Bosi

seondJhe /k te
that Jhe
het
mathematial
indution
wing (1) Ck>ho)
Induetijstep step>
then qnst
l+2+3+ 4.
pk+) yincinle then rincile
s PCk+) h.
olse omnding
maaition a
an
Some
Alathematal
rducion lethematial
+0
(h
n
ase
22 show
thon ahbiNany
irge
3k.Uk>ho)
ue.
hduction

Lhs:1+ cer loti

indction
enedy. haueWe
to
I+22+3...te Asumethat Pin)
Pln)rue 243t |+2
2
Pk donol+o
(
+k+1 3+..jh
++
the
ue -O
-
=R+1D(e+|)Y
(e+i)(R+2) = k(kt) 142+3he
2
2
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2
2.
+2(k
FR+e+1

+)
e
e by
PCE)
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that )
JS: BS: fet,
2 have We
to mathemahial
ahdutos.
sue, Assume
that Pln)
post k+1 4 lb
2 ( denee
P(k+)
PCh.true) &L24 2ten!
that
ho= Prove
4 pn)
2= the
te pk) 2"zn
k
2 enesiaon
2k true toral
Rglaig by
hay lor
arbirary

J3-
IS: BS:
Assumehat lat se
pnymathematuol
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denab
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y the indctien
41)+ 4 8.
upohon 2

- 91-) =
k t
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. ke
that
-
2
 pit 3+s n>llall 4
ho=lBS: hwe We Hat
1+345.. Msing
(2+°46+ Assumethat(e) I= +3+5+..(an-)hlan-0(2n+1)
= hane pln)
k+1)(kak-+3 =
(zk+))Aek-D(2t+)
k++3) bR +(2R/+2)
(E+)(ek (2-) I amothomtial
k-)(2k+3¢R+ densto
3 . (2+i)_3 ove
3 (8r-1(k+) (2n-u
3 the
3 (zk-)=
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2 yuove
all' (an)
t
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BS
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ntge. Assune et Wsng (2k"t5+3)
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23 pn)
mathematal (P +1)
3.4 2:3 denote (R) (2k+8)
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teue
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L +
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oue +
ensition +
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ue
ove
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t
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oove denee (A+)(kt2) k(k+2)+ ),
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+
ln) +
tn) ((*)B+) .
the
treresuas inductón ao
ple)thep
suetnz.
nz
p.T
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Jes

TS
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thus PlR+)å
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is
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k)
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at
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atig duonent of
ther
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for
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o
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all
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(k+1)
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a 3k
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to
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tue
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29
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4
V)
>3400
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Total:
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os the
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te 4xSx 2=
80 ue.
thowands
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TI2 ds
sdriubie bond
units nuta Botal Numses
Then nthe laa
lae numbee ave tha
the 360 must =
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s
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e ( annet
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s
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ates nm hy
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Andusion
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ualusethtRoth
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y23 ci) the
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by
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yo

No theno.
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23,9
since
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umbes 9,
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IAUB0C Bnc
no. Noofnumaee
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32r 2

|Ane ianel AUBvc'I

2432 5 (UW
n AnD [anen+|AnenD|+)9
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bb
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. nD
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250
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2
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=60

tros
 ten
=2
a get inducin bue
=2n. an
we 2 fon
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2
2 sdes 2n-2
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h-2
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en pen have dsume
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Adding
Wewe We dnklr
an-an-,22
sttainec
dy
2t35 tel methcd-o
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maiA
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nooti
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gelotons
1
t
s 2,2,th aaton
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t8 *at
,
-l| 7 by
stant |muktinyingan
the landa,
ci) Lasee
:
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motheds
roots toalrl
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onstartith lene b rlk t+h1)ue
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nz.

rcluchuon
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per)true
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ald a
elaton nelatiay

an Nolo
aroat
sctiodiynt
n that h Bonside
secondhe
thentho Gasei ) heJhe
n"A an case ijs
= duno duge
os
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ho+ (or
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ode)=
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, =n
onstantb. Aehe honego
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whee -ln
ohee ROaland
thon A ard -k)
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n
B 8
lost -e
ae
 charotetie hun
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the
th
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h
aueh
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selubon diviÛn or
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given
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t
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T
Put
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A
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nt

