FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CAREER PREFERENCE OF SELECTED

FIRST YEAR NURSING STUDENTS AT CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

MAIN CAMPUS A. Y 2021-2022

Undergraduate Thesis Proposal Submitted to

the Faculty of the College of Nursing
Cavite State University
Indang, Cavite

In partial fulfillment
Of the requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Nursing

KIMBERLY B. ALENTAJAN
ALPHA MAE L. ALMARZA
JOYLYN Z. DE VERA

June 2023
 COLLEGE OF NURSING

Authors: KIMBERLY B. ALENTAJAN

ALPHA MAE L. ALMARZA
JOYLYN Z. DE VERA

Title: FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CAREER PREFERENCE OF SELECTED

FIRST YEAR NURSING STUDENTS AT CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
MAIN CAMPUS A. Y 2021-2022

A P P R O V E D:

ROLANDO P. ANTONIO RN, MAN, MAPys ____ JOCELYN B. DIMAYUGA RN, MAN ____
Research adviser Date Technical Critic Date

NENITA B. PANALIGAN RN, MAN _______

College Research Coordinator Date

EVELYN M. DEL MUNDO, PhD _______

College of Nursing Dean Date

ii
 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Researcher Kimberly B. Alentajan, living at Block 51 Lot 30 Marycris

Complex Pascam II General Trias Cavite, was born on the 21st of July 2001 in

Dasmarinas, Cavite. She is the eldest and only daughter among the two children of

Mr Sherwin N. Alentajan and Mrs. Jhoan B. Alentajan. She likes to play computer

games, especially FPS games, which she enjoys a lot. Also, she likes reading books,

watching movies/series, and dancing. She spends most of her time reading books

and playing on the computer.

She finished her elementary education at MaryCris Elementary School year

2011-2012. In 2016, she completed her Junior High School at Luis Y. Ferrer Jr. North

National High School. During her Junior High School Year, she participated in many

activities. Moreover, one of them was the Awit Interpretasyon, an event that different

people participated in. Also, she was a member of the Taekwondo club and a player

during Sports Fest. She also received an Outstanding Academic Performance in Luis

Y. Ferrer Jr. North National High School. In 2018, She Graduated with Honors in

Senior High School at Emilio Aguinaldo College-Cavite under Science, Technology,

Engineering, and Mathematics, also known as STEM strand.

iii
 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Researcher Alpha Mae L. Almarza, a fourth-year nursing student at Cavite

State University-Main Campus and current resident of Parklane Country Homes in

General Trias, Cavite, was born on the 20th of October, 2000, in Dasmariñas, Cavite.

She graduated from Parklane Elementary School and completed her Junior High

School at Kin Yang Academy, where she was awarded with Honors. She then

completed her Senior High education at Emilio Aguinaldo College-Cavite in 2019 with

Honors under the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics strand. She

appreciates and is fond of thrillers, mysteries, horror, science fiction, western films,

and television shows. She also likes caring for cats and dogs and currently has three

cats and one dog at home.

She is optimistic and faithful, believing that all she has and will have is owed

only to God's grace. Despite her setbacks, she continues to strive and do what is

desired. Being optimistic, she believes that her college life will be fruitful as she is

also determined and focused on her goals.

iv
 BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

Researcher Joylyn De Vera is a fourth-year nursing student at Cavite State

University. Twenty-one years ago, Joylyn was born in Trece Martires City, Cavite, on

the 28th of December, 2000. She graduated from senior high school at New

Generation International School with various awards. An avid reader of

self-development books, such as Atomic Habits and The Subtle of not giving a 'Care.'

Joylyn is the first child in a family of 6; because of this, she has a massive sense of

responsibility.

A member of the broadcasting team in senior high school and partake in

competitions — DCPAPSA, ENFILSCIEMAPETORY, and so forth. — she likes

challenges and taking risks in different situations. One of the best quotes that

Joylyn's favorite is from the book of Rober Kiyosaki, entitled Rich Dad Poor dad, —

“It is not the smart that gets ahead, but the bold ''. Joy strongly believes that

knowledge and skills are futile if one does not start a single step. Through this, she

wants to explore new things independently, such as working in the call center

industry as a part-time job. Joylyn's long-term goal is to finish her studies and

continue to serve public health.

v
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the following individuals who

generously help us to make this thesis possible.

