M„nxZ n‡q‡Q- 13 Rvbyqvwi 1972|  evsjv‡`‡ki µxov msMx‡Zi iPwqZv- †mwjbv ingvb|
 RvZxq cZvKvi mv‡_ RvZxq msMxZ cÖ_g MvIqv nq 3 gvP©  µxov msMx‡Zi myiKvi- L›`Kvi byiæj Avjg|
1971 cëb gq`v‡b|  µxov msMx‡Zi cÖ_g jvBb- evsjv‡`‡ki `~išÍ mšÍvb Avgiv
 Avgv‡`i RvZxq msMx‡Zi me©cÖ_g Ôe½`k©YÕ cwÎKvq `y`©g `yR©q|
cÖKvwkZ nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki w`emmg~n
 cÖ_g †h Pjw”P‡Î RvZxq msMxZ MvIqv nq- Rwni
ivqnv‡bi ÔRxeb †_‡K †bIqvÕ| 2006 mv‡j wewewmi †kÖvZv RvZxq wkÿK w`em 19 Rvbyqvwi
Rwi‡c †kÖô Mvb wbe©vwPZ nq ÔRvZxq msMxZÕ| knx` w`em/gvZ…fvlv w`em 21 †deªæqvwi
 iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi evsjv‡`k, fviZ I kÖxj¼vi RvZxq msMxZ RvZxq cZvKv w`em, †fvUvi w`em 2 gvP©
iPbv K‡ib| ¯^vaxbZv w`em 26 gvP©
gywRebMi w`em 17 GwcÖj
 Avgv‡`i RvZxq msMx‡Z evsjvi iƒc I cÖK…wZi K_v ejv
RvZxq †kvK w`em 15 AvM÷
n‡q‡Q|
mk¯¿ evwnbx w`em 21 b‡f¤^i
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ iex›`ªbv‡_i ÔMxZweZv‡bi ¯^i gyw³‡hv×v w`em 1 wW‡m¤^i
weZvbÕ Ask †_‡K †bIqv n‡q‡Q| knx` eyw×Rxex w`em 14 wW‡m¤^i
 evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMx‡Zi cÖ_g Bs‡iwR Abyev`K- weRq w`em 16 wW‡m¤^i
ˆmq` Avjx Avnmvb| RvZxq K…wl w`em 1 AMÖnvqY
e½eÜz ¯^‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©b w`em 10 Rvbyqvwi
iY msMxZ knx` Avmv` w`em 20 Rvbyqvwi
HwZnvwmK fvlY w`em 7 gvP©
 evsjv‡`‡ki iY msMxZ- Pj, Pj, Pj| Kv‡jv ivwÎ w`em 25 gvP©
 ‡Kvb ivóªxq Abyôv‡b iY msMx‡Zi 21 jvBb evRv‡bv nq| cjvkx w`em, AvIqvgx jxM cÖwZôv w`em 23 Ryb
 iYmsMx‡Zi iPwqZv RvZxq Kwe - KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg| gxbv w`em 24 †m‡Þ¤^i
 iYmsMxZ me©cÖ_g ÔwkLvÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq- 1928 msweavb w`em 4 b‡f¤^i
mv‡j| ‡eMg †iv‡Kqv w`em 9 wW‡m¤^i
RvZxq AvqKi w`em 30 b‡f¤^i
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 47
 f¨vU w`em 10 RyjvB
exgv w`em 1 gvP© ‡jKPvi b¤^i-09
MYAfy¨Ìvb w`em 24 Rvbyqvwi
Qq`dv w`em 7 Ryb
evsjv‡`‡ki wkí
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k w`em 12 wW‡m¤^i
RvZxq wkï w`em 17 gvP©
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb wkí- ˆZwi †cvkvK wkí|
RvZxq RbmsL¨v w`em 2 †deªæqvwi
 ‰Zwi †cvkvK wk‡íi c_ cÖ`k©K- byiæj Kv‡`i|
‡Rj nZ¨v w`em 3 b‡f¤^i
RvZxq cvU w`em 6 gvP©  evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Mv‡g©›U‡mi bvg- †`k Mv‡g©›Um|
RvZxq wUKv w`em 8 wW‡m¤^i  ‡`k Mv‡g©›Um 1978 mv‡j cÖwZôv nq| Ae¯’vb: PÆMÖv‡gi
‡W½y cÖwZ‡iva w`em 11 AvM÷ KvjyiNv‡U|
 we‡`‡k cÖ_g †cvkvK ißvwb K‡i wiqvR Mv‡g©›Um (d«v‡Ý)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi wmsnfvM Av‡m ˆZwi †cvkvK
mv¤úªwZK mg‡q Av‡jvwPZ wKQz w`em
LvZ †_‡K|
ZvwiL cvwjZ w`em ‡cÖÿvcU  evsjv‡`k ˆZwi †cvkvK me‡P‡q ‡ewk ißvwb K‡i
3 GwcÖj RvZxq Pjw”PÎ 1957 mv‡ji 3 GwcÖj e½eÜz Av‡gwiKv‡Z|
w`em cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` GdwWwm MV‡bi  evsjv‡`‡ki me©e„nr wPwb Kj- †Kiæ G¨v‡Û †Kvs wj:
cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib| (`k©bv)|
4 Ryb RvZxq Pv w`em 1957 mv‡ji 4 Ryb cÖ_g evOvwj
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo mvi KviLvbv- hgybv mvi LviLvbv
wn‡me e½eÜz Pv †ev‡W©i †Pqvig¨vb
nq| (Rvgvjcyi)| hgybv mvi KviLvbv cÖ_g ¸wU BDwiqv mvi
9 AvM÷ RvZxq R¦vjvbx 1975 mv‡ji 9 AvM÷ e½eÜz Drcv`b K‡i|
wbivcËv w`em †kj I‡qj †Kv¤úvwbi KvQ †_‡K  AvïMÄ mvi KviLvbv eªvþYevwoqv‡Z Aew¯’Z| Drcv`b
45 jvL cvD‡Û 5 wU M¨vm‡ÿÎ K‡i BDwiqv mvi|
wK‡b RvZxqKiY K‡ib|  ‡Nvovkvj mvi KviLvbv biwms`x‡Z Aew¯’Z| Drcv`b K‡i
BDwiqv mvi|
evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v  ‡emiKvwi Lv‡Z me‡P‡q eo mvi KviLvbv- Kvd‡Kv mvi
KviLvbv| Drcv`b K‡i BDwiqv mvi| Kvd‡Kvi c~Y©iƒc-
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q Kg `vwi`ª mxgvi wb‡P evm K‡i KY©dzjx dvwU©jvBRvi †Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡UW| Kvd‡Kv mvi
Kzwóqv †Rjvi †jvK| KviLvbv- PÆMÖv‡g Aew¯’Z|
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q †ewk `vwi`ª mxgvi wb‡P evm K‡i  BDwiqv mv‡ii cÖavb KvuPvgvj- wg‡_b M¨vm|
gqgbwmsn †Rjvi †jvK|  ‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo KvMR Kj- K©Ydzjx †ccvi wgj
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q †ewk RbmsL¨v evm K‡i XvKv (KvuPvgvj: evuk)| K©Ydzjx †ccvi wgj ivOvgvwUi P›`ª‡Nvbvq
wefv‡M| Aew¯’Z|
 RbmsL¨vi w`K w`‡q gymwjg we‡k^ evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb-  Lyjbv †ccvi wg‡ji KvuPvgvj- †MIqv KvV|
PZz_© (cÖ_g ¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q B‡›`v‡bwkqv)|  DËie½ KvMR K‡ji KvuPvgvj- Av‡Li †Qveov|
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q ‡ewk NbemwZc~Y© †Rjv- XvKv †Rjv|  Lyjbv nvW©‡evW© wg‡ji KvuPvgvj- my›`wi KvV|
 evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q Kg NbemwZc~Y© †Rjv- ev›`ievb|  ‡`‡ki me‡P‡h eo RvnvR wbg©vY KviLvbv- Lyjbv
 evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v 16 †KwU 51 jÿ 58 nvRvi 616 wkcvBqvW©|
Rb|  Avb›` wkcvBqvW© cÖ_g Zv‡`i ˆZwi RvnvR †Wbgv‡K© ißvwb
K‡i (RvnvRwUi bvg: †÷jv †gwim)|
Òjÿ¨ bq  evsjv‡`‡k RvnvR wbg©vY KviLvbv i‡q‡Q- 03wU|
‡KŠkj cwieZ©b K‡iv  evsjv‡`‡k †gwkb Uzjm KviLvbv Aew¯’Z- MvRxcyi|
 A¯¿ wbg©vY KviLvbv- MvRxc‡i Aew¯’Z|
jÿ¨ c~iY n‡eB|Ó
 evsjv‡`‡k e„nËg wm‡g›U KviLvbv- jvdvR© myigv wm‡g›U
(mybvgMÄ)|

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 48

  evsjv‡`‡k Jla wkí cvK© M‡o †Zvjv n‡q‡Q- gywÝM‡Äi
MRvwiqv‡Z|
 evsjv‡`‡k WªvM †Uw÷s j¨ve i‡q‡Q- 02wU| Gm.‡K.Gd
WªvM †Kv¤úvbx cÖ_g Zv‡`i Jla we‡`‡k ißvwb K‡i
(B‡›`v‡bwkqv‡Z)| ‡ew·g‡Kv †Kv¤úvwb cÖ_g Zv‡`i Jla
†kqvi evRv‡i Qv‡o|
 evsjv‡`k me‡P‡q ‡ewk Jla ißvwb K‡i eªvwR‡j |
 XvKvi DËivq †emiKvix D‡`¨v‡M M‡o IVv wkíbMix-
jvfwmwU|
 Pvgov wk‡í evsjv‡`k ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg Pvgov KviLvbv i‡q‡Q- XvKvi mvfv‡i|
 Mv‡g©›Um ‡m±‡ii AwffveK cÖwZôvb- BGMEA
(Bangladesh Garments Manufacturers and
Exporters Association) |
 BGMEA hvÎv ïiæ K‡i 1983 mv‡j| BGMEA
GKwU AjvfRbK cÖvB‡fU cÖwZôvb| BGMEA feb
Aew¯’Z KviIqvb evRv‡i|
 RMG Gi c~Y©iƒc Ready Made Garments |
 Mv‡g©›Um gvwjK I we‡`kx †µZv‡`i g‡a¨ †h cÖwZôvb¸‡jv
ga¨¯’ZvKvix wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i- evwqs nvDR|
KvMRwkí
evsjv‡`‡ki me©cÖ_g KvMRKj KY©dzjx KvRMKj| GwU 1953 mv‡j
iv½vgvwU †Rjvi P›`ª‡Nvbvq ¯’vcb Kiv nq| GwU wewmAvBwm wbqwš¿Z
GKgvÎ KvMRKj| evsjv‡`‡ki me©e„nr KvMRKj Lyjbv wbDRwcÖ›U
wgj 30 b‡f¤^i 2002 mv‡j eÜ nIqvi ci KY©dzjx KvMRKj
eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg KvMRKj| evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 6wU
KvMRKj I 4wU nvW©‡evW© wgj Av‡Q| wm‡jU gÛ I KvMRKj
¯^vaxbZvi ci ivóªxq D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ GKgvÎ KvMRKj|
mvi wkí
1961 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki me©e„nr mvi KviLvbv ¯’vcb Kiv nq wm‡jU,
‡dÂzMÄ mvi KviLvbv| †`‡ki e„nËg mvi KviLvbv Rvgvjcy‡ii
hgybv mvi KviLvbv Pvjy nq 26 wW‡m¤^i, 1991| GwU †`‡ki ¸wU
BDwiqv ˆZwii GKgvÎ mvi KviLvbv, evwl©K Drcv`bÿgZv 5 jÿ
61 nvRvi †g. Ub| evsjv‡`k miKvi I Rvcv‡bi ‡hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M
wbwg©Z †emiKvix Lv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki GKK e„nËg mvi KviLvbv
KY©dzjx mvi KviLvbv| GwU PÆMÖv‡gi Av‡bvqvivq Aew¯’Z|
wPwb wkí
evsjv‡`‡ki wPwb I Lv`¨ wkí Ki‡cv‡ik‡bi wbqš¿Yvaxb 15wU
wPwbKj i‡q‡Q| hvi evwl©K Mo Drcv`b ÿgZv 2.10 jvL †g. Ub|
d‡j †emiKvwi Lv‡Z ¯’vwcZ 5/6wU myMvi widvBbvwi‡Z Drcvw`Z
wPwb I Avg`vwbK…Z wPwb w`‡q NvUwZ c~iY Kiv nq|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
wm‡g›U wkí
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gvb 63wU †iwR÷vW© wm‡g›U KviLvbv i‡q‡Q| Gi
g‡a¨ 13wU Drcv`‡bi ch©v‡q †cuŠwQ‡q‡Q| †`‡k Pvwn`vi Zyjbvq
GLb AwaK wm‡g›U Drcvw`Z n‡”Q| †`‡ki e„nËg wm‡g›U KviLvbv
n‡jv jvdvR© myigv wm‡g›U d¨v±wi, QvZK mybvgMÄ|
RvnvR wbg©vY wkí
Lyjbv wkcBqvW© evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg wkcBqvW© I ‡givgZ KviLvbv|
Lyjbv wkcBqvW© Kvh©µg ïiæ K‡i 1954 mv‡j| eZ©gv‡b Lyjbv
wkcBqvW© ‡bŠ-evwnbxi Aax‡b| bvivqYMÄ WªvB‡W †QvU ai‡bi
RvnvR ˆZwi I †givgZ Kiv nq|
 evsjv‡`k ‡_‡K ißvwb Kiv cÖ_g RvnvRwUi bvg †÷jv
‡gwim|
 Rvg©vwb‡Z ißvwb Kiv me‡P‡q eo Rvnv‡Ri bvg Gg.wf.
Avbmy|
cvU wkí
evsjv‡`‡ki me©cÖ_g cvUKj ¯’vcb Kiv nq 1951 mv‡j 1000 ZvuZ
wb‡q bvivqYM‡Ä Av`gRxbM‡i| wek^evRv‡ii Pvwn`vi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z
cvU Lv‡Zi mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ miKvi wkíbxwZ- 2010 G
cvURvZ cY¨‡K AMÖvwaKvi cÖvß LvZ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
†`‡ki †gvU ißvwb Av‡qi 3 kZvsk cvU †_‡K AwR©Z nq| 2016
ch©šÍ wewRGgwmi AvIZvfz³ cvUKjmg~‡ni cvURvZ c‡Y¨i Drcv`b
n‡q‡Q 1.28 jÿ †gwUªK Ub| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki RyU wgj
A¨v‡mvwm‡qmb (wewRGg) Gi Aax‡b †gvU m`m¨ wg‡ji msL¨v 146wU
(38wU †emiKvwiKiYK…Z, 108 wU bZzb ¯’vwcZ wgj) bZzb ¯’vwcZ
108 wU cvUK‡ji g‡a¨ 89wU K‡¤úvwRU, 4wU Kv‡c©U wgj, 15wU
eûgyLx cY¨ Drcv`bKvix wgj i‡q‡Q| we‡RGgG Gi m`m¨fz³
eZ©gvb ZvuZ msL¨v 14223 Zb¥‡a¨ †nvwmqvb 6028, m¨vwKs 7026,
wmwewm 687, Kv‡c©U 42 I Ab¨vb¨ 440| evsjv‡`‡ki RyU w¯úbvm©
A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb (we‡RGmG) AvIZvq 96wU myZvKj i‡q‡Q| 2018-
19 A_©eQ‡i 6.52 jÿ †n±i Rwg‡Z cvU Pvl K‡i 74.40 jÿ †ej
cvU Avk Drcv`‡bi jÿ¨gvÎv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Jla wkí
evsjv‡`k Jla wkí eZ©gv‡b †`kxq Pvwn`vi cÖvq 97 kZvs‡ki †ewk
Jla ¯’vbxq fv‡e Drcvw`Z n‡”Q| evsjv‡`k B‡Zvg‡a¨ Jla
Avg`vwbKviK †`k n‡Z ißvwbKviK †`‡k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki 46wU Jla Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii
Jl‡ai KvuPvgvj DbœZwe‡k^ BD‡ivc Av‡gwiKvmn 113wU †`‡k ißvwb
Ki‡Q| 278wU A¨v‡jvc¨vw_K Jla Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb eQ‡i
26412 eª¨v‡Ûi 15619 †KvwU UvKvi Jla Drcv`b Ki‡Q| ¯^v¯’¨ I
cwievi Kj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb¯’ Jlya cÖkvmb Awa`ßi evsjv‡`‡ki
Jla wkí wbqš¿YKvix KZ…©cÿ| †`‡k miKvwi WªvM †Uw÷s
49
j¨ve‡iUwii msL¨v 2wU| GKwU XvKv Ab¨wU PÆMÖv‡g| evsjv‡`‡ki  we‡k^i cÖ_g EPZ cÖwZwôZ nq- `wÿY Avwd«Kv‡Z| EPZ
me‡P‡q †ewk Jla ißvwb K‡i eªvwR‡j| Jl‡ai KuvPvgvj Drcv`‡b Gi c~Y©iƒc Export Processing Zone|
†`wk I we‡`wk D‡`¨v³v‡`i DrmvwnZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ XvKvi A`~‡i  evsjv‡`‡ki ‡gvU EPZ i‡q‡Q 10wU| miKvwi EPZ 8wU,
MRvwiqvq GKwU BwcAvB (GKwUf dvgv©wmDwUK¨vj Bb‡MÖwW‡q›U) ‡emiKvwi EPZ 2wU|
cvK© ¯’vc‡bi Kvh©µg ev¯Íevqbaxb i‡q‡Q|  cÖ_g miKvwi EPZ PÆMÖvg (1983 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq)|
w`qvkjvB wkí wØZxq miKvwi EPZ XvKv (1993 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq)|
8g EPZ KY©dzwj EPZ, PÆMÖvg (2006 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ
evsjv‡`‡ki g¨vP d¨v±wii ms¯’vi bvg evsjv‡`k g¨vP g¨vby‡dKPvivm© nq)|
A¨v‡mvwm‡qmb| cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j evsjv‡`‡ki g¨vP d¨v±wi wQ‡jv  EPZ G Pvjy wk‡íi g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P wewb‡qvM- ˆZwi †cvkvK
18wU| e„wUk Avg‡j PÆMÖv‡g PÆjv g¨vP d¨v±wi M‡o D‡VwQj| wk‡í|
g¨v‡Pi eviæ` ˆZwi nq cUvwkqvg †K¬v‡iU, †iW dmdivm I mvjdvi  ‡`‡ki GKgvÎ K…wlwfwËK EPZ- DËiv, bxjdvgvix|
w`‡q|  evsjv‡`‡k †emiKvwi Lv‡Z EPZ Av‡Q- 2wU (REPZA
jeY wkí & KEPZA)| KEPZA ‰Zwii D‡`¨vM †bq- BqsIqvb
(†Kvwiqvb †Kv¤úvwb)|
evsjv‡`‡k jeY Drcbœ nq K·evRvi, PÆMÖvg, e„nËg ewikvj,
Lyjbv, †bvqvLvjx I j²xcyi †Rjvq| evsjv‡`‡ki f~L‡Û mgy`ª evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb Avg`vwb `ªe¨
DrcK~jeZ©x gvj½x bvgK GK ‡kÖwYi Pvlx cÖ_g jeY Drcv`b ïiæ
Lv`¨km¨ hy³ivóª, KvbvWv, _vBj¨vÛ, fviZ
K‡j| jeY wkí weKv‡ki †ÿ‡Î eo ai‡bi AMÖMwZ n‡jv LwbR ˆZj ga¨cÖvP¨ I hy³vivóª
Av‡qvwWbhy³ jeY Drcv`b| KjKâv hš¿cvwZ hy³ivóª, Rvcvb, hy³ivR¨
cwienb hvb I Rvcvb, fviZ, BUvwj, d«vÝ, Rvg©vwb
‰Zwi †cvkvK wkí KjKâv
cÖvYxR, †flR A‡÷ªwjqv, hy³ivóª, kÖxjsKv, gvj‡qwkqv
‡`‡ki wkívqb I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b e¯¿ wkíi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
ˆZj I Pwe©
cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| cÖv_wgK e¯¿ wkí †`‡ki eZ©gvb Af¨šÍixY
ivmvqwbK `ªe¨ hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, _vBj¨vÛ, Rvcvb, †WbgvK©
Pvwn`vi wmsnfvM Ges ißvwbgyLx wbU I I‡fb †cvkv‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxq I JlacÎ
e‡¯¿i h_vµ‡g 80-85 kZvsk Ges 25-30 kZvsk wgUv‡Z mÿg ‡jŠn I ‡ejwRqvg, hy³ivR¨, Rvg©vwb, KvbvWv
n‡”Q| e¯¿ †cvkvK wk‡í eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 50 jÿvwaK Rbej wb‡qvwRZ B¯úvZRvZ `ªe¨
i‡q‡Q|

EPZ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ißvwb `ªe¨

bvg Ae¯’vb cÖwZôv wewb‡qvM ißvwb 1. ‰Zwi †cvkvK|

PÆMÖvg nvwjkni 1983 1613.87 28052.77 2. bxUIq¨vi|
XvKv mvfvi 1993 1341.42 24029.62 3. Pvgov I PvgovRvZ `ªe¨|
gsjv gsjv,ev‡MinvU 1998 54.72 2278.45 4. KvMR I wbDRwcª›U|
Ck^i`x cvKkx 1998 126.03 634.36 5. n¯ÍwkíRvZ `ªe¨|
DËiv bxjdvgvix 1999 151.09 4425.54
6. b¨vc_v, dv‡b©m †Zj I weUzwgb|
Kzwgjøv Kzwgjøv 2000 306.28 3400.13
Av`gwR bvivqYMÄ 2006 453.22 516.38 7. K…wlRvZ cY¨|
KY©dzjx c‡Z½v, PÆMÖvg 2006 513.77 729.42 8. KuvPv cvU|
‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK AÂj KZ©„cÿ (BEZA: Bangladesh 9. cvURvZ `ªe¨|
Economic Zone Authority) cÖwZwôZ nq 2010 mv‡j| 10. Pv|
BEZA wbqš¿K cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjq Ges mfvcwZ n‡jb gvbbxq 11. wngvwqZ Lv`¨|
cÖavbgš¿x| evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb cÖwµqvKiY AÂjmg~n wbqš¿Y K‡i 12. K…wlcY¨|
13. ivmvqwbK `ªe¨|
Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority
14. Ab¨vb¨|
(BEPZA, GwU cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vj‡qi Aax‡b)| BEPZA cÖwZwôZ
nq 1980 mv‡j|

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 50

 evsjv‡`‡ki e¨vswKs e¨e¯’v I gy`ªv
e¨vsK n‡jv Rbmvavi‡bi A_© Mw”QZ ivLvi Ges FYMÖnxZv‡`i
wewfbœ †gqvw` FY cÖ`vb Kivi cÖwZôb| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b e¨vs‡Ki
f~wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| D‡Ïk¨ I Kvh©vewji wfwˇZ e¨vsK‡K 3 †kÖwY‡Z
fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: †K›`ªxq e¨vsK, evwYwR¨K e¨vsK I we‡klvwqZ
e¨vsK|
‡Kw›`ªq e¨vsK GKwU RvZxq cÖwZôvb| cÖwZwU ¯^vaxb ‡`‡kB GKwU
K‡i †Kw›`ªq e¨vsK _v‡K| fvi‡Zi †Kw›`ªq e¨vs‡Ki bvg wiRvf©
e¨vsK Ae BwÛqv, hy³iv‡óªi †Kw›`ªq e¨vs‡Ki bvg †dWv‡ij wiRvf©
wm‡÷g, Bsj¨v‡Ûi †Kw›`ªq e¨vs‡Ki bvg e¨vsK Ae Bsj¨vÛ,
evsjv‡`‡ki †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki bvg evsjv‡`k e¨vsK| evsjv‡`k
e¨vsK‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ab¨vb¨ e¨vsK¸‡jv cwiPvwjZ nq Ges miKvwi
gy`ªv wbqwš¿Z nq| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ e¨vs‡Ki kx‡l© Ae¯’vb
K‡i †mB †`‡ki Avw_©K evRvi‡K wbqwš¿Z K‡i _v‡K, wbKvk Ni
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K| GwU miKvwii e¨vsKvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki bZzb †bvU Pvjy Kivi ÿgZv i‡q‡Q evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki|
G e¨vsK AvgvbZ MÖnY I FY cÖ`vb K‡i bv| 1972-Gi Av‡`k e‡j
evsjv‡`‡k Aew¯’Z mv‡eK †÷U e¨vsK Ae cvwK¯Ív‡bi mKj m¤ú` I
`vq-`vwqZ¡ wb‡q 16 wW‡m¤^i 1971 evsjv‡`k e¨vsK MwVZ nq|
evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki c~e© bvg ‡÷U e¨vsK Ae cvwK¯Ívb (1948)|
evsjv‡`k e¨vsK fe‡bi ¯’cwZ kwdDj Kv‡`i| evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki
cÖavb Kvh©vjq XvKvi gwZwS‡j Aew¯’Z|
cÖavb Kvh©vjq Qvov evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki 10wU kvLv Av‡Q| h_v: h_v:
gwZwSj (XvKv), m`iNvU (XvKv), PÆMÖvg, Lyjbv, ivRkvnx, e¸ov,
wm‡jU, ewikvj, iscyi, gqgbwmsn| evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cwiPvjbv
cwil‡`i m`m¨ 9 Rb (1 Rb †Pqvig¨vb Ges 8 Rb cwiPvjK)|
e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i cÖvY n‡jv evwYwR¨K e¨vsK| evwYwR¨K e¨vsK
e¨vs‡Ki cÖavb KvR RbM‡Yi KvQ †_‡K AvgvbZ MÖnY Kiv, FY
cÖ`vb Kiv, wewbg‡qi gva¨g m„wó Kiv| Af¨šÍixY I ˆe‡`wkK
evwY‡R¨i †ÿ‡Î †µZv-we‡µZv †`bv-cvIbv wb®úwˇZ evwYwR¨K
e¨vsK mvnvh¨ K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªqË evwYwR¨K e¨vsK 6wU| h_v:
†mvbvwj e¨vsK, iæcvwj e¨vsK, RbZv e¨vsK, AMÖYx e¨vsK, †ewmK
e¨vsK, evsjv‡`k †W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsK wjwg‡UW|
mivmwi miKvi wbqš¿Yvaxb I we‡kl Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ e¨vsK‡K
we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK 3wU| h_v:
evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK (1973), ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK (1987)
I cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK (2010)|
evsjv‡`‡ki gy`ªvi bvg UvKv (UvKvi bvgKiY K‡ib gyk‡dKzi
mv‡jnxb)| fvi‡Z gy`ªvi bvg iæwc, Av‡gwiKv‡Z Wjvi, BD‡iv‡ci
AwaKvsk †`‡k BD‡iv | D‡jøL¨: eZ©gv‡b 19 wU ‡`‡k BD‡iv gy`ªv
Pvjy Av‡Q|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 evsjv‡`‡ki †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki bvg- evsjv‡`k e¨vsK
(cÖwZwôZ nq 16 wW‡m¤^i 1971 mv‡j)|
 evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g Mfb©i- Av.b.g nvwg`yjøvn|
(Mfb©‡ii Kvh©Kv‡ji †gqv` 4 eQi)|
 evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki eZ©gvb Mfb©i Ave`yi iDd ZvjyK`vi
(12 Zg)|
 evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g bvix cwiPvjK Aa¨vwcKv nvbœvbv
†eMg|
 evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g bvix †WcywU Mfb©i- bvRbxb
myjZvbv|
 my‡`i nvi wbqš¿Y K‡i- evsjv‡`k e¨vsK|
 mvaviYZ evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki Aaxb e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K ejv nq-
Zdwmjx e¨vsK|
 evsjv‡`k Zdwmjx e¨vsK- 61 wU|
 mivmwi miKvi wbqš¿Yvaxb I we‡kl Kv‡R wb‡qvRxZ
e¨vsK‡K ejv nq- we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK|
 evsjv‡`‡k evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡K RvZxqKiY Kiv nq-
1972 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg ivóªxq gvwjKvbvaxb evwYwR¨K e¨vsK-
†mvbvjx e¨vsK wj.|
 evsjv‡`‡ki evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv‡Z Zvi †gvU Avgvb‡Zi
15% evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡K Rgv ivL‡Z nq|
 evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq- 1973 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k wkí e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq- 1972 mv‡j|
 Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq- 1998 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ‡emiKvwi e¨vsK Avie-evsjv‡`k e¨vsK
wjwg‡UW|
 ‡mvbvjx e¨vs‡Ki c~e© bvg- b¨vkbvj e¨vsK Ae cvwK¯Ívb|
 AMÖYx e¨vs‡Ki c~e© bvg- nvexe e¨vsK|
 MÖvgxY e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq- 1983 mv‡j|
 MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZôvZv- W. gynv¤§` BDbym|
 MÖvgxY e¨vsK cÖv_wgKfv‡e Kvh© ïiæ K‡i- 1976 mv‡j|
 Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g e¨vswKs e¨ve¯’v Pvjy nq- gyNj Avg‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡k ATM c×wZ me©cÖ_g Pvjy K‡i- ÷¨vÛW©
PvU©vW© e¨vsK|
 we‡k^i me‡P‡q cÖvPxb e¨vsK mvbwm e¨vsK (Pxb)|
 we‡k^i cÖ_g miKvwi e¨vsK- e¨vsK Ae †fwbm|
 Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g e¨vsK- wn›`y¯Ívb e¨vsK|
 Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g gy`ªv AvBb cvk nq 1835 mv‡j|
Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g KvM‡Ri gy`ªv Pvjy K‡ib jW© K¨vwbs
(1857 mv‡j)| ‰Zwi DcKi‡Yi wfwË A_©‡K 2 fv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq| h_v:
1. avZe gy`ªv: evsjv‡`‡k 5 UvKv, 2 UvKv, 1 UvKv I 50
cqmvi avZe gy`ªv i‡q‡Q|
51
2. KvMwR †bvU: evsjv‡`‡k KvM‡Ri †bvU Pvjy Av‡Q 10wU  ‡WweU KvW© cÖ`vb K‡i- e¨vsK|
gv‡bi| h_v: 1 UvKv, 2 UvKv, 5 UvKv, 10 UvKv, 20  Master Card cÖ_g Pvjy K‡i- b¨vkbvj e¨vsK|
UvKv, 50 UvKv, 100 UvKv, 200 UvKv, 500 UvKv I  cÖ_g †gvevBj e¨vswKs Pvjy K‡i WvP-evsjv- e¨vsK
1000 UvKvi †bvU| wjwg‡UW|
 MÖn‡Ki eva¨evaKZvi w`K †_‡K A_©‡K 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv  evsjv‡`‡ki my`gy³ e¨vsK- Bmjvwg e¨vsK|
hvq| h_v:  evsjv‡`k ‡mbvevwnbx KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ e¨vsK- Uªv÷ e¨vsK
1. wewnZ gy`ªv: wewnZ gy`ªv‡K Avevi `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| wjwg‡UW|
h_v:  ‡K›`ªxq knx` wgbvi I KvR©b n‡ji Qwe _v‡K- 1000
 Amxg wewnZ gy`ªv: 5 UvKv, 10 UvKv, 20 UvKv, 50 UvKv, UvKvi †bvU|
100 UvKv, 200 UvKv, 500 UvKv I 1000 UvKvi KvMwR  XvKv ÷K G·‡PÄ cÖwZwôZ nq- 1954 mv‡j|
†bvU|  PÆMÖvg ÷K G·‡PÄ cÖwZwôZ nq- 1995 mv‡j|
 mmxg wewnZ gy`ªv: 50 cqmv, 1 UvKv, 2 UvKv, 5 UvKv  gy`ªvbxwZ (Monetary Policy) n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki
avZe gy`ªv| †K›`ªxq e¨vsK KZ…©K 6 gvme¨vcx M„nxZ `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb,
2. e¨vsK wn‡me ev e¨vsK m„ó A_©: †PK, †WweU KvW© I †µwWU g~`¨ùxZ wbqš¿Y, Kg©ms¯’vb e„w× Ges A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w×
KvW©| evov‡bvi bxwZ|
 evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi †bvU 1 UvKv, 2 UvKv, 5 UvKvi †bvU|  gy`ªvùxwZ ej‡Z †evSvq A_©‡i †hvMvb Drcvw`Z `ªe¨
miKvwi †bv‡U A_© mwP‡ei ¯^vÿi _v‡K| mvgMÖxi Zzjbvq AwaK nIqv‡K| A_©vr `ª‡e¨i `vg e„w×
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ e¨vsK †bvU 10 UvKv, 20 UvKv, 50 cvevi Ae¯’v‡K ejv nq gy`ªvùxZ| A_©bxwZ‡Z gy`ªvùxwZ
UvKv, 100 UvKv, 200 UvKv , 500 UvKv I 1000 UvKvi Kg‡j †eKviZ¡ ev‡o Avevi gy`ªvùxwZ evo‡j †eKviZ¡
†bvU| e¨vsK †bv‡U evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki Mfb©‡ii ¯^vÿi K‡g| mvgwqKfv‡e gy`ªvùxwZ eÜ Kiv hvq gy`ªv mieivn
_v‡K| wbqš¿Y K‡i| gy`ªvùxZ wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ †K›`ªxq e¨vsK- e¨vsK
 1000 UvKvi †bvU cÖ_g evRv‡i Av‡m- 27 A‡±vei †iU evwo‡q †`q|
2008|  gy`ªvms‡KvPb- `ª‡e¨i `vg K‡g hvIqvi Ae¯’v‡K Kiv nq|
 200 UvKvi †bvU evRv‡i Av‡m- 17 gvP© 2020 (RvwZi
evsjv‡`‡k Pvjy KwZcq e¨vsK mg~n
wcZvi Rb¥kZevwl©Kx‡Z)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †bvU Pvjy nq 4 gvP© 1972| e¨vs‡Ki bvg cÖwZôvKvj
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g 1 UvKv I 100 UvKvi †bvU evRv‡i Qvov ‡mvbvjx e¨vsK 1972
nq| RbZv e¨vsK 1972
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ UvKv Qvcv‡bvi †cÖm wmwKDwiwU wcÖwUs AMÖYx e¨vsK 1972
†cÖm- MvRxcyi| wmwKDwiwU wcÖwUs †cÖm Pvjy nq 1989 iƒcvjx e¨vsK 1972
mv‡j| evsjv‡`k e¨vsK 1972
evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK 1973
 wmwKDwiwU wcÖw›Us K‡c©v‡ikb †_‡K cÖ_g Qvcv‡bv nq 10
AB (Avie-evsjv‡`k) e¨vsK 1982
UvKvi †bvU|
Bmjvgx e¨vsK 1983
 evsjv‡`‡k 10 UvKvi g~j¨gv‡bi cwjgvi †bvU cÖ_g evRv‡i MÖvgxY e¨vsK 1983
Qvov nq 2000 mv‡ji 14 wW‡m¤^i (A‡÷wjqvq †_‡K evsjv‡`k K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK 1987
gyw`ªZ nq)|
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g UvKv I gy`ªvi bKkvKvi- †K wR gy¯Ídv|
 Ômevi Rb¨ wkÿvÕ †¯øvMvbwU evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ- `yB UvKvi evsjv‡`‡ki exgv
gy`ªvq|  evsjv‡`‡ki exgv cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î cw_K…r- Ly`v e·|
 UvKv Qvcv‡bv Rb¨ we‡kl ai‡bi KvMR Avg`vwb Kiv nq-  eZ©gv‡b †`‡k exgv cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q- 79 wU|
myBRvij¨vÛ n‡Z|  evsjv‡`‡k exgv ms¯’v¸‡jv‡K RvZxqKiY Kiv nq- 1972
 evsjv‡`‡ki 500 UvKvi †bvU Qvcv‡bv nq- Rvg©vwb †_‡K| mv‡j| exgv K‡c©v‡ikb AvBb cvm nq- 1973 mv‡j| exgv
 evsjv‡`‡k bZzb †bvU Pvjy K‡i- evsjv‡`k e¨vsK| LvZ A_© gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb (c~‡e© wQ‡jv evwYR¨ gš¿Yvjq)|
 evsjv‡`k e¨vsK cÖwkÿY GKv‡Wgx- XvKvi wgicy‡i
Aew¯’Z|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 52
  evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªqvË exgv- `ywU| ÔRxeb exgv K‡c©v‡ikbÕ I  evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †`vZjv evm mvwf©m Pvjy n‡q‡Q ivRkvnx
ÔmvaviY exgv K‡c©v‡ikbÕ| ÔRxeb exgv K‡c©v‡ikbÕ I kn‡i (1998 mv‡j)|
ÔmvaviY exgv K‡c©v‡ikbÕ cÖwZôv jvf K‡i 14 †g 1973|  kn‡ii iv¯Ívq UªvwdK jvB‡Ui µgvbymvi: jvj-njy`-meyR-
 evsjv‡`‡k Pvjy GKgvÎ we‡`kx exgv †Kv¤úvbxi bvg- njy`-jvj |
†gUjvBd|  Dcgnv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g †ijc_ Pvjy nq- 1853 mv‡j (jW©
Wvj‡nŠwm)|
Ò‡kÖô †gvwU‡fkb n‡jv mwZ¨Kvi B”Qv| mwZ¨Kvi B”Qv  1962 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g †ijjvBb cÖwZwôZ nq `k©bv
_vK‡j †Kv‡bv evavB gvbyl‡K _vgv‡Z cv‡i bv|Ó n‡Z Kzwóqv ch©šÍ|
 ‡`‡ki e„nËg †ij‡÷kb Kgjvcyi †ij‡÷kb|
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 10  ‡ijI‡q mvwe©K m`i`ßi I c~e©v‡ji m`i`ßi XvKv Ges
cwðgv‡ji m`i`ßi ivRkvnx|
 ‡`‡ki `xN©Zg GKK †ij‡mZz nvwW©Ä eªxR cÙv b`xi Dc‡i
cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM 1915 mv‡j wbwg©Z nq| hy³ K‡i‡Q cvebv I Kzwóqv †Rjv|
 evsjv`‡ki †ijc_ Av‡Q wZb cÖKvi| eªW‡MR, wgUvi †MR
 evsjv‡`‡ki moK c‡_i Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †h ms¯’v eZ©gv‡b I Wz‡qj †MR|
KvR Ki‡Q- BRTA | *** WªvBwfs jvB‡mÝ †`q  evsjv‡`‡k †ijc_ ‡bB ewikvj wefv‡M|
BRTA|  evsjv‡`‡ki `xN©Zg †ijiæ‡Ui bvg XvKv †_‡K cÂMo|
 evsjv‡`‡ki AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœqb ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡K  evsjv‡`‡k †ijI‡qi me©e„nr KviLvbv- ˆmq`cyi,
ÔBjwRBwWÕ| bxjdvgvix (cÖwZôv 1870 mv‡j)|
 evsjv‡`k moK cwien‡b wb‡qvwRZ miKvwi ms¯’v  evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK MVb †bŠ-c‡_i AbyK~j|
Ôevsjv‡`k moK cwienb K‡c©v‡ikbÕ / BRTC| cÖwZwôZ  evsjv‡`‡k wbwg©Z e„nËg RvnvR- GbwRqvb|
n‡q‡Q 1961 mv‡j|  ‡`‡ki cÖ_g Bbj¨vÛ †bŠ Uvwg©bvj Aew¯’Z- cvbMuvI,
 evsjv‡`‡k AvšÍ:bMi †Uªb mvwf©m Pvjy nq- 1986 mv‡j| †KivwbMÄ|
 evsjv‡`‡k Rjc‡_i hvbevnb wbqš¿YKvix ms¯’vi bvg-  evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g evwYwR¨K RvnvR/evsjv‡`‡ki cZvKv
evsjv‡`k Af¨šÍixY †bŠ cwienb KZ…©cÿ (BIWTA)| evnx cÖ_g RvnvR nj Ôevsjvi `~ZÕ|
 evsjv‡`‡ki †emvgwiK wegvb ms¯’vi bvg- wegvb evsjv‡`k
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb moK †mZzmg~n
GqvijvBÝ wjwg‡UW|
 nhiZ kvnvRvjvj AvšÍRv©wZK wegvbe›`‡ii ¯’cwZ- ‡mZz ‡h b`xi Ae¯’vb ‰`N©¨
jv‡ivm| Ici
 evsjv‡`k wegv‡bi cÖ_g gwnjv cvBjU- KvwbR dv‡Zgv wbwg©Z
†ivKmvbv| cÖ_g cÙv †mZz cÙv gvIqv, gÝxMÄ ‡_‡K 6.15
 ÔKKwcUÕ n‡jv wegv‡bi m¤§yLfv‡M wegvb Pvj‡Ki emvi RvwRiv kixqZcyi wK.wg.
¯’vb| cª¯ÍvweZ wØZxq cÙv cvUzwiqv- †Mvqvj›` 6.10
cÙv †mZz wK.wg.
 wegvb evsjv‡`k GqvijvB‡Ýi cÖZxK- D`xqgvb m~‡h©i g‡a¨
e½eÜz †mZz hgybv Uv½vBj-wmivRMÄ 4.8 wK.wg.
DošÍ ejvKv| wWRvBbvi- Kvgiæj nvmvb| e½eÜz †ij hgybv Uv½vBj-wmivRMÄ 4.8 wK.wg.
 gq~ic•Lx I †gN`~Z n‡jv wegvb evsjv‡`‡ki D‡ovRvnvR| †mZz
 evsjv‡`k wegvbevwnbx‡Z ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q 6wU jvjb kvn †mZz M½v cvKkx ,cvebv †_‡K 1.786
wWªgjvBbvi| h_v: AvKvkevYx, nsm ejvKv, Mv½wPj, (cÙv) †fovgviv, Kzwóqv wK.wg.
ivRnsm, †mvbviZix Ges AwPb cvwL| Lvb Rvnvb iƒcmv Lyjbv 1.36
Avjx †mZz wK.wg.
 wegvb evsjv‡`k GqvijvB‡Ýi AvšÍRv©wZK d¬vBU ïiæ nq-
kvn AvgvbZ/ KY©dzjx PÆMÖvg 0.95
4 gvP© 1972 (iæU: XvKv-jÛb-XvKv)|
Z…Zxq KY©dzjx wK.wg.
 moK I Rbc_ Awa`ßi (RHD) MVb Kiv nq- 1962 †mZz
mv‡j| wZ¯Ív †mZz wZ¯Ív jvjgwbinvU 750 wgUvi
 KjKvZv-XvKv-AvMviZjv I XvKv-wkjs-‡MvqvnvwU iæ‡U Kvjbx †mZz/ gaygwZ Kvwkqvbv,†MvcvjMÄ- 650
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e evm mvwf©m Pvjy nq- 6 Ryb, 2015 mv‡j| gaygwZ †mZz †jvnvMov, bovBj wgUvi
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 53
 ‡gqi †gvnv¤§` nvwbd d¬vBIfvi  cvqiv mgy`ªe›`i Aew¯’Z- ivebvev` P¨v‡bj msjMœ
Av›`vigvwbK b`x‡Z (cUzqvLvjx)|
 ‡`‡ki `xN©Zg d¬vBIfv‡ii bvg- †gqi ‡gvnv¤§` nvwbd  gvZvievwo Mfxi mgy`ªe›`i Aew¯’Z- gvZvievwo P¨v‡bj
d¬vBIfvi (hvÎvevwo-¸wj¯Ívb)| ( gvZvievwo, g‡nkLvjx, K·evRvi)|
 ‡gqi †gvnv¤§` nvwbd d¬vBIfvi hvbevnb PjvP‡ji Rb¨
Ly‡j †`Iqv nq- 11 A‡±ei 2013| *** evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb b`xe›`i bvivqYMÄ, b`xe›`i (kxZjÿ¨v
 ‡gqi †gvnv¤§` nvwbd d¬vBIfv‡ii ‰`N©¨- 11.8 wK.wg.| b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z)| evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b b`xe›`i i‡q‡Q 37 wU|
me©‡kl b`xe›`i MvRxcyi b`xe›`i|
 ‡gqi †gvnv¤§` nvwbd d¬vBIfvi- 4 †jb wewkó|
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vj e›`img~n
gnvLvjx d¬vBIfvi
evsjv‡`k ¯’je›`i KZ©„cÿ MwVZ n‡q‡Q 14 Ryb, 2001| evsjv‡`‡k
 wbg©vY mgvwßi w`K †_‡K †`‡ki cÖ_g d¬vBIfv‡ii bvg-
‡gvU ¯’je›`i i‡q‡Q 25wU| me©‡kl/25 Zg ¯’je›`i gywRebMi
gnvLvjx d¬vBIfvi|
¯’je›`i, ‡g‡nicyi|
 gnvLvjx d¬vBIfvi D‡Øvab Kiv nq- 4 b‡f¤^i, 2004
(wfwËcÖ¯’i ¯’vcb 19 wW‡m¤^i 2001)|  evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg ¯’je›`i- †ebv‡cvj ¯’je›`i, h‡kvi
 gnvLvjx d¬vBIfv‡ii ¯ú¨vb msL¨v- 19wU, ‰`N¨ 1.2 (2002)|
wK.wg.|  evsjv‡`‡ki wØZxq e„nËg ¯’je›`i- wnwj ¯’je›`i,
w`bvRcyi|
Kzwoj d¬vBIfvi
 wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ ¯’je›`i- †UKbvd|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g eûgvwÎK d¬vBIfv‡ii bvg- Kzwoj  me©vwaK ¯’je›`i i‡q‡Q wm‡jU ‡Rjvq (3 wU)|
d¬vBIfvi|
‡Rjv ¯’je›`i
 Kzwoj d¬vBIfvi hvbevnb PjvP‡ji Rb¨ Ly‡j †`qv nq- 4
mvZwÿiv ‡fvgiv
AvM÷ 2013 (wbg©vY KvR D‡Øvab Kiv nq- 2 †g h‡kvi ‡ebv‡cvj
2010)| PzqvWv½v `k©bv, ‡`ŠjZMÄ
PvucvBbeveMÄ ‡mvbv gmwR`
knx` AvnmvbDjøvn gv÷vi d¬vBIfvi w`bvRcyi wnwj, weij
cÂMo evsjvev›`v
 XvKvi evB‡i wbwg©Z cÖ_g d¬vBIfv‡ii bvg- knx`
bxjdvgvix wPjvnvUx
AvnmvbDjøvn gv÷vi d¬vBIfvi (U½x, MvRxcyi)|
jvjgwbinvU eywogvwi
 knx` AvnmvbDjøvn gv÷vi d¬vBIfv‡ii wbg©vY KvR ïiæ wm‡jU Zvgvwej, †kIjv, †fvjvMÄ
nq- 16 gvP©, 2006 (hvbevnb PjvP‡ji Rb¨ Db¥y³ Kiv eªv²Yevwoqv AvLvDov
nq- 23 †g, 2010)| Kzwgjøv wewei evRvi
‡dbx we‡jvwbqv
‡`‡ki cÖ_g Qq †j‡bi d¬vBIfvi K·evRvi ‡UKbvd
‡g‡nicyi gywRebMi
 4 Rvbyqvwi 2018 XvKv-PÆMÖvg I ‡dbx- †bvqvLvjx
 h‡kvi †Rjvi †ebv‡cvj ¯’je›`‡ii fviZxq As‡ki bvg
gnvmo‡Ki ms‡hvM¯’v‡j †dbxi gwncv‡j wbwg©Z †`‡ki
†c‡Uªv‡cvj|
cÖ_g Qq †j‡bi d¬vBIfvi D‡Øvab Kiv nq|
 w`bvRcyi †Rjvi wnwj ¯’je›`‡ii fviZxq As‡ki bvg
mgy`ª I b`x e›`i wnwj|
 PzqvWv½v †Rjvi `k©bv ¯’je›`‡ii fviZxq As‡ki bvg
KY©dzjx b`xi Zx‡i evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb mgy`ªe›`i PÆMÖvg mgy`ªe›`i| ‡M‡`|
PÆMÖvg mgy`ªe›`i‡K ejv nq evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ‡ekØvi| PÆMÖvg e›`i  wm‡jU †Rjvi Zvgvwej ¯’je›`‡ii fviZxq As‡ki bvg
w`‡q Avg`vwb-ißvwb evwY‡R¨I 93% Kvh©µg m¤ú~Y© nq| WvDwK|
 K·evRvi †Rjvi ‡UKbvd ¯’je›`‡ii gvqvbgv‡ii As‡ki
 gsjv mgy`ªe›`i Aew¯’Z- cïi b`xi Zx‡i (ev‡MinvU)|
bvg gsWz|
 PvcvBbeveMÄ †Rjvi ‡mvbv gmwR` ¯’je›`‡ii fviZxq
As‡ki bvg gvnvw`cyi|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 54
  cÂMo †Rjvi evsjvevÜv ¯’je›`‡ii fviZxq As‡ki bvg
dzjevox|
Ò Read in the name of your Lord
who created youÓ
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 11
Kg©Kwgkb
evsjv‡`k miKvwi Kg©Kwgkb GKwU mvsweavwbK ¯^vaxb I ¯^Zš¿
cÖwZôvb| miKvwi Kg©Kwgkb msweav‡bi beg Aa¨v‡qi 137 bs
Aby‡”Q` Abymv‡i MwVZ| miKvwi Kg©Kwgk‡bi cÖav‡bi c`we
†Pqvig¨vb|
 Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g miKvwi Kg©Kwgkb cÖwZwôZ nq- 1926
mv‡j|
 miKvwi Kg©Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb‡K wb‡qvM K‡ib-
ivóªcwZ|
 evsjv‡`k miKvwi Kg©Kwgk‡bi (wewcGmwm) cÖ_g
†Pqvig¨vb- W. G.wKD.Gg. eRjyj Kwig| eZ©gvb
†Pqvig¨vb- †mvnive †nvmvBb (14Zg)|
 evsjv‡`k miKvwi Kg©Kwgk‡bi m`i`ßi: AvMviMvuI,
XvKv|
 miKvwi Kg©Kwgk‡bi cÖ_g gwnjv †Pqvig¨vb Aa¨vwcKv
Zvnwg`v †eMg|
 eZ©gv‡b wewmGm K¨vWvi Gi msL¨v- 26wU|
wbe©vPb Kwgkb
wbe©vPb Kwgkb msweav‡bi mßg Aa¨v‡qi 118 bs Aby‡”Q` Abymv‡i
MwVZ| cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi‡K wb‡qvM `vb K‡ib ivóªcwZ|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi wQ‡jb-
wePvicwZ Gg. Bw`ªm| eZ©gvb cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi-
KvRx nvweeyj AvIqvj (13 Zg)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g gwnjv wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi- KweZv Lvbg|
 EVM n‡jv- Electronic Voting Machine. we‡k^
cÖ_g EVM Pvjy nq Av‡gwiKvq 1960 mv‡j| evsjv‡`‡k
cÖ_g EVM e¨envi K‡i †fvUMÖnY Kiv nq ÔPÆMÖvg wmwU
K‡c©v‡ikbÕ wbe©vP‡b|
 evsjv‡`‡k EVM Gi D™¢veK- cÖ‡KŠkjx W. Gm. Gg.
jyrdj Kexi|
evsjv‡`k mk¯¿ evwnbxi cÖavb/me©vwabvqK †cÖwm‡W›U| Uv¯‹ †dvm©
n‡jv †mbv, †bŠ I wegvb evwnbxi mw¤§wjZ `j| evsjv‡`k mk¯¿
evwnbx w`em 21 b‡f¤^i| evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi nq
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
1975 mv‡j| mvgwiK A¯¿k¯¿ I mvRmiÄvg wefvM‡K e‡j AwW©b¨vÝ
wefvM| evsjv‡`‡ki mvgwiK Rv`yNi Aew¯’Z XvKv †mbvwbev‡m
(weRq miwY, †ZRMuvI)| ‡`‡ki GKgvÎ RvZxq cÖwZiÿv K‡jR
Aew¯’Z XvKvi wgicyi ÷vd K‡jR PZ¡‡i|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ A¯¿ ˆZwii KviLvbv Aew¯’Z MvRxcy‡i
(1960)|
 mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z wb‡qvM I evQvB ‡evW© (ISSB- Inter
Services Selection Board) cÖwZôv nq 1974 mv‡j|
 cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b evsjv‡`k b¨vkbvj K¨v‡WU
‡Kvi (weGbwmwm) cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q 23 gvP© 1979|
evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbx
 evsjv‡`‡ki †mbvevwnbx cÖwZwôZ nq- 1971 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbxi c~e© bvg- B÷ †e½j †iwR‡g›U|
 evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbxi ‡¯øvMvb, Òmg‡i Avgiv, kvwšÍ‡Z
Avgiv, me©ÎB Avgiv †`‡ki Z‡i|Ó
 evsjv‡`‡ki †mbvevwnbxi cÖ_g cÖavb/ B÷ †e½j
†iwR‡g‡›Ui cÖwZôvZv †Rbv‡ij Gg G wR Imgvbx|
†Rbv‡ij Gg G wR Imgvbx‡K ÔUvBMviÕ Dcvwa ‡`Iqv nq
1965 mv‡j cvK-fviZ hy‡×|
 eZ©gv‡b †mbvevwnbxi cÖavb- †Rbv‡ij Gm. Gg. kwdDwÏb
Avn‡g` (17 Zg)|
 evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbxi m`i`ßi Aew¯’Z- XvKv
†mbvwbev‡m|
 evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbxi exi‡kÖô- 3 Rb|
 evsjv‡`k Kwgkb †_‡K wb‡qvMcªvß cÖ_g †Rbv‡ij- gBb
BD Avn‡g`|
 c„w_exi †mbvevwnbxi m‡e©v”P c`- wdì gvk©vj| evsjv‡`k
†mbvevwnbxi m‡ev©”P c`- †Rbv‡ij|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g gwnjv weª‡MwWqvi myivBqv †eMg|
 evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbx‡Z wb‡qvMcÖvß Kwgkb Awdmv‡ii
cÖ_g c`we- †m‡KÛ †jd‡Ub¨v›U|
 ‡Mvcb ¯’vb †_‡K AvKw¯§K AvµgY Pvjv‡bvi ¯’vb‡K ejv
nq ÔeøvK AvDUÕ|
evsjv‡`k †bŠevwnbx
 evsjv‡`k ‡bŠevwnbx cÖwZôv nq- 1971 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k †bŠevwnbxi †¯øvMvb, ÒkvwšÍ‡Z msMÖv‡g mgy‡`ª
`yR©q|Ó
 evsjv‡`k †bŠevwnbxi cÖ_g cÖavb K¨v‡Þb byiæj nK,
eZ©gvb cÖavb GWwgivj kvnxb BKevj (15 Zg)|
 evsjv‡`‡k †bŠevwnbxi m`i `ßi- XvKvq|
 ‡bŠevwnbxi GKgvÎ exi‡kÖô- iæûj Avgxb|
 evsjv‡`k †bfvj GKv‡Wwg- PÆMÖv‡gi c‡Z½vq Aew¯’Z|
 evsjv‡`k †gwib GKv‡Wwg- PÆMÖv‡gi Rjw`qvq|
 evsjv‡`k †bŠevwnbxi cÖ_g iYZix- weGbGm cÙv|
55
 evsjv‡`k †bŠevwnbx hvÎv ïiæ K‡ib- weGbGm cÙv I  evsjv‡`k cywjk B›Uvi †cv‡ji m`m¨c` jvf K‡i- 1976
weGbGm cjvk RvnvR `ywU wb‡q| mv‡j|
 ‡`‡ki e„nËg hy× RvnvR- we.Gb.Gm.e½eÜz|  evsjv‡`k gwnjv cywjk wb‡qvM K‡i- 1974 mvj †_‡K|
 evsjv‡`k †bŠevwnbxi mve‡gwib i‡q‡Q 2 wU| h_v: ev‡bŠR  SWAT- gnvbMi †Mv‡q›`v cywj‡ki we‡kl `j|
behvÎv I ev‡bŠR RqhvÎv|  ÔIqv‡i›UÕ A_© c‡ivqvbv| *** 144 aviv gvby‡li PjvPj,
evsjv‡`k wegvbevwnbx AvPiY Ges Kg©Kv‡Ûi wewawb‡la ev wbqš¿Y|
 evsjv‡`k wegvbevwnbx MwVZ nq- 1971 mv‡j| evsjv‡`k cywj‡ki c`gh©v`vi µg
 evsjv‡`k wegvbevwnbxi m`i`ßi- XvKv †mbvwbevm|
µwgK c`gh©v`v
 evsjv‡`k wegvbevwnbx ‡¯øvMvb, Ôevsjvi AvKvk ivwLe
b¤^i
gy³|Õ 01 B݇c±i †Rbv‡ij (IG)
 evsjv‡`k wegvbevwnbxi exi‡kÖô GKRb- exi‡kÖô gwZDi 02 GwWkbvj B݇c±i †Riv‡ij (Add IG)
ingvb| 03 †WcywU B݇c±i †Riv‡ij (DIG)
 evsjv‡`k wegvbevwnbxi cÖ_g cÖavb fvBm gvk©vj Ave`yj 04 GwWkbvj †WcywU B݇c±i †Riv‡ij (Add DIG)
Kwig L›`Kvi| evsjv‡`k wegvbevwnbxi eZ©gvb cÖavb 05 mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U Ae cywjk (SP)
Gqvi Pxd gvk©vj †kL Avãyj nvbœvb (16 Zg)| 06 GwWkbvj mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U Ae cywjk (Add SP)
 evsjv‡`k Gqvi †dvm© †Uªwbs †m›Uvi I evsjv‡`k 07 wmwbqi Gwm÷¨v›U mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U Ae cywjk
Gqvi‡dvm© †Uªwbs GKv‡Wwg Aew¯’Z- h‡kvi| (Senior ASP)
 evsjv‡`k wegvbevwnbxi ˆÎgvwmK cÖKvkbv ÔCMjÕ Ges 08 Gwm÷¨v›U mycvwib‡Ub‡W›U Ae cywjk (ASP)
evsjv‡`k wegvbevwnbx lvY¥vwmK cÖKvkbv Ôwegvb †mbvÕ| 09 B݇c±i
evsjv‡`k cywjk 10 mve- B݇c±vi (SI)
11 Gwm÷¨v›U mve- B݇c±i (ASI)
 POLICE- Gi c~Y© Awfe¨w³: P- Police, O- 12 nvwej`vi
Obedient, L- Loyal, I- Intelligent, C- 13 bv‡qK
Courageous, E- Efficient | 14 Kb‡÷ej
 Dcgnv‡`‡k cywjk e¨e¯’v Pvjy nq- 1861 mv‡j (jW©
K¨vwbs)| mxgvšÍiÿx evwnbx (BGB)
 evsjv‡`k cywjk ¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b|
 cywjk kãwU G‡m‡Q- cZ©zwMR kã †_‡K|  evsjv‡`k mxgvšÍ evwnbxi eZ©gvb bvg- eW©vi MvW©
 evsjv‡`k cywjk GKv‡Wgx- ivRkvnxi mvi`vq Aew¯’Z| evsjv‡`k(BGB)|
mvi`v cywjk GKv‡Wgx cÙv b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z| wbgv©Y  eW©vi MvW© evsjv‡`‡ki m`i`ßi- wcjLvbv, XvKv|
nq- 1912 mv‡j| mvi`v cywjk GKv‡Wwgi cÖ_g Aa¨vÿ  eW©vi MvW© evsjv‡`‡ki †¯øvMvb, Ômxgv‡šÍi AZ›`ª cÖnix|Õ
†gRi †Pmwj|  eW©vi MvW© evsjv‡`k Kvh©Ki nq- 23 Rvbyqvwi, 2011
 evsjv‡`k cywj‡ki m`i`ßi Aew¯’Z- XvKvi dyjevwoqv| mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k cywj‡ki g~jbxwZ- ÔkvwšÍ, k„•Ljv, wbivcËv,  eW©vi MvW© evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g gnvcwiPvjK ‡gRi †Rbv‡ij
cÖMwZ|Õ (Ae.) wm Avi `Ë| eW©vi MvW© evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb
 cywj‡ki m‡e©v”P Kg©KZ©vi c`ex- AvBwRwc| ¯^vaxbZvi ci gnvcwiPvjK †gRi †Rbv‡ij mvwKi Avn‡g`|
cywj‡ki cÖ_g AvBwRwc- Avãyj Lv‡jK| cywj‡ki eZ©gvb  eW©vi MvW© evsjv‡`‡ki †m±i 16wU, e¨v‡Uwjqb 47wU|
AvBwRwc- ‡PŠaywi Avãyjøvn Avj gvgyb (30 Zg)|  eW©vi MvW© evsjv‡`‡ki exi‡kÖô- 2 Rb|
 wefv‡Mi cywjk cÖav‡bi c`ex- wWAvBwR| ‡Rjvi cywjk  eWv©i MvW© evsjv‡`‡ki cyivZb bvg- evsjv‡`k ivB‡djm
cÖav‡bi c`ex- Gmwc| _vbvi cywjk cÖav‡bi c`ex- Iwm| (wewWAvi)| evsjv‡`k ivB‡djm MwVZ nq 3 gvP© 1972|
 evsjv‡`‡k †g‡UªvcwjcUb bMix- 8wU| ‡g‡UªvcwjUb Z‡e eW©vi MvW© evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvg ivgMo †jvKvj
cywj‡ki cÖav‡bi c`ex- Kwgkbvi| e¨v‡Uwjqb|
 cywj‡ki c`gh©v`vi avivµg- 14wU (m‡ev©”P c‡` AvBwRwc  wcjLvbvi wewWAvi we‡`ªvn msNwUZ nq- 25 †deªæqvwi,
Ges me©wb¤œ c‡` Kb‡÷ej)| 2009 mv‡j|
 Acv‡ikb Ô‡i‡ej nv›UÕ ïiæ nq- 2 gvP©, 2009|

