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116 POINTS
START : 2015­06­14 00:00:00
STOP : 2015­06­21 11:00:59

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Question 1 (Chapter ) What is the connection between clouds and rain?

1. Clouds are empty and fill up with water. When the clouds are full, it rains.
2. Clouds are empty and fill up with water and other things. When the clouds are full, it rains.
3. Clouds are empty and fill up with water. When the clouds get too heavy, it rains.
4. Clouds are made up of water. When the temperature gets high enough in the cloud, it
rains.
5. Clouds are made up of water. When the temperature gets low enough in the cloud it rains.

Question 2 (Chapter ) Why is the equator hotter than the poles?

1. The Earth has a spherical shape

2. The equator is closer to the sun
3. The Earth produces heat at the equator
4. The equator has more volcanoes

Question 3 (Chapter ) A large, ashy volcanic eruption occurs in Europe. Which effect could this eruption have on the air
temperature near the Earth's surface one year later?

1. Volcanic eruptions do not affect air temperature

2. Only the air in Europe would be warmer
3. Most of the Earth's air would be warmer
4. Only the air in Europe would be colder
5. Most of the Earth's air would be colder

Question 4 (Chapter ) Which comes closer to your own view?

1. Most scientists think global warming is happening

2. Most scientists think global warming is not happening
3. Scientists generally disagree about whether or not global warming is happening
4. I do not know

Question 5 (Chapter ) Which of the following statements about global warming over the past 50 years most closely reflects your
viewpoint?

1. Global warming over the past 50 years is mostly caused by human activities.
2. Global warming over the past 50 years is mostly caused by natural processes.
3. Global warming has not really occurred over the past 50 years.
4. I do not know.

Question 6 (Chapter ) If human civilization had never developed on Earth, would there be a greenhouse effect?

1. Yes, the greenhouse effect is caused by naturally occurring gases

2. Yes, the greenhouse effect is caused by plants giving off gases
3. No, the greenhouse effect is caused by humans burning fossil fuels

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4. No, the greenhouse effect is caused by humans depleting ozone
5. No, there is no conclusive evidence that a greenhouse effect exists
6. I do not know

Question 7 (Chapter ) What would happen if a significant portion of the sea ice floating in the Arctic Ocean were to melt?

1. An increase in the amount of water in the ocean would lead to more coastal flooding.
2. An increase in the absorption of solar energy would lead to warming of the planet.
3. An increase in the occurrence of extreme weather events would lead to more hurricanes.
4. A decrease in the temperature of the ocean would lead to a cooling of the planet.
5. A decrease in the reflection of solar energy would lead to cooling of the planet.

Question 8 (Chapter ) Which description best represents your understanding of how the amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere has changed over the past 500 years?

1. No change
2. Linear increase
3. Linear decrease
4. Exponential increase
5. Exponential decrease
6. I do not know

Question 9 (Chapter ) Which of the following best describes the relationship between the greenhouse effect and global
warming?

1. The greenhouse effect and global warming are likely the same thing.
2. Without the greenhouse effect, there would be almost no global warming.
3. Without global warming, there would be almost no greenhouse effect.
4. The greenhouse effect and global warming are likely unrelated.
5. There is no definite proof that either the greenhouse effect or global warming exists.
6. I do not know.

Question 10 (Chapter ) What are greenhouse gases?

1. Gases in the atmosphere that absorb infrared energy.

2. Gases in the atmosphere that absorb ultraviolet energy.
3. Gases in the atmosphere that cause rain to become acidic.
4. Gases in the atmosphere that are produced as plants grow.
5. I do not know.

Question 11 (Chapter ) Which of the following are major contributors to water in rivers? Choose all that apply.

1. Mountains
2. People
3. Clouds
4. Ditches

Question 12 (Chapter ) What is the major cause of the greenhouse effect?

1. Gases in the atmosphere absorb heat from the Earth's surface

2. Gases in the atmosphere absorb heat from the Sun
3. Gases in the ozone layer absorb heat from the Sun
4. Gases in the ozone layer pass heat from the Sun

Question 13 (Chapter ) In the figure below, how many tectonic plates are illustrated? (1pts)

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1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
5. 5

Question 14 (.1) Explain your reasoning for your response to the previous question.

POINTS 1

ANSWER N/A

Question 15 (.1) This is a test

POINTS 1

ANSWER Test me

Question 16 (Chapter ) Which of the following can directly affect erosion rates? Choose all that apply.

1. Rock type
2. Earthquakes
3. Time
4. Climate

Question 17 (Chapter ) If you put a fist­sized rock in a room and left it alone for millions of years, what would happen to the rock?

1. The rock would almost completely turn into dirt

2. About half of the rock would turn into dirt
3. The top few inches of the rock would turn into dirt
4. The rock would be essentially unchanged

Question 18 (Chapter ) A strong wind blows sand out across the deepest part of the ocean. What will the ocean surface look like
after many years?