Above all, the authors would like to extend their unending gratitude to Almighty

God for giving them wisdom, endurance, motivation through good health, and

patience throughout the entire research process.

The researchers would also like to thank the following persons who have

unselfishly contributed in one way or another toward the completion of this research:

This work would not be possible without the guidance of Mr. Rolando P.

Antonio, RN, MAN, MAPsy, and our research adviser and instructor of Nurs 12 for

making himself readily available in sharing his necessary research skills and valuable

knowledge throughout the whole first semester.

We want to offer our special thanks to Mrs. Jocelyn B. Dimayuga, RN, MAN,

our research critic, for helping us with the technicalities and final editing, even the

little errors in the thesis manuscript.

Moreover, to the college research coordinator, Mrs. Nenita B. Panaligan RN,

MAN, for overseeing the function of the college research Council and organizing

faculty research that could be collaborative with student research.

We would also like to express our deep gratitude to Dr. Evelyn Del Mundo, RN,

MAN, LPT, Ph.D., Dean of the College of Nursing, for permitting us to undertake this

research;

To their Parents, for supporting them financially and morally.

vi
Lastly, to the selected BSN 1 students at Cavite State University, College of Nursing,

Main Indang Campus A. Y 2021-2022, for honestly providing the survey data and for

their active participation and cooperation during the data-gathering. To their relatives,

classmates, and friends for the words of inspiration.;

To all of you, their heartfelt thanks.

ALENTAJAN, KIMBERLY B.

ALMARZA, ALPHA MAE L.

DE VERA, JOYLYN Z.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

APPROVAL SHEET……………………………………………………………... ii

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA…………………………………………………………. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………… vi

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………. vii

LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………...………………… ix

LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………...….. x

LIST OF APPENDICES……………………………………………………...….. xi

INTRODUCTION…………………………..……………………………...……... 1

Statement of the Problem…………………………………………….. 4

Objectives of the Study………………………………………….……. 5

Hypothesis

Significance of the Study……………………………………………... 6

Time and Place of the Study…………………………………………. 8

Scope and Limitation of the Study…………………………………... 9

Definitions of Terms…………………………………………………… 9

Theoretical Framework……………………………………………….. 11

Conceptual Framework ………………………………………………. 13

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE……………………………..…………. 14

METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………… 31

Research Design……………………………………………………… 31

Participants of the study……………………………………………… 31

Research Instrument………………………………………………….. 33

Validation of Research Instrument…………………………………... 34

 Data Gathering Procedure….………………………...……………… 34

Data Analysis…………….……………………………………………. 36

Sampling technique………………………………………………..….. 39

Ethical Considerations………….………………………………...…... 39

Process Flowchart……………………………………………..……… 41

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………………………. 42

Sociodemographic Profile of the Respondents 42

Age 42

Sex 43

Parent’s occupation before and after pandemic 44

Family Monthly Income before and after the pandemic 45

Family Influence 46

Job Opportunities Abroad 47

Personal Choice 48

COVID-19 Pandemic 49

Factors that influence the career preference of respondents 50

Relationship between the socio-demographic profile to the

51
factors that influence the career preference of the respondents

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION… 52

Summary……………………………………………………………….. 52

Conclusion……………………………………………………………... 53

Recommendation……………………………………………………… 54

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………… xii

APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………. xiii
 ABSTRACT

ALENTAJAN, KIMBERLY L., ALMARZA, ALPHA MAE M., DE VERA, JOYLYN Z.

Factors that Influence the Career Preference of Selected First Year Nursing
Student at Cavite State University Main Campus A. Y 2021-2022. Undergraduate
Thesis. Bachelor of Science in Nursing. Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite,
Philippines. June 2023. Adviser: Rolando P. Antonio

This study entitled, "Factors that Influence the Career Preferences of

Selected First Year Nursing Students at Cavite State University Main campus A. Y

2021- 2022," was conducted to determine the relationship between factors that

influence career preference and the socio-demographic profile of the respondents. It

shows that age, sex, parents' occupation before and after the Pandemic, and family

monthly income before and after the Pandemic do not have a significant relationship

with the factors that influence the career preference of the respondents.