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 56

  wewWAvi we‡`ªv‡ni wePvi ïiæ nq- 24 b‡f¤^i, 2014 1. AvBb wefvM|
mv‡j| wewWAvi we‡`ªv‡ni wePvi mgvß nq- 2017 mv‡j| 2. kvmb wefvM|
 eW©vi MvW© evsjv‡`k we‡j m‡ev©”P kvw¯Í e¨e¯’v- g„Zz¨`Û| 3. wePvi wefvM|

AvBb wefvM
i¨ve (RAB)
miKv‡ii AvBb wefvM AvBb cÖYqb K‡i, ms‡kvab K‡i I cwieZ©b
 Avg©W cywjk e¨vUvwjqvb G¨v±- 1979 ms¯‹vi K‡i i¨ve
K‡i| msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vq kvmb wefvM Zvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBb
MVb Kiv nq| ¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b i¨ve MwVZ nq-
mfvi Kv‡Q `vqx _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb wefv‡Mi bvg RvZxq
2004 mv‡j| i¨v‡ei c~e©bvg i¨vU| i¨v‡ei m`i`ßi-
Kzwg©Ujv XvKv| i¨v‡ei †køvMvb- Ôevsjv‡`k Avgvi msm` (House of the Nation)| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm` GK
AnsKvi|Õ Kÿwewkó| AvBbmfvi m`m¨MY n‡jb RbcÖwZwbwa| AvBbmfvi
 i¨v‡e 7wU ms¯’vi m`m¨ AšÍfz©³ Av‡Q| mviv †`‡k i¨ve Aby‡gv`b Qvov miKvi Avw_©K KvR m¤ú©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
15wU e¨vUvwjq‡b wef³| GK bR‡i RvZxq msm` feb
 i¨v‡ei cÖ_g gnvcwiPvjK- Av‡bvqviæj BKevj, eZ©gvb
gnvcwiPvjK- Lyikx` †nv‡mb (10g)| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm` feb XvKvi †k‡i evsjv bM‡i Aew¯’Z|
evsjv‡`k Avbmvi I MÖvg cÖwZiÿv evwnbx 1961 mv‡j msm` fe‡bi wbg©vY KvR ïiæ nq| RvZxq msm`
VDP- Gi c~Y©iƒc Village Defence Party| †¯øvMvb, ÔkvwšÍ, fe‡ib wfwË cÖ¯Íi K‡ib ZrKvjxb ivóªcwZ AvBqye Lvb| wbg©vYKvR
k„•Ljv, Dbœqb I wbivcËvq meΩ Avgiv|Õ Avbmvi k‡ãi A_© mgvß nIqvi ci 1982 mv‡j 28 Rvbyqvwi D‡Øvab Kiv nq|
mvnvh¨Kvix| Avbmvi MVb Kiv nq 12 †deªæqvwi 1948 mv‡j| D‡Øvab K‡ib ZrKvjxb ivwóªcwZ Avãyi mvËvi|
m`i`ßi Aew¯’Z wLjMuvI, XvKv| Avbmvi GKv‡Wwg Aew¯’Z mwdcyi,
¯’cwZ cÖ‡dmi jyB AvB K¨vb
MvRxcyi| gnvb ivóªªfvlv Av‡›`vj‡b Avbmvi Ave`yj RveŸvi knx` (hy³iv‡óª bvMwiK)| wZwb
nb| Avbmvi evwnbxi eZ©gvb gnvcwiPvjK G †K Gg bvRgyj nvmvb| Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib G‡¯Ívwbqvq|
evsjv‡`k †Kv÷MvW© wWRvBb ‡nbwi Gb. DBjKUm
evsjv‡`k †Kv÷MvW© hvÎv ïiæ K‡i 14 †deªæqvwi, 1995 mv‡j| msm` GjvKvi AvqZb 215 GKi
m`i`ßi Aew¯’Z AvMviMvuI, XvKv| †Kv÷MvW© MV‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ D”PZv 9 Zjv wewkó
DcK~jxq wbivcËv I †bŠhvb¸‡jv‡K Rj`my¨‡`i nvgjv †_‡K iÿv g~j fe‡bi D”PZv 155 dzU
Kiv| RvUKv wbab e‡Ü evsjv‡`k †Kv÷MvW© KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ msm‡`i Avmb 350wU (300wU wbe©vwPZ
Ges 50wU bvix msiwÿZ
Awfhv‡bi bvg ÔAcv‡ikb RvUKvÕ|
Avmb)
evsjv‡`‡ki †¯úkvj evwnbx wewkó AwZw_‡`i Rb¨ Avmb 56wU
Kg©KZ©v‡`i Rb¨ Avmb 41wU
SSF Special Security Force
mvsevw`K‡`i Rb¨ Avmb 80wU
SSF wbivcËv cÖ`vb K‡i ivóªcÖavb, miKvi cÖavb I miKvi
`k©K‡`i Rb¨ Avmb 430wU
‡NvwlZ VIP e¨w³‡`i
RvZxq msm‡`i cÖ_g ¯úxKvi †gvnv¤§` Djøvn
PGR President Guard Regiment
eZ©gvb (cÖ_g bvix) ¯úxKvi W. wkwib kviwgb †PŠayix
PGR evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZi e¨w³MZ
wbivcËv evwnbx  RvZxq msm‡`i Bs‡iwR bvg- House of the Nation |
 RvZxq msm` D‡Øvab Kiv nq- 28 Rvbyqvwi 1982|
Ò Do not lose hope
 RvZxq msm‡`i wbe©vwPZ Avmb- 300wU|
nor be sad.Ó  eZ©gv‡b msm‡` bvix‡`i Rb¨ msiwÿZ Avmb- 50wU|
 cÖwZ eQi ivóªªcwZ msm‡` fvlY †`b- cÖ_g msm‡`i
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 12 m~Pbvq|
 ‡h‡Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y msm` †f‡½ †M‡j wbe©vPb w`‡Z nq- 90
w`‡bi g‡a¨|
evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi e¨e¯’v
 RvZxq msm‡`i mfvcwZ- ¯úxKvi| msm‡` ÔKvw÷s †fvUÕ
MYZš¿ cÖRvZš¿ msm`xq GK‡Kw›`ªK ejv nq- w¯úKv‡ii †fvU‡K|
 RvZxq msm‡`i †bZv- cÖavbgš¿x|
evsjv‡`‡ki msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v wZb ¯Íiwewkó:

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 57

  cÖ_g RvZxq msm‡`i †bZv wQ‡ji e½eÜz †kL gywReyi kvmb wefvM
ingvb Ges eZ©gvb GKv`k RvZxq msm‡`i †bZv †kL
iv‡óªi kvmb Kvh© cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ _v‡K †h wefv‡Mi Dci b¨¯Í
nvwmbv|
_v‡K Zv‡K kvmb wefvM e‡j| kvmb wef‡Mi ivR‰bwZK Ges
 RvZxq msm‡`i cÖZxK- kvcjv|
AivR‰bwZK `ywU As‡k wef³|
 RvZxq msm‡` Ô†d¬vi µvwmsÕ ej‡Z †evSvq Ab¨ `‡j
†hvM`vb ev wbR `‡ji wec‡ÿ Ae¯’vb/†fvU †`Iqv| ivR‰bwZK AivR‰bwZK
 RvZxq msm‡`i ‡gvU Avmb 300wU| 1bs Avmb cÂMo ivóªcÖavb, miKvi cÖavb, Avgjv, miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I
Ges 300 bs Avmb ev›`ieb| cÖavbgš¿x, gš¿x mfvi m`m¨MY, Kg©PvwiMY|
 cve©Z¨ ‡Rjv¸‡jv‡Z msm`xq Avmb Av‡Q- 1wU K‡i ivóªcwZ I cÖavbgš¿xi AivR‰bwZK As‡ki Kvh©ejx:
(ev›`ieb-1wU, ivOvgvwU-1wU, LvMovQwo-1wU)| Dc‡`óvMY| ivR‰bwZK As‡ki iv‡óªi kvmb bxwZ I AvBb
Kvh©ejx: iv‡óªi kvmb bxwZ ev¯Íevqb K‡ib (Policy
 RvZxq msm‡`i cv‡k Aew¯’Z wµ‡m›U †jK|
wbav©iY K‡ib (Polocy Execution)|
 RvZxq msm‡`i cv‡k Kei Av‡Q- 12 R‡bi|
Making)|
 ivóªcwZ cÖYxZ AvBb‡K ejv nq ÔAa¨v‡`kÕ| ÔAa¨v‡`kÕ ivóªcwZ: iv‡óªi cÖavb ivóªcwZ| ivóªcwZ Zvi ÿgZv e‡j RvZxq
cÖYq‡bi ÿgZv i‡q‡Q ivóªcwZi|
msm‡`i Awa‡ekb AvnŸvb Ki‡eb, cÖ‡qvR‡b ¯’wMZ Ki‡eb ev †f‡O
 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^víKvjxb msm`- lô RvZxq msm`|
w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 XvKv †Rjv‡Z msm` Avmb msL¨v me‡P‡q †ewk (20wU)|
 me‡P‡q Kg msm` Avmb- cve©Z¨ 03wU †Rjvq, 01wU K‡i  msm`xq c×wZ m‡e©v”P c` gh©v`vi AwaKvix- ivóªcwZ|
(ev›`ieb, ivOvgvwU I LvMovQwo)|  ivóªcwZ nIqvi b~b¨Zg eqm- 35 eQi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb nq- 7 gvP© 1973|  ivóªcwZi †gqv`- 5 eQi|
 `kg RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb nq- 30 wW‡m¤^i 2018|  ivóªcwZ‡K kc_ evK¨ cvV Kivb- ¯úxKvi|
 msm‡` AvB‡bi cÖ¯Íve‡K wej e‡j| wej 2 cÖKvi h_v-  ivóªcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb- RvZxq msm‡`i miKvwi †fv‡U|
1. miKvwi wej: gš¿x‡`i DÌvwcZ wej|  ivóªcwZ c`Z¨vM K‡ib- ¯úxKv‡ii wbKU|
2. ‡emiKvwi wej: msm` m`m¨‡`i DÌvwcZ wej|  Av`vj‡Zi †Kvb GLwZqvi bvB- ivóªcwZi Dci|
 cÖavbgš¿x c`Z¨vM K‡ib- ivóªcwZi wbKU|
G ch©šÍ `yBRb we‡`kx ivóªcÖavb RvZxq msm‡` e³…Zv †i‡L‡Qb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ivóªcwZ- ‡kL gywReyi ingvb|
Zviv n‡jb-
 evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb ivóªcwZ- G¨vW‡fv‡KU †gv: Avãyj
µg ivóªcÖav‡bi bvg mgqKvj nvwg` (21Zg)|
cÖ_g hy‡Mv¯øvwfqvi †cÖwm‡W›U gvkv©j 31 Rvbyqvwi, 1974  ivóªcwZi miKvwi evmfe‡bi bvg Ôe½febÕ (23 wW‡m¤^i
†hv‡kd wU‡Uv 1971) | Ôe½febÕ weªwUk Avg‡j ÔMf©b‡g›U nvDRÕ Ges
wØZxq fvi‡Zi †cÖwm‡W›U wf wf wMwi 18 Ryb, 1974 cvwK¯Ívwb Avg‡j ÔMf©bi nvDRÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQ‡jv|
 ivóªcwZ †h cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi cÖavb-
msL¨vZË¡  mk¯¿ evwnbxi cÖavb|
 miKvix †e-miKvwi wek^we`¨vjq¸‡jvi P¨v‡Ýji|
7 ms‡kvwaZ we‡ji Rb¨ ivóªcwZ mgq cvb 7 w`b
 GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwUi cÖavb|
15 ‡h †Kv‡bv we‡j ivóªcwZ ¯^vÿ‡ii Rb¨ mgq cvb 15 w`b
30 mvaviY wbe©vPb nIqvi 30 w`‡bi g‡a¨ msm‡`I cÖ_g  evsjv‡`k ¯‹vD‡Ui, ‡iWwµ‡m‡›Ui cÖavb|
Awa‡ekb
cÖavbgš¿x
60 msm‡` ‡Kvivg nq 60 R‡b, `yB Awa‡ek‡bi ga¨eZ©x
mgq m‡e©v”P 60 w`b
evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi cÖavb/gš¿xcwil‡`i cÖavb n‡”Qb cÖavbgš¿x|
90 w¯úKv‡ii AbygwZ e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv msm` m`m¨ 90 w`‡bi
cÖavbgš¿x nIqvi b~¨bZg eqm 25 eQi| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cÖavbgš¿x
†ewk msm‡`i evB‡i _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv, Dc-wbe©vP‡bi
‡gqv` 90 w`b, ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii †gqv` wQ‡jv 90 ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g` Ges eZ©gvb cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv (14Zg)|
w`b evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g bvix cÖavbgš¿x- †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqv|
120 Riæwi Ae¯’vi ‡gqv` m‡e©v”P 120 w`b
 cÖavbgš¿x miKvwi mvefe‡bi bvg MYfeb| MYfeb
Aew¯’Z- †k‡i evsjvbMi, XvKv|
 cÖavbgš¿x †hme cÖwZôv‡bi cÖavb ev mfvcwZ-
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 58
  GK‡bK (RvZxq A_©bxwZ cwil`) Gi cÖavb|
 ißvwb cÖwµqvRvZ KiY AÂj (EPZ)|
 gwnjv I wkï Dbœqb cwil‡`i cÖavb|
 eb I cwi‡ek Awa`ßi Gi cÖavb|
msweavb Abyhvwq wewfbœ c‡`i eqmmxgv I †gqv`Kvj
 ivóªcwZ: me©wb¤œ eqm 35 eQi, †gqv`Kvj: Kvh©fvi MÖnY
†_‡K 5 eQi|
 cÖavbgš¿x, msm` m`m¨: me©wb¤œ eqm 25 eQi, †gqv`Kvj:
msm` Awa‡ek‡bi cÖ_g w`b †_‡K cieZ©x 5 eQi|
 cÖavb wePvicwZ: m‡e©v”P eqm: 67 eQi, †gqv`Kvj: 67
eQi c~Y© nIqv ch©šÍ|
 cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi, Kg© Kwgk‡bi mfvcwZ, gnvwnmve
wbixÿK I wbqš¿K: m‡e©v”P eqm: 65 eQi, †gqv`Kvj:
Kvh©fvi MÖnY †_‡K 5 eQi ev eqm 65 eQi c~Y nIqv
chšÍ©|
msweavb Abyhvqx kc_evK¨ cvV
ivóªcwZ kc_evK¨ cvV Kivb-
 cÖavbgš¿x I gš¿xcwil‡`i Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡K|
 ¯úxKvi I †WcywU ¯úxKvi‡K|
 cÖavb wePvicwZ‡K|
cÖavb wePvicwZ kc_evK¨ cvV Kivb-
 cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkb I KwgkbviMY‡K|
 PSC ‡Pqvig¨vb I m`m¨e„›`‡K|
 gnvwnmve wbixÿK‡K|
 Ab¨vb¨ wePvicwZ‡K|
¯úxKvi kc_evK¨ cvV Kivb-
 ivóªcwZ‡K|
 msm` m`m¨e„›`‡K|
msweavb Abyhvqx c`Z¨vMcÎ †ck
 ivóªcwZ, msm` m`m¨- ¯úxKv‡ii wbKU
 ¯úxKvi, cÖavbgš¿x I Ab¨vb¨ gš¿xe„›` Ges cÖavb wePvicwZ-
ivóªcwZi wbKU|
gš¿Yvjq
 gš¿Yvj‡qi cwiPvjK- gš¿x|
 gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖkvmwbK cÖavb- mwPe|
 evsjv‡`‡ki gš¿Yvj‡qi msL¨v- 41wU Ges wefvM 2wU| h_v:
gš¿xcwil` wefvM Ges mk¯¿evwnbx wefvM|
 evsjv‡`‡ki me©‡kl gš¿Yvjq- †ijc_, Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvjq|
 cÖv_wgK I MYwkÿv gš¿Yvjq MwVZ nq- 2003 mv‡j|
 gyw³hy× welqK gš¿Yvjq MwVZ nq- 2001 mv‡j|
 cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg welqK gš¿Yvjq MwVZ nq- 1998 mv‡j|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 gyw³hy× welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi Bs‡iwR bvg- Ministry of
Liberation war Affairs.
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g gš¿x cwil` mwPe- GBP.wU.Bgvg|
evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb gš¿xcwil` mwPe Kwei web mvgv`|
 eZ©gvb gš¿x cwil‡` cÖavbgš¿xmn bvix gš¿x 4 Rb| cÖavbgš¿x
†kL nvwmbv, wkÿvgš¿x W. `xcy gwb, kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb
cÖwZgš¿x †eMg gbœyRvb mywdqvb Ges cwi‡ek, eb I Rjevqy
welqe Dcgš¿x †eMg nvweeyb bvnvi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g gwnjv ciivóª/wkÿvgš¿x- Wv. `xcy gwb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g gwnjv ¯^ivóªgš¿x- mvnviv LvZzb|
gš¿Yvj‡qi c~e©bvg
 RbcÖkvmb gš¿Yvj‡qi c~e©bvg- ms¯’vcb gš¿Yvjq|
 moK cwienb I †mZz gš¿Yvj‡qi c~e©bvg- †hvMv‡hvM
gš¿Yvjq| cvwb m¤ú` gš¿Yvj‡qi c~e©bvg- ‡mP, cvwb Dbœqb
I eb¨v wbqš¿Y gš¿Yvjq|
 kÖg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi c~e©bvg- kÖg I Rbkw³
gš¿Yvjq|
 grm¨ I cÖvwY m¤ú` gš¿Yvj‡qi c~e©bvg- grm¨ I cïm¤ú`
gš¿Yvjq|
gš¿Yvjq Aaxb¯’ ms¯’v
 ¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b: evsjv‡`k cywjk, gv`K`ªe¨ wbqš¿b
Awa`ßi, eW©vi MvW© evsjv‡`k|
 RbcÖkvmb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b: evsjv‡`k miKvwi
Kg©Kwgkb, †jvKcÖkvmb cÖwkÿY †K›`ª|
 evwYR¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b: evsjv‡`k Pv M‡elYv
Bbw÷wUDU, evsjv‡`k U¨vwid Kwgkb|
 cÖwZiÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b: evsjv‡`k AvenvIqv Awa`ßi,
evsjv‡`k gnvKvk M‡elYv I `~i Abyaveb cÖwZôvb|
 wkÿv gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b: evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvW©m GÛ †Uw÷s
Bbw÷wUDU (weGmwUAvB), AvšÍRvwZ©K gvZ©fvlv
Bbw÷wUDU|
cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmb n‡jv kvmb wefvM| evsjv‡`‡ki mKj cÖkvmb
wbev©nx wefv‡Mi Aax‡b `yB fv‡M wef³: ‡K›`ªxq cÖkvmb Ges gvV
cÖkvmb
‡K›`ªxq cÖkvmb
‡K›`ªxq cÖkvmb PviwU kvLv wb‡q MwVZ| h_v:
mwPevjq, gš¿Yvjq, Awa`ßi Ges cwi`ßi
59
 gvV cÖkvmb  BDwbqb cwil‡`i Kvh©Kvj 5 eQi eQi ¯’vqx nq |
 BDwbqb cwil‡` gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ msiwÿZ Avm‡bi weavb
gvV cÖkvmb wZbwU kvLv wb‡q MwVZ| h_v: wefvMxq cÖkvmb, ‡Rjv
Kiv nq- 1997 mv‡j|
cÖkvmb Ges Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb|
Dc‡Rjv cwil`
cÖkvmwbK ¯Íiweb¨vm
 Dc‡Rjv e¨e¯’vi cÖeZ©K- ûmvBb gynv¤§` Gikv`|
c`µg mvaviY cÖkvmb cywjk cÖkvmb
 Dc‡Rjv cwil` wej cvm nq- 7 b‡f¤^i, 1982 mv‡j|
m‡ev©”P c` mwPe IGP
 cÖ_g Dc‡Rjv MwVZ nq- 45wU|
wefvMxq cÖavb Kwgkbvi DIG
‡Rjvi cÖavb wWwm SP  eZ©gv‡b Dc‡Rjv : 495 wU| me©‡kl: C`MuvI
_vbvi cÖavb wUGbI/BDGbI OC (K·evRvi), Wvmvi (gv`vixcyi), ga¨bMi (mybvgMÄ)|
 cÖ_g Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb nq- 1985 mv‡j|
 Dc‡Rjv cÖavb wbe©vnxi c`ex- Dc‡Rjv †Pqvig¨vb|
evsjv‡`k mwPevj‡qi gvV cÖkvmb
 1 Rb †Pqvig¨vb, 2 Rb fvBm †Pqvig¨vb (G‡`i g‡a¨ 1
mwPevjq gvV cÖkvmb Rb n‡eb gwnjv) Ges Dc‡Rjvi AvIZvaxb BDwbqb
cwil` mg~‡ni †Pqvig¨vbe„›`, †cŠimfv †gqi (hw` _v‡K)
mwPe/‡Rô mwPe ‡bB Ges 3 Rb gwnjv m`m¨i mgš^‡q Dc‡Rjv cwil` MwVZ
nq|
AwZwi³ mwPe †bB
‡Rjv cwil`
hyM¥mwPe wefvMxq Kwgkbvi
 †Rjv ch©v‡q ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi bvg- †Rjv cwil`|
Dc-mwPe ‡Rjv cÖkvmK
 ‡Rjv cwil‡`i cÖavb‡K e‡j- †Rjv cwil` †Pqvig¨vb|
wmwbqi mnKvix mwPe AwZwi³ †Rjv cÖkvmK/  ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii m‡e©v”P ¯Íi- †Rjv cwil`|
Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v  cÖ_g †Rjv MwVZ nq- 1666 mv‡j (PÆMÖvg †Rjv)|
 ‡Rjv cwil‡`i †gqv` wbav©iY Kiv n‡q‡Q 5 eQi|
mnKvix mwPe mnKvix Kwgkbvi  evsjv‡`‡k †Rjv cwil‡`i msL¨v 64 wU|
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v ‡cŠimfv
 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq kvmb AwW©b¨vÝ Rvwi nq- 1976 mv‡j|  me©cÖ_g †cŠi cÖwZôvb MV‡bi j‡ÿ¨ AvBb cvm nq- 1842
 evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gv‡b 2 ¯Íiwewkó miKvi Pvjy Av‡Q| mv‡j|
 MÖvgv‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gv: wZb ¯Íi wewkó-  weªwUk Avg‡j †cŠimfv AvBb cvm nq- 1850 mv‡j|
BDwbqb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil`, †Rjv cwil`|  ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k †cŠimfv Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi nq- 1977
 kniv‡ji ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gv: `yB ¯Íi wewkó- mv‡j|
†cŠimfv I wmwU K‡cv©‡ikb|  ‡gqi I wbe©vwPZ KvDwÝji‡`i wb‡q ‡cŠimfv wb‡q MwVZ
 evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q e„nËg ¯^vqË¡kvwmZ cÖkvmwbK nq|
KvVv‡gv †Rjv cwil` Ges ÿz`ªZg BDwbqb cwil`|  evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b †gvU †cŠimfvi msL¨v KZ- 328wU|
 evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gvb mwµq ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv me©‡kl 328 Zg †cŠimfv wek^bv_, wm‡jU|
n‡jv- †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv, BDwbqb cwil`|  XvKv †cŠimfv MwVZ nq- 1864 mv‡j|
BDwbqb cwil` wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb
 BDwbqb cwil` Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi nq- 1983 mv‡j|  eZ©gv‡b †`‡k wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb- 12wU|
 BDwbqb cwil` MwVZ nq- 1 Rb wbev©wPZ †Pqvig¨vb, 9wU  evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb- XvKv wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb|
Iqv‡W©i 9 Rb wbe©vwPZ m`m¨ Ges cÖwZwU 3wU Iqv‡W©i  evsjv‡`‡k me©‡kl wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb- gqgbwmsn wmwU
mgš^‡q 1 Rb K‡i †gvU 3 Rb wbe©vwPZ gwnjv m`m¨ wb‡q| K‡c©v‡ikb |
 BDwbqb cwil‡`i cÖavb- †Pqvig¨vb|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 60
  AvqZ‡b †`‡ki eo wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb- MvRxcyi wmwU
K‡c©v‡ikb|
 ‡QvU wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb- wm‡jU wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb|
 RbmsL¨vq †`‡ki †QvU wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb- Kzwgjøv wmwU
K‡c©v‡ikb|
 XvKv †cŠimfv‡K ÔXvKv wgDwbwmc¨vj K‡c©v‡ikbÕ DbœxZ
Kiv nq- 30 †m‡Þ¤^i 1978 mv‡j|
 XvKv wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡b cÖ_g wbe©vwPZ †gqi- †gvnv¤§`
nvwbd|
MÖvg miKvi
 MÖvg miKvi AvBb cvm nq- 27 †deªæqvwi 2003|
 MÖvg miKvi MwVZ nq- 15 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q|
 MÖvg miKvi †ivwnZKiY wej cvm nq- 6 GwcÖj 2009|
wePvi wefvM
wePvi wefvM miKv‡ii ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wefvM| evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P
Av`vj‡Zi bvg mywcÖg †KvU©| mywcÖg †KvU©‡K ejv nq †KvU© Ae
†iKW©| msweav‡bi AwffveK Ges e¨vL¨vKviK mywcÖg‡KvU©|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cÖavb wePvicwZ Avey mv`vZ †gvnv¤§` mv‡qg|
mywcÖg‡Kv‡U©i eZ©gvb cÖavb wePvicwZ nvmvb d‡qR wmwÏKx
(23Zg)|
mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i `ywU wWwfkb ev wefvM i‡q‡Q| h_v:
1. Avwcj wefvM (Avwcj wefv‡M †e‡Âi msL¨v 3 Ges wePvi
†e‡Âi msL¨v 8)|
 nvB‡KvU© wefvM |
 nvB‡KvU© †e cybM©Vb K‡i- cÖavb wePvicwZ|
 evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vnx n‡Z wePvi wefvM c„_K Kiv nq- 1
b‡f¤^i, 2007|
 mywcÖg‡Kv‡U©i cÖ_g bvix wePvicwZ- bvRgyb Aviv myjZvbv|
 mywcÖg‡Kv‡U©i wePvicwZ‡`i PvKwii mgqmxgv 67 eQi c~Y©
nIqv ch©šÍ|
 mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i Aax‡b cÖwZwU †Rjvq Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ ev wb¤œ
Av`vjZ i‡q‡Q|
 ‡Rjv Av`vj‡Z Ô‡`IqvwbÕ I Ô‡dŠR`vwiÕ gvgjv cwiPvjbv
Kiv nq|
 Ô‡`IqvwbÕ gvgjv cvwievwiK welq,RwgRgv I Pzw³
msµvšÍ|
 Ô‡dŠR`vwiÕ gvgjv n‡jv e¨w³, mgvR Ges iv‡óªi kvwšÍ-
k„•Ljv bó Kivi d‡j †h gvgjv Kiv nq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e
ejv hvq: nZ¨v, Pzwi, WvKvwZ, AcniY BZ¨vw`|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
AvšÍR©vwZK Aciva UªvBey¨bvj
AvšÍR©vwZK Aciva UªvBey¨bvj (International Crimes
Tribunal) 1973 mv‡j msweav‡bi 1g ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g ivóªcwZ
KZ…©K MwVZ GKwU AvBb| 2010 mv‡ji 2iv gvP© UªvBey¨bvj
AvBbRxex c¨v‡bj Ges Z`šÍ ms¯’v MVb Kiv nq|
Ò Avjnvg`ywjøn, Avjøvn Avgv‡K euvwP‡q
‡i‡L‡Qb GUvB‡Zv A‡bK, wbðqB GKw`b
mdjZv Avm‡eÓ
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 13
evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji MVb, f~wgKv I Kvh©µg: ‡h †Mvwô ‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
AvqZ‡bi f~L‡Ûi wewfbœ mgm¨vi `k©‡b wKQz bxwZ I Av`‡k©i
wfwˇZ ivóªxq mgm¨v mgvav‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ GKwÎZ nq, Zv‡`i
ivR‰bwZK `j e‡j| ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖavb jÿ¨ n‡jv ÿgZvq
wM‡q `‡ji bxwZ I Av`©k Abyhvqx †`k cwiPvjbv Kiv Ges wbe©vPbx
Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Kiv| ivR‰bwZK `j mKj ag©-eY©, bvix-cyiæl,
†kÖwY-‡ckv wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji ¯^v‡_© KvR K‡i| MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vi
Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q Av`©k I Kg©m~wPwfwËK ivR‰bwZK `‡ji
Dcw¯’wZ| we‡k^ GgbI †`k Av‡Q †hLv‡b ivRcwievi I Gi cwil`B
mKj ivR‰bwZK wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Avevi †Kv_vI ev AvBb
K‡i ivR‰bwZK `j wbwl× Kiv nq, †hgb: 2005 mvj ch©šÍ Avwd«Kv
gnv‡`‡ki †`k DMvÛvq miKvi KZ…©K ivR‰bwZK `j wbwl× wQj|
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ˆewkó¨
msNe× Rbmgwó: ivR‰bwZK `j n‡”Q KZ¸‡jv bxwZ I Av`‡k©i
wfwˇZ msMwVZ GKwU Rbmgwó|
ÿgZv jvf: ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖavb jÿ¨ wbqgZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z
ivóªÿgZv jv‡fi gva¨‡g miKvi MVb Kiv|
mywbw`ó© Av`k© I Kg©m~wP: cÖ‡Z¨K ivR‰bwZK `‡ji GKwU Av`k© I
mywbw`©ó Kg©m~wP _v‡K| Av`‡k©i w`K †_‡K †Kv‡bv `j ag©wfwËK
Avevi †Kv‡bv `j ag©wb‡iv‡cÿ nq| Ab¨w`‡K A_©bxwZi iƒc‡iLv
we‡ePbvqI `j wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: mgvRZvwš¿K `j|
cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv I †bZ…Z¡: cÖ‡Z¨K ivR‰bwZK `‡ji GKwU
cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv _v‡K| †K›`ª †_‡K ¯’vbxq ch©vq ch©šÍ `‡ji kvLv
we¯Í…Z _v‡K| GQvov cÖ‡Z¨K `‡ji †K›`ªxq Ges ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q wewfbœ
KwgwU _v‡K| Z‡e †K›`ªxq †bZ…Z¡ Øviv `j cwiPvwjZ nq|
61
wbe©vPb msµvšÍ KvR: AvaywbK ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Z_v MYZvwš¿K A_ev Ges mvgvwRK cÖMwZ Z_v A_©‡bwZK gyw³- GB cuvPwU‡K `‡ji Av`k©
GKbvqKZvwš¿K miKvi e¨e¯’vi †P‡q MYZvwš¿K miKvi e¨e¯’vq wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq|
wbe©vP‡bi ¸iæZ¡ AwaKZi| G mKj wbe©vP‡b AskMÖn‡Yi cÖ¯‘wZ,
evsjv‡`‡ki wKQy ivR‰bwZK `j
cÖv_©x g‡bvbqY, wbe©vP‡b `jxq Kg©m~Px cÖYqb, wbe©vPbx cÖPvi I †fvU
msMÖn `‡ji Ges `jxq Kg©x‡`i Øviv m¤úvw`Z n‡q _v‡K| `‡ji bvg cÖZxK
evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jxM ‡bŠKv
wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `j evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x `j (weGbwc) av‡bi kxl
RvZxq cvwU© (Rvcv) jv½j
AvIqvgx jxM RvZxq mgvRZvwš¿K `j (Rvm`) gkvj
evsjv‡`k IqvK©vm© cvwU© nvZzwo
‡nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x Ges Aveyj nvwk‡gi †bZ…Z¡vaxb ZrKvjxb wjev‡ij †W‡gvµ¨vwUK cvwU© QvZv
e½xq gymwjg jx‡Mi GKvs‡ki m‡¤§j‡bi ga¨ w`‡q 1949 mv‡j 23 K…lK kÖwgK RbZv jxM MvgQv
Ryb XvKvi wUKvUzwji †K Gg `vm ‡jb †iv‡Wi †ivR Mv‡W©b c¨v‡j‡m evsjv‡`k KwgDwb÷ cvwU© Kv‡¯Í
Ôc~e© cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxMÕ cÖwZwôZ nq| cÖwZôvKvjxb evsjv‡`k †LjvdZ Av‡›`vjb eUMvQ
AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mfvvcwZ gIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx| mvaviY evsjv‡`k gymwjg jxM nvwi‡Kj
m¤úv`K kvgmyj nK I hyM¥ m¤úv`K †kL gywReyi ingvb| 1953
mv‡j gvIjvbv fvmvbxi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ AbywôZ AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi
wbeÜb evwZjK…Z ivR‰bwZK `j
KvDwÝj Awa‡ek‡b `‡ji bvg †_‡K ÔgymwjgÕ kãwU ev` †`qvi wbeÜb bs `‡jb bvg cÖZxK evwZ‡ji ZvwiL
wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| ag© wbi‡cÿZvi PP©v Ges Amv¤úª`wqK †PZbv 14 evsjv‡`k Rvgv‡qZ `uvwocvjøv 28 A‡±vei
cÖwZôvj j‡ÿ¨ 1955 mv‡j `‡ji bvg cwieZ©b K‡i Ôc~e© cvwK¯Ívb Bmjvg 2018
AvIqvgx jxMÕ ivLv nq| 29 HK¨e× bvMwiK Pvwe 4 A‡±vei
Av‡›`vjb 2018
evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x `j (BNP) 39 evsjv‡`k wd«Wm cvwU© Kzovj 2009
26 cÖMwZkxj MYZvwš¿K evN 14 wW‡m¤^i
1978 mv‡ji 1 †m‡Þ¤^i evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxqZvev`x `j (weGbwc) `j (wcwWwc) 2020
cÖwZwôZ nq| ivóªcwZ wRqvDi ingvb wQ‡jb weGbwci cÖwZôvZv| 36 RvZxq MYZvwš¿K `j û°v 1 †deªæqvwi
cÖwZôvKvjxb mg‡q weGbwci bvg wQj RvZxqZvev`x MYZvwš¿K `j (RvMcv) 2021
(RvM`j)| weGbwci jÿ¨ wQj 19 `dv Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g †`k‡K  gymwjg jxM cÖwZwôZ nq- 30 wW‡m¤^I, 1906 mv‡j|
¯^wbf©iZvi w`‡K GwM‡q †bqv|  AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM cÖwZwôZ nq- 23 Ryb, 1949 mv‡j|
evsjv‡`k Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx  AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi eZ©gvb bvg- evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx
jxM|
mvB‡q` Aveyj Avj gI`y`x 1941 mv‡ji 26 AvM÷ jv‡nv‡i  6 `dv Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡ w`‡qwQ‡j- AvIqvgx jxM|
Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx wn›` bv‡g msMVbwU cÖwZôv K‡i| cvwK¯Ívb m„wói
 AvIqvgx jx‡Mi eZ©gvb mfv‡bÎx- ‡kL nvwmbv|
ci Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx g~jZ fviZ Ges cvwK¯Ívb `yBfv‡M fvM n‡q
 evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cÖwZôvZv mfvcwZ I mvaviY
hvq| evsjv‡`k Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx c~e©cvwK¯Ívb Rvgvqv‡Zi kvLv
m¤úv`K h_vµ‡g- gvIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx I
†_‡K m„wó nq| 1971 mv‡j Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx gyw³hy‡×i Zxeª
kvgmyj nK|
we‡ivwaZv K‡i| 2009 mv‡j nvB‡Kv‡U© `v‡qi Kiv 630 b¤^i wiU
 b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU© (b¨vc) cÖwZwôZ nq- 25 RyjvB,
wcwUk‡bi iv‡q Av`vjZ Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgxi wbeÜb A‰ea I evwZj
1957|
†NvlYv Kivq MYcÖwZwbwaZ¡ Av‡`‡ki 90 GBP aviv Abyhvqx
 RvZxq mgvRZvwš¿K `j (Rvm`) cÖwZwôZ nq- 31
Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgxi wbeÜb evwZj Kiv nq|
A‡±vei, 1972|
RvZxq cvwU©  evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x `j (weGbwc) cÖwZwôZ nq- 1
†m‡Þ¤^I, 1978|
1986 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi cÖwZwôZ nq RvZxq cvwU©| †Rbv‡ij
 weGbwci g~j jÿ¨- evsjv‡`kx RvZxqZvev‡`i cÖwZôv Ges
†nvmvBb †gvnv¤§` Gikv` RvZxq cvwU©i cÖwZôvZv †Pqvig¨vb|
ivóªcwZ wRqvDi ingv‡bi 13 `dv Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g †`k‡K
¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡, Bmjvwg Av`k©, mKj a‡g©i ¯^vaxbZv, MYZš¿
¯^wbf©iZvi w`‡K wb‡q hvIqv|