1. If enough time passes, a flat island built of sand will form at the ocean's surface
2. If enough time passes, a small mountain built of sand will appear at the ocean's surface
3. The sand and ocean water will combine to form rock. If enough time passes, a flat island
built of this rock will form at the ocean's surface
4. The sand and ocean water will combine to form rock. If enough time passes, a small
mountain built of this rock will appear at the ocean's surface
5. The ocean's surface will probably not change even if enough time passes

Question 19 (Chapter ) Which of the following can be caused by wind? Choose all that apply.

1. Tectonic plate motion

2. Waves
3. Earthquakes
4. Mountain­building
5. Erosion

Question 20 (.1) Explain your reasoning for your response to the previous question.

POINTS 1

ANSWER N/A

Question 21 (Chapter ) Why are areas with permafrost often characterized by rolling, uneven terrain?

1. Areas with permafrost are usually on steep hillsides

2. Areas with permafrost are usually in lowlands
3. Areas with permafrost shift during freezing and thawing
4. Areas with permafrost shift during initial deep freezing

Question 22 (Chapter ) Which of the following is the most important driver of downslope sliding of soil in alpine terrain?

1. Ground over permafrost thaws periodically

2. Ground freezes at the beginning of winter

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3. Ground is weaker than non­alpine terrain
4. Ground is steeper than non­alpine terrain

Question 23 (Chapter ) Which unit in the cross­section below is most resistant to weathering? (1pts)

1. Siltstone, because it is has the weakest grains

2. Sandstone, because it has the strongest grains
3. Shale, because is has the shallowest slope
4. Limestone, because it has the steepest slope

Question 24 (Chapter ) For the slope cross­section below, where is a landslide most likely to occur? (1pts)

1. At A, because it is both flat and below the water table

2. At B, because it is both steep and below the water table
3. At C, because it is both high and touching the water table
4. At D, because it is both high and below the water table

Question 25 (Chapter ) A set of streamflow hydrographs is shown below. Which hydrograph shows an event that is most likely to
cause a flood? (1pts)

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Question 26 (Chapter ) A set of streamflow hydrographs is shown below. Which hydrograph was caused by the largest
rainstorm? (1pts)

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

Question 27 (Chapter ) The drainage density of two stream networks is shown below. Which of the following statements about
erosion in these basins is most accurate? (1pts)

1. Erosion is higher in Basin #1 because it is located in a drier climate

2. Erosion is higher in Basin #1 because the bedrock is stronger
3. Erosion is higher in Basin #2 because it is located in a wetter climate
4. Erosion is higher in Basin #2 because the bedrock is weaker

Question 28 (.1) Judy 1 Test!!!

POINTS 1

ANSWER Test Instructor 2

Question 29 (Chapter ) Test MCC

1. Answer 1
2. Answer 2

Question 30 (Chapter ) What does "density" refer to?

1. How thick something is

2. How quickly particles move
3. How much material exists in a space
4. How much air is contained in an object
5. How slowly liquids move

Question 31 (Chapter ) Some people believe there was once a single continent on Earth. If this single continent did exist, how
could scientists estimate the time needed for the single continent to break apart and form the
arrangement of continents we see today?

1. Comparison of fossils found in rocks

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2. Comparison of layers found in rocks
3. Analysis of uranium found in rocks
4. Analysis of carbon found in rocks
5. Scientists cannot calculate the age of the Earth

Question 32 (Chapter ) What did the Earth's surface look like when it first formed? (1pts)

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E

Question 33 (Chapter ) Some people believe there was once a single continent on Earth. If this single continent did exist, how
could scientists estimate the time needed for the single continent to break apart and form the
arrangement of continents we see today?

1. Comparison of fossils found in rocks

2. Comparison of layers found in rocks
3. Analysis of uranium found in rocks
4. Analysis of carbon found in rocks
5. Scientists cannot calculate the age of the Earth

Question 34 (Chapter ) If you could travel back in time to when the Earth first formed as a planet, what type(s) of life do you think
you might encounter?

1. No life would exist in water or on land

2. One­celled organisms in water
3. Animal and plant life in water
4. All types of life in water and on land, except people
5. All types of life in water and on land, including people

Question 35 (Chapter ) Since the initial formation of the Earth:

1. The rocks at the Earth's surface have generally decreased in temperature

2. The rocks at the Earth's surface have generally increased in temperature
3. The rocks at the Earth's surface have generally stayed the same temperature

Question 36 (Chapter ) Which answer best describes Earth’s surface when the Earth first formed as a planet?

1. The Earth’s surface was covered with jungles

2. The Earth ‘s surface was covered with water

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3. The Earth’s surface was covered with undeveloped land
4. The Earth’s surface was covered with melted rock
5. The Earth’s surface was covered with ice

Question 37 (Chapter ) Which answer best describes Earth’s surface temperature when it first formed as a planet?

1. The Earth’s surface was about the same temperature as it is today

2. The Earth’s surface was much colder than it is today
3. The Earth’s surface was much hotter than it is today

Question 38 (Chapter ) If you could travel back in time to when the Earth first formed as a planet, what would the Earth look like?

1. The Earth would be mostly covered with water

2. The Earth would be mostly covered with melted rock
3. The Earth would be mostly covered with ice
4. The Earth would be mostly covered with solid rock

Question 39 (Chapter ) If you could travel back in time to when the Earth first formed as a planet, how big would the Earth be?