(a+e)
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.
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dho tCiantGht an
Co
elatink
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soluonnwwrencatatignAewrna Ck dhomegeneous
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ent o

soln(2) to ( nelaton called

an dnerds alaton
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AnP) th
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on
he
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Note
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Precueme

nea
untlon
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an-2
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Aht
ht....4 A Aptint,
b

the

ung
and froan tnos
the "an h
hmenehes
omant
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(-0
aqualin
A
a aweme
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to -e) an Cor^c,
nA
2 Cot 0Cort+
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e
halalion
det soln
muned
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n=0Put Ang-
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n-aAtn-)
an
-2 Ca+
0.20 = h.2 ) O
A(n-))
Q.2^+n.2'
an> An
Ch) 2'-2l
2"-
2=
(P) Ah)
2"),

bn2Bh, =ee
Eh
tormthe aosoueJho

no
Waig grogal Sol he
tB4A
( ann
=2{A
BtB) intal
B)d (o-(n-)
characttte |h-nt) n-5ànt reeme
bselaton
t.B

condtion ap4
+an
:
2 recwehe
nelaten an
, difsent 2 a7.
-2B+85A
228+7 2B
2A+
0=-B
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Second
ordor
A
A
=5
 n---n)n
3ADANt-23 2
1oAh+bA2
bAD2A3 + Gn1Aot
l2An
2Ao + an-2
sAtPytAatn
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t
l) 2alh-2n
t1Ait A2-12A 5Paln

+
() (14A2 246
C2A-5b) h n
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t3B2A
= 2Ap|20 -2Ao
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at3B=2A +n(2A&-
nca2A2)
-7A) I42)
n
4+Bt6o (h)P) +76 19b C4)-1
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n+28n+ l4
(4) =
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+ =S6 =
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=
4 2% O
h o
8S +4n
=
-S6

-
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al
nzo) metho an-3an(n,a2
n
mathad:.heal mathad. 2
yunÛn an-
-3*.
yuntng, an3
ucion
hetagseres
an sides
sgroaking prnding ee
nginie h=o Cesa)ctPoo fba- both 3an.zn
e ot
dhe the
Bowe
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alo
that ao
es Add
Let
3
3.(a3t
n
+
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27 b0+28n
hon
27 $3 27 =3(2)"47
aelaton Ans
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an
bana
+
-85 -56-27
=
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B
2A+2 -B
=-27
B
27=
ant1t44,
asccene
56
fB=-
A
+
AtB
-s aobeni. problemi
aPncia
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A
he |ant-b
A
hzo.
Qole
Nots:-4
I+xt..--x]W.k-t
2
JB=3
n3[+32 2B=
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-2~22+2 =
(9a) + [-+a2 2 2
42+2°+n?4) +
+en'+) 22[I

3) 3) a)
add Bewe
s0ve
A
4an an
ot gating
method.
tnclin ani(-)
a) a G
(a) an: anti-2
ay +92+2.
Fa+37..1
at
= 4
- boh n=0 -an
spnathg
4a An-nZ, +
side
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E 42 (3),
Anx tans an2" no
te
de nion
n ng0
zoap2by
2
,ao mathad.
hl z
ly3
 Gcx)-4
)

-2
-
2
(4
-

viàd,
4,)

Ndhe
element e
. Jhe
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t's'
lglnokie
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e whit -v
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pintn -2,-1, o by
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on
 elemeht 3
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blrary A dosue )
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as et Eziatene
theA'nonAet eumtatwe

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est a,

set

atb
eommutatne
proaubd
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eropitn
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ns
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on ta B
said
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howean to
to hane
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identiy
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true. &
The e
ommubat Aontauis tò alytaeylte
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kody We

enlypropnty/
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et plement
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a,
of
n bè
s
abes
P

BC.c A H
B Show
,c3 G
, A I
cbelien .
B I that

B A B
&
a
oou
B

nde
the
 3.w thatset
Asoiatie al$lousune
Bmuese|sduntty
ah tue
the
bacyJhethe
alselan element
atba)b C onty
. A

aununde
-
ontaiu
tabte
the
ab
geralin

humses.
peal N,
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at
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non
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abc
abc
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bommutatie a*
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identity
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G
ae
b*a 2
G
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:al=a
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n a.b hen
2
b lse
ab
b4in the
n
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2 the
a,
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lon G

|that(s, ©)
a |a,b) Hheowmi

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the *)
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numsero ato(a) oe
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alse commutatie a
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inay
Prove ba!
 dardtty elara'dent
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Ji

