Matrix & Hill cipher

Dr Faheem Bukhatwa
1. Matrices
2. Matrix Determinant
3. Matrix Inverse
4. Modulus inverse of a matrix
5. Hill Cipher

2
 Introduction
DEFINITION:

A matrix is defined as an ordered

rectangular array of numbers.
They can be used to represent
systems of linear equations, as
will be explained below
• Here are some special types of matrices:

Symmetric

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Diagonal

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Upper Triangular

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Lower Triangular

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Zero

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Identity

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And a fully expanded mxn matrix A,
would look like this:

or in a more compact form:

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Matrix Addition and Subtraction

• DEFINITION: Two matrices A and B can

be added or subtracted if and only if
their dimensions are the same (i.e. both
matrices have the identical amount of
rows and columns. Take:

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12
 Addition
If A and B above are matrices of the same type then the
sum is found by adding the corresponding elements
aij+bij
Here is an example of adding A and B together

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 Subtraction
If A and B are matrices of the same type then
the subtraction is found by subtracting the
corresponding elements aij-bij
Here is an example of subtracting matrices

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 Matrix Multiplication

When can Matrix Multiplication be done?

When the number of columns of the first

matrix is the same as the number of rows
in the second matrix then:
matrix multiplication can be performed.

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 Examples
A = [aij] = a11 a12 a13 B = [bi] = b1
a21 a22 a23 b2
b3

A.B = a11 a12 a13 b1 a11b1+a12b2+a13b3

a21 a22 a23 b2 = a21b1+a22b2+a23b3
b3

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Example 2X2 matrix multiplication

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Example 3X3 matrix multiplication

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 nxn matrix case
• Where matrix A has dimensions mxn,
• Matrix B has dimensions nxp.
• Then the product of A and B is the matrix
C, which has dimensions mxp.
• The ijth element of matrix C is found by
multiplying the entries of the ith row of A
with the corresponding entries in the jth
column of B and summing the n terms.
The elements of C are:
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 nxn matrix case
(Note: That AxB is not the same as BxA)

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2 3 5 1 3 6 + 12 + 10 + 9 37
4 6 0 7 4 = 12 + 24 + 0 + 63 = 99
2
9

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• In matrix multiplication A.B  B.A
• i.e. multiplication is not commutative.
(2 x 3) x (3 x 2) = (2 x 2)
(3 x 2) x (2 x 3) = (3 x 3)

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A= 5 2 4 I= 1 0 0
1 3 8 0 1 0
7 9 6 0 0 1

A.I= ?

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• If A.B = 0 it is not possible to assume that A = 0 or B = 0.
• Example
A= 2 1 -3 B= 1 9
6 3 -9 4 -6
2 4

A.B = 2 1 -3 1 9 2+4-6 18-6-12

6 3 -9 4 -6 = 6+12-18 54-18-36
2 4

= 0 0
0 0
• Therefore, A.B = 0. But A  0 and B  0

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 Scalar Multiplication

• To multiply a matrix by a single number

(i.e. scalar), each individual element is
multiplied by that factor. E.g

3 2 5 12 8 20
4x =
6 1 7 24 4 28
• i.e. in general k[aij] = [kaij]
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 Scalar Multiplication
• Likewise in reverse, it is possible to take a
common factor out of every element. E.g.

10 25 45 2 5 9
= 5x
35 15 50 7 3 10

i.e. [5aij] = [5[aij]

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 Transpose of Matrices
DEFINITION:
The transpose of a matrix is found by
exchanging rows for columns i.e.
Matrix A = (aij)
and the transpose of A is:
AT = (aij)
Where i is the row number and j is the column number.

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 example
The transpose of a matrix would be:

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 square matrix
• In the case of a square matrix (m=n), the
transpose can be used to check if a matrix
is symmetric.
• For a symmetric matrix A = AT

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 The Determinant of a Matrix

DEFINITION:
• Determinants play an important role in
finding the inverse of a matrix and also in
solving systems of linear equations.
• Assume we have a square matrix (m=n).
• The determinant of a matrix A will be denoted
by det(A) or |A|.