1. The Earth would be smaller than it is today

2. The Earth would be larger than it is today
3. The Earth would be the same size as it is today

Question 40 (Chapter ) If you could travel back in time to when the Earth first formed as a planet, approximately how many years
back in time would you have to travel?

1. 4 hundred years
2. 4 hundred­thousand years
3. 4 million years
4. 4 billion years
5. 4 trillion years

Question 41 (Chapter ) Which technique for determining when the Earth first formed as a planet is most accurate?

1. Comparison of fossils found in rocks

2. Comparison of layers found in rocks
3. Analysis of uranium found in rocks
4. Analysis of carbon found in rocks
5. Scientists cannot calculate the age of the Earth

Question 42 (Chapter ) Which of the following statements about the age of rocks is most likely true?

1. Rocks found in the ocean are about the same age as rocks found on continents
2. Rocks found on continents are generally older than rocks found in the ocean
3. Rocks found in the ocean are generally older than rocks found on continents
4. Ages of rocks are not precise enough to determine which rock type is older

Question 43 (Chapter ) Some people believe there was once a single continent on Earth. If this single continent did exist, how
could scientists estimate the time needed for the single continent to break apart and form the
arrangement of continents we see today?

1. Comparison of fossils found in rocks

2. Comparison of layers found in rocks
3. Analysis of uranium found in rocks
4. Analysis of carbon found in rocks
5. Scientists cannot calculate the age of the Earth

Question 44 (Chapter ) Scientists claim that they can determine when the Earth first formed as a planet. Which technique(s) do
scientists use today to determine when the Earth first formed? Choose all that apply.

1. Comparison of fossils found in rocks

2. Comparison of layers found in rocks
3. Analysis of uranium found in rocks
4. Analysis of carbon found in rocks
5. Scientists cannot calculate the age of the Earth

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Question 45 (Chapter ) The first figure below is a view of one­half of the Earth’s surface as seen from space today. The gray
areas represent land, and the white represents water. Which of the other figures do you think most
closely represents this half of the Earth’s surface when humans first appeared on Earth? (1pts)

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

Question 46 (Chapter ) Which of the following figures do you think most closely represents changes in life on Earth over time?
(1pts)

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E

Question 47 (Chapter ) If you could travel millions of years into the future, how big would the planet Earth be?

1. Smaller than today

2. Larger than today
3. Same size as today

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4. We have no way of knowing

Question 48 (Chapter ) Below the outermost rocky shell of the Earth, it becomes:

1. Hotter, melted, and gravity increases

2. Hotter, gaseous, and magnetism increases
3. Colder, solid, and pressure increases
4. Hotter, denser, and pressure increases
5. Colder, denser, and pressure increases

Question 49 (Chapter ) Which of the following is an accurate statement about the very center of the Earth?

1. The very center of the Earth is mostly made up of gases

2. The very center of the Earth is mostly made up of liquids
3. The very center of the Earth is mostly made up of solids
4. We do not know the state of the very center of the Earth

Question 50 (Chapter ) Which of the following do you believe is most closely related to what you might see if you cut the Earth in
half? (1pts)

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E

Question 51 (Chapter ) Which of the following are sources of heat inside the Earth? Choose all that apply.

1. Gravitational energy from the Sun

2. Energy from the Earth’s formation
3. Heat energy from the Sun
4. Energy from radioactivity

Question 52 (Chapter ) Imagine that a tunnel has been cut all of the way through the Earth's center, as shown in the pictures
below. Which of the following is the best explanation of what would happen if you stood over the hole and
dropped a rock? The dashed line shows the rock's path. (1pts)

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1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E

Question 53 (Chapter ) Which of the following techniques do you think scientists can use to gather evidence about whether the
very center of the Earth is mostly a solid, a liquid, or a gas? Choose all that apply.

1. Drilling through the center of the Earth

2. Studying motion caused by earthquakes
3. Analyzing pictures taken by satellites
4. Scientists cannot study the center of the Earth

Question 54 (Chapter ) The images below show the surface of the Earth as viewed from the sky. Which image best illustrates
where earthquake epicenters, marked with an X, would be located? (1pts)

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

Question 55 (Chapter ) Which of the following best describes what scientists mean when they use the word “earthquake”?

1. When an earthquake occurs, visible cracks appear on the Earth's surface

2. When an earthquake occurs, people can feel the Earth shake
3. When an earthquake occurs, man­made structures are damaged
4. When an earthquake occurs, energy is released from inside the Earth
5. When an earthquake occurs, the gravitational pull of the Earth increases

Question 56 (Chapter ) Which one of the following is most closely related to events that cause large earthquakes?

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1. Buildings falling
2. Weather changing
3. Bombs dropping
4. Continents moving
5. Earth’s core changing

Question 57 (Chapter ) Which of the following responses best summarizes the relationship between volcanoes, large
earthquakes, and tectonic plates?