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 62

  cÖwZôvKvjxb weGbwci bvg wQj- RvZxqZvev`x MYZvwš¿K
`j (RvM`j)|
 RvZxq cvwU© cÖwZôv nq- 1 Rvbyqvwi, 1986|
 eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k wbewÜZ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msL¨v-
40wU|
 bZzb wbewÜZ ivR‰bwZK `j n‡”Q- RvZxqZvev`x
MYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb (GbwWGg), cÖZxK wPý: wmsn, wbeÜb
b¤^i 43|
ÿgZvmxb I we‡ivax `‡ji cvi¯úvwiK m¤úK©
 evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b ÿgZvmxb `‡ji bvg- evsjv‡`k
AvIqvgx jxM|
 evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b we‡ivax `‡ji bvg- RvZxq cvwU©|
 cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK MYZ‡š¿i ÔweKí miKviÕ ejv nq- we‡ivax
`j‡K|
 DbœZ ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ‡Z we‡ivax `j miKvwi `‡ji b¨vq
MVb K‡i- Qvqv gwš¿mfv|
 eZ©gvb mg‡q MYZ‡š¿i Aci bvg n‡jv- `jxq kvmb|
 evsjv‡`‡k ÿgZvmxb I we‡ivax `‡ji m¤úK© `v-Kzgovi
b¨vq|
 RvZxq msm‡` we‡ivax `‡ji f~wgKv Kvh©Z- `ye©j|
 iv‡óªi gyLcvÎ wn‡m‡e ivóª cwiPvjbv K‡i- miKvi|
 we‡ivax `j‡K ivRv I ivwbi `j ejv nq- Bsj¨v‡Û|
 miKvwi `‡ji Ab¨Zg µwU n‡jv- mgv‡jvPbv mn¨ Ki‡Z
bv cviv|
 we‡ivax `‡ji GKwU †`vl n‡jv- we‡ivaxZvi Rb¨ †Kej
we‡ivaxZv Kiv|
 msm`‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi `vwqZ¡- miKvi I we‡ivax `‡ji|
 `jxq ¯^v‡_©i D‡aŸ© RvZxq cÖvavb¨ †`Iqv DwPZ- ÿgZvmxb
I we‡ivax `‡ji|
 ÒIf there is on opposition, there in on
democracyÓ- Dw³wU K‡iwQ‡jb lvor Jennings|
 we‡ivax `‡ji cÖ‡kœi Reve w`‡Z eva¨- gwš¿mfvi m`m¨MY|
mykxj mgvR I Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôxmg~n I Zv‡`i f~wgKv
mykxj mgvR: mykxj mgvR ej‡Z RbM‡Yi †h Ask mivmwi ivóª I
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji m‡½ m¤ú„³ bq wKsev Gme †_‡K mivmwi myweav
jvf K‡i bv †m Ask‡KB ‡evSvq| bvMwiK mgvR ev mykxj mgv‡Ri
Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã ÔCivil SocietyÕ| weL¨vZ divwm `vk©wbK iæ‡kv
Zvui ÔSocial ContractÕ MÖ‡š’ ÔCivil SocietyÕ cÖZ¨qwU me©cÖ_g
e¨envi K‡ib| †ivgvb fvlvq ivóª gv‡b wmwfUvm| G wmwfUv‡mi
AwaevmxivB wmwfj| cÖvPxb wMÖm I †iv‡g ivóª wQj bMi ‡Kw›`ªK, hvi
A_© `vuovq wmwfUvm gv‡b ivóª Ges wmwfj gv‡b iv‡óªi bvMwiK| Avi
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
†mvmvBwU gv‡b mgvR myZivs wmwfj †mvmvBwU gv‡b n‡”Q bvMwiK
mgvR ev bMi mgvR|
Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôx
Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx n‡”Q Ggb GK †Mvôx hvi m`m¨MY mgRvZxq
g‡bvfve Ges ¯^v‡_©i wfwˇZB ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Ave× nb| Giv Ggb
GK msNwVZ mvgvwRK †Mvôx hviv miKvi‡K AvbyôvwbKfv‡e wbqš¿‡Yi
†Póv bv K‡i ivR‰bwZK Kg©KZ©v‡`i AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi †Póv
K‡i| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx wgwUs, wgwQj, †kvfvhvÎvi
mvnvh¨ miKv‡ii Ici Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡K|
Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôxi f~wgKv:
1. miKvwi bxwZ I AvBb cÖYqb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
2. MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq wewfbœ †kÖwY I †ckvi gvby‡li ¯^v‡_©i
mgš^q mvab K‡i|
3. ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Pvc
m„wóKvix †Mvôx Zv‡`i AwfÁZv ch©‡eÿ‡Yi Av‡jvP‡K
miKvi‡K bvbv wel‡q civgk© w`‡q _v‡K| ivR‰bwZK
cªPvi-cÖmvi msMwVZ gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
4. miKvi I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
5. Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôx miKvwi e³…Zv, wgwQj-wgwUs, cyw¯ÍKv
cÖKvk, msev`c‡Î weÁvcb wKsev we‡ÿvf I ag©N‡Ui
AvkÖq wb‡q miKvi‡K Z_¨ mieivn K‡i _v‡K|
6. miKv‡ii MYZvwš¿K PwiÎ msiÿ‡Y f~wgKv iv‡L, miKv‡ii
bxwZ AMYZvwš¿K I ˆ¯^ivPvix n‡j Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx
Av‡›`vj‡b AeZxY© n‡q miKvi‡K MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZ
cvj‡b eva¨ K‡i|
evsjv‡`k WvK wefvM
 we‡k^ cÖ_g WvKwUwKU Pvjy nq weª‡U‡b| weª‡U‡bi
WvKwUwK‡Ui bvg- †cwbeø¨v¼|
 ÔwdjvUwjÕ- WvKwUwKU msMÖn I Aa¨vqb msµvšÍ we`¨v|
 evsjv‡`‡ki WvKwUwKU cÖKvwkZ nq- wmwKDwiwU wcÖwUs
†cÖm, MvRxcyi †_‡K|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g WvKwUwK‡Ui wWRvBbvi- wegvb gwjøK|
 ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki me©cÖ_g WvKNi ¯’vwcZ nq- PzqvWv½vq|
 evsjv‡`‡k †cv÷ †KvW Pvjy nq- 1986 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k WvK wefvM Gi †¯øvMvb- Ô†mevB Av`k©Õ|
 BmivB‡ji mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki WvK †hvMv‡hvM †bB|
 evsjv‡`‡k †cv÷ Awdm Rv`yNi- XvKvi wRwcI †Z
Aew¯’Z|
 evsjv‡`k †cv÷vj GKv‡Wwg- ivRkvnx‡Z Aew¯’Z|
 evsjv‡`‡ki WvK wefv‡Mi †gvevBj †dvb wfwËK wWwRUvj
Avw_©K †mev- bM`|
63
 evsjv‡`k †Uwj‡dvb
 BTRC c~Y©iƒc Bangladesh Telecommunication
Regulatory Commission.
 evsjv‡`‡k me©cÖ_g wWwRUvj †Uwj‡dvb e¨e¯’v Pvjy nq-
1990 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †mjyjvi †Uwj‡dvb- wmwU‡mj|
 eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k †gvevBj †Kv¤úvwb i‡q‡Q- 6wU|
evsjv‡`k †eZvi
 evsjv‡`k †eZvi ¯’vcb Kiv nq- 1939 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k †eZv‡ii m`i`ßi- XvKvq|
 evsjv‡`k †eZv‡ii c~e© bvg- †iwWI evsjv‡`k|
 ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ª ¯’vcb Kiv nq- PÆMÖv‡gi
KvjyiNv‡U|
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g FM †iwWI- †iwWI Uz †W|
evsjv‡`k ‡Uwjwfkb
 evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb ¯’vwcZ nq- 25 wW‡m¤^i, 1964
mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb ivgcyivq ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv nq- 1975
mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖ_g wkíx- †di‡`Šmx ingvb|
 evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖ_g cÖPvwiZ bvUK GKZjv-
‡`vZjv|
 evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖ_g wmwiqvj- wÎiZœ|
 evsjv‡`‡k iwOb †Uwjwfkb Pvjy nq- 1980 mv‡j|
 XvKvi ivgcyivq †Uwjwfkb †K›`ª ¯’vwcZ nq- 1975 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb myeY© RqšÍx cvjb K‡i‡Q- 2014
mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡k wWk Gw›Ubv Pvjy nq- 1992 mv‡j|
 B.T.V World Pvjy nq- 2004 mv‡ji 11 GwcÖj|
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g miKvwi m¨v‡UjvBU P¨v‡bj- wewUwf Iqvì©|
 iwOb †Uwjwfkb †_‡K ÿwZKi Mvgv iwk¥wbm„Z nq|
f~-DcMÖn †K›`ª
 AvšÍRv©wZK †Uwj‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g- f~-DcMÖn †K›`ª|
 evsjv‡`‡k f~-DcMÖn †K›`ª Av‡Q- 4wU|
 cÖ_g f~-DcMÖn †K›`ª- †eZeywbqv, ivOvgwU (1975)|
 me©‡kl f~-DcMÖn †K›`ª- wm‡jU (1997)|
Ò Problem are not stop signs
they are guidelinesÓ
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 14
evsjv‡`‡ji RvZxq AR©b
ÿz`ª AvqZ‡bi GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k n‡qI evsjv‡`k B‡Zvg‡a¨ mviv
we‡k^i wbKU-cÖvK…wZK `~‡hv©‡Mi wbweo mgw¤^Z e¨e¯’vcbv, ÿy`ª F‡Yi
e¨envi Ges `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKi‡Y Zvi f~wgKv, e„ÿ‡ivcY, mvgvwRK I
A_©‰bwZK m~P‡Ki BwZevPK cwieZ©b cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î AbyKiYxq `„óvšÍ
n‡q `vuwo‡q‡Q| wKQz wKQz †ÿÎ wek^‡K Pg‡K †`evi g‡Zv mvdj¨
Av‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki| we‡klZ wkÿv myweav, bvixi ÿgZvqb, gv I
wkï g„Zz¨nvi I Rb¥nvi Kgv‡bv Kvh©µg Ab¨Zg|
wkÿv Lv‡Z AR©b
 kZfvM QvÎQvÎxi gv‡S gva¨wgK ch©šÍ webvg~‡j¨ eB weZiY
Kvh©µg|
 bvix wkÿv‡K GwM‡q †bevi Rb¨ ¯œvZK (wWwMÖ) ev mggvb
ch©šÍ Dce„wË e¨e¯’v Pvjy|
 26 nvRvi 193wU cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq‡K bZzb K‡i
RvZxqKiY|
 we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nIqv wkïi kZKiv nvi 92 fvM DbœxZ
KiY| wkÿv mnvqZv Uªv÷ AvBb- 2012 I Ôwkÿv mnvqZv
Uªv÷Õ MVb|
¯^v¯’¨‡mevq mvdj¨
 ¯^v¯’¨LvZ‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Ki‡Z ÔRvZxq ¯^v¯’¨ bxwZgvjv-
2011Õ cÖYqb|
 Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q ¯^v¯’¨‡mev wbwðZ Ki‡Z 13 nvRvi 136wU
KwgDwbwUK wK¬wbK Pvjy|
 275wU Dc‡Rjv nvmcvZvj‡K 50 kh¨vq DbœxZ KiY|
 wkï g„Zz¨i nvi nvRv‡i 24 Rb|
bvix I wkï Dbœq‡b AR©b
 bvix mvwe©K Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔRvZxq bvix
Dbœqb bxwZgvjv- 2011Õ|
 ÔRvZxq wkï bxwZ- 2011Õ cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g wkï‡`i mvwe©K
AwaKvi myiwÿZ KiY|
 40wU †Rjvq m`i nvmcvZvj Ges 29 Dc‡Rjvq ¯^v¯’¨
Kg‡cø· ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔIqvb ÷c µvBwmm †mjÕ|
 `yt¯’, GwZg, Amnvq c_wkï‡`i mvwe©K weKv‡ki Rb¨ 6wU
ÔwkïweKvkÕ †K›`ª ¯’vcb|
 Z_¨ cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †`‡ki bvix I wkïi Dbœqb
f~wgKv ivLvi Rb¨ gvbbxq cÖavbgš¿x RvwZms‡Ni ÔmvD_-
mvD_ G¨vIqv‡W©Õ f~wlZ nb|
64
 bvixi ÿgZvq‡b AR©b
 ‡cvkvKwk‡í evsjv‡`k GLb we‡k^i wØZxq e„nr †`k| hvi
wmsnfvM Kgx© n‡”Q bvix|
 ÿz`ªFY evsjv‡`‡k MÖvgxY Dbœq‡b I bvixi ÿgZvq‡b
Af~Zc~e© Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q|
 cÖavbgš¿x, we‡ivax`jxq †bZv Avi msm‡`i w¯úKvi
wZbRbB bvix, hv bvix ÿgZvq‡bi D¾¡j `„óvšÍ|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k MVb
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwU BDwbqb cwil‡` ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q
BDwbqb Z_¨ I †mev †K›`ª|
 ‰Zwi Kiv n‡q‡Q we‡k^i Ab¨Zg wekvj b¨vkbvj I‡qe
†cvU©vj|
 eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki †gvevBj MÖvn‡Ki msL¨v 5.89% Ges
B›Uvi‡bU MÖvn‡Ki msL¨v 30.68 AwZµg K‡i‡Q|
 ‡mev cÖ`vb mnR I ¯^”Q Ki‡Z Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q B-‡c‡g›U
I †gvevBj e¨vswKs|
K…wl‡Z K…wZZ¡ Ges Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b
 16 †KvwU RbmsL¨vi evsjv‡`k eZ©gv‡b Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©|
 evsjv‡`‡ki avv‡bi Drcv`b †e‡o‡Q cÖvq 50 jÿ †gwUªK
Ub|
 evsjv‡`‡ki weÁvbx W. gvKmy`yj Avjg Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb
cv‡Ui wbR‡bvg wmKz‡qwÝs|
cÖevmx kÖwgK‡`i Dbœq‡b AR©b
 we‡k^i 157wU †`‡k evsjv‡`‡ki 86 j‡ÿi AwaK kÖwgK
Kg©iZ Av‡Q|
 ¯^í my‡` Awfevmb FY cÖ`v‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cÖevmx Kj¨vY e¨vsK
¯’vcb K‡i †`‡ki 8wU wefv‡Mxq kn‡i 54wU kvLv ¯’vcb
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
RvwZmsN kvwšÍ iÿv wgk‡b evsjv‡`k
evsjv‡`k RvwZmsN kvwšÍ iÿv wgk‡b G ch©šÍ we‡k^i 40wU †`‡ki 54
wU kvwšÍ wgk‡b L¨vwZ I mdjZvi mv‡_ AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q| RvwZmsN
kvwšÍ iÿv wgkb Kvh©µg AskMÖnYKvix †`‡ki g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki
Ae¯’vb cÖ_g|
we`y¨r Lv‡Z mvdj¨
eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki we`y¨r Drcv`b ÿgZv 25566 †gMvIqvU| gv_vwcQz
we`y¨r Drcv`‡bi cwigvY 560 wK‡jvIqvU N›Uvq DbœxZ KiY|
eZ©gv‡b we`y¨r myweav cv‡”Q †`‡ki 100% †jvK|
 30 jÿ MÖvnK‡K bZzb we`y¨r ms‡hvM cÖ`vb|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
wkí I evwYR¨ Lv‡Z AR©b
 evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb c‡Y¨i ZvwjKvq †hvM n‡q‡Q RvnvR,
Ilya Ges wewfbœ cÖwµqvRvZ Lv`¨mvgMÖx|
 evsjv‡`‡ki Ilya wk‡í Jlya ißvwb K‡i ewn©wek^ mybvg
AR©b K‡i|
mvgvwRK wbivcËv Lv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki AR©b
 ‡gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq 24.5% RbMY mvgvwRK wbivcËv
†eóbxi AvIZvfz³|
f~wg e¨e¯’vcbvq AR©b
 55wU †Rjvq we`¨gvb †gŠRv g¨vc I LwZqvb
Kw¤úDUvi‡Rk‡bi KvR m¤úbœ|
 21wU †Rjvq 152wU Dc‡Rjvq wWwRUvj j¨vÛ †Rvwbs g¨vc
m¤^jwjZ cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb|
g›`v †gvKvwejvq gvdj¨
 RvZxq cÖe„w×i nvi M‡o 7 kZvs‡ki Dc‡i eRvq ivL‡Z
mÿg n‡q‡Q|
 wek^ A_©bxwZi ‡¯ªvZ avivi wecix‡Z Avg`vwb-ißvwb Lv‡Z
cÖe„w× evovi cvkvcvwk †e‡o‡Q †iwgU¨v‡Ýi cwigvY|
 FY cwi‡kv‡a ÿgZvi gvb`‡Û wdwjcvB, B‡›`v‡bwkqv I
wf‡qZbv‡gi mgKÿZv AR©b K‡i‡Q|
5G I 6G
2018 mv‡j cÖ_g 5G †bUIqvK© Pvjy K‡i `wÿY ‡Kvwiqv|
evsjv‡`‡k Ô†UwjUKÕ cÖ_g ev‡ii g‡Zv 5G †mev Pvjy K‡i 12
wW‡m¤^i, 2021| MÖvgxY‡dvb 5G Pvjy K‡i 26 RyjvB, 2022|
evsjv‡`k 5G PvjyKvix beg †`k|
 6G Pvjy K‡i- Pxb(2022)|
‡gvevBj wbeÜb (NEIR)
National Equipment Identity Register †gvevBj wbeÜb
Kvhµg ïiæ K‡i 1 RyjvB, 2021| A‰ea ‡gvevBj †dvb eÜ n‡q
hvq- 1 A‡±vei, 2021|
`wÿY Gwkqvi D”PZg IqvU UvIqvi
`wÿY Gwkqvi m‡ev©”P IqvU UvIqvi evsjv‡`‡ki Øxc †Rjv †fvjvi
Pi d«vkb Dc‡Rjvq wbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q| ivóªcwZ †gv: Ave`yj nvwg`
24 Rvbyqvwi 2018 G UvIqv‡ii D‡Øvab K‡ib| G UvIqv‡i 19 wU
Zjv i‡q‡Q| Gi D”PZv 225 dzU| Gi wWRvBb K‡i‡Qb G ‡K Gg
Kvgviæ¾gvb wjUb| AvB‡dj UvIqv‡ii Av`‡j G UvIqvi wbg©vY
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
65
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g b¨v‡bv m¨vUvjvBU  jÂfi: 3700 wK‡jvMÖvg (8,200 cvDÛ)|
 ÿgZv: 5 kw|
‡`‡ki cÖ_g wb‡R¯^ ÿz`ªvK…wZi DcMÖ‡ni bvg eª¨vK A‡š^lv| GwU 4
 Dr‡ÿcY ZvwiL: 11 †g 2018, †fvi 2: 14|
Ryb 2017 Av‡gwiKvi Kennedy Space Center †_‡K i‡K‡Ui
 Dr‡ÿcY i‡KU: d¨vjKb- 9 eøK 5|
gva¨‡g Dr‡ÿcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| enbKvix i‡KUwUi bvg Spacex’s
 Dr‡ÿc‡Yi ¯’vb: †K‡bwW †¯úm †m›Uvi j Kg‡cø· 39|
Falcon-9 |
 K›Uª±i: †¯úm G‡·|
Bwjk gv‡Qi c~Y©v½ Rxeb inm¨ D‡b¥vPb  `ªvwNgvsk: 119090 c~e©|
 e¨vÛ: 14 wm e¨vÛ, 26 Kz e¨vÛ|
Rxeb gv‡Qi c~Y©½ Rxeb inm¨ D‡b¥vPb K‡i Xv.we. I ev.K….we.
wek^we`¨vj‡qi grm¨ weÁvwbiv c„_Kfv‡e| Gi cÖavb wQ‡jb Xv.we. wewfbœ ms¯’vi m`m¨c` jvf
†_‡K Aa¨vcK nvwmbv Lvb Ges ev.K….we. †_‡K Aa¨vcK W. ‡gv.
 evsjv‡`k cÖ_g AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi m`m¨ c` jvf K‡i-
mvgmyj Avjg| evsjv‡`‡ki Drcv`‡b Bwj‡ki Ae`vb 12% Ges
KgbI‡qj‡_i (18 GwcÖj 1972)|
GDP †Z Bwj‡ki Ae`vb 1%| we‡k^i 11wU †`‡k Bwjk Drcv`b
 evsjv‡`k KgbI‡qj‡_i 32 Zg m`m¨|
n‡jI 75% Drcv`b nq evsjv‡`‡k| 1jv RyjvB 2017 mv‡j Bwjk
 KgbI‡qj_ Bs‡iR‡`i msMVb|
evsjv‡`‡ki 2q GI cY¨ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cvq|
 evsjv‡`k †hvM`v‡bi cÖwZev‡`- cvwK¯Ívb KgbI‡qj_ Z¨vM
mgy`ª Rq K‡ib|
 evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨c` PvB‡j- Pxb †f‡Uv cÖ`vb
3 `k‡Ki †ewk mgq a‡i fviZ I gvqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ mgy`ª we‡iva K‡i|
wb®úwZ bv nIqv 2009 mv‡j 8 A‡±vei evsjv‡`k mvwjwk Av`vj‡Z  evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni ¯’vqx ch©‡eÿK wbe©vwPZ nq- 1972
hvIqvi wm×všÍ †bq| Gi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ we‡iva wb‡q mv‡j|
Rvg©vwbi ITLOS Ges fvi‡Zi mv‡_ we‡iva wb‡q †b`vij¨v‡Ûi  evsjv‡`k RvwZmsNfz³ cÖ_g ms¯’vi m`m¨ c` jvf K‡i-
PCA G evsjv‡`k wgqvbgvi Gi KvQ †_‡K 14 gvP© 2012 mv‡j IMF Gi (10 †g, 1972)|
118813 eM© wK.wg. mgy`ª mxgv jvf K‡i| Avi PCA Gi gva¨‡g  evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨c` jvf K‡ib- 17 †m‡Þ¤^i
2014 mv‡ji 7 RyjvB fvi‡Zi KvQ †_‡K 19467 eM© wK.wg mgy`ª 1974 mv‡j|
mxgv Rq jvf K‡i|  evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni 136 Zg m`m¨|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g K…wÎg DcMÖn Ôe½eÜz m¨v‡UjvBU- 1Õ  evsjv‡`k 29 Zg Awa‡ek‡b cÖ_g †hvM`vb K‡i|
 ‡kL gywReyi ingvb RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡` evsjvq
57 Zg †`k wn‡m‡e 11 †g 2018 mv‡j ÔRq evsjv, Rq e½eÜzÕ fvlY †`b- 25 †m‡Þ¤^i 1974 mv‡j (29 Zg
†¯øvMv‡bi mv‡_ Dr‡ÿcY Kiv nq e½eÜz m¨v‡UjvBU- 1| evsjv‡`k Awa‡ek‡b)|
GwU cwiPvj‡bi I iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi m¤ú~Y© `vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i 9 b‡f¤^i  evsjv‡`‡ki ûgvqyb iwk` †PŠaywi RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY
2018| e½eÜz m¨v‡UjvBU- 1 Gi civgk©K cÖwZôvb n‡jv- Ô_vBKgÕ| cwil‡` mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib 41 Zg Awa‡ek‡b, 1986
mv‡j|
e½eÜz m¨v‡UjvBU m¤ú©‡K wKQz Av‡jvPbv
 evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡` mfvcwZZ¡ K‡ib-
 d¨vjKb 9 i‡KU w`‡q e½eÜz m¨v‡UjvBU- 1 Dr‡ÿcY evsjv‡`‡ki Av‡bvqviæj Kwei †PŠaywi|
Kiv nq|  evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡` A¯’vqx m`m¨c`
 e½eÜz m¨v‡UjvBU- 1 aiY: †hvMv‡hvM Ges m¤úªPvi jvf K‡i- 2evi|
m¨v‡UjvBU|  wbivcËv cwil‡`i ¯’vqx †`k- 5wU Ges A¯’vqx †`k- 10wU|
 Acv‡iUi: evsjv‡`k KwgDwb‡Kkb m¨v‡UjvBU †Kv¤úvwb  evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni kvwšÍiÿv wgk‡b cÖ_g Ask †bq-
wjwg‡UW| 1988 mv‡j (UNIIMOG wgk‡b)|
 I‡qemvBU: e½eÜz m¨v‡UjvBU cÖKí, evsjv‡`k  eZ©gv‡b RvwZms‡Ni 8wU †`‡ki 9 wU kvwšÍ wgk‡b
KwgDwb‡Kkb m¨v‡UjvBU †Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡UW, BCSCL. evsjv‡`‡ki ˆmb¨ i‡q‡Q|
 e½eÜz m¨v‡UjvBU- 1 Gi mgq Kvj: 15 eQi|  RvwZms‡Ni kvwšÍiÿv wgk‡b evsjv‡`‡ki bvixiv cÖ_g Ask
 gnvKvkhv‡bi ˆewkó¨: evm †¯úmevm 4000 we 2| †bq- c~e© wZgy‡i|
 cÖ¯‘ZKviK: †_wjm A¨v‡jwbqv †¯úm|