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 Determinant of a 2x2 matrix

• Assuming A is an arbitrary 2x2 matrix

A, where the elements are given by:

• Then the determinant of a this matrix is

as follows:

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• Calculating the determinant:
3 7 = (3)(2) – (5)(7) = -29
5 2

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 Calculating Determinant
of a matrix

1. Co-factoring.
2. Diagonal technique

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 Determinant of a 3x3 matrix
Co-factoring method
• The determinant of a 3x3 matrix is a
little more tricky.
• Use the Co-Factoring method as
follows:

(assume A is an arbitrary
3x3 matrix A, where the
elements are given as follows)

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• Its determinant is established as
follows:
• Select any row or column i.e. row 1

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 Calculating the determinant example:

• Example

1 3 2 1 5 7
4 5 7 = 4 8
2 4 8
-3 4 7
2 8

+2 4 5
2 4

= 1((5x8) – (4x7)) - 3((4x8) – (2x7)) + 2((4x4) – (2x5))

= 1(40 – 28) –3(32 – 14) + 2(16 – 10)
= 1(12) – 3(18) +2(6)
= 12 – 54 + 12
= -30

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 Determinant of a nxn matrix

• For the general case, where A is an nxn matrix the

determinant is given by:

Where the coefficients are given by the relation

where is the determinant of the (n-1) x (n-1) matrix

that is obtained by deleting row i and column j.
This coefficient is also called the cofactor of aij.

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Determinants
1 2 3
Find the determinant of: A =  4 5 6 
 7 8 9 
Its determinant can be obtained by:
1 2 3
4 5 1 2 1 2
A = 4 5 6 =3 −6 +9
7 8 7 8 4 5
7 8 9
= 3( −3) − 6 ( −6) + 9 ( −3) = 0
You can find the determinant by using other
rows or columns 38
Determinants 2 2 1
Find the determinant of: a = 1 3 2
2 2 2

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Determinants 2 2 1
Find the determinant of: a = 1 3 2
2 2 2

determinant of a = 4

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 Diagonals technique
The computations for 3×3 determinants

What is the determinant for matrix A:

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Extend the determinant's grid by
rewriting the first two columns
of numbers

Then multiply along the down-diagonals:

1 2 3 1 2
0 -4 1 0 -4
0 3 -1 0 3 3x0x3

1 x -4 x -1 2 x 1 x 0

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...and along the up-diagonals

0 x -4 x 3 3x1x1 -1 x 0 x 2
1 2 3 1 2
0 -4 1 0 -4
0 3 -1 0 3

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Add the down-diagonals and subtract the up-diagonals:

0 x -4 x 3 3x1x1 -1 x 0 x 2
1 2 3 1 2
0 -4 1 0 -4
0 3 -1 0 3 3x0x3
2x1x0
1 x -4 x -1

Determinant = 4 + 0 + 0 – 0 – 3 – 0 = 1

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And simplify

Then det(A)= 1.

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Find the determinant of the following matrix:

First convert from the matrix to its determinant, with

the extra columns:

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Find the determinant of the following matrix:

5 -2
0 2
D = (5 x 2 ) – (0 x-2)

First convert from the matrix to its determinant, with

the extra columns:

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Then multiply down and up the diagonals:

5 -2 1 5 -2
0 3 -1 0 3
2 0 7 2 0

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Add the down-diagonals (Blue)
Subtract the up-diagonals (Red)
Simplify for the final answer:

5 -2 1 5 -2
0 3 -1 0 3
2 0 7 2 0

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 The Inverse of a Matrix

• DEFINITION:
Assuming we have a square matrix A, which is non-
singular ( i.e. det(A) does not equal zero ),
then there exists an nxn matrix A-1 which is called
the inverse of A, such that this property holds:
• AA-1= A-1A = I where I is the identity matrix.

A square matrix has an inverse A-1 iff the

determinant |A|<>0.
• A matrix possessing an inverse is called
nopnsingular, or invertible.

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 Inverse of a Matrix
Using the determinant

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 The inverse of a 2x2 matrix

• Take for example a arbitrary 2x2 Matrix

A whose determinant (ad-bc) is not
equal to zero

• where a,b,c,d are numbers, The inverse is:

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Example of 2X2 Inverse

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 Find inverse using
minors & determinant
• Finding inverse of a matrix by:
• Step 1: calculating the Matrix of Minors,
• Step 2: then turn that into the Matrix of
Cofactors,
• Step 3: then the Adjugate, and
• Step 4: multiply that by 1/Determinant.