1. Volcanoes typically occur on islands, earthquakes typically occur on continents, and

both occur near tectonic plates
2. Volcanoes and large earthquakes both typically occur along the edges of tectonic plates
3. Volcanoes typically occur in the center of tectonic plates and large earthquakes typically
occur along the edges of tectonic plates
4. Volcanoes and large earthquakes both typically occur in warm climates
5. Volcanoes, large earthquakes, and tectonic plates are not related, and each can occur in
different places

Question 58 (Chapter ) Which of the following best describes what scientists mean when they use the word “earthquake”?

1. When an earthquake occurs, visible cracks appear on the Earth's surface

2. When an earthquake occurs, people can feel the Earth shake
3. When an earthquake occurs, man­made structures are damaged
4. When an earthquake occurs, energy is released from inside the Earth
5. When an earthquake occurs, the gravitational pull of the Earth increases

Question 59 (Chapter ) Which of the following best describes what scientists mean when they use the word “earthquake”?

1. When an earthquake occurs, visible cracks appear on the Earth's surface

2. When an earthquake occurs, people can feel the Earth shake
3. When an earthquake occurs, man­made structures are damaged
4. When an earthquake occurs, energy is released from inside the Earth
5. When an earthquake occurs, the gravitational pull of the Earth increases

Question 60 (Chapter ) Which of the following are associated with events that cause large earthquakes? Choose all that apply.

1. Buildings falling
2. Weather changing
3. Bombs dropping
4. Continents moving
5. Earth's core changing

Question 61 (Chapter ) The maps below show the surface of the Earth as viewed from the sky. Which map best illustrates where
earthquake epicenters, marked with an X, would be located? (1pts)

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

Question 62 (Chapter ) Which of the following figures do you think most closely represents changes in life on Earth over time?
(1pts)

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1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E

Question 63 (Chapter ) If you could travel back in time to when the Earth first formed as a planet, what type(s) of life do you think
you might encounter?

1. No life would exist in water or on land

2. One­celled organisms in water
3. Animal and plant life in water
4. All types of life in water and on land, except people
5. All types of life in water and on land, including people

Question 64 (Chapter ) Over the course of many generations, a population of monkeys experiences genetic drift. Is this
population evolving? Why or why not?

1. Yes, because the population shows adaptive change.

2. Yes, because genetic drift results in changes in the gene pool.
3. No, because genetic drift does not result in changes in the gene pool.
4. No, because the population doesn’t show adaptive change.

Question 65 (Chapter ) Mutation and natural selection are examples of evolutionary processes. Can random catastrophic events
lead to evolutionary change? Why or why not?

1. Yes, because random processes can remove poorly adapted individuals from the
population.
2. Yes, because random processes can result in genetic change.
3. No, because random processes usually cannot result in genetic change.
4. No, because random processes usually cannot affect reproductive success.

Question 66 (Chapter ) Every generation, some random sampling error occurs. This sampling error results in the most
noticeable evolutionary change when …

1. many individuals are moving into the population.

2. the population is very small in size
3. the population is very large in size.

Question 67 (Chapter ) The magnitude of the effect of random sampling error from one generation to the next depends upon
which feature of a population?

1. Mutation rate.
2. Emigration rate.
3. Population size.

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4. Mean fitness.

Question 68 (.1) Judy 1 Test!!!

POINTS 1

ANSWER Test Instructor 2

Question 69 (Chapter ) Test MCC

1. Answer 1
2. Answer 2

Question 70 (Chapter ) What does "density" refer to?

1. How thick something is

2. How quickly particles move
3. How much material exists in a space
4. How much air is contained in an object
5. How slowly liquids move

Question 71 (Chapter ) Some people believe there was once a single continent on Earth. If this single continent did exist, how
could scientists estimate the time needed for the single continent to break apart and form the
arrangement of continents we see today?

1. Comparison of fossils found in rocks

2. Comparison of layers found in rocks
3. Analysis of uranium found in rocks
4. Analysis of carbon found in rocks
5. Scientists cannot calculate the age of the Earth

Question 72 (Chapter ) What did the Earth's surface look like when it first formed? (1pts)

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1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E

Question 73 (Chapter ) Some people believe there was once a single continent on Earth. If this single continent did exist, how
could scientists estimate the time needed for the single continent to break apart and form the
arrangement of continents we see today?

1. Comparison of fossils found in rocks

2. Comparison of layers found in rocks
3. Analysis of uranium found in rocks
4. Analysis of carbon found in rocks
5. Scientists cannot calculate the age of the Earth

Question 74 (Chapter ) If you could travel back in time to when the Earth first formed as a planet, what type(s) of life do you think
you might encounter?

1. No life would exist in water or on land

2. One­celled organisms in water
3. Animal and plant life in water
4. All types of life in water and on land, except people
5. All types of life in water and on land, including people

Question 75 (Chapter ) Since the initial formation of the Earth:

1. The rocks at the Earth's surface have generally decreased in temperature

2. The rocks at the Earth's surface have generally increased in temperature
3. The rocks at the Earth's surface have generally stayed the same temperature

Question 76 (Chapter ) Which answer best describes Earth’s surface when the Earth first formed as a planet?