Several factors that may influence the career preference of first year nursing

students were identified after a thorough analysis of numerous kinds of literature on

the topic, such as family influence, job opportunities abroad, personal choice, and the

COVID-19 Pandemic. Identifying these factors would give parents, educators, and

healthcare institutions an idea of why students choose to pursue nursing, and this

allows them to educate their students about the well-known factors that influence

their career preferences as well, as this can serve as a guide to give support to their

children's decisions in terms of career preference. Moreover, it has been shown that

most of the respondents' career preferences were influenced by job opportunities

abroad.

viii
 LIST OF FIGURE

Figures Page

1 Google Map of Cavite State University, College of Nursing, Indang 8

Campus ……………………………...…………………………………..

2 Theoretical Framework…………………………….…………………... 11

3 Conceptual Framework……………………………………………….... 13

4 Percentage Formula…………………………………………………… 37

5 Mean Formula…………………………………………………………… 37

6 Standard Deviation Formula…………………………………………… 38

7 Chi-Square of Independence Formula……………………………….. 38

8 Slovin’s Formula………………………………………………………… 39

9 Research Process………………………………………………………. 41

ix
 LIST OF TABLE

Table Page

1 The Percentage and Frequency Count of Respondent’s Age……... 42

2 The Percentage and Frequency Count of Respondent’s Sex……... 43

The Percentage and Frequency Count of Respondent’s Parent’s 44

Occupation before and after Pandemic……………………………….

4 The Percentage and Frequency Count of Respondent’s Family 45

Monthly Income before and after Pandemic………………………….

5 Mean and Standard Deviation of Family Influence as a Factor that 46

Influence the Career Preference of the Respondents……………….

6 Mean and Standard Deviation of Job Opportunities Abroad as a 47

Factor that Influence the Career Preference of the Respondents…

7 Mean and Standard Deviation of Personal Choice as a Factor that 48

Influence the Career Preference of the Respondents……………….

8 Mean and Standard Deviation of COVID-19 Pandemic as a Factor 49

that Influence the Career Preference of the Respondents………….

9 Overall Mean and Standard Deviation of the Factors that Influence 50

the Career Preference of the Respondents………………………..…

10 Relationship between socio-demographic profile and Factors that 51

influence the career preference of the respondents…………………

x
 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CAREER PREFERENCE OF SELECTED
FIRST YEAR NURSING STUDENTS AT CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
MAIN CAMPUS A. Y 2021-2022

KIMBERLY B. ALENTAJAN
ALPHA MAE L. ALMARZA
JOYLYN Z. DE VERA

An undergraduate thesis outline proposal presented to the faculty of the College of

Nursing, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing. Prepared under the
supervision of Prof. Rolando P. Antonio, RN, Ma Psy, MANc

INTRODUCTION

According to Soriano (2023), as cited by Jaymalin (2023), despite the high

demand for healthcare professionals (HCWs) both locally and internationally, the

local recruitment sector reported a drop in the number of Filipinos pursuing a nursing

degree. Lito Soriano, a recruitment leader, remarked that fewer Filipino students are

enrolling in nursing schools due to the current cap on HCWs deployed abroad.

Soriano stated that from 2016 to 2022, 48,686 nursing graduates passed the license

exams, citing data from the Professional Regulation Commission. Soriano claims that

there are limited applicants since the country is producing fewer nursing graduates.

Consequently, nursing schools in the country followed the issuance of

Republic Act No. 7164 or the "Philippine Nursing Act of 1991." It is mandated to

achieve relevant nursing education, humane working conditions, better career

prospects, and a dignified existence for Filipino nurses. This law was repealed by the

Republic Act No. 9173, otherwise known as the "Philippine Nursing Act of 2002,"

seeks to better protect and improve the nursing profession while still upholding the

same revered state policies and aspirations.

 2

Despite the law aimed at the well-being of nurses, there are still factors that

may influence whether they choose to pursue a nursing degree as their preferred

career. Career preference is the process of selecting a career path that best suits an

individual's interests, skills, and values.

Wu, et al. (2015) discussed in their study that effective tactics for recruiting

and retention are necessary given the global shortage of healthcare workers. The

motivation of healthcare providers was primarily due to intrinsic factors including a

desire to help others and a personal interest in health care. The participants' decision

to pursue nursing as a career has been substantially hampered by the general

public's opinion of it as a low-status, low-paying profession.