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 66

 RvwZmsN kvwšÍ wgb‡k ˆmb¨ †cÖi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb
cÖ_g|
 cÖ_g gwnjv wn‡m‡e Gm. wc. wgwj wek^vm RvwZmsN
kvwšÍiÿv wgk‡b evsjv`‡ki †bZ…Z¡ †`b|
 evsjv‡`k Ôb¨vgÕ Gi m`m¨ c` jvf K‡i- 1972 mv‡j|
 ‡RvU wbi‡cÿ Av‡›`vj‡bi bvg- b¨vg|
 evsjv‡`k OIC Gi m`m¨ c` jvf K‡i- 23 †deªæqvwi
1974 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k OIC Gi- 32 Zg m`m¨|
 evsjv‡`k OIC ‡Z †hvMv`v‡bi cÖwZev‡` cvwK¯Ívb OIC
Z¨vM K‡i|
 evsjv‡`k wek^ evwYR¨ ms¯’v WTO Gi m`m¨ c` jvf
K‡i- 1 Rvb~qvwi 1995 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k ILO m`m¨c` jvf K‡i- 22 Ryb 1972 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k UNESCO Gi m`m¨c` jvf K‡i- 19
A‡±vei 1972|
evsjv‡`‡ki K~‰bwZK wgkb I `~Zvevm
 c„w_exi 58wU †`‡k- evsjv‡`‡ki `~Zvevm Av‡Q|
 we‡k^ evsjv‡`‡ki- 77 wU wgk‡b i‡q‡Q|
 we‡k^ ¯’vqx wgkb i‡q‡Q- 2wU (wbDBqv©K I †R‡bfv)|
 BmivB‡ji mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki K~U‰bwZK I evwYwR¨K
m¤úK© †bB|
 ZvBIqv‡bi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki K~U‰bwZK m¤úK© †bB wKš‘
evwYwR¨K m¤úK© Av‡Q|
 AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b evsjv‡`‡ki `~Zvevm eÜ Av‡Q|
 KgbI‡qj_ f~³ †`kmg~‡ni ivóª`~Z‡`i e‡j- nvB-
Kwgkbvi|
 RvwZmsNf~³ †`kmg~‡ni ivóª`~Z‡`i e‡j- G¨¤^v‡mWi|
wefvM cwiwPwZ
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖvkvmwbK wefvM m„wó nq- 1829 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g wefvM- XvKv|
 wefv‡Mi cÖavb‡K ejv nq- wefvMxq Kwgkbvi|
 eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k wefvM Av‡Q- 8wU|
 AvqZ‡b e„nËg wefvM- PÆMÖvg|
 AvqZ‡b ÿ…`ªZg wefvM- gqgbwmsn|
 RbmsL¨vq e„nËg wefvM- XvKv|
 ‡Rjvi msL¨vq e„nËg wefvM- XvKv|
 XvKv wefv‡M †Rjv Av‡Q- 13wU|
 PÆMÖg wefv‡M †Rjv Av‡Q- 11 wU|
 ivRkvnx wefv‡M †Rjv- 8wU|
 Lyjbv wefv‡M †Rjv Av‡Q- 10wU|
 ewikvj wefv‡M †Rjv Av‡Q- 6wU|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 wm‡jU wefv‡M †Rjv Av‡Q- 4wU|
 iscyi wefv‡M †Rjv Av‡Q- 8wU|
 gqgbwmsn wefv‡M †Rjv Av‡Q- 4wU|
‡Rjv cwiwPwZ
 evsjv‡`‡k †Rjv Av‡Q- 64wU|
 cÖ¯ÍvweZ 65 Zg †Sjv ˆfie|
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g †Rjv PÆMÖvg|
 PÆMÖvg †Rjv cÖwZwôZ jvf K‡i- 1666 mv‡j|
 AvqZ‡b e„nËg †Rjv- iv½vgvwU|
 AvqZ‡b ÿ…`ªZg †Rjv- bvivqYMÄ|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Pzw³
fviZ-evsiv‡`k ˆgÎx Pzw³: evsjv‡`k cÖ_g ˆgÎx Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡i
fvi‡Zi mv‡_| fviZ evsjv‡`‡k ˆgÎx Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq 19 gvP©
1971 mv‡j w`wjø‡Z| fviZ-evsjv‡`k ˆgÎx Pzw³i †gqv` wQj 25
eQi| fviZ evsjv‡`k ˆgÎx Pzw³i †gqv` †kl nq 18 gvP© 1997|
fviZ evsjv‡`k ˆgÎx Pzw³‡Z ¯^vÿi K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki c‡ÿ e½eÜz
†kL gywReyi ingvb Ges fvi‡Zi c‡ÿ Bw›`iv MvÜx|
evsjv‡`k-fviZ mxgvšÍ Pzw³
evsjv‡`k-fviZ mxgvšÍ Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq- 16 †g 1974 mv‡j
fvi‡Zi ivRavbx w`wjø‡Z| evsjv‡`‡k fviZ mxgvšÍ Pzw³‡Z ¯^vÿi
K‡ib evsjv‡`‡ki c‡ÿ e½eÜz †kl gywReyi ingvb Ges fvi‡Zi
c‡ÿ Bw›`iv MvÜx| evsiv‡`k-fviZ mxgvšÍ Pzw³i welqe¯‘ wQj
evsjv‡`k-fviZ‡K †eo–evox n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii wewbg‡q evsjv‡`k cv‡e
wZbweNv Kwi‡Wvi|
evsjv‡`k-fviZ cvwb Pzw³
fviZ miKvi evsjv‡`‡ki cÙv b`xi DRv‡b cvwb cÖZ¨vnv‡ii Rb¨
fvi‡Zi g‡bvnicyi bvgK ¯’v‡b M½v b`x‡Z 1961 mv‡j dviv°v
euv‡ai wbg©vY KvR ïiæ K‡i| 1974 mv‡j G evu‡ai KvR †kl nq|
fviZ cixÿv g~jKfv‡e dviv°v evua Pvjy K‡i 1975 mv‡j| dviv°v
euva evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍ n‡Z 16.5 wK.wg. `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z| dviv°v
evu‡ai Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki DËi cwðv‡j eb¨vi cÖ‡Kvc e„w× cvq|
GLb ch©šÍ dviv°v ev‡aui Ici fviZ-evsjv‡`k 5wU cvwb Pzw³
¯^vÿwiK n‡q‡Q| h_v-
1. 1975 mv‡j M½vi cvwbe›Ub wb‡q AšÍeZ©xKvjxb Pzw³|
2. 1977 mv‡j 5 eQi †gqvw` M½vi cvwb e›Ub Pzw³|
3. 1982 mv‡j 2 eQi †gqvw` M½vi cvwb e›Ub Pzw³|
4. 1985 mv‡j 3 eQi †gqvw` M½vi cvwb e›Ub Pzw³|
5. 1996 mv‡ji 12 wW‡m¤^i fvi‡Zi bqvw`wjø‡Z ¯^vÿwiZ 30
†gqvw` M½vi cvwb e›Ub Pzw³|
67
**** D‡jøL¨: 1976 mv‡j 16 †g gvIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx
ivRkvnx †_‡K giY duv` dviv°v Awfgy‡L js gvP© K‡ib|
cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg kvwšÍ Pzw³
cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg kvwšÍPzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq 2 wW‡m¤^i 1997| cve©Z¨
PÆMÖvg kvwšÍPzw³‡Z miKv‡ii c‡ÿ ¯^vÿi K‡ib mv‡eK wPd ûBc
Aveyj nvmbvZ Ave`yjøvn Ges cvnvwo RbM‡Yi c‡ÿ ev DcRvwZ‡`i
cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e ¯^vÿi K‡ib †R¨vwZwi›`ª †evwawcÖq jvigv (kš‘
jvigv)| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg welqK gš¿Yvjq MVb Kiv nq 2 wW‡m¤^i
1997| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil` MVb Kiv nq 27 †g 1998|
cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨vb cÖwZgš¿xi gh©v`v
m¤úbœ|
 evsjv‡`k-fviZ evwYR¨ Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq- 4 A‡±vei
1972|
 evsjv‡`k-fviZ †bŠ-UªvbwRU Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq- 1 b‡f¤^i
1972|
 evsjv‡`k NPT Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡i- 31 AvM÷ 1979|
 evsjv‡`k 1996 mv‡ji 24 A‡±vei 129 Zg †`k wn‡m‡e
cigvYy cixÿv wbwl×KiY Pzw³- (CTBT) ¯^vÿi K‡i|
evsjv‡`k CTBT Pzw³ Aby‡gv`b K‡i 8 gvP© 2000|
evsjv‡`k CTBT Pzw³ Aby‡gv`bKvix we‡k^i- 27Zg
†`k|
 evsjv‡`k-hy³iv‡óªi mv‡_ HANA (Humanitarian
Assistance Needs Assessment) Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡i
1998 mv‡j AvM‡÷|
 evsjv‡`k-wgqvbgvi ¯’j mxgvšÍ Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq- 12
b‡f¤^i 1998|
 evsjv‡`k 1999 mv‡j 8 †g 126 Zg †`k wn‡m‡e- ¯’j
gvBb Pzw³ ev A‡Uvqv Pzw³ ¯^vÿi K‡i|
 evsjv‡`k wK‡qv‡Uv cÖ‡UvKj ¯^vÿi K‡i- 22 A‡±vei
2001|
 Extradition Treaty n‡jv- Acivax cÖZ¨c©Y Pzw³|
 dviv°v euva Pvjy nq- 1975 mv‡j|
 cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg kvwšÍ Pzw³ Abyhvqx AvÂwjK cwil‡`i m`m¨
msL¨v †Pqvig¨vbmn - 22 Rb|
 evsjv‡`k CTBT Pzw³‡Z ¯^vÿiKvix- 129Zg †`k|
 Bmjvgx mn‡hvMxZv ms¯’v (OIC)- Gi g~j mb` M„nxZ nq-
1972 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k-fviZ ˆgÎx Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiK nq- 19 gvP© 1972|
 evsjv‡`k-fviZ ˆgÎx Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiK nq- 25 eQ‡ii Rb¨|
 evsjv‡`k-fviZ ˆgÎx Pzw³i †gqv` †kl nq- 18 gvP©
1997|
 evsjv‡`k-fviZ M½vi cvwbe›Ub Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq- 12
wW‡m¤^i, 1996|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
ÒR‡ji w`‡K ïay ZvwK‡q _vK‡j Zywg KL‡bv
mvMi cvwo w`‡Z cvi‡e bv|Ó
‡jKPvi b¤^i-15
Rv`yNi
e‡i›`ª M‡elYv Rv`yNi
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Rv`yNi ivRkvnxi e‡i›`ª M‡elYv Rv`yNi| e‡i›`ª
M‡elYv Rv`yNi cÖwZwôZ nq- 1910 mv‡j, cÖwZôvZv: jW©
KvigvB‡Kj| eZ©gv‡b Rv`yNiwU cwiPvjbvi `vwq‡Z¡ i‡q‡Q ivRkvnx
wek^we`¨vjq KZ…©cÿ|
RvZxq Rv`yNi
evsjv‡`k RvZxq Rv`yNi cÖwZwôZ nq 1913 mv‡j XvKvi kvnev‡M |
RvZxq Rv`yN‡ii c~e© bvg- XvKv Rv`yNi| XvKv Rv`yNi RvZxq
Rv`yN‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ nq- 1983 mv‡j| RvZxq Rv`yN‡i me©‡gvU 44 wU
cÖ`k©bkvjv i‡q‡Q| RvZxq Rv`yN‡ii Aax‡b i‡q‡Q 4 wU kvLv
Rv`yNi| h_v: wm‡jU Imgvbx Rv`yNi, XvKv Avnmvb gwÄj Rv`yNi,
PÆMÖvg wRqv ¯§„wZ Rv`yNi, gqgbwms‡ni wkívPvh© Rqbyj Av‡ew`b
msMÖnkvjv|
 gyw³hy× Rv`yNi Aew¯’Z- XvKvi AvMviMvuI (cÖwZwôZ nq-
1996 mv‡j)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ b„-ZvwË¡K hv`yNi Aew¯’Z- PÆMÖv‡gi
AvMÖvev‡`|
 RvZxq weÁvb I cÖhyw³ Rv`yNi- XvKvi AvMviMvu‡q|
 Rqbyj ‡jvK I Kviæwkí Rv`yNi Aew¯’Z- †mvbviMuv‡q
(iƒcmx evsjv/cvbvgbMi bv‡g GB GjvKv cwiwPZ)
 XvKv †mbvwbevm Aew¯’Z mvgwiK hv`yNiwUi bvg- weRq
†KZb|(iv‡R›`ªcyi †mbvwbev‡m Aew¯’Z gyw³hy‡×i
¯§„wZ¯Í‡¤¢i bvg i³‡mvcvb)
 Avnmvb gwÄj Rv`yN‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ nq- 1992 mv‡j|
 ‡cv÷vj hv`yNi- XvKvi wR.wc.I. †Z|
 knx` ¯§„wZ msMÖnkvjv- ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡q Aew¯’Z|
 MvÜx ¯§„wZ Rv`yNi- †bvqvLvjx‡Z Aew¯’Z|
 jvjb kvn Rv`yyNi- Kzwóqvq Aew¯’Z|
 Pv hv`yNi- kÖxg½j G Aew¯’Z|
 iKm wgDwRqvg Aew¯’Z- cÂMo †Rjvq|
 e½eÜz ¯§„wZ Rv`yNi- avbgwÛ, XvKv‡Z Aew¯’Z|
 cÖvYx Rv`yNi, UvKv Rv`yNi- wgicyi, XvKv‡Z Aew¯’Z|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cvwb Rv`yNi- cUzqvLvjx‡Z Aew¯’Z|
68
 gy`ªv Rv`yNi- gwZwSj, XvKv‡Z Aew¯’Z| ¯’vcZ¨ I fv¯‹h©
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cÖZœZvwË¡K Rv`yNi- gqbvgwZ,
Kywgjøv| RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡mŠa

HwZnvwmK I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb
 cÖvPxbZg HwZnvwmK ¯’vb- gnv¯’vbMo|
 ‡gŠh©‡`i cÖv‡`wkK ivRavbx wQj- gnv¯’vbMo|
 cvnvocyi †eŠ× wenvi wbg©vY K‡ib- ag©cvj (GwU bIMuv
†Rjvi cvnvocy‡i Aew¯’Z| cvnvocyi †eŠ× wenv‡ii Aci
bvg †mvgcyi wenvi)|
 Ckv Luvi ¯¿x †mvbvwewei bvgvbymv‡i- †mvbviMuv‡qi bvgKiY
Kiv nq|
 kvjeb wenvi †eŠ× mf¨Zvi wb`k©b|
 XvKvi bvg Rvnv½xbMi iv‡Lb- Bmjvg Lvb|
 weL¨vZ eo KvUiv I †QvU KvUiv Aew¯’Z- XvKvi
PKevRv‡i|
 mvZ M¤^yR gmwR` Aew¯’Z- XvKvq (cÖK…Z M¤^yR 3wU)|
 lvU M¤^yR gmwR`- ev‡Minv‡U Aew¯’Z| GwU wbg©vY K‡ib
Lvb Rvnvb Avjx| cÖK…Z M¤^yR msL¨v 81wU|
 jvj‡Kjøv fvi‡Zi w`wjø‡Z Aew¯’Z| jvj‡Kjøv wbg©vY
K‡ib- m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb|
 jvjevM †Kjøv wbg©vY KvR ïiæ K‡ib- hyeivR †gvnv¤§`
Avhg Z‡e wbg©vY KvR †kl K‡ib- kv‡q¯Ív Lvb| cwiwewei
gvRvi- jvjevM †Kjøvq|
 cwiwewe wQ‡jb kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Kb¨v| Zvui Avmj bvg Bivb
`yLZ|
 cuvPwewe I †mvbwewei gvRvi- †mvbviMuv‡q Aew¯’Z|
 Avb›` wenvi Kzwgjøvq, mxZv‡KvU wenvi w`bvRcy‡i|
 ‡MŠ‡oi †QvU †mvbv gmwR` wbg©vY K‡ib AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb
kvn|
 Kmy¤^v gmwR` bIMuvq Aew¯’Z,evNv gmwR` ivRkvnx‡Z
Aew¯’Z |
 ‰eivMxi wfUv e¸ovi gnv¯’vbM‡o Aew¯’Z, ‰eivMxi Pvj
MvRxcy‡i Aew¯’Z|
 DËiv MYfeb- bv‡Uvi †Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
 KvšÍRxi gw›`i- w`bvRcy‡i Aew¯’Z|
 XvKv †MBU Gi wbg©vZv- gxi Rygjv|
 Be‡b eZzZv wQ‡jb- gi‡°vi Awaevmx|
 ‡gŠh© wkjvwjwc cvIqv hvq- e¸ovi gnv¯’vbM‡o|
 cvbvg bMi Aew¯’Z- †mvbviMvu‡q|
 Avnmvb gwÄj wbg©vY K‡ib- beve Ave`yj MwY|
 ‡nv‡mwb `vjvb Aew¯’Z- eKwkevRvi, XvKv| †nv‡mwb
`vjv‡bi wbg©vZv gxi gyiv`|
 w`NvcvwZqv ivRevwo‡K DËiv MYfeb bvgKiY K‡ib-
e½eÜz, 1972 mv‡j|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡mŠa XvKvi mvfv‡i Aew¯’Z| RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡mŠa‡K ejv nq
mw¤§wjZ cÖqvm| ¯’cwZ gCbyj †nv‡mb, djK Av‡Q 7wU, D”PZv
46.50 wgUvi/150 dzU| RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡ai wfwËcÖ¯Íi ¯’vcb Kiv
nq 16 wW‡m¤^I, 1972 Ges D‡Øvab 16 wW‡m¤^I, 1982 (û‡mBb
gynv¤§` Gikv` KZ„©K)|
‡K›`ªxq knx` wgbvi
1952 mv‡ji 21 †deªæqvwi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi knx`‡`i ¯§„wZ iÿv‡_©
‡K›`ªxq knx` wgbvi wbg©vY Kiv n‡q‡Q| †K›`ªxq knx` wgbv‡ii ¯’cwZ
nvwg`yi ingvb| †K›`ªxq knx` wgbv‡ii Ae¯’vb XvKv †gwW‡Kj
K‡j‡Ri †M‡Ui mvg‡b|
Aciv‡Rq evsjv
wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b wbwg©Z cÖ_g fv¯‹h© ÔAciv‡Rq evsjvÕ ¯’cwZ- ˆmq`
Ave`yjøvn Lv‡j`, Ae¯’vb: XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡q| Kuv‡a Kuva wgwj‡q
evsjvi bvix I cyiæ‡li gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY I weR‡qi cÖZxK
ÔAciv‡Rq evsjvÕ | Aciv‡Rq evsjv D‡Øvab Kiv nq- 16 wW‡m¤^i,
1979 mv‡j|
 gywRebMi ¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡ai ¯’cwZ- Zvbwfi Kwei, gywRebMi
¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡ai ¯Í¤-¢ 23wU, Ae¯’vb: †g‡nicyi †Rjvi
gywRebMi|
 ‡¯^vcvwR©Z ¯^vaxbZv Gi ¯’vcwZ- kvgxg wkK`vi| Ae¯’vb:
XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡q wUGmwm msjMœ moK Øx‡c|
 ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡q Aew¯’Z mvevm evsjv‡`k fv¯‹vh©wUi
fv¯‹i- wbZzb KzÛz Ges ‡Mv‡ìb Rywewj UvIqvi Gi ¯’vcwZ-
g„Yvj nK|
 Rvnv½xibMi wek^we`¨vj‡q Aew¯’Z mskßK fv¯‹h©wUi
fv¯‹i- nvwg`y¾vgvb Lvb |
 gyw³hy‡×i ‡cÖiYvq wbwg©Z cÖ_g fv¯‹h© RvMÖZ †PŠi½x Gi
fv¯‹i- Avãyi iv¾vK|
 ‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P knx` wgbvi Gi Ae¯’vb- Rvnv½xibMi
wek^we`¨vj‡q (¯’vcwZ- iweDj ûmvBb)|
 evsjv GKv‡Wgx‡Z Aew¯’Z ‡gv‡`i Mie fv¯‹h©wUi fv¯‹i-
AwLj cvj|
eZ©gvb I cyivZb bvg
eZ©gvb bvg cyivZb bvg
evsjv‡`k e½-`ªvweo/ev½vjv/evsjv/c~e©
evsjv/c~e© cvwK¯Ívb
XvKv Rvnv½xibMi
PÆMÖvg Bmjvgvev`/ PÆjv
69
 ewikvj P›`ªØxc/evKjv/BmgvBjcyi wméwmwU, wMÖbwmwU ivRkvnx
‡bvqvLvjx myavivg/fzjyqv evsjv‡`‡ki Ky‡qZ wmwU Lyjbv
gnv¯’vbMo cyÛªea©b evsjvi `ytL `v‡gv`vi b`x
‡mvbviMuvI myeY© MÖvg
Kzwgjøv wÎcyiv
gqbvgwZ ‡ivwnZwMwi mgy`ª ˆmKZ
wm‡jU kÖxnÆ/Rvjvjvev`  c„w_exi e„nËg mgy`ª ˆmKZ- K·evRvi, ˆ`N©¨ 155 wK.wg.|
ev‡MinvU Lwjdvev`
 evsjv‡`‡ki ÔmvMiKb¨vÕ KzqvKvUv mgy`ª ˆmKZ‡K ‰`N©¨- 18
h‡kvi LwjdvZvev`
‡fvjv kvnevRcyi wK.wg. (cUzqvLvjx‡Z Aew¯’Z)|
evsjv GKv‡Wwg ea©gvb nvDR  m~h©`q I m~h©v¯Í †`Lv hvq evsjv‡`‡ki KzqvKvUv mgy`ª ˆmKZ
Kzwgjøv wÎcyiv †_‡K|
‡m›UgvwU©b bvwi‡Kj wRwÄiv  evsjv‡`‡ki mgy`ª DcK~‡ji ˆ`N©¨- 711 wK.wg.|
wbSzg Øxc evDjviPi
PvucvBbeveMÄ ‡MŠo Øxc
ivRkvnx ea©gvb nvDR
jvjevM `yM© AvIi½ev` `yM©  c„w_exi e„nËg e-Øxc evsjv‡`k, evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg
Avmv` †MU AvBqye †MU e-Øxc my›`ieb|
evnv`yi kvn cvK© wf‡±vwiqv cvK©  evsjv‡`‡kj e„nËg Øxc/Øx‡ci ivYx/ Øx‡ci Kb¨v- †fvjv
ivRevox †Mvqvj›` (Øxc †Rjv †fvjv)|
gywRebMi ‰e`¨bv_Zjv  ‡fvjv Øxc †gNbv b`xi †gvnbvq Aew¯’Z|
‡dbx kg‡mi bMi  evsjv‡`‡kj me©`wÿ‡Yi Øxc- †Quov Øxc|
Kzwóqv b`xqv
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ mvgyw`ªK cÖevj Øxc- †m›UgvwU©b
dwi`cyi d‡Znvev`
w`bvRcyi M‡Ûvqvbvj¨vÛ (AvqZb 8 eM© wK.wg.)| Aci bvg: bvwi‡Kj wRwÄiv,
gqgbwmsn bvwmivev` `viæwPwb Øxc|
MvRxcyi Rq‡`ecyi  evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi GKgvÎ we‡ivac~Y© Øxc `wÿY
ZvjcwÆ Øxc|
 `wÿY ZvjcwÆ Øx‡ci Aci bvg c~e©vkv/wbDgyi| ØxcwU
‡fŠ‡MvwjK Dcbvg
mvZwÿiv †Rjvq nvwoqvev½v b`xi †gvnbvq Aew¯’Z|
fvwUi †`k, loFZzi †`k, evsjv‡`k  evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ cvnvwo Øxc/‡`‡ki cÖ_g wWwRUvj
†mvbvjx Avu‡ki †`k, AvBj¨vÛ- g‡nkLvjx, K·evRvi (Avw`bv_ gw›`i
b`xgvZ…K †`k Aew¯’Z)|
evsjvi †fwbm, evsjv‡`‡ki ewikvj  cZz©wMRiv evm KiZ- gbcyiv Øx‡c (gbcyiv Øxc †fvjv
km¨ fvÛvi †Rjvq Aew¯’Z)|
360 AvDwjqvi f~wg, cÖ_g wm‡jU
 Gwj‡d›U c‡q›U Aew¯’Z -K·evRvi †Rjvq|
Wifi bMix, mvBevi wmwU
 evwZ N‡ii Rb¨ weL¨vZ Øxc- KzZzew`qv, K·evRvi|
12 AvDwjqvi f~wg, PÆMÖvg
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ‡ek Øvi,  wbSzg Øxc †gNbv b`xi ‡gvnbvq Aew¯’Z, cyivZb bvg-
‡nj_ wmwU/¯^v¯’wmwU evDjvi Pi|
wngvjq Kb¨v cÂMo  AmsL¨ Øxc wb‡q MwVZ ebvÂj- my›`ieb|
Kzwgjøvi `ytL ‡MvgZx  Ôm›Øxc ØxcÕ Aew¯’Z PÆMÖv‡g, ÔnvwZqv ØxcÕ Aew¯’Z
cwðgv evwnbxi b`x WvKvZxqv wej †bvqvLvjx‡Z|
gmwR‡`i kni, wi·vi kni XvKv
 1992 mv‡j my›`ie‡bi `wÿ‡Y e‡½vcmvM‡i Avwe¯‹…Z nq-
cÖv‡P¨i WvwÛ bvivqYMÄ
e½eÜz Øxc (AvqZb: 7.84 eM© wK.wg. )
mvMi Kb¨v cUzqvLvjx
mvMi Øxc ‡fvjv  Ôkvncyixi ØxcÕ Aew¯’Z K·evRv‡ii †UKbv‡di bvd b`xi
ch©Ub ivRavbx K·evRvi †gvnbvq|
DËie‡½i cÖ‡ekØvi e¸ov  evsjv‡`‡ki me©`wÿ‡Yi Øxc- †Quov Øxc,
cÖ_g wWwRUvj †Rjv h‡kvi K·vevRvi(AvqZb: 3 eM© wK.wg.)|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 70
 Pi
 evsjv‡`‡ki hgybv b`x‡Z P‡ii msL¨v †ewk|
 `yejvi Pi- my›`ie‡bi `wÿ‡Y Aew¯’Z (grm¨ AvniY,
ïuUwK Drcv`b I DcK~jxq meyR †eóbxi Rb¨ weL¨vZ)|
 Pi wbDUb, Pi KyKwo gyKwo, Pi gvwbK, Pi ReŸvi, Pi
gbcyiv, Pi Rsjx- †fvjv †Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
 Pi Av‡jKRvÛvi, Pi MRvwiqv- jwÿcyi †Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
 wbg©j Pi (evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZ©x Pi)- ivRkvnx‡Z
Aew¯’Z|
 fvmvb Pi- †bvqvLvjxi nvwZqv‡Z Aew¯’Z| gûixi Pi-
†dbx †Rjvq Aew¯’Z| Dwoi Pi- †bvqvLvjx‡Z Aew¯’Z|
 Pi Zzdvwbqv- cUzqvLvjx‡Z Aew¯’Z|
cvnvo I ce©Z¨
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg I DuPz cvnvo- Mv‡iv cvnvo (gqgbwmsn
†Rjvq)|
 KzjvDov cvnvo Aew¯’Z- †gŠjwfevRvi †Rjvq (BD‡iwbqvg
cvIqv †M‡Q)|
 PÆMÖv‡gi e„nËg cvnvo- evUvwj cvnvo|
 cvnv‡oi ivbx ejv nq- wP¤^yK cvnvo‡K (ev›`ievb)|
 P›`ªbv‡_i cvnvo- wn›`y‡`i Zx_© ¯’v‡bi Rb¨ weL¨vZ
(PÆMÖvg)| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g B‡KvcvK© mxZvKz‡Ði
P›`ªbv‡_i cvnv‡o Aew¯’Z|
 jvjgvB cvnvo Aew¯’Z Kzwgjøvq, KsjvK cvnvo Aew¯’Z
iv½vgvwU‡Z (Aci bvg †`eZv‡`i ¸nv)|
 evsjv‡`‡ki m‡ev©”P ce©Zk„½- ZvwRsWs ev weRq
(ev›`ievb †Rjvq), D”PZv- 1231 wgUvi|
 wØZxq e„nËg ce©Zk„½- †KIµvWs, D”PZv- 1230 wgUvi|
 wbjwMix cvnvo †_‡K †gN †Qvqv hvq (e›v`ievb)|
Sibv
 kxZj cvwbi Sibv- K·evRv‡ii wngQwo cvnv‡o Aew¯’Z|
 Mig cvwbi Sibv- mxZvKz‡Ûi P›`ªbv‡_i cvnv‡o Aew¯’Z|
 ïfjs Sibv- iv½vgvwU‡Z Aew¯’Z| KgjK Sibv, Zzqvwi
gvBivs Sibv, wiSvs Sibv-iv½vgvwU‡Z Aew¯’Z|
 wPZv Sibv- †gŠjfxevRvi †Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
 Rvw`cvB, bvdvLyg I FRyK Sibv- ev›`ievb †Rjvq
Aew¯’Z|
RjcÖcvZ
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg RjcÖcvZ- gvaeKzÛ RjcÖcvZ
(‡gŠjfxevRvi), gvaeKz‡Û eZ©bv‡g B‡KvcvK© ¯’vcb Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 ‡`‡ki D”PZg RjcÖcvZ ÔFRyK RjcÖcvZÕ(ev›`ievb)|
 bvdvLyg RjcÖcvZ Aew¯’Z- ev›`iev‡b|
wej
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg wej- Pjbwej (cebv, bv‡Uvi I
wmivRMÄ †Rjvq)|
 Pjbwe‡ji ga¨ w`‡q AvÎvB b`x cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q |
 evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZx© wej Zvgvwej- wm‡j‡U Aew¯’Z|
 wejWvKvwZqv, †Kvjvwej- Lyjbv †Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
 wejWvKvwZqv‡K cwðgv evwnbxi b`x ejv nq|
 fe`n wej- h‡kv‡i Aew¯’Z|
 evB°v wej- ‡gŠjfxevRvi †Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
nvIo
 evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg nvIo ÔnvKvjywK nvIoÕ- †gŠjwfevRvi
†Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
 Uv½yqvi nvIo- mybvgM †Rjvq Aew¯’Z (ivgmvi mvBU
wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`qv nq 2000 mv‡j|)
‡jK
 Ôn«‡`i †RjvÕ ejv nq iv½vgvwU‡K|
 KvßvB †jK- ivOvgvwU‡Z Aew¯’Z|
 d‡qR †jK- PÆMÖv‡g Aew¯’Z|
 evM †jK, cÖvwšÍK †jK- ev›`iev‡b Aew¯’Z|
 wµ‡m›U †jK- XvKvq Aew¯’Z|
 Rvdjs †jK- wm‡j‡U Aew¯’Z|
f¨vwj
 KvßvB †_‡K cøvweZ cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi DcZ¨Kv‡K e‡j-
‡f½x f¨vwj|
 ‡f½x f¨vwj, mv‡RK f¨vwj I gvBbgyLx f¨vwj- iv½vgvwU‡Z
Aew¯’Z|
 nvj`v f¨vwj- LvMovQwo‡Z Aew¯’Z|
 ewjwkiv f¨vwj- †gŠjwfevR‡i Aew¯’Z |
 bvwcZ f¨vwj- K·evRv‡i Aew¯’Z|
evsjv‡`‡ki ‡kÖô mg~n
 wPÎwkíx: wkívPvh© Rqbyj Av‡e`xb|
 Kwe/RvZxq Kwe: KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg |
 cjøxKwe: Rwmg DÏxb|
 gwnjv Kwe: mywdqv Kvgvj|
 fvlvwe`: W. gynv¤§` knx`yjøvn|
 KvV‡Lv`vB wkíx: AjK ivq|
71
  KvUz©wbó: iwdKzbœex (ibex)|
 PjwPÎvKvi: Rwni ivqnvb|
 ¯’vcwZ: dRjyi ingvvb Lvb|
 fv¯‹i: kvgxg wkK`vi|
 mvZviæ: eª‡Rb `vm|
 ‰eÁvwbK: Kz`iZ-B-Ly`v|
 AvaywbK Kwe: kvgmyi ingvb|
evsjv GKv‡Wwg
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j 1955 mv‡ji 3 wW‡m¤^i cÖwZwôZ nq evsjv
GKv‡Wwg| evsjv GKv‡Wwg fe‡bi c~e©bvg Ôea©gvb nvDmÕ| evsjv
GKv‡Wwgi cÖ_g cwiPvjK W. gynv¤§` Gbvgyj nK| 1971 mv‡j
gyw³hy‡×vi ci GB cwiPvjK c`wU‡K Kiv nq gnvcwiPvjK| evsjv
GKvv‡Wwgi cÖ_g gnvcwiPvjK W. gvhnviæj Bmjvg| evsjv
GKv‡Wwgi eZ©gvb gnvcwiPvjK gynv¤§` byiæj û`v| evsjv GKv‡Wwgi
eZ©gvb mfvcwZ/cÖ_g gwnjv mfvcwZ †mwjbv †nv‡mb|
1955- cÖwZôv|
1960- cyi¯‹vi Pvjy|
1978- eB †gjv Pvjy|
1994- cÖwgZ PwjZixwZ Pvjy|
1997- bRiæj/ mywdqv g ev PZ¡i ¯’vcb|
2003- †gv‡`i Mie fv¯‹h© wbg©vY, ¯’vwcZ: AwLj cvj|
 bRiæj gÂ, iex›`ª gÂ, †iv‡Kqv g Aew¯’Z
evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖv½‡b|
BKSP
evsjv‡`k µxov wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi bvg BKSP | GwU 1986 mv‡j
XvKvi mvfv‡i cÖwZwôZ nq| BKSP †Z †gvU 12 wU wel‡q
†Ljvayjvi cÖwkÿY †`Iqv nq|
cjøx Dbœqb GKv‡Wwg
evsjv‡`k cjøx Dbœqb †K‡›`ªi bvg BARD | Aa¨vcK AvLZvi
nvwg` Lvb 1959 mv‡j Kzwgjøvq BARD cÖwZôv K‡ib| BARD
Gi m`i`ßi †KvUevox, Kzwgjøvq| eZ©gv‡b BARD Gi c„ô
†cvlKZv K‡i evsjv‡`k miKvi|
BPATC
evsjv‡`k ‡jvK cÖkvmb cÖwkÿY †K‡›`ªi bvg BPATC (Public
Administration Training Centre) GwU XvKvq mvfv‡i
Aew¯’Z| PATC cÖav‡bi c`we †i±i| PATC cÖwZwôZ nq
1984 mv‡j|
MÖvgxY e¨vsK
MÖvgxY e¨vsK cÖv_wgKfv‡e Pvjy nq 1976 mv‡j PÆMÖv‡gi †Rveiv
MÖv‡g| 1983 mv‡j G e¨vsK AvbyôvwbK fv‡e cÖwZwôZ nq| G
e¨vs‡Ki cÖwZôvZv W. gynv¤§` BDbym| ÿz`ª FY/gvB‡µv‡µwW‡Ui
cÖe³v W. gynv¤§` BDbym|2006 mv‡j W. gynv¤§` BDbym I MÖvgxY
e¨vsK †hŠ_fv‡e kvwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡i|

GwkqvwUK ‡mvmvBwU BRAC

1784 mv‡j GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cÖwZwôZ nq KjKvZvq| cÖwZôvZv Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee- BRAC.
1972 mv‡j eª¨vK cÖwZwôZ nq| we‡k^ Ges evsjv‡`‡ki me©e„nr ÿz`ª
m¨vi DBwjqvk †RvÝ| evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU cÖwZwôZ nq
1952 mv‡j XvKvq| evsjv‡`k GwkqvwUK †mvmvBwU 2003 mv‡j 10 FY`vbKvix ms¯’v BRAC Gi cÖwZôvZv dR‡j nvmvb Av‡e`|
L‡Û evsjv I Bs‡iwR fvlvq evsjvwcwWqv cÖKvk K‡i| evsjvwcwWqv dR‡j nvmvb Av‡e` cÖ_g evsjv‡`kx wn‡m‡e ÔbvBUÕ Dcvwa cvb|
m¤úv`bv K‡ib wmivRyj Bmjvg| *** N.G.O. : Non Govermental Organization.
wkíKjv GKv‡Wwg bvBU Dcvwa e„‡Ub †_‡K cÖ`vb Kiv nq| 4 Rb evOvwj ÔbvBUÕ Dcvwa
wkíKjv GKv‡Wwg cÖwZwôZ nq 1974 mv‡j| wkíKjv GKv‡Wwgi †c‡q‡Qb| h_v:
m`i`ßi- XvKvi †m¸bevwMPv| wkíKjv GKv‡Wwg QqwU wel‡q 1. RM`xkP›`ª emy (1916)|
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i| wkíKjv GKv‡Wwgi eZ©gvb gnvcwiPvjK 2. iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi (1913)|
wjqvKZ Avjx jvKx| 3. dR‡j nvmvb Av‡e` (1910)|
wkï GKv‡Wwg 4. AvLjvKzi ingvb (2017)|

wkï GKv‡Wwg cÖwZwôZ nq 1977 mv‡j| wkï‡`i myß cÖwZfvi weKvk Ò Seek the help of Allah by
Ges Zv‡`i AvZ¥kw³i I AvZ¥wek^vm RvwM‡q †Zvjvi Rb¨ wkï
Patience & SalahÓ
GKv‡Wwg cÖwZôv Kiv nq| wkï GKv‡Wwgi eZ©gvb †Pqvig¨vb jvKx
Bgvg|