I6lula
|

PERMUTATIONs bPa
P, 3I IA3 (70w) pasprap= ba
fa,b,c3S-
2 buay
TATIONS
GRoUP:
PERMU
alshannon
2 I32 (,)
2
b=
s
1 1ROUP
B 3,
3^
=
then
Pa abe) bea' bca
cb abe P+)',
2,33 S
= a,c
hre that. e b

b C2+s)
cb
P6 a
b
rabe|
 P.Py lP, P,.a
cayley P,.P,=
P Py P. P P
tompsiaP,
23
P2
P

P Pt P Pi Pa P2 3
2 3
32

P Pi Ps Pa 32

P
P wvp
P Pe
P P4 PyPPa Py
PPsPs
Ps 22
P3
P2 Ps
P

INVERSE DSSOLATIUE
CLosUeE
IDENT IT
Y only ell...
1|ly
tative:
. theeloments
to 33
o
TnVerR
INonse P a'e e,
tt+us klt PROPERTY
the
t,
the
the dosed
ctsider ldontity
element compo
Pb
tor oirth Py
= siton the
Pa Pi nepoct
S3also.
Pa gnsists
tabte
Cortig
to.
t
Pg

asiate
 2
|9+1 2

|2
2
2 2 2
4 34+
2 2
( 42I the e
(4 2
5
2 3 34 3
4 4) 35 S
34 2 4 2 3
4 3
3 3'2 1 2 4
1 3 3
4
) nomutatohs
5). elenens
J s32
Juid
3

1
2 3 gt9&
2
4 45 4
2 45 2|
S S 3

23 43
) 45 4

hemutatuns
rove
(3+
45
(:
2
2 2
poove
(: 2 3 4
1
that
(9.j,, 4
3 (a-)- ))
2

2 23
34 2
2
4|
+s
2
3
L 3 4

Lo
 das iy CON
congen
aled Congruen a -3 divisiblaby
n
-),s,7,),
L)7,
15:3 hantuons )
Note GRUENCE
On Jho
the 3
(mod(mod) n
the Bhat Congmuen lae
z dng modulo
oto 2) le
C4] clases.
e dlayoint Nn!
= aoR8s valene
lo],6 59,13. .
hode squiyalanetolation
]nd 4"a
classos
ody ca

comatahe: aloaango
an Jot
The
Assocal z5 dete by
d denouddy
swuClo n
propeat
classueey set
eZsall -[
i elements
ye
ropesty Prapy DJ,L2],
conguene

sttiikal Li
Lg3 doses
+
be on
nde
addher e
the ln-03. mod
dividsoith non
 for statofid . Idantity
Commuaio Shce
.5.

itotive L'I uualAsSocedisei

o

he
multibcalion pmepa
dentity alo t

elemant' statiyad
stalutod
asouatie
den

+
fty |Asouotie
propa propaty
closwe Show
4 33 2o' b+
3. 2
4 oun.undu
prTopoty
ctosw 4 2
souotio 3
that
3
-3
2
4 32 ) he
(1+)+5 =
b 4 2 cdditon
3 2 2 8 2
et
the
|2 2
4 3 G
table 4S moduo =(o,
ID S
4b 4S
3
tbn 4
|,
t 213,9
h b.

3
 fnvesse
Commutohe
l+0
Ot) =

tho
Commutatuethan 2 4

qooup. B

32x 2

sub so the
ind SUBgbiRDUP
TRIVIAL
L]
4) hema all
n B. set
don tirst wil Pbiviou
opfzraton
ú Ca+) groufSub
4. all
be H
big teston
ly o
thet satis
=
set subset e n,
+b must kipsi
non saicl
CAdditÓo propnty
cbsure
-
+riyial group.
to
Same tiv al
of
mclual
subgraps e
gubghop
) mainirgYe
(zLt) Don-+rivial
grp. donty sanethe
 33
a.
D2) [oloJ] tis betamine
let
H H,
is L4].
.L]Do] Lo][5 =
notKa
qrtues
k h flo],
sedclo
Fo,siioJI6Kbi ae [3
not
ude Don
4is:
unden
vialtrfsu L4J[2] [e]
tunda
elose d