Both personal and career-related factors contributed to the student's decision

to enroll in nursing programs; however, personal factors predominated. Being able to

assist and care for others, having stable employment, having access to

postsecondary education, and enjoying or loving nursing were all reasons given for

beginning a nursing career. Wilkes, et al. (2015)

The students' choice was found to be influenced by their interests in providing

care and assistance as well as previous healthcare exposure. The likelihood of

landing a job, the stability of the position, and the pay were taken into account. It was

thought that students with inadequate intellectual skills should avoid nursing school.

Students' choice of nursing as a career was shown to be hindered by misconceptions

about the nature of employment and a lack of social acceptance. Educational leaders

and policy-makers can sharpen the emphasis of nursing recruiting initiatives by

having a better grasp of the career decision-making process among healthcare

students. Liaw, et al. (2016)

 3

However, given the recent Pandemic, we can also conclude that this is one of

the reasons why Filipinos want to earn a nursing degree. A total of 137 enrollees of

BS Nursing in Cavite State University Indang Main Campus are just one of them.

In order to attract and retain our nurses, nursing organizations must fully

comprehend who enrolls in nursing programs and why they decide to become

nurses. The researchers considered several factors that may have influenced nursing

students' career preference in continuing and pursuing their nursing career despite

the Pandemic, such as family influence, job opportunities abroad, personal choice,

and the COVID-19 Pandemic. The purpose of this study is to assess the correlation

between the influencing factors and career preferences of selected 1st year nursing

students at Cavite State University-Main Campus A. Y 2021-2022.

 4

Statement of the problem

This study was conducted to determine the correlation between the

influencing factors and career preferences among 1st year nursing students at Cavite

State University-Main Campus.

Specifically, it answered the following questions:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. age

1.2. sex

1.3. parent’s occupation

1.3.1. before pandemic

1.3.2. after pandemic

1.4 family monthly income

1.4.1. before pandemic

1.4.2. after pandemic

2. What are the factors that influence the career preference of respondents in

terms of:

2.1. family influence

2.2. job opportunities

2.3. personal choice

2.4. COVID-19 pandemic

3. What is the relationship between the socio-demographic profile of the

respondents and the factors that influence the career preferences of the

respondents?
 5

Objectives of the study

Generally, this study determined the correlation between the influencing

factors and career preferences among 1st year nursing students at Cavite State

University-Main Campus.

Specifically, it aimed to:

1. Describe the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. age

1.2. sex

1.3. parent’s occupation

1.3.1. before pandemic

1.3.2. after pandemic

1.4. family income

1.4.1. before pandemic

1.4.2. after pandemic

2. Determine the factors that influence the career preferences of the

respondents in terms of:

2.1. family influence

2.2. job opportunities

2.3. personal choice

2.4. COVID-19 pandemic

3. Determine the significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile

and the factors that influence the career preference of respondents.

 6

Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a preliminary explanation of the research problem, a potential

conclusion of the investigation, or an informed prediction regarding the research

outcome.

Ho1: There is no significant relationship between the socio-demographic

profile of the respondents and the factors that influence the career preference of

respondents.

Significance of the study

The significance of the study provides details on how it would contribute, such

as what it would contribute and who would benefit from it. It also includes an

explanation of the study’s importance and its potential benefits.

Nursing Students. The results of this study are relevant since the study

would provide them with enough information about the factors that influence career

preferences. It would also provide a better knowledge of their career inclinations.

Parents. The study would let the parents understand the factors that can

affect the career preferences of their son/daughter. This study can serve as a guide

to give support to their children’s decisions regarding career choice.

College of Nursing. The findings of this study give information to the College

of Nursing in terms of the career preferences of the students. This study would help

to improve and support future aspiring nurses.

Clinical Instructors. The findings of the study would provide them an idea

about how to educate their students about the well-known factors that influence their

career preferences. Furthermore, professors can assist students with guidance and

advice.
 7

Health Affiliating Institution. This study is significant for its long-term

viability and development, and knowledge-driven growth based on innovation is

essential. It can also help with the collection of relevant literature and serve as a

source of information.