1. The Earth’s surface was covered with jungles

2. The Earth ‘s surface was covered with water
3. The Earth’s surface was covered with undeveloped land
4. The Earth’s surface was covered with melted rock
5. The Earth’s surface was covered with ice

Question 77 (Chapter ) Which answer best describes Earth’s surface temperature when it first formed as a planet?

1. The Earth’s surface was about the same temperature as it is today

2. The Earth’s surface was much colder than it is today
3. The Earth’s surface was much hotter than it is today

Question 78 (Chapter ) If you could travel back in time to when the Earth first formed as a planet, what would the Earth look like?

1. The Earth would be mostly covered with water

2. The Earth would be mostly covered with melted rock
3. The Earth would be mostly covered with ice
4. The Earth would be mostly covered with solid rock

Question 79 (Chapter ) If you could travel back in time to when the Earth first formed as a planet, how big would the Earth be?

1. The Earth would be smaller than it is today

2. The Earth would be larger than it is today
3. The Earth would be the same size as it is today

Question 80 (Chapter ) If you could travel back in time to when the Earth first formed as a planet, approximately how many years
back in time would you have to travel?

1. 4 hundred years
2. 4 hundred­thousand years
3. 4 million years
4. 4 billion years
5. 4 trillion years

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Question 81 (Chapter ) Which technique for determining when the Earth first formed as a planet is most accurate?

1. Comparison of fossils found in rocks

2. Comparison of layers found in rocks
3. Analysis of uranium found in rocks
4. Analysis of carbon found in rocks
5. Scientists cannot calculate the age of the Earth

Question 82 (Chapter ) Which of the following statements about the age of rocks is most likely true?

1. Rocks found in the ocean are about the same age as rocks found on continents
2. Rocks found on continents are generally older than rocks found in the ocean
3. Rocks found in the ocean are generally older than rocks found on continents
4. Ages of rocks are not precise enough to determine which rock type is older

Question 83 (Chapter ) Some people believe there was once a single continent on Earth. If this single continent did exist, how
could scientists estimate the time needed for the single continent to break apart and form the
arrangement of continents we see today?

1. Comparison of fossils found in rocks

2. Comparison of layers found in rocks
3. Analysis of uranium found in rocks
4. Analysis of carbon found in rocks
5. Scientists cannot calculate the age of the Earth

Question 84 (Chapter ) Scientists claim that they can determine when the Earth first formed as a planet. Which technique(s) do
scientists use today to determine when the Earth first formed? Choose all that apply.

1. Comparison of fossils found in rocks

2. Comparison of layers found in rocks
3. Analysis of uranium found in rocks
4. Analysis of carbon found in rocks
5. Scientists cannot calculate the age of the Earth

Question 85 (Chapter ) The first figure below is a view of one­half of the Earth’s surface as seen from space today. The gray
areas represent land, and the white represents water. Which of the other figures do you think most
closely represents this half of the Earth’s surface when humans first appeared on Earth? (1pts)

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1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

Question 86 (Chapter ) Which of the following figures do you think most closely represents changes in life on Earth over time?
(1pts)

1. A

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2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E

Question 87 (Chapter ) If you could travel millions of years into the future, how big would the planet Earth be?

1. Smaller than today

2. Larger than today
3. Same size as today
4. We have no way of knowing

Question 88 (Chapter ) Below the outermost rocky shell of the Earth, it becomes:

1. Hotter, melted, and gravity increases

2. Hotter, gaseous, and magnetism increases
3. Colder, solid, and pressure increases
4. Hotter, denser, and pressure increases
5. Colder, denser, and pressure increases

Question 89 (Chapter ) Which of the following is an accurate statement about the very center of the Earth?

1. The very center of the Earth is mostly made up of gases

2. The very center of the Earth is mostly made up of liquids
3. The very center of the Earth is mostly made up of solids
4. We do not know the state of the very center of the Earth

Question 90 (Chapter ) Which of the following do you believe is most closely related to what you might see if you cut the Earth in
half? (1pts)

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E

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Question 91 (Chapter ) Which of the following are sources of heat inside the Earth? Choose all that apply.

1. Gravitational energy from the Sun

2. Energy from the Earth’s formation
3. Heat energy from the Sun
4. Energy from radioactivity

Question 92 (Chapter ) Imagine that a tunnel has been cut all of the way through the Earth's center, as shown in the pictures
below. Which of the following is the best explanation of what would happen if you stood over the hole and
dropped a rock? The dashed line shows the rock's path. (1pts)

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E

Question 93 (Chapter ) Which of the following techniques do you think scientists can use to gather evidence about whether the
very center of the Earth is mostly a solid, a liquid, or a gas? Choose all that apply.

1. Drilling through the center of the Earth

2. Studying motion caused by earthquakes
3. Analyzing pictures taken by satellites
4. Scientists cannot study the center of the Earth

Question 94 (Chapter ) The images below show the surface of the Earth as viewed from the sky. Which image best illustrates
where earthquake epicenters, marked with an X, would be located? (1pts)

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1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

Question 95 (.1) Judy 1 Test!!!

POINTS 1

ANSWER Test Instructor 2

Question 96 (Chapter ) Test MCC

1. Answer 1
2. Answer 2

Question 97 (Chapter ) What does "density" refer to?