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 72


‡jKPvi b¤^i- 16
A_©bxwZi cwiPq
A_©bxwZi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Economics, wMÖK kã Oikonomia
†_‡K G‡m‡Q, Oikonomia k‡ãi A_© M„n¯’vwji e¨e¯’vcbv
(Management of the Household)|
nhiZ gymv (Av:) mg‡q A_©vr 2500 wLª÷c~‡e© ÒwneªyÓ mf¨Zvi hy‡M
Ges cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi PZz_© wLª÷c~‡e© †KŠwU‡j¨i ÒA_©kv‡¯¿Ó A_©bxwZ
wel‡q A‡MvQv‡jv fv‡e wKQz Z_¨ cvIqv †hZ| ‡lvok kZvãxi †kl
fvM †_‡K Aóv`k kZvãxi †kl fvM ch©šÍ A_©vr 1590-1780
Bsj¨vÛ, d«vÝ I BZvwj‡Z AvšÍRvwZ©K evwY‡R¨i †h cÖmvi N‡U Zv‡K
ÒevwYR¨ev`Ó (Mercantilism) ejv nq| Aciw`‡K Aóv`k
kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M divwmiv Bsj¨v‡Ûi evwYR¨ev‡`i wec‡ÿ Ae¯’vb
wb‡q Òf~wgev`Ó (Physiocracy) gZev` cÖPvi K‡i| f~wgev`x‡`i
g‡Z, K…wlB n‡jv Drcv`bkxj LvZ Ab¨w`‡K wkí I evwYR¨ Dfq
Abyrcv`bkxj LvZ|
A_©bxwZi RbK Bs‡iR A_©bxwZex` A¨vWvg w¯§_, 1776 mv‡j ÒThe
Wealth of NationsÓ MÖ‡š’ wZwb cÖ_g A_©bxwZi aviYv †`q|
AvR‡Ki A_©bxwZi g~jwfwË w¯§‡_i GB eB| A¨vWvg w¯§_
A_©bxwZ‡K Òm¤ú‡`i weÁvbÓ e‡j‡Qb Ges ÒA`„k¨ nvZÓ K_vwU
e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| 1970 mv‡j cÖ_g gvwK©b wn‡m‡e A_©bxwZ‡Z
†bv‡ej weRqx cj. G. m¨vgy‡qjkb AvaywbK A_©bxwZi RbK| wZwb
A_©bxwZ‡K Òwbe©vP‡bi weÁvbÓ e‡j‡Qb| A_©bxwZi me‡P‡q
MÖnb‡hvM¨ ms½v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb Ges A_©bxwZ‡K Ò¯^íZvi ev
AcÖvPz‡h©i weÁvbÓ e‡j‡Qb Aa¨vcK Gj. iweÝ| A_©bxwZ‡K
ÒcÖkvmwbK weÁvbÓ e‡j‡Qb Oskar Lange|
A_©bxwZi cÖavb `ywU mgm¨v n‡jv `y¯úªvc¨Zv I Amxg Afve|
A_©bxwZex` †MÖMwi g¨vbwKD A_©bxwZi 10 wU ‡gŠwjK bxwZi K_v
e‡j‡Qb| ‡hgb:
 gvbyl my‡hvM e¨q K‡i|
 hyw³ev`x gvbyl cÖvwšÍK ch©v‡q wPšÍv K‡i|
 gvbyl cÖ‡Yv`bvq mviv †`q|
 evwY‡R¨ mevB DcK…Z nq|
 A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg msNwUZ nIqvi Rb¨ evRvi GKwU DËg
cvš’v|
*** ‡fvM‡K †K›`ª K‡i mKj A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq|
GKwU mij A_©bxwZ‡Z `yB ai‡Yi cÖwZwbwa _v‡K|
 †fv³v ev cwievi|
 Drcv`K ev dvg©|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvavb c×wZi wfbœZv Abyhvwq A_©‰bwZK
e¨e¯’v‡K 4 fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: abZvwš¿K ev cyuwRev`x
A_©e¨e¯’v, wb‡`©kg~jK ev mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v, wgkÖ A_©e¨e¯’v Ges
Bmjvwg A_©e¨e¯’v|
abZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v
Aóv`k kZvwãi †klfv‡M 1789 mv‡j divwm wecø‡ei ga¨w`‡q mgMÖ
BD‡iv‡c abZvwš¿K ev cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZi myÎcvZ N‡U| abZvwš¿K ev
cyuwRev`x A_©e¨e¯’v cÖavb ‰ewkó¨ n‡jv m¤ú‡`i e¨w³gvwjKvbv,
¯^qswµq `vg e¨e¯’v Ges m‡e©v”P gybvdv AR©b|
mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v
wb‡`©kg~jK ev mgvRZvwš¿K A_©bxwZ‡Z mgv‡Ri AwaKvsk m¤ú` I
Drcv`‡bi Dcv`v‡bi Dci iv‡óªi ev mgv‡Ri gvwjKvbv cÖwZwôZ
_v‡K| wb‡`©kg~jK ev mgvRZvwš¿K A_©e¨e¯’v D‡jøL†hvM¨ ‰ewkó¨
¸‡jv n‡jv m¤ú‡`i e¨w³ gvwjKvbvi Abycw¯’wZ Ges ivóªxq ev
mvgvwRK gvwjKvbv, †K›`ªxq cwiKíbv BZ¨vw`| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv
hvq, wKDev|
wgkÖ A_©e¨e¯’v
‡h A_©bxwZ‡Z e¨w³gvwjKvbv I †emiKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi cvkvcvwk
miKvwi D‡`¨vM I wbqš¿Y weivR K‡i Zv‡K wgkÖ A_©e¨e¯’v e‡j|
c„w_exi AwaKvsk ‡`‡k wgkÖ A_©e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb| D`vniY wn‡m‡e
ejv hvq: hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, Rvg©vwb, evsjv‡`k Ges fviZ|
Bmjvwg A_©e¨e¯’v
Bmjv‡gi †gŠwjK wbqgKvby‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o IVv A_©e¨e¯’v
n‡jv Bmjvwg A_©e¨e¯’v| Bmjvwg A_©bxwZi D‡jøL†hvM¨ ‰ewkó¨ ¸‡jv
n‡jv my`gy³ AvgvbZ, hvKvZ I wdZiv, kÖ‡gi gh©v`v Ges Bmjvwg
kwiq‡Zi wfwˇZ cwiPvjbv|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v wgkÖ cÖK…wZi| wgkÖ A_©bxwZ‡Z m¤úwËi
e¨w³MZ I ivóªxq gvwjKvbv _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b G †`‡ki A_©bxwZi
cÖK…wZ gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ| G e¨e¯’v Pvjy nq 1991 mv‡j 2 RyjvB|
evsjv‡`k GKwU wb¤œga¨g Av‡qi †`k| 1 RyjvB, 2015 wek^e¨vsK
evsjv‡`k‡K wb¤œ Av‡qi †`k wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`q|
evsjv‡`k ˆZwi †cvkvK ißvwb‡Z we‡k^i wØZxq e„nËg †`k|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb mvnvh¨ `vZv‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q wek^K¨vsK, Gwkqv
Dbœqb e¨vsK, RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg©m~wP, RvBKv, hy³ivóª, Rvcvb,
†mŠw` Avie I cwðg BD‡ivcxq ivóªmg~n| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi
cÖavb LvZ K…wl| evsjv‡`‡k kÖgkw³i me‡P‡q †ewk wb‡qvwRZ K…wl
Lv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Av‡qi wmsnfvM Av‡m
73
K„wlLvZ n‡Z| evsjv‡`k me‡P‡q †ewk ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨ jvf K‡i-
Rvcvb †_‡K|
 evsjv‡`k wewb‡qvM Dbœq KZ…©cÿ (BIDA) MwVZ nq - 1
†m‡Þ¤^i 2016|
 ÔKvweUvÕ Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q UvKv Ges ÔKvweLvÕ Kv‡Ri
wewbg‡q Lv`¨|
 AvšÍRv©wZK gy`ªv Znwej (IMF)- Gi evsjv‡`‡ki Kvh©jq
wek^e¨vsK feb, †k‡i evsjvbMi, XvKv|
 Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK (ADB)- Gi evsjv‡`‡ki Kvh©jq
†k‡i evsjvbMi, XvKv|
‡gvU †`kR Drcv`b (GDP)
‡Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q (mvaviYZ GKeQ‡i) †`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbvi
g‡a¨ ‡h cwigvY P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevKg© Drcvw`Z nq Avw_©K
g~j¨gvb‡K †gvU †`kR Drcv`b (Gross Domestic Product)
e‡j| G‡Z †`k I we‡`kx wewb‡qvM †_‡K Drcbœ `ªe¨ wnmve Kiv nq
wKš‘ cÖevmx‡`i m„ó Drcv`b wn‡m‡e aiv nq bv|
wRwWwci wba©viKmg~n n‡jv: f~wg, kÖg, g~jab, cÖhyw³ Ges mPjZv|
wRwWwci wnmveewnf©~Z welqvw`: g~jab jvf-ÿwZ, gva¨wgK `ªe¨ I
†mev, webvg~‡j¨ e¨eüZ `ªe¨ I ‡mev, AZx‡Z Drcvw`Z cY¨ I
†jb‡`b we‡eP¨ bq, miKvwi F‡Yi my`, †eAvBwb KvR|
‡gvU RvZxq Drcv`b (GNP)
‡Kv‡bv wbw`©ó mg‡q (mvaviYZ GKeQ‡i) ‡`‡ki bvMwiK KZ©„K †h
cwigvY `ªe¨mvgM¨x I †mevKg© Drcvw`Z nq Zvi cwigvY‡K †gvU
RvZxq Drcv`b (Gross National Product) e‡j| G‡Z †`kR
I cÖevmx Avq mwbœ‡ek Kiv nq Z‡e wnmve Kivi mgq ga¨eZ©x `ªe¨
†mev ev` w`‡q †Kej P~ovšÍ `ªe¨ I †mevKg© wnmve Kiv nq|†gvU
RvZxq Avq †_‡K g~jab hš¿cvwZi ÿqÿwZRwbZ e¨q ev` w`‡j bxU
RvZxq Avq cvIqv hvq|
gv_v wcQz Avq
‡gvU RvZxq Drcv`b‡K †`‡ki †gU RbmsL¨v w`‡q fvM Ki‡j
gv_vwcQz Avq cvIqv hvq| GwU GKwU †`‡ki RbM‡bi RxebhvÎvi
gvb wb‡`©k K‡i|
RvZxq Avq cwigvc
RvZxq Avq cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ wZbwU c×wZ e¨envi Kiv nq|
G¸‡jvn‡jv-
1. Drcv`b c×wZ
2. Avq c×wZ
3. e¨q c×wZ
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
Drc`b c×wZ
G c×wZ‡Z GKwU wbw`ó mgq †`‡k †gvU †h cwigvY `ªe¨mvgMÖx I
†mevKg© Drcvw`Z nq Zvi Avw_©K g~j¨ †hvM K‡i RvZxq Avq wn‡m‡e
Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ 15 wU Lv‡Z wef³, GB 15wU Lv‡Zi
Drcv`‡bi g~j¨ †hvM K‡i ‡gvU RvZxq Avq wba©viY Kiv nq|
Avq c×wZ
GB c×wZ‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q †`‡ki Drcv`‡b e¨eûZ DcKiY
mg~‡ni cÖvß Avq †hvM K‡i RvZxq Avq wbY©q Kiv nq| Drcv`‡bi
Drcv`vbmg~‡ni Avq ej‡Z kÖwg‡Ki gRywi, Rwgi LvRbv, g~ja‡bi
my` Ges msMV‡bi gybvdv‡K †evSv‡bv nq|
e¨q c×wZ
G c×wZ Abyhvqx RvZxq Avq n‡jv †`‡ki †gvU e¨‡qi ‡hvMdj|
†gvU e¨q ej‡Z e¨w³ Lv‡Zi †fvM e¨q I wewb‡qvM e¨q Ges miKvwi
e¨q I wbU ißvwb‡K †evSvq| A_©vr †fvM+wewb‡qvM+miKvwi e¨q
(Avg`vwb-ißvwb=wbU ißvwb)= ‡gvU RvZxq Avq|
ev‡RU
ev‡RU n‡jv miKvwi A_©e¨e¯’vi g~j PvwjKvkw³| GKwU wbw`ó© mg‡q
Avq I e¨‡qi myweb¨¯Í wn‡me‡K ev‡RU ejv nq| evsjv‡`‡k Avw_©K
eQi n‡jv RyjvB-Ryb| ev‡RU kãwUi DrcwË divwm kã
ÔBoudgetteÕ †_‡K, hvi A_©- e¨vM ev _‡j| ev‡RU kãwU cÖ_g
e¨envi nq/ AvaywbK ev‡RU cÖ_vi cÖeZ©b nq Bsj¨v‡Û (1733
mv‡j)| fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k ev‡RU †NvlYv Kiv nq 1861 mv‡j|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g ev‡RU †NvlYv Kiv nq 30 Ryb 1972| msweav‡b
ev‡RU‡K ejv nq- Annual Financial Statement|
ev‡RU cÖYqb K‡i RvZxq msm‡`i Aby‡gv`b wb‡Z nq Ges
ivóªcwZi m¤§wZ wb‡q miKvi wba©vwiZ Avq-e¨q I Zvi c×wZ
Kvh©Ki nq| evsjv‡`‡k G ch©šÍ AšÍe©ZxKvjxb ev‡RU wQj 1wU
(1999-97 A_© eQ‡i)|
Avq I e¨‡qi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx ev‡RU‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
PjwZ ev‡RU I g~jab ev‡RU|
Avq I e¨‡qi fvimvg¨ Abyhvqx ev‡RU‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
h_v: mylg ev‡RU I Amg ev‡RU| Amg ev‡RU‡K Avevi 2 fv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: DØ„Ë ev‡RU I NvUwZ ev‡RU| evsjv‡`‡ki
ev‡R‡Ui aiY NvUwZ ev‡RU|
evsjv‡`‡k ev‡RU‡K 2 fv‡M fvM K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| h_v:
 A-Dbœqb ev‡RU/PjwZ ev‡RU/ ivR¯^ ev‡RU:
A-Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui g~j jÿ¨ n‡jv †`k iÿv I cÖkvmb‡K myôzfv‡e
cwiPvjbv Kiv|
 Dbœqb ev‡RU/g~jab ev‡RU:
Dbœqb ev‡R‡Ui jÿ¨ n‡jv cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb I
cÖe„w× AR©b|
74
 cÖ_g ev‡RU DÌvcbKvix ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g` (1972-73)|
cÖ_g ev‡R‡Ui AvKvi wQj- 786 †KvwU UvKv|
 cÖ_g †Rjv ev‡RU cvq- Uv½vBj|
 evsjv‡`‡k me©vwaKevi (12 evi) ev‡RU †ck K‡ib- †gvt
mvBdzj Bmjvg I Aveyj gvj Ave`yj gywnZ|
 ev‡R‡Ui AvKv‡i kxl©‡`k- hy³ivóª (wØZxq †`k- Pxb)|
 evsjv‡`k miKvi m‡e©v”P Avq K‡i †h LvZ †_‡K- g~j¨
ms‡hvRb Ki (g~mK/VAT)|
 ms‡kvwaZ ev‡RU- wewfbœ Lv‡Zi Avq-e¨‡qi cwigvY mgš^q
mvab K‡i †h ev‡RU ˆZwi Kiv nq, †m ev‡RU‡K ms‡kvwaZ
ev‡RU e‡j|
 m¤ú~iK ev‡RU- g~j eiv‡Ïi AwZwi³ A_©m¤^wjZ †h ev‡RU
Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ msm‡` †ck Kiv nq, ZvB m¤ú~iK ev‡RU|
miKvwi A_©e¨e¯’v
miKvi ‡Kvb †Kvb Drm †_‡K KZ Avq Ki‡e Ges †Kvb Lv‡Z KZ
e¨q Ki‡e, Gi mgwš^Z iƒc‡K miKvwi Avq-e¨q ev miKvwi A_©e¨e¯’v
e‡j| miKvi †hme Drm †_‡K Avq K‡i Zv‡K cÖavbZ `ywU fv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: Ki ivR¯^ I Ki ewnf~Z ivR¯^| Ki n‡jv †mevi
wewbg‡q cÖ‡`q g~j|
Ki ivR¯^
Ki ivR¯^‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
cÖZ¨ÿ Ki: AvqKi, K‡c©v‡ikb Ki, f~wg ivR¯^, m¤ú` Ki, g~jabx
Ki, gyybvdv Ki, e¨vsK m‡qi Dci Ki BZ¨vw` (A_vr †h mKj
Ki e¨w³ mivmwi cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|)
c‡ivÿ Ki: weµq Ki, cÖ‡gv` Ki, g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki, AveMvwi
ïé, evwYR¨ kyé BZ¨vw`|
 Ki wefvM AšÍf©~³ A_© gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b RvZxq ivR¯^
†evW© (NBR)| eZ©gv‡b NBR Gi ‡Pqvig¨vb Avey †nbv
†gvnv¤§` ingZzj gywbg|
Ki ivR‡¯^i Drm
1. AvqKi: †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev †Kv¤úvwbi Av‡qi Dci †h Ki avh©
Kiv nq Zv‡K AvqKi e‡j|
Kigy³ Avqmxgv:
 mvaviY e¨w³i: 3 jÿ UvKv|
 gwnjv I 65 eQ‡ii DaŸ© e¨w³: 3 jÿ 50 nvRvi UvKv|
 cÖwZeÜx e¨w³: 4 jÿ 50 nvRvi UvKv|
 ‡M‡RUfz³ hy×vnZ gyw³hy×: 4 jÿ 75 nvRvi UvKv|
Kinvi:
 Kigy³ Avqmxgvi cieZ©x 4,00,000 ch©šÍ 10%,
cieZ©x 5,00,000 ch©šÍ 15%, cieZ©x 6,00,000
ch©šÍ 20%, cieZ©x 30 jÿ UvKv ch©šÍ †gvU Av‡qi
25%|
 Aewkó †gvU Av‡qi Dci 30%|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
2. g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki- g~mK (Value Added Tax-
VAT):
Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i †h g~j¨ ms‡hvwRZ nq Zvi Dci GKwU wbw`ó
nv‡i †h Ki Av‡ivc Kiv nq Zv‡K g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki ejv nq|
evsjv‡`‡k 1991-92 A_©eQi †_‡K g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki Pvjy n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k miKvi m‡e©v”P Avq K‡i †h LvZ †_‡K- g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki
(g~mK/VAT)| VAT Pvjy nq 1 RyjvB 1991 mvj †_‡K (cÖv³b
A_©gš¿x Gg mvB`yi ingvb KZ©„K)| eZ©gv‡b Gi ¯Íi 4wU| g~j¨
ms‡hvRb Ki AvBb 1991 Ges D³ AvBb I wewagvjvi Aax‡b
RvwiK…Z g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki msµvšÍ cÖÁvcb I Av‡`kmg~n cÖ‡qvRbxq
ms‡kvab, mwbœ‡ek I cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q| g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki
(gymK) e¨e¯’v mnRxKiY I mijxKiY:
 Gm.Gg.B LvZ‡K kw³kvjx Kivi j‡ÿ¨ gymK cÖ`v‡bi mxgv
evwl©K Uvb©‡fvi 70 jÿ UvKv n‡Z e„w× K‡i 80 jÿ UvKv
wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges 3 kZvsk nv‡i Ki cÖ`vb
AcwiewZ©Z ivLv n‡q‡Q|
 Avg`vwbK…Z †mevi †ÿ‡Î †iqvZ MÖnY myweav e„w× Kivi
Rb¨ gymK AvB‡bi aviv 9(1) (T) ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 msKzwPZ wfwËg~j¨‡K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Kivi Rb¨ msKzwPZ
wfwËg~j¨ cÖÁvc‡b cwieZ©b Avbv n‡q‡Q|
3. Avg`vwb ïé|
4. AveMvwi ïé|
5. m¤úyiK ïé|
6. gv`K ïé|
7. hvbevnb Ki|
8. f~wg Dbœqb Ki|
9. bb-RywWwkqvj ÷¨v¤ú|
10. Ab¨vb¨ Ki I ïé: m¤úwZ Ki, †c‡Uªj I M¨v‡mi Dci
Ki, we‡`k ågb Ki, cÖ‡gv` Ki|
***TIN: Taxpayers Identification Number.
Kiewnf~Z ivR¯^
jf¨vsk I gybvdv, my`, cÖkvmwbK wdm (†KvU© wdm), Rwigvbv, `Ð
I ev‡RqvßKiY, A_‰bwZK †mev, fvov I BRviv, †Uvj I †jwf,
A-evwYwR¨K weµq, †ijI‡q, WvK wefvM Ges wewfbœ we‡`wk
FY,mvnvh¨, `vb I Aby`vb|
miKv‡ii e¨‡qi cÖavb LvZmg~n
evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii AwR©Z Av‡qi ga¨ †_‡K e¨‡qi cÖavb LvZ¸‡jv
n‡jv: wkÿv I cÖhyw³, cÖwZiÿv, RbcÖkvmb, Rbk„•Ljv I wbivcËv,
K…wl, K…wlwfwËK wkí I K…wl M‡elYv, Rb¯^v¯’¨, mgvwRK wbivcËv I
Kj¨vY BZ¨vw` evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii e¨‡qi cÖavb cÖavb LvZ|
75
 ‡kqvi I ‡kqvievRvi
‡kqvi: ‡Kv¤úvwbi gvwjKvbvi ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Ask‡K ejv nq †kqvi|
‡kqvievRvi: ‡h evRv‡i wmwKDwiwU (‡m‡KÛvwi †kqvi, wW‡eÂPvi,
wgDPzqvj dvÛ, †UªRvwi eÛ) †Kbv‡ePv nq Zv‡K †kqvi evRvi
e‡j)| cuywRevRvi wbqš¿YKvix ms¯’vi bvg SEC- Security
Exchange Commission (1995)| SEC Gi bvg cwieZ©b
K‡i BSEC- Bangladesh Security Exchange
Commission ivLv nq 2012 mv‡j| evsjv‡`‡k †kqvi evRv‡ii
msL¨v i‡q‡Q 2wU| h_v:
1. XvKv ÷K G·‡PÄ (Dhaka Stock Exchange- DSE):
c~e© bvg East Pakistan Stock Exchange Association
Limited| XvKv ÷K G·‡P‡Ä cÖwZwôZ nq 1954 mv‡j Ges
†jb‡`b ïiæ nq 1956 mv‡j|
2. PÆMÖvg ÷K G·‡PÄ (Chittagong Stock Exchange-
CSE): PÆMÖvg ÷K G·‡PÄ cÖwZwôZ nq 1995 mv‡j|
*** cÖ¯ÍvweZ Z„Zxq †kqvi evRvi- Lyjbv ÷K G·‡PÄ|
cuywR evRvi m¤ú„³ wKQz Z_¨
wWwf‡W›U/ jf¨vsk: gybvdvi †h Ask †kqvi gvwjK‡`i g‡a¨ eÈb
Kiv nq, †m Ask‡K jf¨vsk ev wWwf‡W›U e‡j| wW‡f‡WÛ ev
jf¨vsk‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: 1.bM` jf¨vsk (Cash
Dividend) Ges 2.÷K jf¨vsk (Stock Dividend)|
‡m‡KÛvwi †kqvi I ‡eªvKvi: cÖvBgvwi †kqvi hLb †kqvi evRv‡i Zvi
Pvwn`v I †hvMv‡bi wfwˇZ wba©vwiZ `v‡g µq-weµq nq ZLb Zv‡K
†m‡KÛvwi †kqvi evRvi e‡j| †m‡KÛvwi gv‡K©‡U †kqvi µq-weµ‡qi
Rb¨ ÷K G·‡PÄ KZ©„K wbewÜZ e¨w³ †eªvKi e‡j|
IPO Ges Blue Chip : IPO- Initial Public Offerings|
†Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi I wW‡eÂvi µ‡qi Avgš¿Y Rvwb‡q mvaviY RbM‡Yi
wbKU cÖPvi Kiv nq cÖm‡c±vm| †kqvievRv‡i Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨
†Kv¤úvwbi cÖv_wgK †kqvi ev wW‡eÂvi wewµi bvg IPO ev
MYweµq| IPO Gi g~j¨ wbY©‡qi GKwU c×wZ n‡jv eyK wewìs
c×wZ|
‡hmKj †Kv¤úvwbi Avw_©K Ae¯’v Lye fv‡jv Ges mymsnZ, e¨e¯’vcbv
I cwiPvjbvi gvb cÖkœvZxZ Ges Drcvw`Z c‡Y¨i evRvi wbivc`
Ges m‡e©vcwi †Kv¤úvwbi jf¨vs‡ki nviI Lye AvKl©Yxq, †mmKj
†Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi Blue chip †kqvi bv‡g cwiwPZ|
mvwK©U †eªKvi: ‡kqvi evRv‡i †kqvi e¨emvqx hLb †kqv‡ii `vg
e„w×I cÖZ¨vkvq _v‡Kb ZLb Zv‡K Bull Market e‡j| wKš‘
†kqv‡ii `vg n«vm †c‡j ZLb Zv‡K Bear Market ejv nq|
†kqv‡ii g~‡j¨i AZ¨waK cwieZ©‡bi GK ai‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv n‡”Q
mvwK©U †eªKv‡ii KvR| mvwK©‡Ui †eªKv‡ii gva¨‡g GKw`‡b †kqv‡ii
`i Kx cwigvY m‡e©v”P evo‡Z ev Kg‡Z cv‡i Zv wba©viY Kiv nq|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
ZvwjKvfz³ †Kv¤úvwbi †kqv‡ii A¯^vfvweK `i e„w× ev `icZb
†VKv‡Z mvwK©U †eªKvi e¨envi Kiv nq|
wW-g¨vU: ‡kqvi †jb‡`‡bi B‡jKUªwbK e¨e¯’vi bvg wW-g¨vU|
evsjv‡`‡ki ÷K †kqv‡i GB c×wZ cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q|
A_©bxwZ msµvšÍ kã
 U¨v· nwj‡W: mvaviYZ wkí‡K DrmvwaZ Kivi Rb¨
mvgwqKfv‡e U¨v· gIKzd Kiv|
 Kv‡jv UvKv: A‰eafv‡e DcvwR©Z UvKv| Gi Drm Nyl, Ki
duvwK, `yb©xwZ, †PvivPvjvb, Puv`vevwR BZ¨vw`|
 ‡eBj AvDU: †Kv‡bv †`k ev cÖwZôvb Avw_©Kfv‡e †`Dwjqv
n‡q †M‡j, A_©bxwZ‡K cybiæ×vi Kivi Rb¨ †h Avw_©K
cÖ‡Yv`bv ev mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb Kiv nq ZvB †eBj AvDU|
 ivR¯^ bxwZ: GKwU †`‡ki wbw`ó A_©eQ‡ii mvgwMÖK
A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbvi j‡ÿ¨ ivR¯^ Ges miKvwi
e¨qmg~‡ni h_vq_ e¨envi cÖYvwj|
 U¨vwid: Avg`vwb I ißvwbK…Z c‡Y¨i ïé hv GKwU
ZvwjKvi gva¨‡g wbw`©ó Kiv _v‡K|
 Custom Duty: Avg`vwb I ißvwbK…Z `ª‡e¨i Ici
Av‡ivwcZ Ki|
 FOR (Free on Board): ‡Kv‡bv weµg ev ißvwb
Pzw³‡Z kãwU hy³ _vK‡j we‡µZv Zvi †`‡ki wbw`©ó e›`‡i
cY¨ Rvnv‡R Zz‡j †`Iqv ch©šÍ hveZxq me LiP Ges
`vqfvi enb K‡i _v‡K|
 CBA (Collective Bargaining Agent): AvBb Øviv
¯^xK…Z kÖwgK‡`i gh©v`v I Drcv`‡bi avivevwnKZv iÿv
Ges kÖwgK-gvwjK mym¤úK© iÿv‡_© MwVZ msMVb|
 Ltd. (Limited): cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvbx Zv‡`i
bv‡gi ‡cQ‡b GwU wjLv _v‡K|
 SDR (Special Drawing Right): AvšÍR©vwZK
†jb‡`‡b ¯^‡Y©i weKí e¨enviB n‡jv|
 FDI (Foreign Direct Invesrment): †`‡ki
Af¨šÍixY A_©bxwZ‡Z we‡`kx e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi mivmwi
Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î wewb‡hvM‡K ejv n‡q _v‡K|
Avg`vwb, ißvwb I ˆe‡`wkK wewb‡qvM
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †`‡ki g‡a¨ `ªe¨ I †mevK‡g©i †jb‡`b‡K
AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ e‡j| AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ 2 cÖKvi| h_v: Avg`vwb
I ißvwb| ißvwb evwYR¨ me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i ˆZwi
†cvkvK|
 evsjv‡`k me‡P‡q †ewk ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªv Avq K‡i- hy³ivóª
†_‡K|
 evsjv‡`k UvKvi A‡¼ me‡P‡q †ewk Avg`vwb K‡i- Pxb
†_‡K|
76
  evsjv‡`‡ki †h cÖwZôv‡bi †kqvi me©cÖ_g jÛb ÷K
gv‡K©‡U †jb‡`b ïiæ nq- †ew·g‡Kv dvg©v|
 ißvwb cÖwµqvKiY GjvKvq wewb‡qvM nq- wZb cÖKvi| h_v:
we‡`wk, †hŠ_ D‡`¨vM I evsjv‡`k miKvi|
 evsjv‡`‡k wewb‡qvMKvix me©e„nr we‡`wk ms¯’v- BqsIqvb
(`wÿY †Kvwiqvb)|
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g I GKgvÎ wek^ evwYR¨ †K›`ª (WTC)
Aew¯’Z- PÆMÖvg|
 hy³ivóª cY¨ Avg`vwb‡Z ïé I †KvUvgy³ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi Pvjy
K‡i- 1976 mv‡j|
 Mv‡g©›Um wk‡íi wbivcËvi Rb¨ wkí cywjk MwVZ nq- 31
A‡±vei 2010|
 evsjv‡`k †gNjq †_‡K Kqjv Avg`vwb K‡i- wm‡j‡Ui
Zvgvwej mxgvšÍ w`‡q|
A_©bxwZ m¤úwK©Z K‡qKwU wel‡qi c~Y©iƒc
2. RvZxq A_©‰bwZK cwil` (NEC)
3. RZxq A_©‰bwZK cwil‡`i wbe©vwn KwgwU (ECNEC)
4. gš¿Yvjq/ wefv‡Mi cwiKíbv DBs|
cwiKíbv Kwgkb
miKvi cÖavb †Pqvig¨b, cwiKíbv gš¿x fvBm †Pqvig¨vb, GKRb
†WcywU †Pqvig¨vb, Kwgk‡bi m`m¨e„›` Ges cwiKíbv wefv‡Mi
mwP‡ei mgš^‡q cwiKíbv Kwgkb MwVZ| Dbœqb cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi
f~wgKv- miKv‡ii Av_©-mvgvwRK D‡Ïk¨vejxi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L
†`‡ki A_©‡bwZK I mvgvvRK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ RvZxq, evwl©K,
ga¨‡gqvw`, cÂevwl©K, `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbv cÖYqb|
evwl©K Dbœqb Kg©m~wP cÖYqb Ges ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ bxwZgvjv cÖYqb|
Dbœqb cwiKíbvi ev¯Íevqb AMÖMwZ ch©‡eÿY| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A_©‰bwZK
welqvewji Dci mgxÿv cwiPvjbv|

‰e‡`wkK mvnvq¨ Pvwn`v wbiæcY ‰e‡`wkK F‡Yi g~j¨vqb Ges

NNP Net National Product cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYvqb, cÖ‡qvRbxq Rwic I AbymÜvb Kvh©µg, Dbœqb
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq AeKvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© civgk© cÖ`vb|
DNS Directorate of National Savings
RvZxq A_©‡bwZK cwil‡` †cÖi‡Yi Rb¨ evwl©K Dbœqb Kg©m~wP
NBR National Board of Revenue
PPP Public-Private Partnership P~ovšÍKiY|
HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
Dbœqb cwiKíbv cÖYqb, ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi 3wU
LDC Least Developed Countries
CPI Consumer Price Index wefvM i‡q‡Q|
ATM Automated Teller Machines
 mvaviY A_©bxwZ wefvM|
SIM Subscriber Identity Module
 Kvh©µg I g~j¨vqb wefvM|
A_©bxwZ wewfbœ ZË¡ I cÖe³v  ‡m±i wefvM|
RvZxq A_©‰bwZK cwil` (NEC)
ZË¡ cÖe³v
RbmsL¨v ZË¡ g¨vj_vm ‡Pqvicvimb cÖavbgš¿x Ges gš¿xMY m`m¨| mnvqZv`vbKvix
wefvRb ZË¡ g‡›U¯‹z Kg©KZ©vMY: gš¿xcwil` mwPe, cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi m`m¨e„›`, mswkøó
LvRbv ZË¡ I Zzjbvg~jK LiP ZË¡ †WwfW wiKv‡W©v gš¿Yvj‡qi mwPe, evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki Mfb©i|
wbg LvRbv Avj‡d«W gvk©vj
Kvg¨ RbmsL¨v ZË¡ WvjUb Dbœqb cwiKíbvq NEC- Gi Kvh©cwiwa
RbmsL¨v ZË¡ g¨vj_vm
Afvm mv‡g¨i ZË¡ n¨vÝ wmsMvi ga¨‡gqv`x cwiKíbv, ADP- Gi A_©‰bwZK Kg©cš’v (Policy)
Kj¨vY A_©bxwZ, mvgvwRK Pqb AgZ©¨ †mb wbiæc‡Yi cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q mvgwMÖK w`‡K wb‡`k©bv cÖ`vb|
`vwi‡`ª¨i `yóPµ bvK©m
cwiKíbv Kg©m~wP Ges Kg©cš’vi P~ovšÍ Aby‡gv`b cÖ`vb, Dbœqb
Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi AMÖMwZ chv©‡jvPbv, Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœqb
Dbœqb cwiKíbv cÖwZôvwZK KvVv‡gv
cÖ‡qvRbxq wm×všÍ I e¨e¯’v MÖnY|
evsjv‡`‡ki cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ kxl© miKv‡i
cÖwZôvb n‡”Q evsjv‡`k cwiKíbv Kwgkb| GwU cwiKíbv GK‡bK (ECNEC)
gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb| Dbœqb cwiKíbvi ‡ÿ‡Î †`‡k Pvi ai‡bi GK‡b‡Ki †Pqvicvimb n‡”Q cÖavbgš¿x Ges weKí †Pqvicvimb
cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv KvR K‡i _v‡K| G¸‡iv n‡jv:- A_©gš¿x| m`m¨MY n‡”Qb mswkøó gš¿Yvj‡qi `vwqZ¡cªvß gš¿xMY|
1. cwiKíbv Kwgkb
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 77
 Dbœqb cwiKíbvq G‡K‡bK Gi Kvh©cwiwa ‡hŠ_ A_©‰bwZK Kwgkb

mKj wewb‡qvM cÖK‡íi we‡ePbv I Aby‡gv`b, Dbœqb cÖKímg~‡ni
ev¯Íevqb chv©‡jvPbv, A_©‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZi cixÿY I mvgwMÖK
A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ I mswkøwó bxwZ wba©viYx welqmg~n ch©v‡jvPbv|
cwiKíbv DBs
wewfbœ gš¿Yvjq/wefv‡M Aew¯’Z cwiKíbv DBs Dbœqb cwiKíbv
cÖYq‡Y cÖv_wgK I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
cwiKíbv DBs- Gi Kg©cwiwa
cÖKí cÖwµqvKiY, cÖK‡íi ev¯Íevqb, cixÿY, g~j¨vqY I wiwfD,
wewfbœ mgxÿv MÖnY, ev¯Íevqb AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb,
ZvZv‡`k/ms¯’vi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv, cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi Dbœqb I
cwiKíbv m¤úwKZ wel‡q djevZ©v cÖ`vb|
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Kvh©cwiwa‡Z GB PviwU cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g
Dbœqb cwiKíbv cÖYqb, Aby‡gv`b, ev¯Íevqb ch©‡eÿY I g~jq‡bi
cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gvMZ Kvh©µg Abym„Z I m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K|
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb †dvig
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb †dvivg ÔGBW Kb‡mvwU©qvgÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| 1974
mv‡j cÖwZôvKv‡j Gi bvg wQj evsjv‡`k ÔGBW MÖæcÕ| 1997 mv‡j
bvgKiY Kiv nq c¨vwim Kvb‡mvwU©qvg MÖæc (PCG)| mvaviYZ
cÖwZeQi ˆeVK AbywôZ nZ d«v‡Ýi ivRavbx c¨vwi‡m| 2001,
2004, 2005, 2010, 2015 Ges 2019 mv‡j XvKvq ˆeVK
AbywôZ nq| G ms¯’vi mgš^qKvix wek^K¨vsK| evsjv‡`k Dbœqb
†dviv‡gi ˆeV‡K mfvcwZZ¡ K‡i wek^e¨vsK| m`m¨ 20wU, 4wU `vZv
ms¯’v Ges 16wU †`k| GB †dviv‡g AšÍf~³ bv †_‡KI evsjv‡`k‡K
mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb K‡i Pxb, fviZ, Kz‡qZ, cvwK¯Ívb, †mŠw` Avie,
mshy³ Avie AvwgivZ, `wÿY †Kvwiqv, †¯úb, IDB I OPEC.
‡RBwm (JEC) Gi c~Y©iƒc- Joint Economic Commission (†hŠ_
A_©‰bwZK Kwgkb) | †hŠ_ A_©‰bwZK Kwgkb MwVZ nq e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i
cÖmvi, A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ e„w× I AgxgvswmZ A_©‰bwZK welq¸‡jvi
m¤§vbRbK wb®úwËi j‡ÿ¨| wewfbœ †`‡ki mv‡_ †RBwmÕi mvwe©K `vwqZ¡
cvjb K‡i _v‡K cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi BAviwW wefvM| evsjv‡`k cÖ_g †hŠ_
A_©‰bwZK Kwgkb (JEC) MVb K‡i 1982 mv‡j| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki
mv‡_ R‡q›U B‡Kv‡bvwgK Kwgkb i‡q‡Q- 17wU †`k I 1wU ms¯’vi mv‡_|
evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ R‡q›U B‡Kv‡bvwgK Kwgkbfy³ †`k¸‡jv n‡jv- Pxb,
fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb, †bcvj, kÖxjsKv, Kz‡qZ, gvj‡qwkqv, `wÿY †Kvwiqv,
Bivb, Zzi¯‹, †mŠw` Avie, †ejwRqvg, †ivgvwbqv, _vBj¨vÛ, wdwjcvBb,
wf‡qZbvg I B‡›`v‡bwkqv| Avi GKgvÎ ms¯’v BD‡ivcxq A_©‰bwZK cwil`
EEC|
cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv
cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv cÖeZ©b K‡ib ivwkqvi †hv‡md ÷¨vwjb| cÖeZ©K
†`k ej‡j †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb (ivwkqv)| evsjv‡`‡k cÂevwl©K
cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡i cwiKíbv Kwgkb (m`i`ßi: XvKvi
AvMviMvuI‡q)| evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv Kiv nq
1973-1978 mvj ch©šÍ| AšÍeZ©xKvjxb evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ wØevwl©K
cwiKíbv wQ‡jv 1978-1980 mvj ch©šÍ| cÂg cÂevwl©Kx
cwiKíbvi ci evsjv‡`‡k MÖnxZ nq- `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb †KŠkjcÎ
(PRSP)| mßg cÂevwl©Kx †gqv` wQ‡jv 2016-2020 mvj ch©šÍ 5
eQi| evsjv‡`‡k G ch©šÍ cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i‡Q 8wU|
me©‡kl Aóg cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvi w¯’i jÿ¨ iƒcKí- 2041|
†gqv`: RyjvB, 2020 †_‡K Ryb, 2025 ch©šÍ (5 eQi), m~PK:
104wU| ‡¯øvMvb, ÒmK‡ji mv‡_ mg„w×i c‡_|Ó
evsjv‡`‡ki cÂg evwl©Kx cwiKíbvmg~n
cÖ_g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv

XvKvq AbywôZ BDF ˆeVK ‡gqv` 1973-78 mvj

A_© eivÏ 4,455 †KvwU UvKv
Zg XvKq Av‡qvRb mgqKvj cÖK…Z e¨q 2,074 †KvwU UvKv
24 cÖ_g 4-5 b‡f¤^i, 2019 ‰e‡`wkK mnvqZv 72 kZvsk
30 wØZxq 16-18 †g, 2003 cÖe„w×i jÿ¨gvÎv 5.5 kZvsk
31 Z…Zxq 8-10 †g, 2004 cÖe„w× AR©b 4 kZvsk
32 PZz_© 15-17 b‡f¤^i, 2005
miKvwi Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM 89 kZvsk
33 cÂg 15-16 †deªæqvwi, 2010
†emiKvwi Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM 11 kZvsk
34 lô 15-16 b‡f¤^i, 2015
35 mßg 17-18 Rvbyqvwi, 2019
wØZxq cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv
evsjv‡`k U¨vwid Kwgkb
evwYR¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi 28 RyjvB 1973 Zvwi‡Li wm×všÍ e‡j D³ gš¿Yvj‡qi ‡gqv` 1980-85 mvj
Aaxb¯’ Awa`ßi wn‡m‡e U¨vwid Kwgkb KvR ïiæ K‡i| 1992 mv‡j D³ A_© eivÏ 17,200 †KvwU UvKv
Kwgkb evsjv‡`k U¨vwid Kwgkb bv‡g cybM©wVZ nq| Kwgk‡bi cÖavb cÖK…Z e¨q 15,297 †KvwU UvKv
KvR †`kxq wk‡íi ¯^v_© msiÿY| ‰e‡`wkK mnvqZv 64 kZvsk
cÖe„w×i jÿ¨gvÎv 5.4 kZvsk

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 78

 cÖe„w× AR©b 3.8 kZvsk lô cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv
miKvwi Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM 65 kZvsk
†emiKvwi Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM 35 kZvsk ‡gqv` 2011-2015 mvj
cÖK…Z RvZxq Av‡qi cÖe„w×i nvi 6.1%-8% G e„w×|
Z…Zxq cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv wkí Lv‡Z Kg©ms¯’v‡bi nvi 17%-25% G DbœxZKiY|
cÖv_wgK wkÿvq AšÍf~©w³i nvi 91%-100% G e„w×|
‡gqv` 1985-90 mvj we`y¨r Drcv`b 47%-68% G e„w×|
A_© eivÏ 38,600 †KvwU UvKv g„Zz¨nvi cÖwZ nvRv‡i 62-50 G n«vm|
cÖK…Z e¨q 27,011 †KvwU UvKv
‰e‡`wkK mnvqZv 90 kZvsk mßg cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv
cÖe„w×i jÿ¨gvÎv 5.4 kZvsk
cÖe„w× AR©b 3.8 kZvsk ‡gqv` RyjvB 2016- Ryb 2020
AMÖwaKvi cÖvß LvZ 6wU| h_v: we`y¨r I R¦vjvwb wbivcËv,
PZz_© cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb, †fŠZ AeKvVv‡gv
wbg©vY, AvBwmwU Lv‡Zi e¨vcK
‡gqv` 1990-95 mvj cÖ‡qvM, Rjevqy cwieZ©b, Avq I
A_© eivÏ 62,000 †KvwU UvKv AvÂwjK ˆelg¨ Kwg‡q Avbv|
cÖK…Z e¨q 59,848 †KvwU UvKv mßg cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvi jÿ¨ n‡jv GDP cÖe„w×i nvi µgš^‡q
¯’vbxq m¤ú` †_‡K e¨q 52 kZvsk 2015 mv‡j 6.5% †_‡K 2020 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 8% G DbœZx Kiv|
‰e‡`wkK mnvqZv 48 kZvsk mßg cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvi (2015-2020) †gqv‡` Mo cÖe„w×i nvi
cÖe„w×i jÿ¨gvÎv 5 kZvsk 7.4% cÖ‡ÿcY Kiv|
cÖe„w× AR©b 4.15 kZvsk
`vwi`ª¨ `~ixKiY I mvgvwRK wbivcËv Kg©m~wP

cðg cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv gyw³‡hv×v m¤§vbx fvZv Kvh©µg ïiæ nq 1996 mv‡j|
m¤§vbx fvZv 20,000 UvKv|
‡gqv` RyjvB, 1997-Ryb, 2002 eq¯‹ fvZv Kvh©µg ïiæ nq 1998 mv‡j|
‡gvU eivÏ 1,95,952 †KvwU UvKv fvZv cwigvY 500 UvKv|
cÖK…Z e¨q 1,37,364 †KvwU UvKv `vwi`ª¨ gv‡q‡`i gvZ…Z¡Kvjxb Kvh©µg ïiæ nq 2007 mv‡j|
cÖe„w× AR©b 5.21 kZvsk fvZv fvZvi cwigvY 800 UvKv|
cÖe„w×i jÿ¨gvÎv 7 kZvsk weaev I ¯^vgx wbM„nxZv gwnjv Kvh©µg ïiæ nq 1997-99 A_©
wewb‡qvM  56 kZvsk †emiKvwi fvZv eQ‡i|
LvZ †_‡K Ges 44 AvkÖqY cÖKí Kvh©µg ïiæ nq 1997 mv‡j|
kZvsk miKvwi LvZ AvkÖqY cÖKí-2 Kvh©µg ïiæ nq 2010-2022
†_‡K msMÖn Kiv nq| mv‡j|
 77.56 kZvsk
Af¨šÍixY Drm †_‡K
Ges 22.44 kZvsk GKwU evwo GKwU Lvgvi/Avgvi evwo Avgvi Lvgvi
ˆe‡`wkK Drm †_‡K|
cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbvi 10 wU we‡kl D‡`¨v‡Mi cÖ_g D‡`¨vM n‡jv
 57 fvM †emiKvwi ÔGKwU evwo GKwU LvgviÕ| cÖKíwUi Aby‡gv`b K‡ib GK‡bK|
LvZ †_‡K Ges 43
fvM miKvwi LvZ cÖKíwUi †gqv` RyjvB 2009 †_‡K Ryb 2021 ch©šÍ| cÖK‡íi ‡gqv`
†_‡K| †kq nq 30 Ryb 2021 mv‡j|
`vwi‡`ª¨i nvi 48 †_‡K 30 kZvs‡k n«vm|
¯^vÿiZvi nvi 48 †_‡K 70 kZvs‡k e„w×|
Lv`¨ Drcv`b 2 †KvwU 51 jÿ 20 nvRvi
Ub| ÒAnd that there is not for man except
RbmsL¨vi e„w×i nvi 1.75% †_‡K 1.32 %
that [good] for which he strivesÓ

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 79

 mvabv 1891 eix›`ªbv_ VvKzi
‡jKPvi b¤^i- 17 mIMuvZ 1918 ‡gvnv¤§` bvwmi DwÏb
‡eMg 1946 b~iRvnvb †eMg
meyR 1914 cÖg_ †PŠayix
Pjw”PÎ msev` †KŠgy`x 1821 ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq I
fevbx PiY e‡›`¨vcva¨vq
me©cÖ_g Pjw”PÎ wbg©vY Kiv nq 1895 mv‡j
me©cÖ_g Pjw”PÎ wbg©vY K‡ib jywgqvi eªv`vm© (hy³ivóª)
Dcgnv‡`‡ki Pjw”P‡Îi RbK nxivjvj †mb mv¤úªwZK mg‡q gyw³cÖvß Pjw”PÎ
cÖ_g gymjgvb evOvwj Pjw”PÎKvi KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg
evsjv‡`‡k Pjw”P‡Îi RbK Ave`yj RveŸvi Lvb  ¯^í‰`N©¨ Pjw”PÎ ÔÔRb‡Ki gyLÕÕ cwiPvjK- gvbœvb nxiv|
evsjv‡`‡ki †kÖô Pjw”PÎKvi Rwni ivqnvb  gyw³hy×wfwËK Pjw”PÎ ÔÔGKRb gnvb wcZvÕÕ cwiPvjK- wgR©v
Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g wbe©vK 1903 mv‡j wbwg©Z Avjx mvLvIqvZ †nv‡mb|
Pjw”PÎ evev Pwjøk †Pvi cwiPvjK-  e½eÜz‡K wb‡q wbwg©Z cÖvgvY¨ Pjw”PÎ ÔÔgaygwZ cv‡oi gvbyl:
nxivjvj †mb
†kL gywReyi ingvbÕÕ cwiPvjK- Zvbfxi †gvKv‡¤§j|
Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖ_g mevK Pjw”PÎ 1931 mv‡j wbwg©Z ÔRvgvB
lôxÕ cwiPvjK-  gyw³hy× wfwËK Pjw”PÎ ÔÔ1971 †mBme w`bÕÕ cwiPvjK- üw`
Ag‡i›`ªbv_ †PŠayix nK|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g mevK Pjw”PÎ 1956 mv‡j wbwg©Z ÔgyL I  ‡Rgm eÛ wmwi‡Ri 25Zg Pjw”P‡Îi bvg- No Time to
gy‡LvkÕ cwiPvjK Ave`yj- Die.
RveŸvi Lvb  m¤úªwZ mg‡q Av‡jvwPZ Pjw”PÎ- nvIqv (cwiPvjK †gRevDi
Kvb Pjw”PÎ Drme cyi¯‹vicÖvß gvwUi gqbv cwiPvjK- ingvb mygb)| eûj Av‡jvwPZ Pjw”PÎ- Acv‡ikb my›`ieb
cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk Pjw”PÎ Zv‡iK gvmy`
(cwiPvjK `xc¼i `xcb)|
A¯‹vi cyi¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ gvwUi gqbv (2002
cÖwZØwØZvKvix cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk mv‡j) evsjv‡`‡ki †Ljvayjv
Pjw”PÎ
AvšÍRv©wZK cyi¯‹vicÖvß ÔAvMvgxÕ cwiPvjK- wµ‡KU
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ¯^í‰`N©¨ †gvi‡k`yj Bmjvg
evsjv‡`k wµ‡KU †ev‡W©i eZ©gvb mfvcwZ bvRgyj nvmvb cvcb|
Pjw”PÎ
fvi‡Z AbywôZ AvšÍRv©wZK Ôk•Lvbxj KvivMviÕ RvZxq wµ‡KU `‡ji †KvP iv‡mj †Wvwg‡½v (`wÿY Avwd«Kv) Ges
Pjw”PÎ Drm‡e wm‡bgv Ae `¨ cwiPvjK- ûgvqb Avng` RvZxq gwnjv wµ‡KU `‡ji †KvP gvK© iwebmb (hy³ivR¨)|
Iqvì nq
I‡qemvB‡U cÖ`wk©Z cÖ_g evsjv Ô‡fovweovjÕ cwiPvjK-  RvZxq wµ‡KU `‡ji AwabvqK ‡U÷: mvweK Avj nvmvb,
Pjw”PÎ knx`yj Bmjvg †LvKb Iqvb‡W: Zvwgg BKevj, wU-‡Uv‡qw›U: mvwKe Avj nvmvb|
gyw³hy×wfwËK cÖ_g cÖvgvY¨ wPÎ Stop Genocide  RvZxq gwnjv wµ‡KU `‡ji AwabvqK Iqvb‡W Ges wU-
gyw³hy×wfwËK cÖ_g c~Y©v½ Iiv 11 Rb †Uv‡qvw›U wbMvi myjZvbv †R¨vwZ|

Iqvb‡W wµ‡K‡U evsjv‡`k

wewfbœ cÎ cwÎKvi cÖKvkKvj I m¤úv`K  evsjv‡`k Iqvb‡W ÷¨vUvm jvf K‡i- 15 Ryb, 1997
cwÎKv cÖKvkKvj m¤úv`K mv‡j|
‡e½j †M‡RU 1780 ‡Rgm AMv÷vm wnwK  evsjv‡`k wµ‡KU `‡ji cÖ_g AwabvqK wQ‡jb- kvgxg
w`K`k©b, 1818 Rb K¬vK gvk©g¨vb Kwei|
mgvPvi `c©Y  evsjv‡`k AvB.wm.wm. Kv‡c P¨vw¤úqb nq- lô,
eªvþY †mewa 1821 ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq gvj‡qwkqvq 1997 mv‡j|
ayg‡KZz 1922 KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg  Iqvb‡W wµ‡K‡U evsjv‡`k †h `j‡K civwRZ K‡i-
jv½j 1925 KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg †Kwbqv, 1998 mv‡j|
‰`wbK behyM 1941 KvRx bRiæj Bmjvg I
†gvRvddi Avng`  evsjv‡`k †U÷ wmwiR Rqjvf K‡i- wR¤^vey‡q|
msev` cÖfvKi 1831 Ck^iP›`ª ¸ß ‡U÷ wµ‡K‡U evsjv‡`‡ki
e½`k©b 1872 ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq  evsjv‡`k ‡U÷ ÷¨vUvm jvf K‡i- 26 Ryb, 2000 mv‡j|
MÖvg evZ©v 1863 Kv½vj nwibv_
 evsjv‡`k we‡k^i- `kg †U÷ †Ljy‡o †`k|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 80
  evsjv‡`k wµ‡KU `‡ji Awf‡lK †U÷ AbywôZ nq- 2000
mv‡j XvKvq|
 evsjv‡`k Awf‡lK †U÷ †L‡j- fvi‡Zi wec‡ÿ|
 Awf‡lK †U÷ evsjv‡`k `‡ji AwabvqK wQ‡jb- bvCgyi
ingvb `yR©q|
wek^Kvc wµ‡K‡U evsjv‡`‡k
 wek^Kvc wµ‡K‡U evsjv‡`‡ki Awf‡lK nq- 1999 mv‡j
(wbDwRj¨v‡Ûi weiæ‡×)|
 wek^Kvc wµ‡K‡U ¯‹vUj¨v‡Ûi weiæ‡× evsjv‡`k cÖ_g
Rqjvf K‡i |
evsjv‡`k bvix wµ‡KU `j ÷¨vUvm jvf
 evsjv‡`k bvix wµ‡KU `j Iqvb‡W I wU-20 ÷¨vUvm jvf
2011 mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k bvix wµ‡KU `j ‡U÷ ÷¨vUvm jvf 1 GwcÖj,
2021 mv‡j|
Awjw¤ú‡K evsjv‡`k
 evsjv‡`k wek^ Awjw¤ú‡K cÖ_g AskMÖnY K‡i- jm
G‡Äj‡m, 1984 mv‡j|
 wek^ Awjw¤ú‡K evsjv‡`k cÖ_g 23 Zg Awjw¤ú‡K
AskMÖnY K‡iwQ‡jv|
dzUe‡j evsjv‡`k
evsjv‡`k dzUej †dWv‡ikb (evdz‡d) eZ©gvb mfvcwZ KvRx
mvjvDwÏb| RvZxq dzUej `‡ji †KvP nvwe‡qi Kve‡eiv (†¯úb)|
RvZxq dzUej `‡ji AwabvqK Rvgvj fu~Bqv Ges cÖgxjv dzUej
`‡ji AwabvqK mvwebv LvZzb
dzUe‡j evsjv‡`k wewea
 evsjv‡`k wddvi m`m¨c` jvf K‡i- 1 Rvbyqvwi, 1976
mv‡j|
 evsjv‡`k cÖ_g wek^Kvc dzUe‡ji evQvBce© AskMÖnY K‡i-
1986 mv‡j|
 ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq dzUej `‡ji cÖ_g
AwabvqK- RvKvwiqv wc›Uz|
 evsjv‡`‡ki dzUej BwZnv‡mi †kÖô †L‡jvqvi- hv`yKi
mvgv`|
evsjv‡`k µxov wkÿv cÖwZôvb
 evsjv‡`k µxov wkÿv cªwZôvb‡K ms‡ÿ‡c ejv nq-
we‡KGmwc|
 we‡KGmwc cªwZwôZ nq- 1986 mv‡j|
 we‡KGmwc Aew¯’Z- mvfv‡ii wRivwb‡Z|
evsjv‡`‡ki `vevo–
 `vevq MÖ¨vÛgv÷vi Dcwa †c‡q‡Qb- 5 Rb evsjv‡`kx-
 wbqvR †gv‡k©`
 wRqvDi ingvb
 widvZ web mvËvi
 Avãyjøvn Avj ivKxe
 Gbvgyj †nv‡mb ivRxe
 `vev †Ljvi m‡ev©”P †LZve- MÖ¨vÛgv÷vi|
 evsjv‡`‡ki me©‡kÖô `vevo–- wbqvR †gv‡k©`|
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ AvšÍRv©wZK gwnjv `vevo–- ivbx
nvwg`|
evsjv‡`‡ki mvZviæ
 evsjv‡`‡ki me©Kv‡ji me©‡kÖô mvuZviæ- eª‡Rb `vm|
 Bswjk P¨v‡bj AwZµgKvix cÖ_g Gkxq mvZviæ-
evsjv‡`‡ki eª‡Rb `vm|
c`K I cyi¯‹vi
¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹vi- 2022
ivóª KZ…©K cÖ`vb Kiv m‡e©v”P †emvgwiK c`K ¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹vi|
¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹vi- 2022 †c‡q‡Q 9 wewkó e¨w³ I 2wU cÖwZôvb|
¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹vi cÖ`v‡bi welq: ¯^vaxbZv I gyw³hy×, wPwKrmvwe`¨v,
¯’vcZ¨ Ges M‡elYv I cÖwkÿY|
wewkó e¨w³ Ae`v‡bi welq
1. exi gyw³‡hv×v Bwjqvm Avn‡g` †PŠayix
2. knx` K‡b©j L›`Kvi bvRgyj û`v
(exiweµg)
3. exi gyw³‡hv×v Avãyj Rwjj
4. exi gyw³‡hv×v wmivR DÏxb Avn‡g` ¯^vaxbZv I gyw³hy×
5. exi gyw³‡hv×v ‡gvn¤§` QwnDwÏb wek^vm
(gi‡YvËi)
6. exi gyw³‡hv×v wmivRyj nK (gi‡YvËi)
7. Aa¨vcK Wv. †gv. Kvgiæj Bmjvg wPwKrmvwe`¨v
8. Aa¨vcK Wv. KbK KvwšÍ eo–qv
9. ‰mq` gvBbyj †nv‡mb (gi‡YvËi) ¯’vcZ¨we`¨v
¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹vi- 2022 cÖvß 2 wU cÖwZôvb :
 M‡elYv I cÖwkÿY Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ Ôevsjv‡`k Mg I fzÆv
M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDUÕ|
 gywRee‡l© kZfvM we`y¨Zvqb Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ Ô evsjv‡`k
we`y¨r wefvMÕ|
GKz‡k c`K- 2022
fvlv Av‡›`vjb, gyw³hy×, wkíKjv, M‡elYv, fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨ we‡kl
Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e G eQ‡ii GKz‡k c`K †c‡q‡Qb- 24 Rb|