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 Finding the invers using the
determinant

Find the Inverse of A:

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Matrix of minors:

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 Matrix of Cofactors

Matrix of minors Matrix of CoFactors

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Matrix of Adjugate

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59
 2 1 det = 2 x-2 – (1x3)
3 -2 = -4 = 3 = -7
-2 -1
2 1 adjucate=
3 -2 -3 2

1 -2 -1
Invers matrix = -7
-3 2
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 -2 -1 2/7 1/7 2 1
1 -2 -1
- = =
-7 -3 2 3/7 -2/7 3 -2
-3 2
4/7 + 3/7 2/7 -2/7
= =
6/7 - 6/7 3/7 +4/7

1 0
=
0 1

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 Determinant

D = +2[0x1 – (-2x1)] - 0[2x1 – (-2x0) ] +3[2x1 - 0x0]

= 2×2 -0x2 +3x2
Determinant = +6 - 0 + 4 = 10
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Adjugate Inverse

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For a 3X3 Marix

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Inverse by minor matrix a 33 matrix
1 2 3 
Minor matrix of A =  0 4 5 
1 0 6 

The cofactor for each element of matrix A:

4 5 0 5 0 4
A11 = = 24 A12 = − =5 A13 = = −4
0 6 1 6 1 0

2 3 1 3 1 2
A21 = = −12 A22 = =3 A23 = − =2
0 6 1 6 1 0

2 3 1 3 1 2
A31 = = −2 A32 = − = −5 A33 = =4
4 5 0 5 0 4
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1.6 Inverse of a 33 matrix
Minor or Cofactor  1 2 3 

A = 0 4 5  
matrix of A:
is then given by: 1 0 6 

 24 5 −4 
 −12 3 2 
 
 −2 −5 4 
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1.6 Inverse of a 33 matrix
1 2 3 
Inverse matrix of A = 0 4 5  is given by:
1 0 6 

 24 5 −4   24 −12 −2 
T

−1 1   1  
A = − 12 3 2 = 5 3 −5
A  22  
 −2 −5 4   −4 2 4 

 12 11 − 6 11 −1 11 
=  5 22 3 22 −5 22 
 − 2 11 1 11 2 11  67
 • 3 0 2 3 0
• 2 0 -2 2 0
• 0 1 1 0 1
• +0+0+4 -0 – (-6) -0 = 10

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 Hill Ciphers

• Polygraphic substitution cipher

• Uses matrices to encrypt and decrypt
• Uses modular arithmetic (Mod 26)

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 Before we start…
• What is the result of this calculation?

60 / 5 (7-5) = ?

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 Before we start…
• What is the result of this calculation?

60 / 5 (7-5) = ?

60 / 5 (7-5) = 24
or
60 / 5 (7-5) = 6

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 Before we start…
• What is the result of this calculation?

60 / 5 (7-5) = ?

60 / 5 (7-5) = 24 ➔ 12 * (7-5) ➔ 12 * 2
or
60 / 5 (7-5) = 6 ➔ 60 / 5 *2 ➔ 60 / 10

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 Ambiguous statements
• He shut the man with a gun!!
• You saw a man with binoculars!!
• I listened to the man with headphones.

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 Modulus for
Positive and Negative numbers
1. 80 mod 26 = 3 remains 2 = 2 ‘c’
(if remainder is negative then add +26 and repeat)
2. -80 mod 26 = 3 remains -2
= +26 - 2 = 24 ‘y’

3. -52 mod 26 = 2 remains 0 =0 ‘a’

4. -51 mod 26 = 1 remains -25
= +26 - 25 =1 ‘b’
5. -53 mod 26 = 2 remains -1
= +26 - 1 = 25 ‘z’74
 A B C D E F G HI J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

57 mod 26 = 5 F
-57 mod 26 = 5 V
How? Keep adding +25 until number <= 25
-57 + 26 = -31
-31 + 26 = -5
-5 + 26 = 21 V
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A B C D E F G HI J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

57 mod 26 = 5 F
-57 mod 26 = 5 = -5 = 21 V
How? Forget about the – sign for a moment
57 mod 26 = 5 give it the - sign now
-(5) + 26 = 21
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MOD for negative numbers
To find –b mod N,
Just keep algebraically adding N to –b
until the number is between 0 and N

Example 1: Example 2:

- 77 mod 26 = ? -66 mod 26 =?