1. How thick something is

2. How quickly particles move
3. How much material exists in a space
4. How much air is contained in an object
5. How slowly liquids move

Question 98 (Chapter ) Some people believe there was once a single continent on Earth. If this single continent did exist, how
could scientists estimate the time needed for the single continent to break apart and form the
arrangement of continents we see today?

1. Comparison of fossils found in rocks

2. Comparison of layers found in rocks
3. Analysis of uranium found in rocks
4. Analysis of carbon found in rocks
5. Scientists cannot calculate the age of the Earth

Question 99 (Chapter ) What did the Earth's surface look like when it first formed? (1pts)

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Question 101 (Chapter )
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1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E
Because of a canal­building project, a population of 1000 lizards was split into five populations of about
200 individuals each, each of which is ideally well adapted to its new environment. Over many
generations, the five populations continue to evolve through genetic drift, and no migration occurs
between populations. Three hundred generations later, the canals were filled in and the populations were
reunited. Is the chance of successful interbreeding between the populations higher, lower, or the same,
compared to if they had only been separated for three generations? Why?
1. Less likely to interbreed. Although their environments were similar, each population
would have responded to it differently and evolved important differences.
2. Less likely to interbreed. So much time has passed that random changes in allele
frequency would have driven the populations apart.
3. More likely to interbreed. They would have all adapted to the presence of the canals in the
same way.
4. More likely to interbreed. The same mutations would have evolved in all of the
populations because of their similar environments.
5. More likely to interbreed. Although several random mutations have probably evolved, the
mutations will be similar because the environments are all similar.
A researcher has been studying an island population of daisies. When the researcher started her
observations there were equal numbers of purple and white daisies. Over subsequent generations the
number of purple daisies increased and the number of white daisies decreased. Both purple and white
daisies appeared to be equally well adapted to the environment, and daisy color did not appear to be
correlated with the ability to survive and reproduce, but color was clearly genetically determined. Which
of the following best describes mechanism behind the observed evolutionary change in frequency of
flower color?
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1. The allele for purple is dominant to white.
2. The allele for white is dominant to purple.
3. White daisies have decreased in numbers due to herbivory.
4. Purple daisies have survived in greater numbers by chance.

Question 102 (Chapter ) Cottonwood trees produce hundreds of seedlings, but only a small fraction of these survive to
reproductive age. Sometimes, seedling survival is not determined by natural selection for a specific trait
in the seedling. Which of the following best describes a mechanism for differential survival of cottonwood
seedlings that is not related to natural selection?

1. Competition for resources among seedlings.

2. Response to chemicals that inhibit growth of seedlings.
3. Chance based on where the seeds land.
4. The distance some seeds can travel based on their shape.

Question 103 (Chapter ) The graphs below show how different populations are affected by genetic drift over time. Within each
graph, each line represents a different population, but all the lines in a single graph have the same
population size. What do these graphs say about genetic drift? (1pts)

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1. The effect of genetic drift is absent in large populations.

2. The effect of genetic drift is larger when combined with natural selection.
3. The effect of genetic drift is larger in small populations.
4. The effect of genetic drift is larger when combined with random mutation.

Question 104 (Chapter ) The graphs below simulate how different populations are affected by genetic drift over time. Within each
graph, each line represents changes in allele frequencies in different populations over time, but all the
lines in a single graph have the same population size. Why is the effect of genetic drift different among
populations of different sizes. (1pts)