4,8,23subgreu

CyCLI C
ycic sincei-3 sometoeveny
Lot
9-am ydic
any
(Þ elament )(A
prove Thanbe4 i=,2--1,33
-,?i - GROUP:
as
s The
a
let s cyle
. = n
: a
n.fa" (G*) m*
an
a a.aatat qroup multfplicative elernent
His group
a
.
4: said
]nezj)
Cy a a.a
clfc. cycfcgo
up +
ljanabe
yclic aEG,suhthat
m+n ant a roated the
group
qroup kor
Dhhni. ro cydic
gnat y
i, an
 fsfonatv a'eH
such
that lelement
YE
Z.
t oer (a)e Since
then sie
thanmh Let Nouw kot
(am)*e-(am) m e
H
algrttrn H thefsH
-aa, ar e &
the
o
shall
prove a
neh
Jeast the
eemeany nt Proup aform.subsot
m=5
ecledanby
al,ny
a then

lathm Ho I4 iou,
as w ny >
Jhenthesot et tha (any >(ca) 'eH am
aled
(H, suohthot taet o
*) +
Akanant
the is
Hence
e a that then eHBy
Aet a genorotid
cyclic ?nvewe By
= H
ath|
heH?
aH
elemert. aTeH,m
ceset es By
rop tha
e dn dosura
H least a
&teyl p |proty (a
n)2
in
Con
n a
oiVtradîta
by
 |Cz, t) a
a-I ) qroulzit).|he Note the casETS
lat the
atH oset
lott at a0 )
Ho+H onsida
H=5z
= sGRANGES
et AND L
(t
be
H be -5,-°-5,o
--d. .-. e thgneal
e +aHHa cosot Ma
elament
= a sot -
element
¬.0, P6Cz,tJ.
of
subet bata|
H
ot (z, n
Czi+) t). 6
heHy
s Hheoemi
5,I°, theot datimied &
-S,
nallod

element =3be la
vii)
1S,..
itg 2+H=(-
atH osete7t,
HU2e - ° -ha5 , ° , 5 0 i
=(utlxoz3 5+
Hplerentase'
numdscn dlamentGCzi+)
+ - =. .
14H
UD
diyent and 2+0.
4
+H So 20,2.A+6,-5
on..
et .
toset
%Hin
 Ca
o)

tmes a
Jhus out as H (, G
in GAo:
H. *) staliment
G de
oi) CH) o ola,H)oH) = we . et
*(a, ket a (
divdes (6) o densw :he stheoem: r
t)
=o(H) the.a
0/o ) H)+o e G1
that a ddes ordes
+o(H)+... (a2H)+ osots
(a) o 52,, the
delt e ggythe
()o olagH)...40@ a,
+ osets
pdu
oCH)t H
ho.
H
o

aH. Jdene |Ne reneene

aovesypondene
letween |at aH.
and H
he
We
heta
w know
’h ,h
maying ehauh
H H se
ahd"aH. ontool totse any
one dayhed ioa deyt
H9a one te this
ve
element) to
orne ay that da<t osets
h
i 4ch) there,oset.,
comesondance we
have =axhy Loyomdana
is
h a
 (

||l'ywe thone uoset

Oroe: bne that on,
0o
(Jhesem
trom *)
pidi
ket
shalove We
elementn
='b*(n*h)*h at,thenany her ket
an aH
prove aH
.'. H the CH
element and
b set )
4 bH
CaH .
aHbHt,
then e
2 ither aH e
=H
qetaH
- e any a'yaton all
aHnbH,
. the,
e

asuset
suet equal
addition
allec ard Ruriladonds that
ed
ee,t,j
it) th
s ,
th +) 7 ii
ae
oyoation. oy l däjoint.
of tha deyt na
ah ab
the the Jayt aH
ígs abelann oL
H
identty bsets
du.e,t.CR, ).
lasocia+ve qou 4and."
sheukl
elemert rtión G. =22:then
Staitd) qroup