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 81

 bvg K¨vUvMwi RvZxq cwi‡ek c`K-2021 (‡NvlYv: 2022)
wgR©v †Zvdv¾j †nv‡mb gyKzj fvlv Av‡›`vjb (`yRb) RvZxq cwi‡ek c`K cªeZ©b Kiv nq 2009 mv‡j|
(gi‡YvËi), Gg G gwZb (gi‡YvËi)
exi gyw³‡hv×v †gv. gwZDi ingvb,  cwi‡ek msiÿY I `ylY wbqš¿Y: Gg.G gwZb (gwZb
‰mq` †gvqv‡¾g Avjx (gi‡YvËi), gyw³hy× (PviRb) ˆmKZ) I ivRkvnx wmwU Ki‡cv‡ikb|
wKD G we Gg ingvb, AvgRv` Avjx  cwi‡ek welqK wkÿv I cÖPvi: Bbvg Avj nK I Ôevsjv‡`k
L›`Kvi
wi‡mvm© †m›Uvi di B‡Û‡Rbvm b‡jRÕ (eviwmK)|
Kwe Kvgvj †PŠayix, SY©v `kv cyiKvqš’ fvlv I mvwnZ¨ (`yRb)
Gg G gv‡jK mvsevw`KZv AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv c`K- 2021
‡gv. Av‡bvqvi †nv‡mb weÁvb I cÖhyw³
Aa¨vcK W. †MŠZg ey× `vk wkÿvq
RvZxq c`K Aa¨vcK †gvnv¤§` iwdKzj Bmjvg I g_yiv
Gm Gg Aveªvnvg wjsKb, msNivR mgvR‡mev
weKvk wÎcyiv
ÁvbkÖx gnv‡_i
AvšÍR©vwZK c`K BmgvBjf ¸jg wgiRv‡qwfP (DR‡ewK¯Ívb)
W. †gv. Gbvgyj nK (`j‡bZv) M‡elYvq (D”P
W. kvnvbvR myjZvbv, W. RvbœvZzj djbkxj Rv‡Zi avb The Activismo Lenguan (ewjwfqv
†di‡`Šm| Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨) PviRb wfwËK msMVb)
`jMZfv‡e: evsjv‡`k avb M‡elYv (`jMZfv‡e wZbRb)
Bbw÷wUDU
wewea

 bvix‡`i Rb¨ m‡e©v”P ivóªxq c`K- e½gvZv †eMg dwRjvZz‡bœQv

evsjv GKv‡Wwg mvwnZ¨ cyi®‹vi- 2021 (†NvlYv: 2022)
gywRe c`K (Pvjy-2021)|
evsjv GKv‡Wwg mvwnZ¨ cyi¯‹vi †c‡q‡Qb †gvU 15 Rb|
 nxivjvj †mb c`K- 1428 (2022) jvf K‡ib- †iRIqvb
KweZv Avmv` gvbœvb I wegj ¸n
kvnwiqvi mywgZ cwiPvwjZ Pjw”PÎ Ô‡bvbv R‡ji Kve¨|
bvUK mvabv Avn‡g`
K_v mwnZ¨ SY©v ingvb I wek^wRZ †PŠayix  gvjØxc ‡¯úvU©m A¨vIqvW© 2022 jvf K‡i- hye I µxov
cÖeÜ/ ‡nv‡mb DwÏb †PŠayix cÖwZgš¿x Rvwn` Avnmvb iv‡mj|
M‡elYv  Gwkqvi †bv‡ej L¨vZ i¨vgb g¨vM‡m‡m cyi¯‹vi 2021 jvf
gyw³hy× welqqK M‡elYv cvbœv Kvqmvi K‡ib- W. †di‡`Šmx Kv`ix|
wkï mvwnZ¨ iwdKzj iwk`  RvwZms‡Ni P¨vw¤úqb Ae †Møvevj †PÄ cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib- W.
AvZ¥Rxebx/ ¯§„wZK_v/ mywdqv LvZzb I nvq`vi AvKei Lvb gynv¤§` BDbym|
ågYKvwnwb i‡bv
weÁvb/ KíweÁvb/ ïfvMZ †PŠayix mycvi wUc&m
cwi‡ekweÁvb
Abyev` Avwgbyi ingvb I iwdK-Dg-gybxi 1. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi iÿK mywcÖg‡KvU©|
†PŠayix 2. evsjvi me©cÖvPxb Rbc‡`i bvg cyÛª|
‡dvK‡jvi Avwgbyi ingvb myjZvb
3. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi hy‡× 7 Rb gyw³‡hv×v‡K Ôexi‡kÖôÕ, 69
e½eÜz welqK M‡elYv nviæb Ai iwk`
Rb gyw³‡hv×v‡K Ôexi DËgÕ, 175 Rb gyw³‡hv×v‡K Ôexi weµgÕ,
Ges 426 Rb gyw³‡hv×v‡K Ôexi cÖZxKÕ †LZv‡e f~wlZ Kiv nq|
RvZxq Pjw”PÎ cyi¯‹vi- 2020 (†NvlYv: 2022) 4. gywRebMi miKv‡ii ¯^ivóª, ÎvY I cybe©vmb gš¿x wQ‡jb G. GBP.
Gg. Kvgviæ¾vgvb| cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb ZvRDÏxb Avn‡g`, A_©gš¿x
‡miv Pjw”PÎ ‡Mvi (cwiPvjK MvRx ivKv‡qZ †nv‡mb, ‡miv wQ‡jb Gg. gbmyi Avjx, A¯’vqx I Dc-ivóªcwZ ‰mq` bRiæj
Awf‡bZx ‡ivRvwjb wØcvwš^Zv gvwU©b), wek^ Bmjvg|
my›`ix (cwiPvjK PqwbKv †PŠayix, ‡miv 5. evsjvi cÖ_g ¯^vaxb beve gywk©` Kzwj Lvb Ges †kl ¯^vaxb beve
Awf‡bZv wmqvg Avn‡g`) wmivRD‡ÏŠjv|
‡miv ¯^í‰`N©¨ Avos (cwiPvjK RvbœvZzj †di`vDb)
6. BD‡b‡¯‹v 17 b‡f¤^i, 1999 Zvwi‡L 21 ‡deªæqvwi‡K AvšÍRvwZ©K
Pjw”PÎ
AvRxeb m¤§vbbv Av‡bqviv ‡eMg I ivBmyj Bmjvg Avmv` gvZ„fvlv w`em wn‡m‡e ¯^xK„wZ †`q|
‡miv cÖvgvY¨ e½eÜzi ivR‰bwZK Rxeb I evsjv‡`‡ki 7. evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËi XvKv, dwi`cyi I gqgbwmsn cÖvPxbKv‡j e½
Pjw”PÎ Afz¨`q (cwiPvjK ˆmqa meve Avjx AviRy) Rbc‡`i AšÍf©y³ wQ‡jv|

ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 82

8. gymwjg kvmK‡`i Avg‡j evsjvfvlx AÂj Ôev½vjvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ
n‡q I‡V|
9. Pxb‡`‡ki ch©UK/ågYKvix dv-wn‡qb ¸ßhy‡M evsjv‡`‡k AvMgb
K‡i|
10. †Kv‡bv bvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK AwaKvi jw•NZ n‡j msweav‡b 102
bs Aby‡”Q‡`i weavb Abyhvwq gvgjv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
11. evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi c×wZ GK‡Kw›`ªK|
12. BSTI Gi c~Y© Awfe¨w³ Bangladesh Standards and
Testing Institue.
13. e½f‡½i Kvi‡Y c~e©e½ I Avmvg bv‡g bZzb cÖ‡`‡ki m„wó
n‡qwQ‡jv|
14. fvlv Av‡›`vjb wfwËK cÖ_g mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb ÔZgyÏxb gRwjkÕ
(me©cÖ_g evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe Rvbvq) cÖwZôv K‡ib XvKv
wek^we`¨vj‡qi c`v_© weÁvb wefv‡Mi ZiæY Aa¨vcK Aveyj Kv‡kg|
15. ÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwi, Avwg Kx fzwj‡Z
cvwiÕ- MvbwU iPbv K‡i Ave`yj Mvddvi †PŠaywi|
16. wm‡qiv wjIb evsjv fvlv‡K Zv‡`i Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡me
¯^xK…wZ w`‡q‡Q|
17. evsjv‡`‡k ÿz`ª b„‡Mvôxi msL¨v 48 wU|
18. a~g‡KZy cwÎKvwUi cÖKvkbv Dcj‡ÿ iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Avkxe©v`
evYx cvwV‡q wQ‡jb|
19. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cÖZx‡K 4 wU ZviKv Av‡Q|
20. evOvwjb gyw³i mb` ÔQq `dvÕ 23 †deªæqvwi 1966 Zvwi‡L
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡qwQ‡jv|
21. ÔGev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡`i gyw³i msMÖvg, Gev‡ii msMÖvg
¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvgÕ RvwZi wcZv 7 gvP© 1971 mv‡j GB †NvlYv †`b|
22. evsjv‡`‡ki cve©Z¨ †Rjv A_©vr ev›`ievb, iv½vgvwU I
LvMovQwo‡Z Ryg Pvl nq|
23. evsjv‡`‡ki †gŠjfxevRvi †Rjvq me‡P‡q ‡ewk Pv evMvb
i‡q‡Q|
24. Ôag©xq ¯^vaxbZvÕ evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 41 bs Aby‡”Q‡`i
AšÍf©y³|
25. evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Av`gïgvwi 1974 mv‡j AbywôZ nq|
26. evsjv‡`‡ki wRwWwc †Z †mev Lv‡Zi Ave`vb me‡P‡q †ewk|
27. wek^e¨vsK 1 RyjvB 2015 mv‡j evsjv‡`k‡K wb¤œ-ga¨g Av‡qi
†`k wn‡m‡e ZvwjKvfz³ K‡i|
28. e½eÜz m¨v‡UjvBU-2 n‡e Av_©-AeRvi‡fkb m¨v‡UjvBU|
29. evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z M½vi cvwb e›Ub Pzw³i
†gqv` †kl n‡e 2026 mv‡j|
30. gnvb gyw³hy× PjvKvjxb ÔKbmvU© di evsjv‡`kÕ wbDBq‡K©i
†gwWmb ¯‹qv‡i AbywôZ n‡qwQ‡jv|
31. evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖwÿZ cwiKíbvi mgqmxgv 2021-2041|
32. cÖvPxb wMÖm †_‡K cÖ_g MYZ‡š¿i aviYv DrmvwiZ nq|
33. ZvmLÛ Pzw³ cvwK¯Ívb I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ ¯^vÿwiZ nq|
34. evsjv‡`‡ki e„nËg M¨vm‡ÿÎ ÔwZZvmÕ|
35. evsjv‡`‡ki wR-‡K cÖKí GKwU †mP cÖKí|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
36. evsjv‡`‡ki eøy-B‡KvbwgK P¨v‡jÄ bq Nb Nb eb¨v|
37. WvDwK d›U eivei GKwU cÖPÛ f~wgK‡¤úi ci evsjv‡`‡ki
eªþcyÎ b` Zvi MwZc_ cwieZ©b K‡i|
38. w`bvRcyy‡ii eocyKzwiqv evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g Kqjv wbf©i we`y¨r
†K›`ª| w`bvRcyi †Rjv Kqjv mg„×|
39. cvjwjK wkjvq Rxevk¥ i‡q‡Q/ _vKvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q| cvjwjK
wkjv ¯Íixf~Z, big I nvjKv , mn‡RB ÿqcÖvß|
40. f~wgK‡¤úi Kvh©Ki c~e©vfvm †`Iqv m¤¢e bq|
41. `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv P‡µi cÖkgb ¯ÍiwU †ewk e¨qeûj|
42. ‡mŠikw³, evqykw³, cvwbkw³ bevqb‡hvM¨ m¤ú` Aciw`‡K
LwbR‡Zj, cÖvK…wZK M¨vm, Kqjv, R¦vjvwb KvV Abevqb‡hvM¨
m¤ú`|
43. aviv‡jv hš¿cvwZ RxevYygy³ Kivi fv‡jv c×wZ n‡jv †KwgK¨vj
†÷wijvB‡Rkb|
44. 23.5° DËi Aÿvsk‡K e‡j KK©UµvwšÍ Aciw`‡K 23.5° `wÿY
Aÿvsk‡K e‡j gKiKvwšÍ |
45. wkï‡`i eQ‡i `yBevi wfUvwgb-G K¨vcmyj w`‡Z nq|
46. Ô‡Kcvj-452Õ n‡jv c„w_exi g‡Zv GKwU MÖn|
47. SCSI Gi c~Y©i~c Small Computer System Interface.
48. B›Uvi‡bU †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vq Hostname ‡K IP Address G
Abyev` K‡i DNS Server.
49. Piconet n‡”Q Bluetooth Network.
50. ÔHTTPS’ Protocol wU B›Uvi‡b‡U Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡b
wbivcËv wbwðZ K‡i _v‡K|
51. g‡Wg, UvPw¯‹b, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, d¨v·, †bUIqvK© KvW©,
n¨vÛ‡mU, wWwfwW/wmwW, d¬wc wW¯‹ BZ¨vw` wWfvBm ¸‡jv BbcyU I
AvDUcyU wWfvBm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
52. mZZvi Rb¨ mw`”Qvi K_v e‡j‡Qb Bgvby‡qj Kv›U|
53. cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK MYZ‡š¿ weKí miKvi ej‡Z we‡ivax `j‡K
†evSvq|
54. XvKv wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi cÖ_g wbe©vwPZ †gqi †gvnv¤§` nvwbd|
55. evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb nv‡Z †jLvi `vwqZ¡ G.‡K.Gg. Avãyi
iD‡di Ici b¨v¯Í wQ‡jv|
56. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 28(2) Aby‡”Q‡` bvix, cyiæ‡li mgZv
wbwðZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
57. †KvwfW-19 f¨vKwmb Drcv`‡b m¤úªwZ Px‡bi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki
Bb‡mÞv dvg©vwmDwUK¨v‡ji Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ n‡q‡Q|
58. evsjv‡`‡k †fvUvi nIqvi me©wb¤œ eqm 18 eQi|
59. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb AvBb Kg©KZ©v n‡jb A¨vUwb© †Rbv‡ij|
60. Ôwbe©vYÕ aviYvwU †ev× ag©wek^v‡mi mv‡_ mswkøó|
61. evsjv‡`k 1974 mv‡j OIC Gi m`m¨c` jvf K‡i|
62. Avh©‡`i ag© MÖ‡š’i bvg †e`|
63. gywRebMi miKv‡ii A_©bxwZ welqK I cwiKíbv wefv‡Mi
`vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb ZvRDÏxb Avn‡g`|
64. 1966 mv‡ji 6 `dvq 3 wU `dv wQ‡jv A_©bxwZ welqK|
83
65. cÖvPxb evsjvi ÔmgZUÕ Rbc`wU eZ©gv‡b Kzwgjøv I †bvqvLvjx
AÂj wb‡q MwVZ n‡qwQ‡jv|
66. ÒUntranquil Recollections: The Yeats of
FulfilmentÓ kxl©K MÖš’wUi †jLK †ingvb †mvenvb|
67. exi‡kÖô j¨vÝ bv‡qK gywÝ Avãyi iDd 1 bs †m±i, exi‡kÖô
K¨v‡Þb gwnDÏxb Rvnv½xi 7 bs †m±i, exi‡kÖô j¨vÝ bv‡qK b~i
†gvnv¤§` †kL 8 bs †m±i Ges exi‡kÖô ‡¯‹vqvWªb BwÄwbqvi iæûj
Avwgb 10 bs †m±‡ii Aax‡b gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡ib|
68. evsjv‡`‡k G chšÍ© K…wlïgvix AbywôZ n‡q‡Q †gvU 6 evi Z‡e
¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k 5 evi| h_v: cÖ_g 1960(bgybvKv‡i), 1977
(¯^vaxbZvi cieZ©x cÖ_g K…wlïgvwi), 1983-84, 1996-97,
2008(cÖ_g c~Yv½ K…wlïgvix), me©‡kl 2019 mv‡ji 9-20 Ryb|
69. evsjv‡`‡k 1998 mv‡j eq¯‹ fvZv Pvjy nq|
70. GK‡bK (ECNEC) Gi cÖavb cÖavbgš¿x Z‡e weKí cÖavb
A_©gš¿x|
71. ejvKv, †`v‡qj, †mvbvwjKv, Avb›`, AvKei, KvÂb, AMÖYx,
eiKZ, Bwbqv-66 BZ¨vw` M‡gi DbœZ Rv‡Zi bvg|
72. 2009 mv‡j Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb cvk nq|
73. 2021 mv‡j wbwg©Z evsjv‡`kx Pjw”PÎ Ô‡invbv gwiqg b~iÕ
cwiPvjbv K‡ib Ave`yjøvn †gvnv¤§` mv`|
74. National Institute of Population Research and
Training (NIPORT/ wb‡cvU©) RbmsL¨v welqK M‡elYv cÖwZôvb
| 99. mykvm‡bi g~jwfwË AvB‡bi kvmb|wek^e¨vs‡Ki AwfgZ,Òmykvmb
75. IivIu Rb‡Mvôx cÖavbZ ivRkvnx, iscyi, w`bvRcyi I e¸ov
A‡j emevm K‡i|
76. Øxc Qvov ÔmygvÎvÕ Ges ivRavbx Qvov Ôg¨vwbjvÕ n‡jv DbœZ
Rv‡Zi ZvgvK|
77. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 87 bs Aby‡”Q‡` Ôevwl©K Avw_©K wee„wZÕ-
Gi K_v D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q|
78. evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ KvMRx †bvU 10 wU, Gi g‡a¨ miKvwi
†bvU/e¨vsK †bvU bq 3 wU| h_v: 1 UvKv, 2 UvKv I 5 UvKvi †bvU|
78. Ô‡m‡KÛvwi gv‡K©UÕ K_vwU ÷K gv‡K©‡Ui mv‡_ RwoZ|
79. evsjv‡`k miKvi g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki (g~mK) †_‡K m‡e©v”P ivR¯^
Avq K‡i|
80. wgqvbgv‡ii wbe©vwmZ miKv‡ii bvg b¨vkbvj BDwbwU miKvi|
81. Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`‡ki 35 wU †`k wb‡q 1948 mv‡ji 30 GwcÖj
MwVZ Organization of American States- OAS nq |
evsjv‡`k OAS Gi m`m¨ bq|
82. wek^ gvbevwaKvi w`em 10 wW‡m¤^i|
83. RvwZms‡Ni kvwšÍiÿv wgk‡b evsjv‡`k cÖ_g kvwšÍiÿx ‡cÖiY
K‡i 1998 mv‡ji UNIIMOG wgk‡b|(UNIIMOG- United
Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group)
84. eb¨v, Liv, b`xfv½b, f~wgam, NywY©So BZ¨vw` Ôhydro-
meteorological’ `~‡h©vM wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
85. evsjv‡`‡ki e‡i›`ªf~wg A_vr bIMvu, ivRkvnx, iscyi, w`bvRcyi
†Rjvi Askwe‡kl| gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji Mo A_vr gqgbwmsn,
Uv½vBj I MvRxcyi Ges Kywgjøvi jvjgvB cvnv‡o cøvwq‡÷vwmb Kv‡ji
†mvcvb †`Lv hvq|
86. evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ fviZ I gvqvbgv‡ii AvšÍR©vwZK mxgvbv
i‡q‡Q|
87. evsjv‡`‡ki DËi-c~e©vÂv‡j AvKw¯§K eb¨v nq|
88. e‡½vcmvM‡i Aew¯’Z Ô‡mvqvP-Ae-‡bv MÖvDÛÕ GKwU Mfxi
LvZ/mve‡gwib K¨vwbqb|
89. kixqZcy‡ii bwoqv, wmivRM‡Äi †PŠnjx I Puv`cy‡ii nvRxM‡Ä
me‡P‡q b`x fv½b cÖeY Dc‡Rjv|
90. g¨vb‡MÖvf eb cÖwZwbqZ jeYv³ cvwb Øviv cøvweZ nq|
91. evsjv‡`‡ki †m›U gvwU©b ØxcwU cÖevj Øxc bv‡g L¨vZ|
92. mv¤úªwZK mg‡q evsjv‡`‡k f~wgK‡¤úi SzwK e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
93. cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb wg‡_b M¨vm|
94. A¨vwg‡bv GwmW w`‡q †cÖvwUb ˆZwi nq|
95. †KvwfW-19 GKwU RNA fvBivm|
96. ü`h‡š¿i ms‡KvPb‡K ejv nq wm÷j Ges cÖmviY‡K ejv nq
Wvqv÷j|
97. ÔKZ©‡e¨i Rb¨ KZ©e¨Õ aviYvi cÖeZ©K Bgvby‡qj Kv›U|
98. ÔHuman Society in Ethics and PoliticsÕ MÖ‡š’i †jLK
evUªvÛ iv‡mj, ÔOn Liberty’ MÖ‡š’i †jLK Rb ÷zqvU© wgj|
PviwU ¯Í‡¤¢i Ici wbf©ikxjÓ Z‡e wek^e¨vs‡Ki g‡Z mykvm‡bi
Dcv`vb 6 wU |
100. evsjv‡`k 2012 mv‡j ÔRvZxq ï×vPvi †KŠkjÕ cÖYqb K‡i‡Q|
101. 1948-52 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq 11 gvP© Ôfvlv w`emÕ
wn‡m‡e cvjb Kiv n‡Zv|
102. ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡q Aew¯’Z Ômvevm evsjv‡`kÕ fv¯‹‡h©i
¯’cwZ wbZyb KyÛz|
103. cÖwZeQi 2 †deªæqvwi evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq RbmsL¨v w`em cvjb
Kiv nq|
104. evsjv‡`‡ki Qq FZzi mwVK Abyµg MÖx®§, el©v, kir, †ngšÍ,
kxZ I emšÍ|
105. wW‡m¤^ 2022 G AbywôZ evsjv‡`k-fvi‡Zi wØcvwÿK fvP©yqvj
kxl© m‡¤§j‡b 7 wU mg‡SvZv ¯§viK ¯^vÿwiZ n‡q‡Q|
106. Bangladesh Agriculture Development
Corporation (BADC) evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb exR Drcv`bKvix
cÖwZôvb | cÖwZwôZ nq 1961 mv‡j, m`i`ßi : XvKv|
107. 1996 mv‡ji 22 gvP© XvKvi †m¸bevwMPvq gyw³hy× Rv`yNi
cÖwZwôZ nq Z‡e eZ©gv‡b GwU XvKvi AvMviMvuI‡q Aew¯’Z|
108. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq Av‡q ¯^v¯’¨ I mvgvwRK †mev Lv‡Z cÖe„w×i
nvi me‡P‡q †ewk|
109. knx`yj Rwni iwPZ evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×wfwËK GKwU b‡fj
n‡jv Rxeb I ivR‰bwZK ev¯ÍeZv|
84
110. ÒA Passage to IndiaÓ- MÖš’wUi †jLK E.M. Forster.
111. MÖxb nvDm M¨vm wbtmiY wbqš¿‡Y eûivóªxq AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³
ÒThe Kyoto ProtocalÓ- RvwZmsN KZ©„K 1997 mv‡j M„wnZ
nq|
112. bIMuv †Rjvi cvnvicy‡i Aew¯’Z Ô‡mvgcyi wenviÕ Gi cÖwZôvZv
ag©cvj| GB ¯’vcZ¨ RvwZms‡Ni BD‡b‡¯‹v KZ©„K wek^ mf¨Zvi
wb`k©b wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q|
113. XvKv †M‡Ui wbg©vZv gxi Rygjv|
114. hgybv b`xi Dcb`x n‡jv wZ¯Ív, aijv, Ki‡Zvqv, AvÎvB I
evOvwj b`x|
115. 1971 mv‡j gywRebMi KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ cwÎKvi bvg ÔRq evsjvÕ,
gywRebMi miKv‡ii gyLcvÎ ÔRq evsjvÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb
ingZ Djøvn|
116. MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi Lmov me©cÖ_g MYcwil‡`
1972 mv‡ji 12 A‡±vei DÌvcb Kiv nq|
117. gnvKwe AvjvIqvj iwPZ Kve¨ ÔcÙveZxÕ|
118. evsjv‡`‡ki FZz‡K K…wl‡ÿ‡Î `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt iwe
†gŠmyg KvwZ©K-dvêyb gvm Ges Lwic †gŠmyg ‰PÎ-Avwk^b|
119. evsjv‡`‡ki miKvwi Kg©Kwgkb msweav‡bi 137 Zg Aby‡”Q`|
120. gvwK©b Kwe A¨v‡jb wMÝevM© evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i mgq
h‡kv‡i Ae¯’vb K‡iwQ‡jb| gyw³hy‡×i cUf~wg‡Z wZwb
ÒSeptember on the Jessore RoadÓ KweZvwU iPbv K‡ib|
121. e½f‡½i d‡j c~e©e½ I Avmvg bv‡g bZzb cÖ‡`‡ki m„wó nq
hvi ivRavbx nq XvKv Ges †QvU jvU nq m¨vi evgwdì dzjvi|
122. meyRcÎ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K cÖg_ †PŠaywi|
123. Ph©vc‡` mvܨfvlvi cÖ‡qvM i‡q‡Q|
124. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g mvgyw`ªK M¨vm‡ÿÎ mv½y (1996) Ges wØZxq
KzZzew`qv|
125. e½eÜz 1973 mv‡j AvjwRqv‡m© †RvU wbi‡cÿ Av‡›`vj‡bi
(NAM) k©xl m‡¤§j‡b AskMÖnY K‡ib|
126. ggZvRDÏxb Avn‡g‡`i ÔKx Pvn k•LwPjÕ gyw³hy×wfwËK
GKwU bvUK|
127. kIKZ Avjx iwPZ †ZfvMv Av‡›`vjb‡Kw›`ªK Dcb¨vm ÔbvpvBÕ|
128. Ph©vc‡`i wUKvKvi gywb`Ë|
129. AvjvDÏxb Avj AvRv‡`i fvlv Av‡›`vjb wb‡q †jLv KweZv
Ô¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢Õ|
130. 1971 mv‡j XvKv wek^we`¨vj‡qi QvÎg„Zz¨i cÖwZev‡` DcvPvh©
wePvicwZ Avey mvC` †PŠaywi c`Z¨vM K‡iwQ‡jb|
131. 1969 mv‡ji MY-Af¨Ìv‡bi cUf~wgKvq iwPZ Dcb¨vm
ÔwP‡j‡KvVvi †mcvBÕ | iPwqZv: AvLZviæ¾vgvb Bwjqvm|
132. Awef³ evsjvi me©cÖ_g ivRv kkv¼ |
133. Ôgvrm¨bvqÕ evsjvi 7g-8g kZ‡K wb‡`©k K‡i|
134. evsjvi myjZvb AvjvDÏxb †nv‡mb kv‡ni kvmb Avgj‡K
¯^Y©hyM ejv nq|
135. evsjvq †mb es‡ki †kl kvmbKZ©v †Kke †mb|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
136. e½f½ i` ‡NvlYv K‡ib ivRv cÂg RR©|
137. XvKv kn‡ii †MvovcËb nq gyNj Avg‡j|
138. XvKv wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZôvq AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib beve
m¨vi mwjgyjøvn|
139. fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x wQ‡jb LvRv
bvwRgDÏxb|
140. e½eÜz‡K 1973 mv‡jb 23 †g wek^ kvwšÍ cwil` ÔRywjI KywoÕ
c`K cÖ`vb K‡ib|
141. HwZnvwmK ÔQq `dvqÕ wePvi e¨e¯’vi welqwU AšÍfy©³ wQ‡jvbv|
142. KvMgvix m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq Uv½vBj †Rjvi m‡šÍv‡l|
143. gyw³hy×Kv‡j †KvjKvZvi 8 bs w_‡qUvi †iv‡W Ôevsjv‡`k
evwnbx MVb Kiv nq 11 GwcÖj, 1971|
144. exi‡kÖô wmcvnx nvwg`yi ingv‡bi ‡`nve‡kl fviZ †_‡K G‡b
wgicyi kwn` eyw×Rxwe Kei¯’v‡b exi‡kÖô gwZDi ingv‡bi Ke‡ii
cv‡k mgvwnZ Kiv nq|
145. evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× exi‡kÖô 7 Rb| h_v: wmcvnx ‡gv¯Ívdv
Kvgvj, wmcvnx nvwg`yi ingvb, K¨v‡Þb gwnDwÏb Rvnv½xi, j¨vÝ
bv‡qK b~i ‡gvnv¤§`, j¨vÝ bv‡qK gywÝ Avãyi iDd, d¬vBU K¨v‡Þb
gwZDi ingvb,‡¯‹vqvWb BwÄwbqvi iæûj Avwgb|
146. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g mvaviY wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡q‡Q 7 gvP© 1973
Ges me©‡kl GKv`k RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡q‡Q 30
wW‡m¤^i 2018|
147. cvwK¯Ívb 22 †deªæqvwi 1974 mv‡j evsjv‡`k‡K GKwU
mve©‡fŠg ivóª wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`q|
148. evsjv‡`k RvZxq msm‡`i cÖ_g msm` †bZv e½eÜz †kL
gywReyi ingvb| eZ©gvb msm` †bZv †kL nvwmbv|
149. evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi ·qv`k ms‡kvabxi g~j welq ZË¡veavqK
miKvi MVb|
150. msweav‡bi †PZbvi wecix‡Z mvgwiK kvmb‡K ‰eaZv w`‡Z 4_©
Zdwm‡ji Ace¨envi Kiv nq|
151. 7 (L) Aby‡”Q` e‡j evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi †gŠwjK weavbejx
cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ bq|
152. 25 bs Aby‡”Q‡`i Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ
cwiPvwjZ nq|
153. evsjv‡`‡ki me©`wÿY ‡Rjv: K·evRvi, _vbv: ‡UKbvd, ¯’vb:
‡QuovØxc ( †m›UgvwU©b Øx‡ci me©`wÿ‡Yi As‡ki bvg ‡QuovØxc)|
154. evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZ©x fvi‡Zi ivR¨ 5 wU Z‡e †m‡fb wm÷vm©
fz³ ej‡j 4 wU|
155. Mv‡iv DcRvwZwUi Avevm¯’j ÔwewiwkwiÕ †b·Kvbvq|
156. cÖvwšÍK n«` ev›`iev‡b Aew¯’Z|
157. ïfjs Sb©v, KvßvB ü` iv½vgvwU ‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
158. LvMovQwo †Rjvq AvjywUjv cvnv‡o AvjywUjv cÖvK„wZK ¸nv
Aew¯’Z| ¯’vbxq bvg: †`eZvi ¸nv|
159. w÷f †Pb I PvW nviwji mv‡_ †hŠ_fv‡e evsjv‡`kx Rv‡e`
Kwig BDwUDe cÖwZôv K‡ib|
85
160. IMF Gi bailout package Gi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki
evwYR¨ fvimvg¨ iÿv nq|
161. Mvw¤^qv AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vj‡Z wgqvbgvi KZ©„K †ivwn½v MYnZ¨vi
Awf‡hv‡M gvgjv K‡i |
162. gv‡e©j n‡jv GKai‡Yi iƒcvšÍwiZ wkjv|
163. `wÿY †Mvjv‡a© DòZg gvm Rvbyqvwi Ges kxZjZg gvm RyjvB
Aciw`‡K DËi †Mvjv‡a© DòZg gvm RyjvB Ges kxZjZg gvm
Rvbyqvwi|
164. Ôe½eÜz ØxcÕ my›`ie‡bi `wÿ‡Y Aew¯’Z| 1992 mv‡j GwU
cÖ_g `„k¨gvb Ae¯’vq WvKv n‡Zv cyZwbi Po bv‡g Z‡e 2004 mv‡j
ev‡MinvU †Rjvi gv‡jK divwR bvgK GK grm¨ wkKvix ØxcwUi
bvgKiY K‡ib Ôe½eÜz ØxcÕ|
165. Ô‡e½j-d¨vbÕ f~wgiƒcwU e‡½vcmvM‡i Aew¯’Z|
166. evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q cÖvPxb emwZ ev bMi‡K›`ª n‡jv
cyÛªea©b/cyÛªbMi|
167. Av‡jvKel© e¨envi K‡i `~iZ¡ cwigvc Kiv nq|
168. †cÖvwUb ‰Zwi nq A¨vwg‡bv A¨vwmW w`‡q|
169. b`xi cvwb‡Z Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY †ewk|
170. AwaKvsk jeYcvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z nq bv Z‡e K¨vjwmqvg
Kv‡e©v‡bU, wmjfvi mvj‡dU, wmjfvi †K¬vivBW cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z nq
bv|
171. m~‡h©i wbKUZg bÿÎ ÔcÖw·gv ‡m›UivBÕ |
172. evqygÛ‡j ÔI‡Rvb ¯ÍiÕ i‡q‡Q ÷ªv‡UvgÛ‡j|
173. Kuv`y‡b M¨v‡mi Aci bvg †K¬v‡ivwcwµb|
174. ÒwZwb Avgvi K_v ivL‡jb bv, wZwb ivL‡jb fz‡Æv mv‡n‡ei
K_vÓ- Dw³wU e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi 7B gv‡P©i fvl‡Yi |
175. ÔKZ©‡e¨i ˆbwZKZvÕ aviYv cÖeZ©K Bgvby‡qj Kv›U|
176. †cø‡Uv Ôm`¸YÕ ej‡Z eywS‡q‡Qb cÖÁv, mvnm, AvZ¥wbqš¿Y I
b¨vq|
177. ÔPolitical Ideals’ MÖ‡š’i †jLK evU©ªvÛ iv‡mj|
178. MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki 18 bs Aby‡”Q‡` ÔRb¯^v¯’¨ I
‰bwZKZviÕ welqwU Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|
179. mf¨Zvi Ab¨Zg cÖwZ”Qwe n‡jv mgvR|
180. g~j¨‡ev‡ai ˆewkó¨ n‡jv wewfbœZv, Av‡cwÿKZv I
cwieZ©bkxjZv| g~j¨‡eva `„p nq wkÿvi gva¨‡g | BwZevPK
g~j¨‡eva ivóª, mgvR I †Mvwô KZ©„K ¯^xK…Z|
181. Ph©vc‡` †ev× ag©g‡Zi K_v i‡q‡Q|
182. evsjv AvaywbK Dcb¨v‡mi cÖeZ©K ew¼gP›`ª P‡Æcva¨vq|
183. ÔGKwU Kv‡jv ‡g‡qi K_vÕ gyw³hy×wfwËK GKwU Dcb¨vm|
184. gvngy`yj nK iwPZ ÔKv‡jv eidÕ Dcb¨vmwU †`kfv‡Mi
cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ|
185. ÔXvKv cÖKvkÕ mvßvwnK cwÎKvwUi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb K…òP›`ª
gRyg`vi|
186. `xbeÜz wg‡Îi Ôbxj`c©YÕ bvUKwU Bs‡iwR‡Z Abyev` K‡ib
gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
187. KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi Ôwe‡`ªvnxÕ KweZvwU 1921 mv‡j
mvßvwnK ÔweRjxÕ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ nq|
188. ‡`k fv‡Mi cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ ÔAv¸b cvwLÕ Dcb¨vmwUi iPwqZv
nvmvb AvwRRyj nK|
189. ÔAvgvi fvB‡qi i‡³ ivOv‡bv GKz‡k †deªæqvwi, Avwg Kx
fzwj‡Z cvwi.......Õ 1952 mv‡ji 21‡k †deªæqvwii cUf~wg‡Z MvbwU
iPbv K‡ii Avãyj Mvd&dvi †PŠaywi| MvbwUi cÖ_g myiKvi Ave`yj
jwZd Z‡e eZ©gvb myiKvi AvjZvd gvngy`| MvbwU eZ©gv‡b mgv‡eZ
K‡Ú MvIqv nq|
190. Ô‡nv‡mb kvwn, es‡ki cÖwZôvZv AvjvDwÏb †nv‡mb kvn& e„nËi
evsjv kvmb K‡i 1493-1519 wLª. ch©šÍ|
191. cÖvPxb evsjvi †gŠh© kvm‡bi cÖwZôvZv P›`ª¸ß †gŠh©|
192. BD‡ivcxq ewYK‡`i g‡a¨ evsjvq cÖ_g Av‡mb cZ©yMxRiv|
193. 1971 mv‡ji gnvb gyw³hy‡× evsjv‡`‡ki c‡ÿ Ô‡f‡UvÕ cÖ`vb
K‡iwQ‡jb †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb|
194. e½eÜzi 7 gv‡P©i HwZnvwmK fvlY msweav‡bi cÂg Zdwm‡j
AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
195. Ôe½f½Õ Kv‡j fvi‡Zi fvBmiq wQ‡jb jW© KvR©b|
196. fvIqvj I gaycy‡ii ebf~wg kvje„‡ÿi Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
197. evsjv‡`ki cÖavb A_©Kvix dmj cvU me‡P‡q †ewk Drcbœ nq
dwi`cyi †Rjvq|
198. ÔMv‡iv DcRvwZÕ gqgbwmsn †Rjvq emevm K‡ib|
199. evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g f¨vU/g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki/ g~mK Pvjy nq 1
RyjvB, 1991 |
200. msweav‡bi cÂg ms‡kvabx‡K ÔFrist Distoration of
ConstitutionÕ ejv nq|
201. ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ msweav‡bi cÂg Zdwm‡j ms‡hvRb Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
202. MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖewZ©Z n‡q‡Q 16 wW‡m¤^i,
1972|
203. msweav‡bi 137 bs Aby‡”Q‡` ÔmiKvwi Kg© KwgkbÕ (wcGmwm)
MV‡bi D‡jøL Av‡Q|
204. AvIqvgx jxM 6 `dv †ck K‡i 1966 mv‡j ‡deªæqvwi gv‡m
Z‡e AvbyôvwbK fv‡e †ck Kiv nq 23 gvP©|
205. e½eÜzmn AvMiZjv gvgjvi †gvU Avmvgx wQ‡jv 35 Rb|
206. ÔAvBb I mvwjm †K›`ªÕ gvbevwaKvi ms¯’v|
207. AvjgÛ I cvI‡qj Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôx‡K 4 fv‡M wef³
K‡i‡Qb|
208. 1974 mv‡ji 17 ‡mÞ¤^i 29 Zg Awa‡ek‡b evsjv‡`k
RvwZms‡Ni 136 Zg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib|
209. ÔLet there be lightÕ weL¨vZ QwewUi cwiPvjK Rwni
ivqnvb|
210. 1948 mv‡ji 10 wW‡m¤^i c¨vwi‡m AbywôZ RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY
cwil‡`i Awa‡ek‡b mve©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †NvlYvc‡Îi bw_
me©m¤§wZµ‡g M„nxZ nq| †NvlYvcÎwU ÔgvbevwaKvi mb`Õ bv‡gI
cwiwPZ| ‡gvU aviv i‡q‡Q 30 wU|
86
211. RvwZms‡Ni mgy`ª AvBb 1982 mv‡j ¯^vÿwiZ n‡qwQ‡jv|
212. Ô`¨v AvBwWqv Ae Rvw÷mÕ MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv ‡bv‡ej weRqx
A_©bxwZex` AgZ©¨ †mb|
213. BIMSTEC Gi mwPevjq evsjv‡`‡k Aew¯’Z| cÖwZwôZ nq
1997 mv‡j , m`m¨ †`k 7 wU|
214. OIC wØZxq kxl© m‡¤§j‡b e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb AskMÖnY
K‡ib|
215. cwj mwÂZ n‡q †h wkjv MwVZ nq Zv‡K cvjwjK wkjv ejv
nq| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv nq: †e‡jcv_i, Kqjv, †kj, Pzbvcv_i,
†Wv‡jvgvBU, jeY, wRcmvg, Kv`vcv_i, †KIwjb|
216. evsjv‡`‡ki jvDqvQov RvZxq D`¨vb µvšÍxq wPinwir/Avav
wPinwir RvZxq e„ÿ|
217. evsjv‡`‡ki msNwUZ eb¨vi †iKW© Abyhvqx 1998 mv‡ji eb¨vq
me‡P‡q †ewk GjvKv cøvweZ n‡q‡Q|
218. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK †m±i¸‡jvi g‡a¨ K…wl Lv‡Z me‡P‡q
Kg©ms¯’vb nq|
219. evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~jxq mgf~wg‡Z emevmKvix Rb‡Mvôx
R‡jv”Q¡vmRwbZ eb¨vKejxZ nq|
220. evZv‡mi Av`ªZv gvcvi h‡š¿i bvg nvB‡MÖvwgUvi|
221. mvM‡i mvZvi KvUv mnR|
222. wW‡g wfUvwgb G.we I wW we`¨gvb|
223. cÖ_g I‡qe eªvDRvi World Wide Web|
224. evsjv‡`‡k Ôbe-‰bwZKZviÕ cÖeZ©K n‡jb AviR Avjx
gvZzeŸi|
225. mf¨ mgv‡Ri gvb`Û n‡jv AvB‡bi kvmb|
226. g~j¨‡eva n‡jv gvby‡li AvPviY cwiPvjbvKvix bxwZ I gvb`Û|
g~j¨‡ev‡ai PvwjKv kw³ n‡jv ms¯‹wZ|
227. Z_¨ cvIqv gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi| evsjv‡`‡k 2009
mv‡j Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb cvk nq|
228. cÖZvc Avw`Z¨ wQ‡jb evsjvi ev‡iv fu~Bqv‡`i GKRb|
229. gvwK©b mvßvwnK ÔwbBR DBKm&Õ 5 Ryb 1971 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ
cÖwZ‡e`‡b mvsevw`K †jv‡ej †Rw¼Ý e½eÜz‡K ÔivRbxwZi KweÕ e‡j
AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
230. cÖRvZ‡š¿ wbe©vnx ÿgZv cÖavbgš¿x KZ©„‡Z¡ cÖhy³ nq|
231. evsjv‡`‡k cÖavbgš¿x nIqvi b~b¨Zg eqm 25 eQi|
232. gywRebMi miKvi MwVZ n‡qwQ‡jv 10 B GwcÖj 1971|
233. evsjv‡`‡k cÖavb wePvicwZ wb‡qvM †`q ivóªcwZ|
234. wbe©vnx wefvM †_‡K wePvi wefvM c„_K Kivi welqwU
msweav‡bi 22 bs Aby‡”Q`|
235. mgy`ªZx‡i bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi cÖvPzh© _v‡K|
236. AvaywbK ivóªe¨e¯’v D™¢‡ei mgqKvj 1600-1800|
237. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi ‡gvU 7 wU Zdwmj i‡q‡Q|
238. cjvwki hy× msNwUZ n‡qwQ‡jv 23 Ryb, 1757|
239. gyw³hy‡×i mgq †bŠ Kgv‡Ûv MwVZ n‡qwQ‡jv 10 bs ‡m±i
wb‡q|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
240. wkï g„Zy¨i nvi n«v‡mi mvd‡j¨i Rb¨ MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki
gvbbxq cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv GgwWwR G¨vIqvW©-2010 AR©b
K‡i‡Q|
241. e½f½ i` nq 1911 mv‡j|
242. ÔmܨvfvlvÕ ev Av‡jv Avauv‡ii fvlv Ph©vc‡`i mv‡_ hy³|
243. ÔAvgvi N‡ii Pvwe c‡ii nv‡ZÕ MvbwUi iPwqZv jvjb kvn|
244. cÖg_ ‡PŠaywii QÙbvg ÔexiejÕ|
245. Ôc~e©vkv cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb mÂq fÆvPvR©|
246. evsjvmvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K gnvKve¨ Ô‡gNbv`ea Kve¨Õ iPwqZv
gvB‡Kj gaymy`b `Ë| gvB‡Kj ivgvq‡Yi Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b 1861
mv‡j gnvKve¨ wU iPbv K‡ib| G Kv‡e¨i ‡gvU mM© 9 wU|
247. cÖvPxb evsjvi nwi‡Kj Rbc‡`i AÂjf~³ GjvKv wQ‡jv
wm‡jU, PÆMÖvg I cve©Z¨ cÆMÖvg|
248. gyNj m¤ªvU‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_g AvZ¥Rxewb wj‡Lb m¤ªvU evei|
249. evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i wfwˇZ c~e© evsjvq fvlv Av‡›`vjb
n‡qwQ‡jv|
250. 1954 mv‡j hy³d«›U wbe©vP‡b hy³ wQ‡jb 4wU `j| h_v:
AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM (gvIjvbv fvmvbx), K…lK cÖRv cvwU© (G †K
dRjyj nK), †bRvg-B-Bmjvg (gvIjvbv AvZvnvi Avjx) I evgcš’x
MYZš¿x `j (nvRx `‡bk)
251. Ryg Pvl Kiv nq cvnvwo GjvKvq we‡klZ cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg A_vr
iv½vgvwU, LvMovQwo I ev›`ievb| Ryg Pvl‡K ¯’vbvšÍi Pvlvev` ev
ÔShifting CultivationÕ ejv n‡q _v‡K|
252. evsjv‡`‡ki †gvU †`kR Drcv`‡b K…wl Lv‡Zi Ae`vb
µgn«vmgvb|
253. PvKgv Rb‡Mvwôi †jvK me©vwaK emevm K‡ib iv½vgvwU
‡Rjvq|
254. evsjv‡`‡k we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK wZbwU| h_v: cÖevmx Kj¨vY
e¨vsK, evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK, ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK|
255. MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 27 avivq ÔmKj bvMwiK
AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgvbÕ G K_v ejv n‡q‡Q|
256. evsjv‡`‡k we`y¨r Drcv`‡b R¦vjvbx wn‡m‡e me©vwaK e¨eüZ
nq cÖvK„wZK M¨vm|
257. MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi g‡Z cÖavb wbe©vPb
Kwgkbv‡ii wb‡qv‡Mi ‡gqv`Kvj 5 eQi|
258. †Kv‡bv GjvKvq †fvUvi ZvwjKvi bvgf~w³ e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³
†Kv‡bvµ‡gB RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡b cÖv_©x n‡Z cvi‡e bv|
259. evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq Avq MYbvq †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡K 15 wU Lv‡Z
fvM Kiv nq|
260. 1979 mv‡ji ¯’vbxq kvmb AvBb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki
MÖvgv‡j wZb ¯Íi wewkó (†Rjv cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil`, BDwbqb
cwil`) Ges kniv‡j wدÍi wewkó (wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb I †cŠimfv)
¯’vbxq miKvi we`¨gvb |
261. AvBb cÖYq‡bi ÿgZv RvZxq msm‡`i nv‡Z we`¨gvb|
87
262. mgv‡Ri wkwÿZ †kÖwYi †h Ask miKvi ev K‡c©v‡iU MÖæ‡ci
mv‡_ _v‡K bv wKš‘ mK‡ji Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Kivi ÿgZv iv‡L
mykxj mgvR|
263. MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡k ivóªcwZ nIqvi b~b¨Zg eqm 35
eQi|
264. †U÷ wµ‡K‡U evsjv‡`‡ki c‡ÿ gykwdK cÖ_g Wvej †mÂzwi
K‡ib|
265. iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk, wbqwgZ Ki cÖ`vb, AvBb ‡g‡b
Pjv bvMwi‡Ki `vwqZ¡|
266. gvqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki 3wU †Rjvi mxgvbv i‡q‡Q|
267. 1997 mv‡j cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg kvwšÍPzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ n‡q‡Q|
268. evsjvv‡`‡ki ˆZwi cÖ_g b¨v‡bv m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui bvg ÔeªvK
A‡š^lvÕ|
269. ÔInternational Tribunal for the Law of the SeaÕ-
ms¯’vwUi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k I wgqvbgv‡ii g‡a¨ mgy`ª we‡iva wb®úwZ
n‡q‡Q|
270. evsjv‡`k eZ©gv‡b me©vwaK cwigvY A‡_©i wewfbœ cY¨ Avg`vwb
K‡i Pxb †_‡K|
271. wgqvbgv‡ii †ivwn½viv Zv‡`i bvMwiKZ¡ nvivq 1982 mv‡j|
272. fvi‡Zi me©cÖvPxb ivR‰bwZK `j BwÛqvb b¨vkbvj Ks‡MÖm|
273. MÖxK, L„óvb I ga¨hyMxq ag©ZË¡ †_‡K cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi D™¢e
nq|
274. µgn«vmgvb nv‡i I‡Rvb¯Í‡ii ÿqKvix Dcv`vb wejx‡bi
welqwU Ôgw›Uªj cÖ‡UvK‡jÕ ejv n‡q‡Q|
275. f~ZvwË¡Kfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q cyivZb f~wgiƒcwU MwVZ
n‡q‡Q Uviwkqvix hy‡M|
276. evsjv‡`‡k Gd. wm. wW. cÖK‡íi D‡Ïk¨ eb¨v wbqš¿Y, cvwb
wb®‹vkb I cvwb †mP|
277. evsjv‡`‡ki Rjevqy µvšÍxq ‡gŠmygx Rjevqy|
278. gaycyi I fvIqv‡ji Mo, Kzwgjøvi jvjgvB cvnvo Ges
e‡i›`ªf~wg A‡j cøvB‡÷vwmb Kv‡ji PËi f~wg i‡q‡Q|
279. DòZv, evqyi Pvc, evqy cÖevn, evqyi Av`ªZv, evwicvZ BZ¨vw`
Rjevqyi Dcv`vb|
280. evsjv‡`‡ki `ywU ‡fŠ‡MvwjK AÂj ivgmvi mvBU wn‡m‡e
¯^xK„Z n‡q‡Q cÖ_gwU my›`ieb AciwU Uv½yqvi nvIo|
281. cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k Ôcjj cvLvÕ RvZxq f~wgiƒc M‡o I‡V|
282. Kve©b-WvB-A·vBW ÔWªvB AvBmÕ ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
283. eZ©gv‡b cwi‡ek evÜe Ô‡UUªvd¬z‡iv B‡_bÕ M¨vmwU
†iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii K‡¤úªm‡I e¨envi Kiv nq|
284. K¨vÝv‡ii wPwKrmvq ÔMvgv †imÕ wewKiY e¨envi Kiv nq|
285. ‡Kej g¨vb‡MÖvf A‡j †`Lv hvq Ggb Dw™¢` n‡jv wbcv cvg,
†MIqv, Mivb, evBb, †KIWv BZ¨vw`|
286. evqygÛ‡ji cÖ_g ¯Íi A_©vr Uª‡cvgÛ‡j eRªcvZ N‡U Ges
evqygÛ‡ji Av‡qv‡bvwùqv‡i †eZvi Zi½ cÖwZdwjZ nq|
287. c„w_exi evwigÛ‡ji †gvU Rjivwki 0.68% f~Mf©, mgy`ª
97%, evqygÛj0.001% aviY K‡i|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
288. evwYwR¨K fv‡e †gŠgvwQ Pvl‡K ejv nq GwcKvjPvi, gvQ
Pvl‡K ejv nq wcwmKvjPvi Ges †ikg Pvl‡K ejv nq †mwiKvjPvi|
289. †W½y GKwU fvBivm RwbZ †ivM hv GwWm gkvi gva¨‡g Qovq|
290. cÖvK„wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb wg‡_b M¨vm|
291. `ywU Pig-cš’vi ga¨eZ©x Ae¯’v‡K ejv nq †Mv‡ìb wgb|
292. 1997 mv‡j BD.Bb.wW.wc. mykvm‡bi ms½v wba©viY K‡i‡Qb
Ges mykvmb wbwðKi‡Y 9 wU Dcv`v‡bi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
293. k~b¨ev` j¨vwUb kã †_‡K D™¢~Z hvi A_© wKQzB †bB|
294. mykvm‡bi ÔAskMÖnYÕ bxwZwU msMV‡bi ¯^vaxbZv‡K wbwðZ
K‡i|
295. fvlv Av‡›`vjb wfwËK cÖ_g cwÎKv ÔmvßvwnK ‰mwbKÕ- Gi
m¤úv`K wQ‡jb Ave`yj Mdzi|
296. ÔPh©vPh©wewbðqÕ Gi A_© †KvbwU AvPiYxq, Avi †KvbwU bq|
297. ÔK‡jøvjÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`‡Ki bvg `x‡bkiÄb `vk|
298. ÔAvmv‡`i kvU©Õ KweZvi †jLK kvgmyi ingvb|
299. Ôc~e©e½ I AvmvgÕ cÖ‡`k MVbKv‡j e„wUk fvi‡Zi Mf©bi
†Rbv‡ij I fvBmiq wQ‡jb jW© KvR©b|
300. 1954 mv‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ívb cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vP‡b hy³d«‡›Ui cÖZxK
wQ‡jv †bŠKv|
301. HwZnvwmK 6 `dv‡K g¨vMbvKvU©vi mv‡_ Zyjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
302. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g ¯^vaxb beve gywk©`Kzjx Lvb Ges me©‡kl
¯^vaxb beve wmivR-D`-‡`Šjv|
303. Avjyi GKwU DbœZ Rv‡Zi bvg WvqgÛ Z‡e euvavKwci DbœZ
Rv‡Zi bvg Wªvg‡nW|
304. evsjv‡`‡k me‡P‡q †ewk Drcvw`Z nq ‡ev‡iv avb|
305. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb exR Drcv`bKvix miKvwi cÖwZôvb
BADC- Bangladesh Agriculture Development
Corporation |
306.evsjv‡`‡ki gqgbwmsn, †kicyi, †b·Kvbv I mybvgMÄ †Rjvq
nvRsDcRvwZ emevm K‡i|
307. evsjv‡`‡k ¯^vÿiZvi nvi me‡P‡q †ewk ewikvj wefv‡M Ges
me‡P‡q Kg wm‡jU wefv‡M|
308. 2008 mv‡ji 15 ‡g evsjv‡`‡k ‰Zwi RvnvR Ô‡÷vjv †gwimÕ
ißvwb n‡q‡Q †Wbgv‡K©|
309. †ebv‡cvj ¯’je›`i msjMœ fviZxq ¯’je›`i †c‡Uªv‡cvj|
310. evsjv‡`‡k ‡gvU EPZ msL¨v 10 wU| miKvwi 8 wU Ges
†emiKvwi 2 wU|
311. evsjv‡`‡k me‡P‡q †ewk ißvwb K‡i Pxb|
312. evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g †gvevBj e¨vswKs ïiæ K‡i WvP-evsjv-e¨vsK|
313. U¨vwid Kwgkb evwYR¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b|
314. evsjv‡`‡ki mßg RvZxq msm‡` cÖavbgš¿xi cÖ‡kœvËi ce© Pvjy
nq|
315. evsjv‡`‡ki cve©Z¨ †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z GKwU K‡i msm`xq Avmb
i‡q‡Q A_vr iv½vgvwU, LvMovQwo I ev›`iev‡b GKwU K‡i msm`xq
Avmb i‡q‡Q|
316. RvZxq msm‡` ¯úxKv‡ii †fvU‡K ejv nq ÔKvw÷sÕ ‡fvU|
88
317. NILG- Gi c~Y©iƒc National Institute of Local
Government |
318. evsjv‡`k wmwfj mvwf©‡m K¨vWvi msL¨v 26 wU|
319. Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx Uviwkqvwi hy‡Mi cvnvo‡K 2 fv‡M fvM Kiv
hvq| h_v: *`wÿY-c~e©v‡ji cvnvomg~n A_©vr iv½vgvwU, ev›`ievb,
LvMovQwo I PÆMÖvg †Rjvi c~e©vsk Ges *DËi-c~e©v‡ji cvnvomg~n
A_©vr gqgbwmsn I †b·Kvbv †Rjvi DËivsk, wm‡jU ‡Rjvi DËi
I c~e©vsk Ges ‡gŠjfxevRvi I nweMÄ|
320. †U÷ wµ‡K‡U `kg †`k wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k gh©v`v cvq 2000
mv‡ji 26 Ryb|
321. MÖxY nvDR n‡”Q Kuv‡Pi ˆZwi Ni| Co2, CFC, bvBUªvm
A·vBW, wg‡_b BZ¨vw` wMÖb nvDR M¨vm|
322. AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡ekev`x ms¯’v ÔwMÖb wcmÕ hvÎv ïiæ K‡i 1971
mv‡j|
323. evsjv‡`‡ki wbPy f~wgi A‡ji †Rjvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ wK‡kviMÄ
I nweMÄ Ab¨Zg|
324. evsjv‡`‡ki `xN©Zg,MfxiZg b`x †gNbv| ‡gNbv b`xi ‰`N©¨
669 wK.wg.|
325. evsjv‡`‡ki DËi-cwðg AÂj †ewk Liv cÖeY|
326. evsjv‡`‡ki e‡i›`ª A‡ji cwi‡ek eb¨v wbqš¿Y, cvwb
wb®‹vkb I †m‡Pi Kvi‡Y Lye †ewk ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡q‡Q|
327. evsjv‡`‡ki evwl©K Mo e„wócvZ wm‡jU †÷k‡b †iKW© Kiv
n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki wm‡jU A‡j me‡P‡q ‡ewk e„wócvZ nq|
328. †Kv‡bv AÂj ev †`‡ki Rjevqyi wba©viK n‡jv: Aÿvsk,
mgy‡`ªi Xvj, mgy`ª Zj‡`k †_‡K D”PZv, mgy`ª †_‡K `yiZ¡, evqy
cÖevn, mgy`ª‡¯ªvZ, ce©‡Zi Ae¯’vb, f~wgi Xvj, g„wËKvi MVb Ges
ebf~wgi Ae¯’vb|
329. mgy‡`ªi Rj¯Í‡ii e„w× evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi RxweKv
cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î `xN©¯’vqx cÖfve †dj‡e|
330. AvKv‡k isaby m„wói KviY e„wói KYv|
331. e¯‘i IRb me‡P‡q †ewk †giæ A‡j|
332. cÖvK„wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb wg‡_b M¨vm| cÖvK„wZK M¨v‡m
wg‡_b Dcv`v‡bi cwigvY 80-90%|
333. Pv cvZvq wfUvwgb we Kg‡cø· _v‡K|
334. B-Kg©vm mvBU amazon.com cÖwZwôZ nq 1994 mv‡j|
335. iv‡óªi PZz_© ¯Í¤¢ ejv nq msev` gva¨g‡K |
336. ˆbwZK kw³i cÖavb Dcv`vb mZZv I wbôv|
337. RbMY, ivóª I cÖkvm‡ii mv‡_ Nwbô m¤úK© n‡jv mykvmb|
g¨vKKibxi g‡Z, Òmykvmb ej‡Z iv‡óªi mv‡½ mykxj mgv‡Ri,
miKv‡ii mv‡_ kvwmZ RbM‡Yi, kvm‡Ki mv‡½ kvwmZ RbM‡Yi
m¤úK© †evSvq|
338. ÔmeyRcÎÕ cwÎKvwU cÖKvwkZ nq 1914 mv‡j| cwÎKvwUi
m¤úv`K wQ‡jb evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i PwjZ ixwZi cÖeZ©K cÖg_ †PŠaywi|
339. gyw³hy×wfwËK bvUK Ôcv‡qi AvIqvR cvIqv hvqÕ iPwqZv
ˆmq` kvgmyj nK|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
340. ev½vjx RvwZi cÖavb Ask Aw÷ªK RvwZ‡Mvwôi AšÍfy©³|
341. evsjv (‡`k I fvlv) bv‡gi DrcwËi welqwU AvBb-B-
AvKeix MÖ‡š’ me©vwaK D‡jøwLZ n‡q‡Q|
342. XvKi jvjevM `~M© wbg©vY K‡ib kv‡q¯Ív Lvb|
343. evsjvi ÔwQqvˇii gbšÍiÕ Gi mgq Kvj 1770 wLª. Z‡e evsjvq
1176 e½vã|
344. me©`jxq †K›`ªxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil` MwVZ n‡q‡Q 31
Rvbyqvwi 1952 mv‡j|
345. e½eÜzi 1971 mv‡ji 7 gv‡P©i fvl‡Yi mgq c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb PjwQ‡jv|
346. 26 gvP© 1971 mv‡ji ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv e½eÜz Rvix K‡i
Iqvi‡j‡mi gva¨‡g|
347. evsjv‡`‡k †ivcv Avgb avb KvUv nq AMÖnvqY †_‡K †cŠl
gv‡m|
348. my›`e‡bi 61.07 % evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvbvi g‡a¨ c‡o‡Q|
349. GgwcwRi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨ ÿzav I `vwi`ª `~i Kiv|
350. ZË¡avqK miKvi e¨e¯’v msweav‡bi 15 Zg ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g
i` Kiv n‡q‡Q|
351. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm` GK Kÿ wewkó|
352. fvi‡Zi 111 wU ÔwQUgnjÕ evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvq
AšÍf©~³ n‡q‡Q|
353. evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb 20034'' DËi Aÿvsk n‡Z
26038'' DËi Aÿvsk ch©šÍ Ges Aciw`‡K 88001'' c~e© `ªvwNgv
n‡Z 92041'' c~e© `ªvwNgv ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z|
354. evsjv‡`‡ki gymwjg DcRvwZ cv½b|
355. XvKvi Ô‡avjvB LvjÕ Lbb K‡i Bmjvg Lvb|
356. evsjvfvlv‡K cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil‡` 9 †g, 1954 Ab¨Zg
ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`q| Avi RvZxq cwil‡` ¯^xK…wZ †`q 16
†deªæqvwi, 1956 mv‡j|
357. gyw³hy×Kvjxb 14 wW‡m¤^i 1971 mv‡j eyw×Rxwe‡`i Ici
e¨vcK nZ¨vKvÛ msNwUZ nq|
358. evsjv‡`k ¯^xK„wZ cÖ`vbKvix cÖ_g BD‡ivcxq †`k c~e© Rvg©vb|
359. ÔïfjsÕ SiYv iv½vgvwU †Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
360. evsjv‡`‡ki DòZg ¯’v‡bi bvg jvjcyi bv‡Uvi|
361. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv M„wnZ n‡q‡Q 17 Rvbyqvwi 1972
mv‡j|
362. †Kv‡bv ivóªxq Abyôv‡b RvZxq msMx‡Zi cÖ_g 4 PiY evRv‡bv
nq|
363. GK‡b‡Ki †Pqvig¨vb ev mfvcwZ cÖavbgš¿x Ges weKí
†Pqvig¨vb A_©gš¿x|
364. ÔAwMœk^iÕ Kjvi DbœZ Rv‡Zi bvg|
365. eZ©gvb mg‡q evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q eo AR©b hy×vcivax‡`i
wePvi|
366. War and Peace MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv wjI Uj÷q|
367. evsjv‡`‡k 1998 mvj †_‡K eq¯‹ fvZv Pvjy nq|
368. evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ fvi‡Zi mxgvbv ‰`N©¨ 4156 wK.wg.|
89
369. †gqi ‡gvnv¤§` nvwbd d¬vBIfv‡ii ‰`N©¨ 11.8 wK.wg.|
370. 2004 mv‡ji fqsKvi mybvwg †XD‡qi MwZ N›Uvq 700-800
wK.wg.|
371. wdkvixR †Uªwbs †m›Uvi Puv`cyy‡i Aew¯’Z|
372. mgy`ªc„ô 45 †m.wg. e„w× †c‡j 2050 mvj bvMv` evsjv‡`‡k 3
†KvwU gvbyl Rjevqy DØv¯‘ †Z cwiYZ n‡e|
373. evqygÛ‡ji ‡gvU kw³i 99.97 % m~h© n‡Z Av‡m|
374. `~‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv bxwZgvjv 2015 mv‡ji 19 Rvbyqvwi Rvwi
nq|
375. mybvgxi KviY n‡jv mgy‡`ªi Zj‡`‡ki f~wg K¤úb|