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1. Because any allele has a higher probability of being passed on to the next generation in a
small population.
2. Because any allele has a lower probability of being passed on to the next generation in a
small population.
3. Because good alleles are selected more often than bad alleles in small populations.
4. Because bad alleles are removed more quickly by natural selection in small populations.
A scientist grew 107 populations of fruit flies in the lab. At the beginning of the experiment, each
population consisted of 8 males and 8 females with light orange eyes, and all of the flies had the same
genetic makeup for eye color. Flies with light orange eyes can have offspring that have light orange, bright
orange, or white eyes. Eye color does not affect how well flies survive in their environment. For each of
the 107 populations, he randomly chose 8 males and 8 females as breeders for the next generation. After
19 generations, half of the populations contained only white­eyed flies, and half contained only bright
orange­eyed flies. None of the populations had flies with both white eyes and bright­orange eyes. What do
you think would have happened if the experiment were repeated, but instead of randomly selecting 16
flies to breed each generation, the scientist randomly selected 1000 flies to breed each generation?
1. The results would be about the same.
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Question 107 (Chapter )
Question 108 (Chapter )
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2. Populations would have both white­eyed and bright orange­eyed lies, but no light orange­
eyed flies.
3. Populations would have a mix of white­eyed, bright orange­eyed, and light orange­eyed
flies.
4. Since it involves random sampling, it is impossible to determine the results.
A scientist grew 107 populations of fruit flies in the lab. At the beginning of the experiment, each
population consisted of 8 males and 8 females with light orange eyes, and all of the flies had the same
genetic makeup for eye color. Flies with light orange eyes can have offspring that have light orange, bright
orange, or white eyes. Eye color does not affect how well flies survive in their environment. For each of
the 107 populations, he randomly chose 8 males and 8 females as breeders for the next generation. After
19 generations, half of the populations contained only white­eyed flies, and half contained only bright
orange­eyed flies. None of the populations had flies with both white eyes and bright­orange eyes. We can
infer from the changes in eye color that allele frequencies in each population changed over the course 19
generations. Did these populations experience genetic drift?
1. No, because genetic drift is caused by random mutation and no new mutations arose.
2. No, because the change was due to inbreeding depression.
3. Yes, because genetic drift is caused by inbreeding depression.
4. Yes, because genetic drift is caused by random sampling error.
A scientist grew 107 populations of fruit flies in the lab. At the beginning of the experiment, each
population consisted of 8 males and 8 females with light orange eyes, and all of the flies had the same
genetic makeup for eye color. Flies with light orange eyes can have offspring that have light orange, bright
orange, or white eyes. Eye color does not affect how well flies survive in their environment. For each of
the 107 populations, he randomly chose 8 males and 8 females as breeders for the next generation. After
19 generations, half of the populations contained only white­eyed flies, and half contained only bright
orange­eyed flies. None of the populations had flies with both white eyes and bright­orange eyes. Which
aspect of the experiment modeled genetic drift most closely?
1. Random sampling of the individuals who mate.
2. Random mutations in eye color.
3. Selection of individuals with white or bright orange eyes .
4. Lack of movement of individuals across populations.
A scientist grew 107 populations of fruit flies in the lab. At the beginning of the experiment, each
population consisted of 8 males and 8 females with light orange eyes, and all of the flies had the same
genetic makeup for eye color. Flies with light orange eyes can have offspring that have light orange, bright
orange, or white eyes. Eye color does not affect how well flies survive in their environment. For each of
the 107 populations, he randomly chose 8 males and 8 females as breeders for the next generation. After
19 generations, half of the populations contained only white­eyed flies, and half contained only bright
orange­eyed flies. None of the populations had flies with both white eyes and bright­orange eyes. Allele
frequencies in each population of flies changed over the course of the experiment. How would you
describe what occurred within the populations?
1. genetic drift, but not evolution
2. evolution, but not genetic drift
3. evolution through genetic drift
4. neither evolution nor genetic drift
A scientist grew 107 populations of fruit flies in the lab. At the beginning of the experiment, each
population consisted of 8 males and 8 females with light orange eyes, and all of the flies had the same
genetic makeup for eye color. Flies with light orange eyes can have offspring that have light orange, bright
orange, or white eyes. Eye color does not affect how well flies survive in their environment. For each of
the 107 populations, he randomly chose 8 males and 8 females as breeders for the next generation. After
19 generations, half of the populations contained only white­eyed flies, and half contained only bright
orange­eyed flies. None of the populations had flies with both white eyes and bright­orange eyes. At the
end of the experiment, half of the populations had all white­eyed flies, and half had all bright orange­eyed
flies. What is the cause of this result?
1. New mutations changed the dominance relationships in eye color alleles.
2. Gene flow across experimental replicates.
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Question 111 (Chapter )
Question 112 (Chapter )
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3. The random loss of one allele or the other in each population.
4. Adaptation to living conditions within the populations.
A scientist grew 107 populations of fruit flies in the lab. At the beginning of the experiment, each
population consisted of 8 males and 8 females with light orange eyes, and all of the flies had the same
genetic makeup for eye color. Flies with light orange eyes can have offspring that have light orange, bright
orange, or white eyes. Eye color does not affect how well flies survive in their environment. For each of
the 107 populations, he randomly chose 8 males and 8 females as breeders for the next generation. After
19 generations, half of the populations contained only white­eyed flies, and half contained only bright
orange­eyed flies. None of the populations had flies with both white eyes and bright­orange eyes. Which
part of the experimental set up contributed most to the result that the populations wound up with either
100% white­eyed flies or 100% bright orange­eyed flies?
1. Flies were moving from population to population.
2. Populations were raised in identical conditions.
3. Population size was reduced to 16 at the beginning of each generation.
4. The experiment was stopped after 19 generations instead of letting it continue for
hundreds of generations.
Total colorblindness can be caused by two copies of a mutant gene. In addition to being unable to see any
color, people who are totally colorblind have poor eyesight in general and are very sensitive to daylight.