Add 26 to -77 = -51, +26 -66 = -40
again 26 to -51 = -25, +26 -40 =-14
again 26 to -25 = 1. +26 -14 = 12
So, −77 mod 26 = 1 So -66 mod 26 = 12
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 Modulus inverses
• Inverse of 2 is ½ ➔ (2 · ½ = 1)
• Matrix Inverse: AA-1 = I
• Modular Inverse for Mod m:
(a · a-1) Mod m = 1
• For Modular Inverses, a and m must NOT
have any prime factors in common

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Modular Inverses of Mod 26

Example – Find the Modular Inverse of 9 for Mod 26

(determinant must be an odd number 1 to 25 except 13)
N=9
N * I mode 26 = 1
(I = 2 3 4 5 6 . . . )
9 * I = 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, . . . etc

We want the inverse which is < 26

9 · 3 = 27 79
 Hill cipher

• One matrix to encrypt, one to decrypt

• Must be n x n, invertible matrices
• Decryption matrix must be modular
inverse of encryption matrix in Mod 26

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 Modularly Inverse Matrices
1. Make sure all values in module 26 (0.. 25)
2. Calculate determinant of first matrix A, det A
3. Make sure that det A has a modular inverse
for Mod 26
4. Calculate the adjugate of A, adj A
5. Multiply adj A by modular inverse of det A
6. Calculate Mod 26 of the result to get B
7. Use A to encrypt, B to decrypt

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• If the determinant is not of those values
then the matrix has no modular inverse.

• Because a number and its inverse must

NOT have any prime factors in common

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26 modular inverse of a matrix

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 26 modular inverse of a matrix
• Find the 26 Modular inverse of this key
matrix A and proof that it is the correct
inverse:
a = 5 8
-9 3

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 26 modular inverse of a matrix

• All values in the matrix must be between

0 and 25
• Calculate the modular of the matrix:
5 8 5 8
• A = -9 3 = 17 3 mod 26

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1) Find Determinant and its
Multiplicative Inverse

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 1) Find Determinant and its
Multiplicative Inverse
Conditions:
The matrix can have an inverse if:
1.If the determinant is odd
2.If determinant is > 0 and is < 26
3.If determinant <> 13

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 1) Find Determinant and its
Multiplicative Inverse
• Multiplicative inverse of the determinant 9
in modulo 26 is: 9
• because 9 * 3 mod 26 = 27
27 mod 26 = 1 remain 1.
Or from this table:

Determinant = 9 ➔ Multiplicative inverse=3.

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2) Find the Adjugate Matrix

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3) Calculate Inverse

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Original matrix A
5 8
A = -9 3

5 8
A = 17 3 mod 26
(Use for encryption)
9 2
A-1 = 1 15 mod 26
(Use for decryption)

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Proof? A x A-1 = Identity matrix

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 example
Q) This ciphered messaged: “IJTP” was produced after
ciphering a plain text message with Hill cipher with the
given key matrix A.
2 5
A= 5 2

i) Find the 26 modular inverse matrix A-1 and proof it is

the inverse.
ii) Use the invers matrix A-1 to decipher the message
“IJTP”. Show your work.
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 example
• Find the 26 modular inverse of A:
2 5
A= 5 2

Find the Multiplicative Inverse of the Determinant

2 x 2 – (5 x 5) = 4 - 25 = -21 mod 26 = 5
Determinant = 5

The matrix has an inverse because the determinant is one

of those: (an odd number between 1 to 25 except 13)
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 example

Multiplicative inverse of the determinant 5 in

modulo2
26 5is: 21
because 5 * 21 mod 26 = 1.
2) Find the Adjutant Matrix

2 5 2 -5

5 2 Adj = -5 2

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3) Multiply the Multiplicative Inverse of the
Determinant by the Adjugate Matrix

2 -5 42 -105 16 26
21 * -5 2 = -105 42 = 25 16 mod 26

26 modular Inverse:
2 5 16 26
A = 5 2 A-1 = 25 16
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 Proof:

2 5 16 25 32+125 50+80 1 0
5 2 25 16 = 80+50 125+32 mod 26 = 0 1

• ii) Use the invers matrix A-1 to decipher the

message “IJTP”. Show your work.
Using values for alphabet:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

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Decrypt: IJTP I = 8, J= 9, T= 19, P = 15

16 25 I8 358 15 P
25 16 * J 9 = 344 mod 26 6 = G

16 25 19 679 3 D
25 16 * 15 = 715 mod 26 13 = N

Plaintext message: PGDN 98