376. wW‡Rj †cvov‡j evZv‡m mvjdvi WvB A·BW Av‡m|
377. †gvevBj †Uwj‡dv‡bi jvB‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Zwor kw³ cÖevwnZ
nq|
378. Rxe RM‡Zi Rb¨ me‡P‡q ÿwZKi iwk¥ Mvjv iwk¥|
379. jvj is †ewk `~i †_‡K †`Lv hvq|
380. K¨vÝv‡ii wPwPrmvq e¨eüZ Mvgv wewKi‡Yi Drm n‡jv
AvB‡mv‡Uvc|
381. e¨w³MZ g~j¨‡eva jvjb K‡i mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva‡K|
382. mykvm‡bi c~e©kZ© n‡jv A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœqb|
383. mykvm‡bi c‡_i AšÍivq ¯^RbcÖxwZ|
384. Ph©vc‡`i me‡P‡q †ewk c` iPbv K‡i‡Qb Kvýcv|
385. ÔmgvPvi `c©YÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb Rb K¬vK© g¨vkgvb|
386. Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii AvZ¥Rxewbi bvg ÔAvZ¥K_vÕ|
387. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i cÖ_g mv_©K Uªv‡RwW bvUK gvB‡Kj gaym~`b
`‡Ëi K…òKzgvix|
388. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi iwPZ MÖš’ 3wU| h_v: Amgvß
AvZ¥Rxebx, KvivMv‡i †ivRbvgPv, Avgvi †`Lv bqvPxb|
389. ÔcÖv‡Yi evÜe †i eywo nBjvg †Zvi Kvi‡YÕ- MvbwUi MxwZ I
myiKvi †kL Iqvwn`|
390. ÔûwjqvÕ KweZv wbg©‡j›`y ¸‡Yi|
391. ûgvqyb Kwei AvZZvqxi nv‡Z XvKvq g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
392. mybxj M‡½vcva¨v‡qi Ôc~e©-cwðgÕ Dcb¨v‡m evsjv‡`‡ki
gyw³hy‡×vËi mg‡qi wPÎ Aw¼Z n‡q‡Q|
393. evM`v wPswo Avwki `kK †_‡K ißvwb cY¨ wn‡m‡e ¯’vb K‡i
†bq|
394. evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 117 bs Aby‡”Q`wU cÖkvmwbK UªvBey¨bvj
welqwU mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q|
395. eZ©gv‡b miKvwi wUwf P¨v‡bj 4 wU Ges ‡emiKvwi 47 wU Z‡e
Pvjy i‡q‡Q 27 wU|
396. ÔAwjf UviUjÕ evsjv‡`‡ki †m›UgvwU©b Øx‡c cvIqv hvq|
397. Pxbv cwieªvRK wnD‡qb mv‡Oi `xÿv ¸iæ wQ‡jb wkjf`ª|
gnvexi wkjf`ª bvj›`v wenv‡ii AvPvh© wQ‡jb|
398. cÖvwšÍK n«` ev›`iev‡b Aew¯’Z|
399. Lvwmqv MÖvg¸‡jv cywÄ bv‡g cwiwPZ|
400. jW© K¨vwbs fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k cÖ_g cywjk e¨e¯’v Pvjy K‡i|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
401. evsjv‡`kx Gfv‡i÷ Rq 4 Rb| gymv Beªvwng (23 ‡g,
2010), Gg.G.gywnZ (21 †g, 2011, Ges 19 †g, 2012 -
`yBevi), wbkvZ gRyg`vi (19 †g, 2012), Iqvmwdqv bvRbxb (26
†g, 2012)|
402. cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil‡`i Awa‡ek‡b evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vex
cÖ_g DÌvcb K‡ib Kzwgjøvi ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë (23 †deªæqvwi, 1948)|
403. weL¨vZ wPÎKg© wZb Kb¨v, bvBIi, †`k AvR wek^ †envqvi
Là‡i BZ¨vw` wPÎKg© ÔcUzqvÕ bv‡g L¨vZ evsjv‡`kx wPÎwkíx Kvgiæj
nvmv‡bi|
404. fve`n wej Aew¯’Z h‡kv‡i|
405. evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i me©vwabvqK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb|
gyw³hy‡×i cÖavb †mbvcwZ †Rbv‡ij Gg.G.wR. Imgvbx|
406. ÔeY©vjxÕ I ÔïåÕ DbœZ Rv‡Zi fzÆv|
407. Mfxi mgy`ªe›`i wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯ÍvweZ †mvbvw`qv Øx‡ci
AvqZb 7 eM© wK.wg.|
408. Ô Making of a Nation BangladeshÕ- MÖ‡š’i ‡jLK
byiæj Bmjvg|
409. RxebXzjx gyw³hy×wfwËK GKwU Pjw”PÎ|
410. evsjv‡`‡ki c‡ÿ Iqvb‡W wµ‡KU Awf‡l‡K ZvBRyj Bmjvg
5wU DB‡KU †c‡q‡Q|
411. cwiKíbv Kwgk‡bi M„wnZ c`‡ÿc Abyhvqx mßg cÂevwl©K
cwiKíbvi †gqv` 2016-2020|
412. `¨ eøvW †UwjMÖvg MÖ‡š’i †jLK gvK©vm d«vÛv|
413. wek^evRv‡i evsjv‡`‡ki eø¨vK †e½j QvM‡ji Pvgov Kzwóqv †MÖW
bv‡g cwiwPZ|
414. hy³ivóªwfwËK weL¨vZ wbDR g¨vMvwRb ÔUvBgm DBKm&Õ
e½eÜz‡K ivRbxwZi Kwe ev ÔPoet of PoliticsÕ e‡j AvL¨v
w`‡q‡Qb|
415. evsjv‡`‡ki wm‡jU AÂj‡K 360 AvDwjqvi †`k ejv nq
Ges PÆMÖvg AÂj‡K 12 AvDwjqvi f~wg ejv nq|
416. b¨vPvivj M¨vm dvwU©jvBRvi d¨v±vwi wjwg‡U‡W Drcvw`Z
mv‡ii Gi bvg BDwiqv Ges GGmwc|
417. evsjvv‡`k I gvqvbgv‡ii mxgv‡šÍi bvg gvsWy|
418. evsjv‡`‡k Kvj‰ekvwL So nq cÖvK-‡gŠmywg evqy FZz‡Z|
419. c~e© mZ©K Qvovq f~wgK¤ú n‡q _v‡K|
420. evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍeZ©x fvi‡Zi 5 wU ivR¨ n‡jv: cwðge½,
†gNvjq, Avmvg, wÎcyiv I wg‡Rvivg|
421. evqygÛ‡j bvB‡Uªv‡Rb 78.02%, Aw·‡Rb 20.71%, Kve©b
WvB A·vBW 0.03%, I‡Rvb 0.0001% Ges AviMb 0.08%|
422. BD-AvK„wZi DcZ¨Kv wngev‡ni ÿqKv‡h©i Øviv MwVZ nq|
D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq: Avím, wngvjq I iwK ce©Zgvjv|
423. evsjv‡`‡ki K„wl avb-cÖavb wbweo ¯^qs‡fvMx|
424. `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvi ch©vqµg n‡jv: c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ > SuywK
wPwýZKiY > cybe©vmb > cÖwZ‡iva > cÖkgb|
425. DU‡K giæf~wgi RvnvR ejv nq|
426. PH n‡jv GwmW, ÿvi I wbi‡cÿZvi wb‡`©kK|
90
427. †Mv‡q›`v wefv‡a G·-iwk¥ e¨envi Kiv nq|
428. †Rvqvi fvUvi †¯ªv‡Z b`xLvZ Mfxi nq|
429. eZ©gv‡b my›`ie‡b `yBai‡bi nwiY †`Lv hvq| h_v: gvqv I wPÎv
nwiY|
430. †mvk¨vj †bUIqvwK©s UzBUvi 21 gvP© 2006 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq|
431. cywóKi Lv`¨ Qvov †ivM cÖwZ‡iva Kiv Am¤¢e|
432. mvgvwRK g~j¨‡ev‡ai wfwË n‡”Q AvB‡bi kvmb, mvg¨,
ˆbwZKZv, bxwZ I JwPZ¨‡eva BZ¨vw`|
433. mykvm‡bi c~e©kZ© n‡jv AskMÖnYg~jK miKvi e¨e¯’v, AvB‡bi
kvmb, ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, `vqe×Zv, ¯^vaxb cÖPvi gva¨g ÿgZvi
we‡K›`ªxKiY BZ¨vw`|
435. mn¯ªvã Dbœqb jÿ¨ AR©‡b mykvm‡bi g~j¨‡ev‡ai w`‡K ¸iæZ¡
†`Iqv n‡q‡Q|
436. ÔAvB‡bi †Pv‡L me bvMwiK mgvb|Õ- evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi
27 bs aviv|
437. ÔmykvmbÕ kãwU D™¢e NUvb wek^e¨vsK|
438. wbi‡cÿ I kw³kvjx MYgva¨g mykvm‡bi AšÍivq|
439. cÖvPxb evsjvi †kÖô wb`k©b Ph©vc` iwPZ nq 1907 mv‡j|
Ph©vc` gvÎve„Ë Q‡›` iwPZ|
440. ÔZË¡‡evabxÕ cwÎKvi m¤úv`K wQ‡jb AÿqKzgvi `Ë|
441. fvlv Av‡›`vjbwfwËK GKwU bvUK ÔKeiÕ iPwqZv gybxi ‡PŠaywi|
442. gyw³hy×wfwËK GKwU Dcb¨vm ÔnvOi b`x †MÖ‡bWÕ iPwqZv
†mwjbv †nv‡mb|
443. e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 17 gvP©, 1920 mv‡j †MvcvjMÄ
†Rjvi Uzw½cvovq evBMvi b`xi Zx‡i Rb¥MÖnb K‡ib| e½eÜzi
Rb¥w`bwU evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq wkky w`em wn‡m‡e cvjb Kiv nq|
e½eÜy 1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
444. eûj Av‡jvwPZ gûwii Pi †dbx ‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
445. evsjv‡`k †Uwjwfkb hvÎv ïiæ K‡ib 1964 mv‡j Z‡e
evsjv‡`‡k iwOb †Uwjwfkb Pvjy nq 1980 mv‡j|
446. jW© KY©Iqvwjm 1793 mv‡ji 23 gvP© wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy
K‡i| wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi mv‡_ RwoZ wQ‡jv m~h©v¯Í AvBb|
447. evsjv‡`k Dbœqb ‡dviv‡gi mgš^qKvix ms¯’v n‡jv wek^e¨vsK|
448. evsjv‡`k I gvqvbgv‡ii mxgvšÍeZ©x b`x n‡jv bvd b`x|
449. evsjv‡`‡k †kqvi evRv‡ii Kvh©µg wbqš¿Y K‡i wmwKDwiwUR
G·‡PÄ Kwgkb|
450. BD‡bm‡Kv 1999 mv‡ji 17 b‡f¤^i 21 †k †deªæqvwi‡K
AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ„fvlv w`em wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`q| 2000 mv‡ji 21
†deªæqvwi 188 wU †`k cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ„fvlv w`em
cvjb K‡i|
451. i‡³ wn‡gv‡Møvwe‡bi KvR n‡jv Aw·‡Rb cwienb Kiv|
452. mylg Lv‡`¨i Dcv`vb 6 wU| h_v: kK©iv, Avwgl, Pwe©,
wfUvwgb, LwbR jeY I cvwb|
453. nvo I `vuZ‡K gReyZ K‡i K¨vwjwmqvg I dmdivm|
454. mybvgx Rvcvwb kã| mybvgxi KviY n‡jv mgy`ª Zj‡`‡ki
f~wgK¤ú|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
455. cÖvK…wZK Ôe„wócvZÕ n‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk g„`y cvwb cvIqv hvq|
456. Rwgi jeYv³Zv wbqš¿Y K‡i cvwb †mP|
457. iƒcvi we`y¨r cwievwnZv me‡P‡q ‡ewk|
458. †Lmvixi Wv‡ji mv‡_ j¨v_vivBRvg †iv‡Mi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
459. gvbe‡`‡ni kw³ Drcv`‡bi cÖavb Drm k^mb|
460. ei‡di Zzjbvq cvwbi NbZ¡ †ewk nIqv eid cvwb‡Z fv‡m|
461. Mvoxi e¨vUvwi‡Z mvjwdDwiK GwmW e¨eüZ nq|
462. `x‡bkiÄb `v‡mi m¤úv`bvq 1923 mv‡j KjKvZv †_‡K
ÔK‡jøvjÕ bv‡g gvwmK cwÎKv cÖKvwkZ nq|
463. ÔThe origin and Development of Bengali
LanguageÕ MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv W.mybxwZ Kzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq|
464. hy³iv‡R¨i weÁvbx Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs 1928 mv‡j
Ô‡cwbwmwjbÕ bvgK A¨vw›Uev‡qvwUK Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|
465. RwÛm n‡jv hK…‡Zi GKwU †ivM|
466. 1969 mv‡j B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy nq| Pvjy mgq B›Uvi‡b‡Ui bvg
wQ‡jv ÔAvc©v‡bUÕ| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui RbK wfbUb wR Kvd©|
467. D”PZv cwigvcK h‡š¿i bvg A¨vjwUwgUvi, Zvc cwigvcK h‡š¿i
bvg K¨v‡jvwgUvi, DòZv cwigvcK h‡š¿i bvg _v‡g©vwgUvi Ges
M¨v‡mi Pvc cwigvcK h‡š¿i bvg g¨v‡bvwgUvi|
468. †mvbv, Zvgv, †jvnv BZ¨vw` †gŠwjK c`v_© Ges cvwb, B¯úvZ
BZ¨vw` †hŠwMK avZy|
469. cvi` ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎvq Zij _v‡K|
470. ‡÷Bb‡jm ÷x‡ji Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb †µvwgqvg|
471. me©v‡cÿv nvjKv avZz nvB‡Wªv‡Rb|
472. fvix cvwbi ivmvqwbK ms‡KZ D2O |
473. msKi avZz‡Z wcZ‡ji Dcv`vb Zvgv I `¯Ív|
474. wm‡g›U ‰Zwii Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb/KuvPvgvj wRcmvg|
475. gnvRvMwZK iwk¥i Avwe®‹viK †nm|
476. BDwi M¨vMvwib Ô‡fv÷KÕ b‡fvhv‡b me©cÖ_g gnvk~‡b¨ ågY
K‡ib 1961 mv‡ji 12 GwcÖj| gnvKv‡k wZwb 109 wgwbU Ae¯’vb
K‡ib|
477. evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb G ch©šÍ 17 evi ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q|
478. evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi ga¨Kvi we‡ivac~Y© Øxc `wÿY
ZvjcwÆ/c~e©vmv/wbDg~i Øxc mvZÿxiv †Rjvi nvwoqvfv½v b`xi
†gvnbvq Aew¯’Z|
479. gywRebMi †g‡nicyi ‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
480. evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ mvgyw`ªK cÖevj Øxc †m›UgvwU©b K·evRvi
†Rjvq Aew¯’Z|
481. evsjv‡`k me‡P‡q †ewk ‰ew`wkK gy`ªv AR©b K‡i ˆZwi †cvkvK
LvZ †_‡K|
482. Kzwgjøvi gqbvgwZ‡Z Ôkvjeb wenviÕ Aew¯’Z|
483. ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vj‡q Aew¯’Z Ômvevm evsjv‡`kÕ- fv¯‹‡h©i
¯’vcwZ wbZzb KzÛ|
484. evsjv‡`k RvZxq cZvKv w`em 2 gvP©|
485. evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g cÖavb †mbvcwZ †gRi †Rbv‡ij AvZvDj
MwY Imgvwb|
91
486. wkívPvR© Rqbyj Av‡ew`b msMÖnkvjvwU gqgbwms‡n Aew¯’Z|
487. evsjv‡`‡ki †Mwijv QwewU Ô‡KvjKvZv wdjg †dw÷fvjÕ cyi¯‹vi
jvf K‡i‡Q 2011 mv‡ji 10-17 b‡f¤^i|
488. eZ©gv‡b cÖavb wePvicwZ nvmvb d‡qR wmwÏKxmn Avwcj
wefv‡Mi wePvicwZi msL¨v 5 Rb|
489. MÖxwbP gvbgw›`i Aew¯’Z jÛb, hy³ivR¨|
490. evsjv M`¨ ixwZi RbK cÖg_ †PŠaywii QÙ bvg ÔexiejÕ|
491. `y‡a _v‡K j¨vKwUK GwmW|
492. ¯^‡Y©i Lv` †ei Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq bvBwUªe GwmW|
493. Zvgvwej mxgv‡šÍi mv‡_ fvi‡Zi WvDwK kniwU Aew¯’Z|
494. BTRC -Gi c~Y©iƒc Bangladesh Telecommunication
Regulatory Commission |
495. evsjv‡`k †ijI‡qi me©e„nr KviLvbv ˆmq`cy‡i Aew¯’Z|
496. evsjv‡`‡ki White Gold n‡jv wPswo|
497. evsjv‡`‡ki K…wl †ÿ‡Î M‡gi `ywU DbœZ Rv‡Zi bvg
Ô‡mvbvwjKvÕ Ges ÔAvKeiÕ|
498. wek^ mvwnZ¨ †K‡›`ªi †køvMvb, ÔAv‡jvwKZ gvbyq PvqÕ| 17
wW‡m¤^i 1978 mv‡j wek^ mvwnZ¨ †K›`ª cÖwZwôZ nq| wek^ mvwnZ¨
†K›`ª 2012 mv‡j ÔAv‡jvi ¯‹zjÕ Ges ÔAv‡jvi cvVkvjvÕ Kg©m~wP Pvjy
K‡i|
499. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKvi ˆ`N©¨ 10:6 ev 5:3 |
500. evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q †ewk Pv evMvb i‡q‡Q ‡gŠjwfevRvi
†Rjvq|
501. gvkiæg GKai‡Yi dv½vm|
502. †h evqy me©`vB D”PPvc AÂj ‡_‡K wb¤œ Pvc A‡j cÖevwnZ
nq Zv‡K wbqZ evqy ejv nq|
503. Gw›Uev‡qvwU‡Ki KvR n‡jv RxevYy aŸsm Kiv|
504. evsjv M‡`¨i RbK Ck^iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi | cÖK…Z bvg Ck^iP›`ª
kg©v, 1840 mv‡j 19 eQi eq‡m ms¯‹…Z K‡jR †_‡K Ôwe`¨vmvMiÕ
Dcvwa cvq| ˆcwZK Dcvwa e‡›`¨vcva¨vq|
505. evsjv‡`k †jvKwkí Rv`yNi ‡mvbviMuv‡q Aew¯’Z|
506. 1912 mv‡j MwVZ bv_vb Kwgk‡bi mycvwikµ‡g 1921 mv‡ji
1 RyjvB cÖv‡P¨i A·‡dvW© XvKv wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq| 1953
mv‡j cÖv‡P¨i K¨vgweªR bv‡g L¨vZ ivRkvnx wek^we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ
nq|
507. evsjv mvj MYbv ïiæ K‡ib gyNj m¤ªvU AvKei|
508. PUKv I fvIqvBqv- iscyi A‡j, fvwUqvjx- gqgbwmsn I
wm‡jU A‡ji, M¤¢xiv- PvcvBbeveMÄ A‡ji msMxZ|
509. eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k DcRvwZ cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q 8wU|
510. †ijc‡_ XvKv †_‡K Lyjbvi `~iZ¡ 627 wK.wg.|
511. eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k‡K me‡P‡q †ewk mvnvh¨ K‡i Rvcvb|
512. evsjv‡`k 1988 mvj †_‡K kvwšÍiÿv evwnbx‡Z KvR K‡i|
513. wmwjKb, Rv‡g©wbqvg, M¨vwjqvg G¸‡jv Aa©-cwievwn Aciw`‡K
‡jvnv I Zwor cwievnx c`v_©|
514. KvR I e‡ji GKK h_vµ‡g Ryj I WvBb|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
515. mgy‡`ªi `vwNªgvsk wbY©‡qi h‡š¿i bvg µ‡bvwgUvi Ges m~h© I
Ab¨vb¨ MÖ‡ni †KŠwYK `yiZ¡ cwigvcK h‡š¿i bvg †m·U¨v›U|
516. c~wY©gv I Agvem¨vi wZw_‡Z c„w_ex, P›`ª I m~h© hLb cÖvq GKB
mij‡iLvq Ae¯’vb K‡i ZLb cÖej †Rvqvi nq|
517. †Kv‡j‡÷ij GK ai‡Yi Am¤ú„³ Gj‡Kvnj, i‡³
†Kv‡j‡i÷‡ji gvÎv †e‡o †M‡j D”P i³Pvc, †÷ªvK, nvU© GUvK
BZ¨vw` †iv‡Mi Avk¼v ‡e‡o hvq|
518. K…wl Rwg‡Z cÖavbZ Pzb e¨envi Kiv nq gvwUi A¤øZv n«vm
Kivi Rb¨|
519. nxiK DR¦j †`Lvi KviY Av‡jvi c~Y© Af¨šÍixY cÖwZdjb|
520. gvbe‡`‡n †µv‡gvR‡gi msL¨v 23 †Rvov ev 46 wU|
521. evsjv fvlvq cÖavbZ Q›` 3 cÖKvi| h_v: ¯^ie„Ë, gvÎve„Ë Ges
Aÿie„Ë|
522. `wÿYviÄb wgÎ gRyg`v‡ii ÔVvKzgvi-SzwjÕ iƒcK_v RvZxq
msKjb|
523. ÒmKv‡j DwVqv Avwg g‡b g‡b ewj, mvivw`b Avwg †hb fv‡jv
nq Pwj|Ó- PiY؇qi †jLK g`b‡gvnb ZK©vj¼vi|
524. dj cvKv‡bvi Rb¨ `vwq Bw_wjb Ges d‡ji is jvj nq
jvB‡Kv‡c‡bi Kvi‡Y|
525. evqexq c`v‡_© k‡ãi MwZ me‡P‡q Kg|
526. wek^ cwi‡ek w`em 5 Ryb|
527. mjdv‡ii Afv‡e dm‡ji cwic°Zv wejw¤^Z nq|
528. n¨vwji a~g‡KZz 76 eQi cici †`Lv hvq| me©‡kl †`Lv †M‡Q
1986 mv‡j| cieZ©x‡Z †`Lv hv‡e 2062 mv‡j|
529. ‡W½y R¦‡ii evnb n‡jv GwWm gkv|
530. A¨vjywgwbqvg mvj‡dU‡K evsjv fvlvq wdUKvwi e‡j|
531. iw½b †Uwjwfkb †_‡K ÿwZKi Mvgv iwk¥ †ei nq|
532. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq dj KuvVvj Z‡e RvZxq e„ÿ Avg MvQ
(2010 mvj †_‡K)|
533. wµ‡K‡U evsjv‡`k 2000 mv‡j †U÷ gh©v`v cvq|
534. †`‡ki cÖ_g Jla cvK© gywÝMÄ ‡Rjvi MRvwiqv‡Z Aew¯’Z|
535. Qq `dv `vwe cÖ_g DÌvwcZ nq jv‡nv‡i|
536. 1 b‡f¤^i 2007 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vwn wefvM †_‡K wePvi
wefvM‡K c„_K Kiv nq|
537.cUzqvLvjx‡Z Aew¯’Z mgy`ª‰mKZ KzqvKvUvi ¯’vbxq bvg
ÔmvMiKb¨vÕ| m~‡h©v`q I m~h©v¯Í †`Lv hvq KzqvKvUv †_‡K|
538. evsjv‡`‡ki b`x M‡elYv Bbw÷wUDU Aew¯’Z dwi`cy‡i|
539. MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki g‡bvMÖv‡g 4wU ZviKv wPý i‡q‡Q|
540. cÖvPxb P›`ªØx‡ci eZ©gvb bvg ewikvj|
541. eLwZqvi LjwR evsjv Rq K‡ib 1204 mv‡j|
542. evsjv fvlvq cÖ_g evsjv e¨vKiY iPbv K‡i‡Q ivRv ivg‡gvnb
ivq| bvg Ô‡MŠwoq e¨vKiYÕ|
543. gymwjg bvix RvMi‡Yi cÖZxK mvgmybœvnvi|
544. eo– PÛx`vm iwPZ ga¨hy‡M evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i GKgvÎ wb`k©b
ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ 1909 mv‡j emšÍ iÄb ivq weØØejøf cwðge‡½i
evKyov †Rjvi KvwKj¨v MÖv‡gi GKwU †MvqvjNi †_‡K Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib
92
Ges 1916 mv‡j Ôe½xq mvwnZ¨ cwil`Õ †_‡K cÖKvwkZ nq|
ÔkÖxK…òKxZ©bÕ Kv‡e¨i L‡Ûi msL¨v 13wU Ges G Kv‡e¨i Ab¨Zg
PwiÎ K…ò, ivav I eovB|
545. evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i K_¨ ixwZ cÖPj‡b ÔmeyRcÎÕ cwÎKvi Ae`vb
i‡q‡Q|
546. myjZvwb Avg‡j evsjvi ivRavbx wQ‡jv †MŠo|
547. fvi‡Zi eZ©gvb cÖavbgš¿x b‡i›`ª ‡gvw` (16 Zg) Ges fvi‡Zi
eZ©gvb ivóªcwZ †`ªŠc`x gygy©|
548. †Rvqv‡ii 6 N›Uv 13 wgwbU ci ci fvUvi m„wó nq|
549. A܇`i Rb¨ wjLb c×wZ D™¢vcb K‡ib †eªBj|
550. cvigvYweK Pzwjø‡Z BD‡ivwbqvg-35 †gŠj R¦vjvwb wn‡m‡e
e¨envi Kiv nq|
551. †MŠ‡oi †QvU †mvbvgmwR` AvjvDÏxb †nv‡mb kv‡ni Avg‡j
wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q|
552. Aw÷ªK RvwZ †_‡K evOvwj RvwZi cÖavb Ask M‡o D‡V‡Q|
553. 1954 mv‡ji hy³d«‡›Ui wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znvi 21 `dvi cÖ_g
`dv wQ‡jv evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv gh©v`v `vb|
554. XvKv wek^we`¨vjq PZ¡‡i ¯’vwcZ ÔAcivR‡qj evsjvÕ fv¯‹vh©wUi
¯’vcwZ ˆmq` Avãyjøvn Lv‡j`| fv¯‹h©wU 16 wW‡m¤^i 1979 mv‡j
D‡Øvab Kiv nq|
555. RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡ai D”PZv 46.5 wgUvi|
556. wcZ„Zvwš¿K nvRs DcRvwZiv gqgbwmsn, †b·Kvbv, †kicyi I
mybvgM‡Ä emevm K‡i|
557. †bvqvLvwj †Rjvq †gNbv b`xi †gvnbvq M‡o IVv wbSzg Øx‡ci
AvqZb 91 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| G ØxcwU Pi Imgvb I Pi Kgjv G
`yfv‡M wef³|
558. †Kv‡bv kã †kvbvi ci 0.1 †m‡KÛ ch©šÍ Gi †ik Avgv‡`i
gw¯Í‡®‹ _v‡K|
559. †Uwjwfk‡b iwOb Qwe Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ wZbwU †gŠwjK is: jvj,
bxj I meyR e¨envi Kiv nq|
560. we`y¨r we‡ji wnmve Kiv nq wK‡jvIqvU N›Uvq|
561. Dw™¢‡`i cvZv nj‡` nq bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi Afv‡e|
562. K¨vÝvi †iv‡Mi KviY †Kv‡li A¯^vfvweK e„w×|
563. RxeRM‡Zi Rb¨ AvjUªv-fvqv‡jU, Mvgv, weUv me¸‡jv iwk¥
ÿwZKi Z‡e Mvgv iwk¥ me‡P‡q †ewk ÿwZKi|
564. RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j e¨vcK ÿwZMÖ¯’ n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek|
565. wbiÿ‡iLvq w`b ivwÎ mgvb nq|
566. Av‡jv GK eQ‡i hZ `~iZ¡ AwZµg K‡i Zv‡K Av‡jvKel©
e‡j|
567. ÔAvwg wKse`šÍxi K_v ejwQÕ- Avey Rvdi Ievq`yjøvni GKwU
weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’|
568. evsjv‡`‡ki wd‡ivRv †eMg me©cÖ_g †U÷wUDe †ewei gv nb|
569. 1986 mv‡j RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡` cÖ_g evsjv‡`wk
mfvcwZ ûgvqyb iwk` †PŠaywi|
570. Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK cÖwZwôZ nq 1998 mv‡j|
571. evsjv‡`k cigvYy kw³ Kwgkb MwVn nq 1973 mv‡j|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
572. gvby‡li ürwcÛ 4 cÖ‡Kvô wewkó|
573. gvby‡li Mv‡qi is †gjvwb‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj|
574. ev`yo AÜKv‡i Pjv‡div K‡i m„ó k‡ãi cÖwZaŸwb ï‡b|
575. evsjv‡`k 1974 mv‡j Bmjvwg mn‡hvwM ms¯’vi m`m¨c` jvf
K‡i|
576. ejvBPuv` gy‡Lvcva¨v‡qi QÙbvg ÔebdzjÕ|
577. evsjv GKv‡Wwg cÖwZwôZ nq 1955 mv‡j|
578. KuvP ‰Zwii cÖavb KvuPvgvj evwj, †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU Ges
Pzbvcv_i|
579. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm †_‡K BDwiqv m¨vi Drcvw`Z nq|
580. wbD‡gvwbqv †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq gvbe‡`‡ni dymdzm|
581. nuvo I `uvZ‡K gReyZ K‡i dmdivm|
582. AvgjwK‡Z A·vwjK, Kgjv‡jey‡Z A¨vmKiweK, Av½y‡i
UviUvwiK Ges U‡g‡Uv‡Z m¨vwjK GwmW cvIqv hvq|
583. mv‡jvKms‡kølY me‡P‡q †ewk nq jvj Av‡jv‡Z|
583. evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY e¨vsK gvB‡µv ‡µwWU m‡¤§j‡bi Ab¨Zg
D‡`¨v³v|
583. evsjv‡`‡ki me©cÖ_g wWwRUvj †Uwj‡dvb e¨e¯’v Pvjy nq 4
Rvbyqvwi 1990|
584. knx` Pv›`y †÷wWqvg e¸ov kn‡i Aew¯’Z|
583. evsjv‡`‡k wK‡kvi I wK‡kvix Dbœqb †K›`ª i‡q‡Q 3wU|
Zb¥‡a¨ wK‡kvi Dbœqb †K›`ª 2 wU, GKwU MvRxcy‡ii U½x Ges AciwU
h‡kv‡ii cy‡jinv‡U| evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ wK‡kvix ms‡kvab †K›`ª
MvRxcy‡ii †Kvbvevwo|
584. KY©dzjx b`xi Drm fvi‡Zi wg‡Rvivg ivR¨|
585. cvnv‡oi Ici ivbœv Ki‡Z †ewk mgq jv‡M KviY evqyi Pvc
Kg _v‡K|
586. evsjv GKv‡Wwgi ÔAÂwjK Awfav‡biÕ m¤ú`bv K‡ib gynv¤§`
knx`yjøvn|
587. ¯^‡Y©i Lv` †ei Ki‡Z bvBwUªK GwmW e¨eüZ nq|
588. m~h© I c„w_exi g‡a¨ Pvu` Avm‡j- m~h© MÖnY nq Aciw`‡K Puv`
I m~‡h©i g‡a¨ c„w_ex Avm‡j P›`ªMÖnY nq|
589. ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv ax‡i Pj‡jI we`y¨‡Zi LiP mgvb nq|
590. 1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ †fvi ch©šÍ evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbxi
cÖavb wQ‡jb †gRi ‡Rbv‡ij †K. Gg. mwdDjøvn|
591. evsjv GKv‡Wwgi Ômswÿß evsjv Awfav‡biÕ m¤úv`K Avng`
kixd|
592. BIMSTEC GKwU A_©‰bwZK †RvU| m`m¨ msL¨v 7 Ges
m`i`ßi XvKv, evsjv‡`k|
593. evsjv‡`k 2 evi RvwZms‡Ni ¯^w¯Í cwil‡`i m`m¨c` jvf
K‡i‡Q|
594. wkÿv wefv‡Mi †Uªwbs Gi kxl© cÖwZôvb bv‡qg|
595. AvbyôvwbK fv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ Rvwi Kiv
nq 10 GwcÖj 1971 mv‡j|
596. 1829 mv‡j ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi cÖ‡Póvq DBwjqvg †ew›UsK
mZx`vn cÖ_v iwnZ K‡ib|
93
597. evqygÛ‡ji I‡Rvb ¯Íi Aeÿ‡q †K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡iv Kve©b M¨vmwUi Kiv nq- 3wU c×wZ h_v: De facto Method, De jure
f~wgKv m‡ev©”P| Method, Modified De facto Method.
598. ïïK RjR Rxe n‡qI evZv‡m wbk^vm †bq|
599. evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv e¨w³i ‡fvUvwaKvi cÖvwßi b~¨bZg eqm ev‡RU
18 eQi| GKwU wbw`ó© mg‡q Avq I e¨‡qi myweb¨¯Í wn‡me‡K ev‡RU ejv nq|
600. AvgjvZ‡š¿i cÖe³v g¨v·I‡qevi| ev‡RU kãwUi DrcwË divwm kã ÔBoudgetteÕ †_‡K, hvi A_©-
601. evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cvwL †`v‡qj Ges cï i‡qj †e½j
e¨vM ev _‡j| msweav‡b ev‡RU‡K ejv nq- Annual Financial
UvBMvi|
Statement.evsjv‡`‡k G ch©šÍ AšÍe©ZxKvjxb ev‡RU wQj 1wU
602. m~h© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Av‡jv Avm‡Z mgq jv‡M 8 wgwbU 19
(1999-97 A_© eQ‡i)|
†m‡KÛ|
Uc wUc&m  cÖ_g ev‡RU DÌvcbKvix ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g` (1972-73)|
cÖ_g ev‡R‡Ui AvKvi wQj- 786 †KvwU UvKv|
Rbïgvwi I M„nMYbv- 2022  cÖ_g †Rjv ev‡RU cvq- Uv½vBj|
 evsjv‡`‡k me©vwaKevi (12 evi) ev‡RU †ck K‡ib- †gvt
GKwU †`‡k ev mxgvbv‡ewóZ A‡ji mKj e¨w³i A_©‰bwZK I
mvBdzj Bmjvg I Aveyj gvj Ave`yj gywnZ|
mvgvwRK Z_¨ msMÖn, msKjb Ges cÖKv‡ki mvwe©K cÖwµqvB-
Rbïgvwi - RvwZmsN|  evsjv‡`‡ki ev‡R‡Ui aib- NvUwZ ev‡RU|
 ev‡R‡Ui AvKv‡i kxl©‡`k- hy³ivóª (wØZxq †`k- Pxb)|
evsjv‡`‡k lô Rbïgvwi I M„nMYbv- 2022 ïiæ 15 Ryb, 2022  evsjv‡`k miKvi m‡e©v”P Avq K‡i †h LvZ †_‡K- g~j¨
Ges †kl nq 21 Ryb, 2022| lô Rbïgvwi I M„nMYbv- 2022 Gi ms‡hvRb Ki (g~mK/VAT)|
cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvwkZ nq 27 RyjvB, 2022| lô Rbïgvwi I M„nMYbv-
2022 Gi ‡¯øvMvb, ÒRbïgvwi Av‡qvRb, mg„w× I Dbœqb|Ó Ges RvZxq ev‡RU 2022-23
cÖwZcv`¨, ÒRbïgvwi‡Z Z_¨ w`b, cwiKwíZ Dbœq‡bi Ask wbb|Ó
lô Rbïgvwi I M„nMYbv- 2022 cwiPvjbv K‡ib cwiKíbv ev‡RU 51Zg (AšÍe©ZxKvjxbmn 52Zg)
gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b evsjv‡`k cwimL¨vb ey¨‡iv (weweGm) Ges KvwiMwi ev‡RU †NvlYv 9 Ryb, 2022
ev‡RU Kvh©Ki 1 RyjvB, 2022
mnvqvZv w`‡q‡Q gvwK©b gnvKvk M‡elYv ms¯’v (bvmv)| Rbïgvwi‡Z
ev‡RU DÌvcb K‡ib A_©gš¿x Av n g gy¯Ídv Kvgvj (4_©
e¨envi Kiv nq Geographical Information ev‡RU)
system(GIS)| mvgwMÖK Kvh©µg m¤ú~Y© n‡e 4wU ch©v‡q Ges Z_¨ AvIqvgxjxM miKv‡ii 24wU (e½eÜz- 4wU Ges eZ©gvb
msMÖn Kiv nq 35 ai‡bi (9wU m~PK GmwWwRi)| mg‡q miKvi- 20wU)
‡gvU ev‡RU 6 jÿ 78 nvRvi 64 †KvwU UvKv
 evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb RbmsL¨v 16 †KvwU 51 jvL 58 nvRvi mvgwMÖK Avq (ivR¯^ I 4 jÿ 36 nvRvi 271 †KvwU UvKv
616 Rb| Aby`vbmn)
 cÖwZ eM© wK‡jvwgUv‡i evm K‡i 1119 Rb| mvgwMÖK NvUwZ 2 jÿ 41 nvRvi 793 †KvwU UvKv
 RbmsL¨v e„w×I nvi 1.22%| (Aby`vbmn)
 mvÿiZvi nvi 74.66%| ‰e‡`wkK Aby`vb 3 nvRvi 271 †KvwU UvKv
evwl©K Dbœqb Kg©m~wP 2 jÿ 46 nvRvi 66 †KvwU UvKv
 B›Uvi‡bU e¨enviKvixi msL¨v 30.68%|
ADP
 ag©vbyhvqx gymwjg- 91.04%, mbvZb- 7.95%, †eŠ×- fZz©wK I cÖ‡bv‡`vbv 82 nvRvi 745 †KvwU UvKv
0.61%, wLª÷vb- 0.30%, Ab¨vb¨- 0.12%| ‡gvU GDP 44 jÿ 49 nvRvi 959 †KvwU UvKv
 7g Rbïgvwi/ cieZ©x Rbïgvwi n‡e 2031 mv‡j| ev‡R‡Ui †¯øvMvb ‡Kvwf‡Wi AwfNvZ †cwi‡q Dbœq‡bi
avivevwnKZvi cÖZ¨veZ©b|
Rbïgvwi I M„nMYbv wb‡q Av‡iv wKQz Z_¨: GDP cÖeyw×i nvi 7.5 kZvsk
gy`ªvùxwZi nvi 5.6 kZvsk
evsjv‡`k cwimsL¨vb AvBb 2013 Abyhvqx Av`gïgvwi I M„nMYbvi
bvgKiY Kiv nq- Rbïgvwi I M„nMYbv| evsjv‡`‡k G ch©šÍ
 ev‡R‡U m‡e©v”P eivÏK…Z LvZ RbcÖkvmb (2 jÿ 21
Rbïgvwi nq 6 evi (cÖ_g-1974, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011 I
nvRvi 149 †KvwU UvKv/19.9%)|
2022)| RvwZms‡Ni MvBWjvBb Abyhvqx Rbïgvwi‡Z MYbv AbymiY
 ev‡R‡U wØZxq m‡e©v”P eivÏK…Z LvZ wkÿv I cÖhyw³ (99
nvRvi 977 †KvwU UvKv/14.7%)|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 94
  ev‡R‡U Z…Zxq eiÏK…Z LvZ cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM (81 m~P‡K kxl©‡`k myBRvij¨vÛ,
nvRvi 510 †KvwU UvKv, 12%)| wØZxq biI‡q
A_©‡bwZK mgxÿv- 2022 m~P‡K me©wb¤œ †`k `wÿY my`vb
mvK©fz³ †`‡k cÖwZ‡e`‡b kxl©‡`k kxj¼v
cÖwZ eQi cÖKvwkZ nq A_© gš¿Yvj‡qi ÔA_© wefvMÕ †_‡K mvK©fz³ †`‡k gv_vwcQz Avq I Mo Avqy‡Z gvjØxc
‡gvU RbmsL¨v 16 †KwU 91 jÿ 1 nvRvi kxl© †`k
RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi 1.37% mvK©fy³ †`‡k gv_vwcQz I Mo Avqy‡Z me©wb¤œ AvdMvwb¯Ívb
RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ 1140 Rb (cÖwZ eM© wK.wg.)
gv_vwcQz Avq 2824 gvwK©b Wjvi m~P‡K evsjv‡`k
gv_vwcQz wRwWwc 2723 gvwK©b Wjvi
gy`ªvùxwZ 5.83% evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb 129 Zg
cÖwZ nvRv‡i wkï g„Zz¨i nvi 21 Rb evsjv‡`‡ki Mo Avq 72.4 eQi
w¯’i g~‡j¨ wRwWwcÕi cÖe„w× 7.25% evsjv‡`‡ki gv_vwcQz Avq 5,472 gvwK©b Wjvi
nvi
mvÿiZvi nvi 75.2 % (cyiæl-77.4% I gwnjv- cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv
72.9%) cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv cÖeZ©b K‡ib ivwkqvi †hv‡md ÷¨vwjb| cÖeZ©K
`vwi‡`ª¨i nvi 20.5 %
†`k ej‡j †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb (ivwkqv)| evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g
Pig `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi 10.5 %
cÖZ¨vwkZ Mo Avqy¼vj 72.8 eQi (cyiæl-71.2, bvix- cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv Kiv nq 1973-1978 mvj ch©šÍ| evsjv‡`‡ki
74.5) GKgvÎ wØ-evwl©K cwiKíbv wQ‡jv 1978-1980 mvj ch©šÍ| mßg
kÖg kw³‡Z wb‡qvRxZ K…wl 40.6%, wkí 20.4%, I cÂevwl©Kx †gqv` wQ‡jv 2016-2020 mvj ch©šÍ 5 eQi|
†mevLvZ 39 %
my‡cq cvwb cvb 98.3 kZvsk Aóg cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv
ißvwb Avq 33,843.45 wgwjqb Wjvi Aóg cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvi w¯’i jÿ¨ iƒcKí- 2041| †gqv`:
Avg`vwb e¨q 54,377 wewjqb Wjvi RyjvB, 2020 †_‡K Ryb, 2025 ch©šÍ (5 eQi), m~PK: 104wU|
‡iwg‡UÝ 13,438.5 wgwjqb Wjvi ‡¯øvMvb, ÒmK‡ji mv‡_ mg„w×i c‡_|Ó
‰e‡`wkK gy`ªvi gRy` 44.089 wgwjqb Wjvi
(wiRvf©)  iƒcKí- 2041 wmwi‡Ri cÖ_g cwiKíbv Aóg cÂevwl©Kx
Wv³vi I RbmsL¨vi 1t1724 cwiKíbv| iƒcKí- 2041 ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ w¯’iK…wZ cÂevwl©Kx
AbycvZ cwiKíbv wmwiR- PviwU|
Avwe®‹…Z M¨vm †ÿÎ 28wU  ¸iæZ¡ w`‡”Q 2wU welq| h_v: *Z¡ivwš^Z mg„w× *AšÍf©yw³g~jK
evsjv‡`k me‡P‡q †ewk hy³iv‡óª (‰Zwi †cvkvK)
cÖe„w×| we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q MÖvgxY iƒcvšÍi| (eZ©gvb miKv‡ii
ißvwb K‡i
wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znvi wQj, ÔÔAvgvi MÖvg, Avgvi kniÕÕ|)
evsjv‡`k me‡P‡q †ewk Pxb †_‡K
Avg`vwb K‡i
8g cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvi jÿ¨:
evsjv‡`k me‡P‡q †ewk ‡mŠw` Avie †_‡K
†iwg‡UÝ cvq  wewb‡qvM jÿ¨gvÎv 47 jvL 40 nvRvi †KvwU UvKv|
¯’zj Rb¥nvi (cÖwZ nvRv‡i) 18.1 Kg©ms¯’vb n‡e 1 †KvwU 13 jvL
¯’zj g„Zz¨nvi (cÖwZ nvRv‡i) 5.1  ‡gvU wRwWwci cÖe„w× n‡e 8.51 kZvsk (2024-2025
‡gvU Zdwmjfz³ e¨vsK 61wU (ivóªvqË evwYwR¨K e¨vsK mv‡j)Ges Mo cÖe„w×i nvi 8 kZvsk|
6wU, we‡klvwqZ 3wU, †emiKvwi  gy`ªvùxwZ 4.48%, `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi 15.6 kZvsk Z‡e Pig
43wU I ˆe‡`wkK 9wU) `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi 7.4 kZvsk|
 gv_vwcQz Avq 3106 gvwK©b Wjvi, cÖZ¨vwkZ Mo Avqy 74
gvbe Dbœqb cÖwZ‡e`b 2021-2021 eQi|
cÖKvkK- BD Gb wW wc (UNDP), cÖKvkbv 31Zg cÖwZ‡e`b|  we`y¨r Drcv`b 30,000 †gMvIqvU|
cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk Kiv nq 8 †m‡Þ¤^i, 2022| AšÍf©y³ †`k I AÂj wØZxq †cÖwÿZ cwiKíbv
iƒcKí- 2041 ev¯Í‡e iƒcvqY wØZxq †cÖwÿZ cwiKíbv| ‡gqv`
195wU| cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wk‡ivbvg: Human Development
2021-2041 (20 eQi)| ‡NvwlZ cÖvwZôvwbK ¯Í¤¢ 4wU, P¨v‡jÄ
Reprot 2021-2022: Uncertain time, Unsettled Lives: 15wU, wfwË eQi 2020| RvZxq A_©‰bwZK cwil` (ECNEC) G
Shaping our future in a transformimg world. Aby‡gv`b ‡`q 25 †deªæqvwi, 2020|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi 95
 iƒcKí- 2041/ evsjv‡`k wfkb- 2041
iƒcKí- 2041 Gi D‡Ïk¨ evsjv‡`k‡K DbœZ †`‡k cwiYZ Kiv|
e½eÜzi ¯^‡cœi †mvbvi evsjv Movi cÖZ¨‡q 2041 mv‡ji g‡a¨ DbœZ
mg„× evsjv‡`k Movi j‡ÿ¨ `xN©‡gqvw` Dbœqb cwiKíbv ÔiƒcKí-
2041Õ Gi cÖavb jÿ¨| iƒcKí- 2041 Gi cÖavb cÖavb jÿ¨¸‡jv:
 gv_vwcQz Avq n‡e 12,500 gvwK©b Wjvi, wRwWwci cÖe„w×
eRvq _vK‡e 9.9%, ißvwb Avq n‡e 300 wewjqb gvwK©b
Wjvi|
 Mo Avqy¼vj n‡e 80 eQi, RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi n‡e 1%
Gi wb‡P, ‡gvU RbmsL¨vi ¯^v¯’¨ †mev cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e 75%
|
 cÖvß eq¼‡`i mvÿviZvi nvi n‡e 100%
 wkï g„Zz¨i nvi cÖwZ nvRv‡i 4 Rb
 gy`ªvùxwZ n‡e 4.5 %, `vwi‡`ª¨i nvi 5% Ges Pig
`vwi‡`ª¨i nvi 0.68%
evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqbg~jK cÖKí
evsjv‡`k miKvi ‡gMv cÖ‡R± cÖKí MÖnY K‡ib- 2009 mv‡j| ‡gMv
cÖ‡R±¸‡jv‡K ÔÔFast Track ProjectÕÕ (A_© gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b)
†NvlYv K‡i- 2014 mv‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki ‡gMv cÖ‡R±- 10wU|
cÙv †mZz
cÙv †mZzi Awdwmqvj bvg cÙv eûgyLx †mZz| cÙv †mZzi Ae¯’vb
gywÝM‡Äi gvIqv †_‡K kixqZcy‡ii RvwRiv ch©šÍ|cÙv †mZzi ‰`N©¨-
6.15 wK‡jvwgUvi ev 20,180 dzU (Z‡e ms‡hvM †mZzmn †gvU
‰`N©¨- 9.83 wK.wg) Ges cÖ¯’- 18.10 wgUvi| wWRvBb K‡i‡Q
Truss Bridge |
 wbg©vY KvR ïiæ nq- 26 b‡f¤^i, 2014|
 g~j ‡mZyi Kv‡Ri D‡Øvab nq- 12 wW‡m¤^i, 2015 (cÖavbgš¿x
†kL nvwmbv KZ…©K)|
 cÙv †mZzi mv‡_ cÖZ¨ÿ RwoZ †Rjv- 3wU (gywÝMÄ, kixqZcyi
I gv`vixcyi) Z‡e mshy³ Ki‡e †`‡ki 21wU †Rjv|
 ‡mZzi aib- wØZj (Dc‡i moK Ges wb‡P †ijc_), †jb-4wU,
wcjvi- 42wU, ¯ú¨vb- 41wU (¯ú¨v‡bi ˆ`N©¨- 150 wgUvi)|
 cÙv †mZz wbg©v‡Y A_©vqb Ki‡Q evsjv‡`k miKvi, wbg©vY K‡i‡Q
Pvqbv †gRi weªR BwÄwbqvwis †Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡UW, b`x kvm‡bi
KvR K‡i‡Q wm‡bv nvB‡Wªv Ki‡cv‡ikb, bKkv K‡i‡Q
AECOM, iÿYv‡eÿK evsjv‡`k †mZz KZ…©cÿ|
 Avqy®‹vj n‡e 100 eQi, f~wgK‡¤úi mnbkxj gvÎv wiLUvi †¯‹j
9, Dcv`vb- KswµU I w÷j|
 23 Ryb, 2022 cÙv †mZzi KvR mgvß n‡j cÖavbgš¿x †kL
nvwmbv‡K ÔcÙvKb¨vÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡ib- Avãyi ingvb|
 cÙv †mZz AvbyôvwbKfv‡e hvb PjvP‡ji Rb¨ D‡Øvab nq- 25
Ryb, 2022 Z‡e hvb PjvPj ïiæ nq- 26 Ryb, 2022|
 cÙv †mZzi cÖK‡íi cwiPvjK- †gvt kwdKzj Bmjvg|
 cÙv †mZz wbg©v‡Y GKgvÎ bvix evsjv‡`kx cÖ‡KŠkjx- BkivZ
Rvnvb|
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
 ‡mZzi wbivcËvi Rb¨ Ô‡kL iv‡mj †mbvwbevmÕ wbg©vY Kiv nq-
kwiqZcy‡i|
 cÙv †mZzi d‡j †`‡ki wWwRwc e„w× cv‡e 1.23% Ges `wÿY
cwðgv‡ji 2.3%|
 cÙv †mZzi d‡j `vwi`ª we‡gvPb n‡e 0.84%|
cÖ¯ÍvweZ wØZxq cÙv †mZz
Awdwmqvj bvg wØZxq cÙv eûgyLx †mZz| wØZxq cÙv eûgyLx †mZzi
Ae¯’vb gvwbKM‡Äi cvUzwiqv †_‡K ivRevwoi †Mvqvj›` ch©šÍ| ‰`N©¨-
6.10 wK‡jvwgUvi Ges cÖ¯’- 18.10 wgUvi| wØZxq cÙv †mZz XvKvi
mv‡_ hy³ Ki‡e- †g‡nicyi, Kzwóqv, PyqvWv½v, wSbvB`n, gv¸ov I
ivRevwo| ‡mZz‡Z wewb‡qvM K‡e- evsjv‡`k miKvi I Gwkqvb
†W‡fjc‡g›U e¨vsK (GwWwe)| cÖv_wgK e¨q aiv n‡q‡Q 13 nvRvi
121 †KvwU UvKv|
‡g‡Uªv‡ij (MRT- 6)
`ªæZMvgx MYcwienb e¨e¯’v ‡g‡Uªv‡ij cÖK‡íi KvR D‡Øvab Kiv nq
26 Ryb, 2016| cÖ_g cixÿvg~jKfv‡e DovjmoK c‡_ DËivi
w`qvevwo †_‡K wgicy‡ii cjøex ch©šÍ P‡j 29 AvM÷, 2021| ‰`N©¨-
20.1 wK.wg.| mgq jvM‡e 37 wgwbU Ges cÖwZ N›Uvq hvÎx cwienb
Ki‡e 60 nvRvi| iæU: DËiv †_‡K gwZwSj, †÷kb: 16wU, †Uªb
Qvo‡e cÖwZ 4 wgwbU ci ci| †køvMvb, ÒeuvP‡e mgq euvP‡e †Zj R¨vg
Kgv‡e †g‡Uªv‡ij|Ó
 cÖK‡í A_©vqb Ki‡Q: evsjv‡`k miKvi(15%) I Rvcv‡bi
RvBKv (85%), KvR Ki‡Q: g¨vm i¨vwcW UªvbwRU †Kv¤úvwb|
bKkv cÖYqb I ˆZwi K‡i: KvIqvkvwK-wgZmywewk Kb‡mvwU©qvg,
Rvcvb|
 ‡ijc‡_i †MR- Av`k© †MR| cÖ_g †g‡Uªv‡i‡ji Rb¨ †Uªb †Kbv
n‡q‡Q 24 †mU|
 cÖ_g avc Pvjy n‡e- 2022 mv‡j (DËiv †_‡K AvMviMvuI),
wØZxq avc Pvjy n‡e- 2024 mv‡j (AvMviMuvI †_‡K gwZwSj)|
 evsjv‡`‡k †g‡Uªv‡i‡ji cÖ_g bvix PvjK- gwiqg AvwdRv
(†bvqvLvjx weÁvb I cÖhyw³ wek^we`¨vj‡qi QvÎx)|
 XvKv gvm UªvbwRU †Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡UW Gi e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK-
Gg Gb wmwÏK|
 cÖ_g ˆe`y¨wZK PvwjZ †g‡Uªv†ij DËiv wW‡cv‡Z cixÿvg~jK
P‡j 21 †g, 2021| 6wU ewM wb‡q DËiv †_‡K cjøex ch©šÍ
cixÿvg~jKfv‡e P‡j 29 AvM÷, 2021| w`qvevwo †_‡K
AvMviMuvI ch©šÍ cixÿvg~jK P‡j 12 wW‡m¤^i, 2021|
‡gwib WªvBf moK
mgy‡`ªi Zxi †Nlv moK‡K ejv nq ‡gwib WªvBf moK| we‡k^i
`xN©Zg †gwib WªBf moK Aew¯’Z- K·evRv‡i| moKwU we¯Í…wZ:
K·evRv‡ii KjvZjx n‡Z †UKbvd ch©šÍ|
96
 mKowU wbg©vY KvR ïiæ nq- 1993 mv‡j|
 D‡Øvab Kiv nq- 6 †g, 2017|
 ‡gwib WªvBf mo‡Ki ˆ`N©¨- 80 wK‡jvwgUvi|
e½eÜz ‡kL gywReyi ingvb Uv‡bj
`wÿY Gwkqvi e„nËg Uv‡bj e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Uv‡bj
(Two towns-one city)| wbwg©Z n‡”Q- PÆMÖv‡g (KY©dzjx
b`x‡Z)| mshy³ Ki‡e c‡Z½v †bfvj GKv‡Wwgi e›`i AÂj †_‡K
PÆMÖv‡gi Av‡bvqviv ch©šÍ| ‰`N©¨ 3.4 wK.wg. (KY©dzjx b`xi 150 dzU
wbP w`‡q 2 wUDe wewkó), cÖ¯-’ 10 wgUvi|
 wbg©vY KvR ïiæ nq- 24 †deªæqvwi, 2019| Pvjy nIqvi m¤¢ve¨
mgq- 2022 mv‡j|
 mn‡hvwMZvq- Px‡bi Gw·g e¨vsK Ges evsjv‡`k miKvi|
 mnvqZvKvix †`k- Pxb, wVKv`vi cÖwZôvb: Pvqbv KwgDwb‡Kkb
G¨vÛ Kb÷ªvKkb †Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡UW (CCCC), Pxb|
gvZvievwo Mfxi mgy`ª e›`i
Rvcv‡bi Kvwkgv I wbMvZv bv‡gi `ywU e›`‡ii Av`‡j K·evRvi
†Rjvi g‡nkLvjx Dc‡Rjvi gvZvievwo‡Z wbwg©Z n‡”Q †`‡ki cÖ_g
Mfxi mgy`ª e›`i| Uvwg©bvj _vK‡e- 2wU (300 I 460 wgUvi
ˆ`‡N©¨i)| myweav: 28 wK.wg. ˆ`‡N©¨i Pvi †jbwewkó moK Ges 17wU
†mZz 16wgUvi MfxiZv 8,000 TEU (Twenty Foot Eqution
Unite) Kb‡UBbvievnx RvnvR wfo‡Z cvi‡e| ev¯Íevq‡bi mgqKvj
2020-2026 mv‡ji Ryb ch©šÍ|
 RvZxq A_©‰bwZK cwil‡`i wbe©vnx KwgwU (ECNEC)
Aby‡gv`b K‡i- 10 gvP©, 2020|
 A_©vq‡b- Rvcv‡bi AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwM ms¯’v (JICA),
evsjv‡`k miKvi Ges PÆMÖvg e›`i KZ…©cÿ| wbg©vZv: wbàb
†KvB, Rvcvb|
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g Mfxi mgy`ªe›`i gvZvievwo‡Z kZZg RvnvR wf‡o
22 AvM÷, 2022|
 GwU †`‡ki PZz_© e›`i wKš‘ Mfxi mgy`ªe›`i wn‡m‡e cÖ_g| Ab¨
wZbwU e›`i: PÆMÖvg (1887), gsjv(1950), cvqiv (2016)|
cvqiv mgy`ª e›`i
¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g mgy`ª e›`i (evsjv‡`‡ki Z…Zxq mgy`ª e›`i)
cUzqvLvjx †Rjvi Kjvcvov Dc‡Rjvi ivgbvev` P¨v‡b‡j cvqiv mgy`ª
e›`i| ‰`N©¨ 30 wK.wg.|
 AvbyôvwbKfv‡e hvÎv ïiæ K‡i 13 AvM÷, 2016|
 wbg©vY wVKv`vi cÖwZôvb: wmGmAvBwm B›Uvib¨vkbvj BwÄwbqvwis
†Kv¤úvwb wjwg‡UW, Pxb|
‡`‡ki e„nËg cvqiv Zvc we`y¨r ‡K›`ª
‡`‡k Drcv`‡b Avmv we`y¨r ‡K›`ª¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q eo we`y¨r‡K›`ª
cUzqvLvjx †Rjvi Kjvcvov Dc‡Rjvi Kqjv wfwËK cvqiv Zvcwe`y¨r
ÁvbM„n cÖvB‡fU ‡m›Uvi
†K›`ª| Drcv`b ÿgZv 1320 †gMvIqvU| cÖavgš¿x †kL nvwmbv cvqiv
Zvcwe`y¨r †K›`ª D‡Øvab K‡ib 21 gvP©, 2022|
 Avëªv mycvi wµwUK¨vj cÖhyw³ e¨envi K‡i we`y¨r Drcv`‡b
evsjv‡`k we‡k^i- 13 Zg †`k|
 mnvqZvKvix †`k- Pxb|
 cvqiv we`y¨r †K‡›`ªi Rb¨ Kqjv Avg`vwb n‡e- B‡›`v‡bwkqv
†_‡K|
 ‡`‡ki cÖ_g KqjvwfwËK we`y¨r †K›`ª: eocyKzwiqv Zvcwe`y¨r
†K›`ª, w`bvRcyi Ges wØZxq KqjvwfwËK we`y¨r †K›`ª: cvqiv
Zvcwe`y¨r †K›`ª|
‰gÎx mycvi _vg©vj we`y¨r †K›`ª, ivgcvj
cïi b`xi Zx‡i ev‡Minv‡Ui ivgcv‡ji mvcgvix‡Z wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q
‰gÎx mycvi _vg©vj we`y¨r †K›`ª, ivgcvj| my›`ieb n‡Z `~iZ¡ 14
wK.wg.| Drcv`b ÿgZv 1320 †gMvIqvU| †K›`ªwU cwiPvwjZ n‡e
Kqjv Øviv| cÖavbgš¿x †kL nvwmbv I fvi‡Zi cÖavbgš¿x b‡i›`ª ‡gv`x
D‡Øvab K‡ib 6 †m‡Þ¤^i, 2022 (fvP©yqvwj)|
 mnvqZvKvix †`k- fviZ|
 gvwjK: fvi‡Zi b¨vkbvj _vg©vj cvIqvi †Kv¤úvwb I
evsjv‡`‡ki cvIqvi †W‡fjc‡g›U ‡evW©|
 ivgcvj we`y¨r‡K›`ª wbg©v‡Y fvi‡Zi mv‡_ Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq- 12
RyjvB, 2016|
iƒccyi cvigvYweK we`y¨r †K›`ª
iƒccyi cvigvYweK we`y¨r ‡K›`ª cvebvi †Rjvi Ck^i`x Dc‡Rjvi
iƒccy‡i| Drcv`b ïiæ n‡e 2023 mv‡j| we`y¨r †K‡›`ªi Avqy¯‹vj
50 eQi| Drcv`b ÿgZv 2400 †gMvIqvU| cÖ_g evi 1200
†gMvIqvU Ges wØZxq evi 1200 †gMvIqvU| cÖ_g ch©v‡qi wbg©vY
ïiæ nq 2013 mv‡ji 2 A‡±vei| cvigvYweK we`y¨r †K‡›`ªi cÖ_g
wbDwK¬qvi wiA¨v±i †f‡mj ev Pzwjø D‡Øvab K‡i cÖavbgš¿x 10
A‡±ei, 2021|
 mnvqZv Ki‡Q- ivwkqv (90%) Ges fviZ (10%)|
 ivwkqvi mv‡_ P~ovšÍ FY Pzw³ nq- 2015 mv‡j|
 ivwkqvi cvigvYweK we`y¨r ms¯’v ‡ivmvUg|
 iƒccyi cvigvYweK we`y¨r wbwg©Z n‡”Q ivwkqvi †ivmv‡Uvg †÷U
A¨vUwgK GbwR© K‡c©v‡ik‡bi `vwq‡Z¡|
 ‡`‡ki wØZxq cvigvYweK we`y¨r †K›`ª: ewikv‡ji wnRjv‡Z|
gvZvievwo KqjvwfwËK we`y¨r cÖKí
KqjvwfwËK Avëvmycvi cÖhyw³i gvZvievwo KqjvwfwËK we`y¨r
wbwg©Z n‡”Q K·evRv‡ii g‡nkLvjx Dc‡Rjvi gvZvievwo I ajNvUv
BDwbq‡b 1 nvRvi 414 GKi Rwg‡Z| Drcv`b ÿgZv 1200
†gMvIqvU| cÖ_g BDwb‡U 600 †gMvIqvU Ges wØZxq BDwb‡U 600
†gMvIqvU we`y¨r Drcbœ n‡e|
97
 mn‡hvwMZv- Rvcvb I evsjv‡`k miKvi| cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Ki‡e
Rvcv‡bi mywgZ‡gv †UK‡bvjwR|
 wbg©vY †kl n‡e- 2024 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi‡Z (cÖ_g BDwb‡Ui)|
g‡nkLvjx we`y¨r cÖKí
GjGbwR wfwËK g‡nkLvjx we`y¨r cÖKí K·evRv‡ii g‡nkLvjx‡Z|
K·evRv‡ii g‡nkLvjx‡Z| Drcv`b ÿgZv 3,600 †gMvIqvU|
 evsjv‡`k we`y¨r Dbœqb †evW©(wcwWwe) I †Rbv‡ij B‡jKUªwb‡Ki
m‡½ mg‡SvZv ¯^viK mB K‡i 11 RyjvB, 2018|
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