-e
 9hen,

thout uotide,
then he land ealedChodes omty
and
t A
A
edg co et
gray edgs
nanallel e 4 v nt
-i
the onta)
nes.(o)
n= = G-
A
(Y, ,B) end ad
elemant Jhcny
ages (v,
E) And voutices E) a
is
asithout aled ea th set
kalled ecAB) alled
E
a Ao then an A
rale P%ementa voties

ddstband no
n
Tolated odjaenwy'
omideneond
i)
e
theis e edge tot
thdtto vervte ooidens it n-
ntieothe verteri nidone ßn
(V,E)
a
at adjoentnot then
e
u
vevtenn a adjth acent a
and
enotddag y the the v
Anudentwth it votis wetis
adjuent Lalld
okteTs
d AL
eY
 d C)
d tB) = 2
4
B
dce)
,
Jheoem
wotes odd
d 6) Jhe nunbe et
dlE) o eveh

heonem (Handsha ee proble")

quagh and G=C,E)
the nme
adqes and det e the cet os
vertices
denote Ret v, and Va
dd
n VenticeA and the entices e
VI V2:Vh e
Jhen deglvi) =2e
3 onL) 2
Vs

degcy)+ deg cva)+ deg a).t."; dag(Vn) dcva) 3

ncdent th dlv) O
qey nen
tuso wces and se onua a to tha

V
PVedoedges,eontribus a to the veVi
veV,

hen even
2 4 S dag ( 2a
So al the eage contrîbte 22 22-2k

veVa the sum u

nd
sin ce each dV) cdd
 must
the no. tevme
even s hone
complete qraph:
gaph ia alled corlat to
d amnle ena edlge Va
thore' n
vorties
we can parton as
doneed by En.
The bipartte graph is
V3

A ka B

ctruls.
yeue graph CoyVertet
Gomgleo ajantite:
irit. CY,, V2)
alled a
with n votie denobd
n>3.
Sno. lval=n then the mylota
V) = m
denoad H kmn, ohee
tn la called a binantite lotonti hneo
the
mrand n ae

slijoint nen
annhy
Va suh that
sets y, ard
aertox t V and a Vartez
V, con nets
 e
het Gulv,6) e
d
=Cy,E) alld

ond naths
Y,
to the rarh qn
with set ) A-D E -B-c
Gomylomant gpayh oloro
il, A D_B-c6

nanh o n t the erla

ket Cli A-E -C-B- E-A
allad comylamant and C-B-D-A -E -c
same os that e

sch tat tJ9

ventes adyant
are t t
Y) A -D-B--c-gV
t thee vetes
A-D-E-B-c
a' fath
the vetles
odjunt sine
E
Bhe

ü A -D-B-c-E singesuncesinglehe
d
hath b]u0 the otiu distict
Vornties and edges iwowed
() A E-c-B- EA aleed ath
endi V e t s ane

Same and ene

yunel
allad close d the iniial ond
Vovtiay nathy
dune E
nd ne Vanto
the omc
eeas tunie apath and
-D-A-E c
N ( ) c- B sine the
L the Ventes
initial
ase distind
 -E-c- 8 a a gthh (But net nidene Wabla:
VA-p- B eans snple anduiclid gorh
simyle gath a the ve {et
ith n vetiies nd m daps
then nxm malii I =[Li;J
e, 2 em ldent on
Mati
wohere v ard
the ndyenyventias N, Na othewise
rah a with h
as V2

A61
V3
ohre
ony

V4

Ai 3

3
)
 dsemoha ganh soid t be
are
thie sist
laomayhi
Lone to ne
och other
toeesondena etween the
in tha
teves odyoeny
ert.

Invanant nopoby: Bmephi than

sG2 hawe the

umse e verhies
(i) sams

votiies with a
Squal no.

However thi Aondiion ane hot sgant

invanant onditon nst

But this
laatiyd then the twe

then

Aontain i i t Bame Jangth

hey ll
whee k >2
fox the
stadh the isomayhui
ST

G
H

Sm
0

a
 V
VI

V2

the

Y3

V2

V3
In, G
T: Numse e vetues 5

V5 T. Numbe

Vetues
T. eeme
7

Vq dag Cui) 3 2
dag lua) 2
dag CVs) = 4
a 3

dag l u) : 3 dag (Vo) = 3

deg lus) 3 - 3
duiant aty ds hot atiyud.
(Ga)The & no t fsomorphc
3) stasst sthe soeyhim Wouert orenty statii.
then o have to chece
Vb
and Jdaton ah oonding
Y2 Vy
aueianh
rath
Vy Khce

