‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

Parasitism:
It is an association in which the parasite derives benefit and the host gets nothing in return
but always suffers some injury.

Relapse malaria
malaria parasite infecting humans
This can be defined as renewed clinical and parasitological manifestations of malaria following a
primary attack

Relapses are due to hypnozoites of P. vivax/ P. ovale

Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma is an opportunistic pathogen. Infects animals
and humans

Toxoplasmosis Modes of transmission

1. Ingestion or handling of undercooked meat containing tissue cyst or water or
food containing oocysts excreted in the feces of infected cats.

2. Organ transplantation from a seropositive donor to a seronegative recipient.

3. Infections in laboratory personnel have arisen by contact with contaminated

needles and glassware or infected animals.

4. Congenital transmission: This type of transmission results when infection is

transmitted trans-placentally from mother to her fetus.
Leishmaniasis – Three forms
1. Visceral leishmaniasis ( VL = or kala- azar) . Very dangerous
e.g Leishmania donovani
2. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). medium risk
old world e.g ( Leishmania major )
new world e.g ( Leishmanai Mexicana)
3. Muco- cutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL).
E.g L. panamenensis , L. panamenensis
Major pathogenic protozoa
I) Blood and tissue parasites
1.1 Plasmodium species
• Plasmodium falciparum
• Plasmodium vivax
• Plasmodium ovale
• Plasmodium Malariae
II) Intestinal protozoa
- Entamoeba hitolytica.
III) Urogenital flagellate.
Trichomonas vaginalis.