Future Researchers. This study would serve as a reference for them to

expand their knowledge further in terms of conducting a study about the correlation

between the factors influencing career preferences among Cavite State University's

1st year nursing students. Additionally, it would be easier for them to construct good

research, given that they already have an idea regarding that matter.
 8

Time and Place of the Study

This research was conducted at Cavite State University's College of Nursing,

Indang Campus. This study was conducted from May 2022 to the next semester of

the school year 2021-2023; data gathering was conducted from the 7th of June to the

10th of June 2023 by handing out survey questionnaires to qualified participants

through online questionnaires.

Figure 1. Showing the Google Map of Cavite State University, College of Nursing,

Indang Campus

The figure above shows Cavite State University, College of Nursing, pinned in

green, where the study was conducted.

 9

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study focused only on first-year nursing students at Cavite State

University, academic year 2021-2022. However, because there were roughly one

hundred thirty-seven (137) students registered in that year, there were a total of 102

respondents. The researchers seek to see whether there is a relationship between

the given factors and career preference among Cavite State University first-year

nursing students.

Definition of terms

The definition of term is a word or phrase used to describe a thing or to

express a concept that has been used throughout the study. In order to have a better

comprehension of this study, the researchers used the following terms:

Career preference. This was operationally defined as the choice of the students for

Nursing as their preferred career.

Family. It is a group of people who are related to each other, such as a mother, a

father, and their children.

Family Income. It can be defined as money /purchasing power earned by family

members during a specific period plus goods and services received or created in that

time by the family, like vegetables from kitchen gardens, services like teaching

children, doing household chores, etc (Varghese et al.)

Family Influence. This was operationally defined as one of the factors that influence

the career preference of the respondents because of their parent’s/relative’s

background (nurse as a parent’s job, sick family member) and it urged them to enter

nursing.
 10

Influence. It is the capacity or power of persons or things to be a compelling force on

or produce effects on the actions, behavior, opinions, etc.

Nursing students. Refer to enrolled nursing students in Cavite State University

College of Nursing in the Level I BSN program.

Opportunity. It is a set of circumstances that makes it possible to do something.

Parent's Occupation. It is a parental characteristic that can predict the educational

achievement, health, occupational success, status attainment, etc, of the children of

those parents.

Sex. It is either of the two primary forms of individuals that occur in many species

and are distinguished respectively as female or male, primarily based on their

reproductive organs and structures.

Socio-Demographic Profile. It is a description of a particular type of customer,

including their sex, age, income, etc.

 11

Theoretical Framework

The study utilized the theory of Robert W. Lent, Steven D. Brown, and Gail

Hackett in 1994, who developed the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) in the

mid-1990s. According to the theory, individual behaviors are not the result and

outcome of individual choices and actions. Instead, financial considerations, internal

and external contextual influences, educational and career achievements, and

personal aspirations impact individuals' career development and decisions.

According to the theory, individuals' career development can be influenced by a

single or multiple factors. Since it was proposed by Lent et al. (1994), SCCT has

evolved into a comprehensive career theory that argues that an individual's career

path results from the interaction of multiple career elements, derived from Albert

Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory and General Social Cognitive Theory (Lent, 2013).

The theory emphasizes how individual, behavioral, and environmental factors interact

in the context of careers. Lent et al. (1994) contend that self-efficacy and outcome

expectations lead to interest. Self-efficacy and result expectancies change as

learning experiences do, and professional growth is viewed from a developmental

perspective.

Figure 2. Theoretical Framework

 12

The model discussed earlier highlights how an individual's surroundings can

also affect the decision-making process. People do not make choices that are

influence- and value-free. As a result, environments also select individuals, such as

through local availability, success in a job interview among a random group of

applicants, etc. People tend to select outcomes that match their origins, beliefs,

expectations for the future, and hobbies.

The Social Cognitive Career theory model developed by Lent et al. (1994),

which is in accordance with the current boundaryless era, is that goal selection is

dynamic and external influences affect goal setting. The social environment variables

are not taken into account by traditional career theories, which also strongly

emphasize personality qualities and career compatibility. Thus, SCCT places greater

emphasis on personal (socio-demographic profile) and environmental factors (job

opportunities abroad, personal choice, family influence, and Covid-19 pandemic) and

sees career choice as a fairly dynamic system throughout time, which makes it more

applicable to modern society than previous career theories. SCCT aims to identify

connections between people and the situations in which they make career-related

decisions and makes an effort to take this complete environment into consideration.