4. Eramine hethe the

holled on Euleuan -iguit. t ncude

d
A
D
szacty One.

ler qah:
sad e an
c
B
an sitonan cauit.
NiNot!
No. Vertics:8 tn eulenan aiut shoud sttskas the
T. No
Londiion.

shole Aontaun all the

T. ho Vortices:8
[. . : 10
qah ut,procty Ones
the icit vertex may e
In H eD A
-A B
dy (A) 3 day (F) 2 Aag Ca) 3 dag 3) pe BA
B
DB B
dag () 3 No Fulers r t
dag Co) 2 2 dag (d): 3
dey (2) 3
dQg G)2
() C
1he qah 4onlaii a tarnton eicuit

a Rulerian ganh
hmil tonön
lôn gah.
than
deg ot oJeh
Aami Hon pathi even
ionneded a Ht ot o euleun
me ath in a
temillon
R alled a Feiar
goph
Jheaen!
k
amyde grah oith n voices and
Sumplz aterenakaomoneli Smle gaph with in
1 Ham? Hon csuit tot hi,heng... hp le tha nume
Aonta -pvey
vrtes

amitongayh!
that onlan P=1 +
Cha- +.
Aonnectd now 2 (np-0 =(n-0 +
Hamiton aecl Hamilton (h-)

n-) -(n-k)
Hamibtoniat tnt not euleuan (-1) t(ha-i)+... + (b-J) n-ank+k
Soln (h-)+(na-t.. 2Cn(h
(n,-)+ (ha-t... he-s Ch,-.-)
+Cng-D2(n,-) (n,-)+
( es
2 (no-) (ng-) t. . + 2(ng)-)
 a)oshow thd the manimn nse ges
a

the maåmun ho. e eaa in

a
hy sng dand haking thenem
wkt Tn-) that dea Cv)= 22, whene e i the no
wsith n' Vontes n tho
in each comonat
.. maumum no.
len that the mamimurn
is n (n -)
2

maximum ho- dges n ht Ae (h-).

(n-)lntma) 2e
(n-0+ (n -)t(n-)t... .+
ni(n-0) 4n2 n2-1) +.
=20

e -)
ene the manumun no. e<
2
anyamde qah tth n werties is nlo-i)
k
Theeran
Bin.
Jand
du (e)
state and oeue nácoany
to he n Eula
Marimum no,

2nk +n-k] Ase an Guluan

un the

=6-j+n-)) even degee

euleuan G1 dontauns an
eule. w t . Say
maxlhruu no Vo, eYe2
 bntübute
s en
Poeth edges e Vo, iu No jon C, and Ca using, the corrmon
V we get a neo raut c,uC in Gt,
yertex
atleast too NOw E((CiUG) ECC,) which is a
thi uit e
ÞTit with
and anotha Cont rudiction Sin Ci be
maximum Jength in G.
cdqe ents a Cn Euket
Aooues the vento aesumpion é1 is not
2 to the
Vod
totlrukng GTaph wTOng.
let. al Vorios ord
G is an Eulet graph.
thes
2 0n
Theorom
Define selt
complemantay graph shoco
Bewose that 1f Selt compemontay
ot eache the
vetie Smple Graph with vertices then n-o (or )
Aume
(reoc 4).
(or)
selt cunplementay graph
Eules EVy sinpe ver ticel,
had, no Ele has 4k (or) 4F +I
not an Eule eraph. Then & Proof !
Crui t shce
1 has
each vertec Let G1 be. a selt conuplementrey
Simple graph with n verttices
even degree Contcüna circuit. G10 G =kn.
know that
we
Let c,be
aruit o maoimum Jength |E(GU G) lE (n))
assunption C, is not an
since by ot |e(o))+\e(G)- n(n-1)
Eles r i t ot G.
some sther
.. G- ECC) has
<=(b)) - n(n-)
-he vetices t
COMponets G. Hse al lElb)) nn-)
G has een decroe and al the vertice 4

of C ha even degnee. n4-k lor) n--+k.