Colorblindness was harmful to our ancestors because they relied on color and sight to interpret their
surroundings. About 1 in every 50,000 people is totally colorblind. In about 1775, a huge storm killed many
of the people on a small, isolated island in the Pacific Ocean, and within a few generations after the storm,
total colorblindness was much more common among the people living on the island, occurring in about 1
out of 10 islanders. What best explains the high incidence of total colorblindness after the storm?
1. Random changes in allele frequency tend to occur when populations experience great
stress.
2. New mutations for color blindness are more likely to occur in a smaller population.
3. People that had the mutation for total colorblindness were better at surviving the storm.
4. The effects of genetic drift were greater because of the reduced population size.
Total colorblindness can be caused by two copies of a mutant gene. In addition to being unable to see any
color, people who are totally colorblind have poor eyesight in general and are very sensitive to daylight.
Colorblindness was harmful to our ancestors because they relied on color and sight to interpret their
surroundings. About 1 in every 50,000 people is totally colorblind. In about 1775, a huge storm killed many
of the people on a small, isolated island in the Pacific Ocean, and within a few generations after the storm,
total colorblindness was much more common among the people living on the island, occurring in about 1
out of 10 islanders. Total colorblindness is harmful, so natural selection acts against it. Is it possible that,
in the island population, one generation might have a higher frequency of colorblindness than the previous
generation? Why or why not?
1. No, because natural selection is strong and it decreases the frequency of harmful alleles.
2. No, because the island population is small and that means that natural selection can act
efficiently.
3. Yes, because random changes in allele frequency can overwhelm natural selection in
small populations.
4. Yes, because mutations rates are often increased in stressed populations, leading to new
mutations for colorblindness.
Total colorblindness can be caused by two copies of a mutant gene. In addition to being unable to see any
color, people who are totally colorblind have poor eyesight in general and are very sensitive to daylight.
Colorblindness was harmful to our ancestors because they relied on color and sight to interpret their
surroundings. About 1 in every 50,000 people is totally colorblind. In about 1775, a huge storm killed many
of the people on a small, isolated island in the Pacific Ocean, and within a few generations after the storm,
total colorblindness was much more common among the people living on the island, occurring in about 1
out of 10 islanders. Is the Pacific island population experiencing genetic drift today?
1. No. Natural selection cannot act at the same time as genetic drift.
2. No. Genetic drift is no longer occurring because people can easily leave the island.
3. Yes. Natural selection is the same process as genetic drift.
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Question 115 (Chapter )
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4. Yes. Genetic drift can act simultaneously with natural selection.
Total colorblindness can be caused by two copies of a mutant gene. In addition to being unable to see any
color, people who are totally colorblind have poor eyesight in general and are very sensitive to daylight.
Colorblindness was harmful to our ancestors because they relied on color and sight to interpret their
surroundings. About 1 in every 50,000 people is totally colorblind. In about 1775, a huge storm killed many
of the people on a small, isolated island in the Pacific Ocean, and within a few generations after the storm,
total colorblindness was much more common among the people living on the island, occurring in about 1
out of 10 islanders. A biologist reports that the high frequency of colorblindness in this population is likely
due to genetic drift. Which of the following statements supports her claim?
1. The population historically experienced immigration from a neighboring island.
2. The population was regularly exposed to fallout from nuclear testing in the past.
3. The population historically experienced a drastic reduction in population size.
4. The population has historically selected for colorblindness, because the islanders think
colorblindness is good luck.
Total colorblindness can be caused by two copies of a mutant gene. In addition to being unable to see any
color, people who are totally colorblind have poor eyesight in general and are very sensitive to daylight.
Colorblindness was harmful to our ancestors because they relied on color and sight to interpret their
surroundings. About 1 in every 50,000 people is totally colorblind. In about 1775, a huge storm killed many
of the people on a small, isolated island in the Pacific Ocean, and within a few generations after the storm,
total colorblindness was much more common among the people living on the island, occurring in about 1
out of 10 islanders. Imagine that the Pacific Island population is again greatly reduced by an epidemic
disease. Following the epidemic, colorblindness is even more frequent in the population—though there are
still people with normal vision. The population remains isolated, and it is still disadvantageous to be
colorblind. Which of the following most likely predicts how the frequency of colorblindness will change in
the generations following the epidemic?
1. In some generations, the frequency of the colorblindness trait will increase due to genetic
drift, despite natural selection acting against it.
2. In all generations, the frequency of the colorblindness trait will decrease due to natural
selection acting against it.
3. In each generation, the frequency of the colorblindness trait will stay the same due to
both natural selection and genetic drift acting on it.
4. In alternate generations, colorblindness trait decrease in frequency due to natural
selection and then increase in frequency due to genetic drift.
5. n each generation, the frequency of colorblindness will remain about the same in future
generations because the population is small and isolated
Isle Royale, an island in Lake Superior, is home to a unique population of wolves (Canis lupus). This
population has been isolated since it was founded by one female and a few males that crossed an ice
bridge to the island in the late 1940s. Studies have shown that genetic variation is lower in this population
than in the large population of wolves on the mainland. Some biologists compared the genetic variation of
the mainland and Isle Royale populations just a few years after colonization of the island. Which of the
following best their conclusions?
1. There is more genetic variation in the Isle Royale population. The mainland population is
large so genetic differences between individuals would tend to cancel each other out.
2. There is more genetic variation in the Isle Royale population. The new environment would
cause the wolves to develop new mutations so that they could adapt to the island.
3. There is less genetic variation in the Isle Royale population. The mainland population is
large so random changes in allele frequency would lead to more diversity.
4. Less genetic variation in the Isle Royale population. The founding population is so small
that it can only represent a small part of the diversity in the mainland.
5. There is about the same genetic variation in both populations. The Island population was
derived from the mainland population and genetic variation is slow to change.
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