Ey veitex n=4k (or) n- 4k+1.
G has a irut let t he Ca.
degree
(s Connected Graph. thee is
elne
a vertox Conmnon to G ad CaRet it
 5.Theorem . i.e :|E(G1)] (n-7(n-2) which is
Powe h a t a mple grcph wilu contradi ctlon to yn 0.
must be conneted
Ver tices .o cusumption
n-)(n-2)
has more
than degee edqe, G is

Proof :
with 'n!
Gt be a sime Giraph
Let ut not mi Mon
vertice, Lot G1 has
more than
(n-)ln-) considen the gah
edges.
(n-) (n-) >0.
2
V3-V4YI
Vb
L Eule iit.
G1 conneted UPpOse G ls not
onneted Then must haue otlenst
amilton oeeawse ewtry
omponents.
But t o net
ataun vee toie.
ut not hamiltom.
Let it be G, and G1.
Let v, be the veTteXx get ot G, ard ea es Eueian
V be
then l)=n-m.
vertex
oramle
Ham? Hon.
Nhe euleiannor
Also (1)|msn-I deg (V)3
i)here is no edge Joiningy a andso
and vertex Vs VO
V

m net elerin
no|EL)|=|E(Gr0 aa)]- |e(u) +|e(bu.))
- bC)a t b )

(n-m) (n-m-)
2 2
(Rruit ontans aazeato valx
=y m?-m)tn(n-m-)-m(n- m-)| sine
=1n-m tn(n-)nm-mn +mmt ene not Wamu on.
(2to-2)-n-y]
=Lin-)(n-2) +2(m°-)- 2n(m-]
|ECu)|-1 (h-)(n-z) +(n-)(m-ne)4
4ln-) (n-2)
 boihonal dallmnt [oqi then
kogas and aa
Malernent Phen o
the Aomnewnd
Aondtional tstment rd is dsotl
Logcal conhecbie alled
P >

Juth Aae
PT
osittenthen the
På dnotad by 7P t
nagatin q
Jauth
F T
P 7P

T
T
y [oRJ daiesndinal stalamert
ciyanckön
th d Pand ane troneteins
Aomyoud stakanentit*my
Aenotecl ey PVe the tatoment,
druth
P Qalled aiconditanel

P
T
T

T
T

),PAT=P ) PVE EP

ii) PVP =P
PAP P
FT
 3) mant ha9-P%emutatie 13) LP>P>) P> (a)

coD PV9 4VP ominat laws. Is)

4) Bomalatwe laws:
) PAF F
I7

) soaluie daus:
c) Palqaa) = (pa4) n2
) pvlq)= (pve)YA Ronnut the tuth tabe to CPA)v
) atibube lauss

Q) Pa(qYa) (PAq)v lp^a)

TF F
|T
T T
T
F
) pousle egoton lauos
cis 7 C7P ) p

)7(pv)7PA79
talbte go the omoud
LO

onylomnt laus: Q2 Bonstu the Auth

noneitio Ca4)’C74-7p) Teutologi
P pP 714>PI( s t T t
T T

T
(2. Contharettie: i T T
 that hao
laCobiptie
ua)
ongan'
u s Rea C T
a)scuatuse C
pV4
that Shaw Qs
F F
P
v
iP
FT T aPA-p&
T ondtcbon
T
T
hat show Q3
 fonoue that elemenay ani the
othout wong tuth tabl )

)7(PV(7pva)) =7pv7? egahon atemen then

that
use aus o dagu yove
mal ton (ONF)
Puncie no to
) has hatn)v daguol omula P
T diyuntiáe
elomart goadut

échpuie nomal oun lcNF) CNE

elemenlany ssum
NF CPCNF

Jo vasalbts

sne stalenent
pa74,pALp
then p, 7P PA7P
plamentaTy rodts.
 PoNE

PCNE:

P.. & sad to se PCNp

matims

tomsutst4
Man

) Wuthout AGulo uth kalo jond

PDN FA ord Pc NE
PCNF
Tdentty law
I'A P
 ) sol
ve
2h47h-2 ant
+1 - 2 -2ant + n = 2n,
menhde
ao=2 a,

Aelatin h t 4 n =3nn,

Solle e enene aelation

preatng tun,mathod.
) an 5n + bame
8nioz4,A,=7

n -3n-n

y n

:32'n- n

- Gng): (^z +2 +8`z.)-e+3.)

= 3S z ll-z)

2 + 3233

no
2

-z

1.22+al J
V-)