According to SCCT, people are products of their environments, and environments are

the results of people's interactions. The various aspects of an individual's context

influence each other in both directions.

 13

Conceptual Framework

The figure below represents the distinguishable path of how the research

study would be achieved. The study uses an Independent and Dependent Variable

model for the conceptual framework to explain the process of the study. The

independent variable contains the socio-demographic profile of the respondents. The

dependent variable is the factors that influence the career preference, which relies on

independent variables. The results of the study were analyzed, which determined

whether there is a significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile and

the factors that influence the career preference of the selected first year nursing

student of Cavite State University, A. Y 2021-2022.

Figure 3. Conceptual Framework of the Study

 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents a review of recent studies on the factors influencing

first-year nursing students' career preferences. It introduces linked literature and

studies, both foreign and local. Furthermore, it assesses, clarifies, describes, and

summarizes the situation. The review of related literature and studies is helpful in

learning about the perspectives of people who are interested in these issues, as well

as showing past research on the subject. Furthermore, linked material includes facts

and principles relevant to your research that can be discovered in books and online.

The collection of literature that supports your study is referred to as a review of

relevant literature. Which studies are summarized, paraphrased, and directly quoted

to aid the current study? It also serves as a theoretical foundation for the research

and aids in determining the study's scope (University of Toronto, n.d.)

Socio-demographic Profile of Nursing students

In this study, nursing students from four Brazilian educational institutions were

profiled in terms of their sociodemographics and academic performance. A

prospective cross-sectional study was conducted. Through a survey form with

questions concerning the students' sociodemographic and academic qualities, data

were gathered between April 2011 and March 2012. Graduate students at least 18

years old who were enrolled in the nursing course made up the participants.

Participating were 705 students; the majority of them were female, childless, single,

and household residents who did not participate in sports but instead engaged in

leisure activities. Additionally, most students do not participate in research groups, do

not receive scholarships, do not hold jobs, are content with the course, and do not

want to drop it. This research could be a crucial tool for formulating plans that meet

students' requirements while also enhancing the instruction standard and lowering

dropout rates.
 15

The study showed that the sociodemographic traits of nursing students are

comparable to those observed in earlier studies, which also discovered the

prevalence of women, young adults, and single, unemployed individuals without

employment. The majority of university students were female, though there was a

gradual increase in males, according to a study that examined sociodemographic

traits of nursing students from four higher education institutions in Brazil, one in the

south and three in the southeast; they were also young, perhaps as a result of the

Brazilian government's incentive to pursue higher education as well as the time in

their lives when most of the students enrolled in university and had not yet reached

adulthood.

A study about Sex differences in influenceability examines the hypothesis that

women are more influenceable than men in various situations. For persuasion

research and for conformity studies not involving group pressure, there is scant

empirical support for a sex difference, and for group pressure conformity research,

there is support among a substantial minority of studies. Also explored is the

possibility that various sex differences in social influence studies are a product of

contextual features of experimental settings. This is suggested by the fact that

findings reporting greater influenceability among females were more prevalent in

studies published prior to 1970 than in those published in the 1970s. Finally, sex

differences in various psychological processes that may mediate persuasion and

conformity are evaluated as possible explanations for those influenceability sex

differences that appear to be genuine. It is suggested that a propensity yield inherent

in the female sex role appears to account for some aspects of influenceability

findings. However, a second explanation, a tendency for women more than men to

be oriented to interpersonal goals in group settings, is also plausible. (Eagly, A.

H,2020)

A study entitled University Knowledge in an Age of Supercomplexity: For

various reasons, it is becoming felt that the knowledge function of the university is
 16

being undermined. Some have come to suggest that we are witnessing 'the end of

knowledge' in higher education. The 'end of knowledge' thesis takes three forms.

Substantively, it is felt that the knowledge sustained by the university has no

particular status: it simply takes its place and its chances amid the proliferating

knowledge that society has now to offer. Ideologically, it is felt that the knowledge for

which the university stands lacks legitimacy: it can be understood as a set of

language games of a rather privileged set of occupational groups ('academics') that

reflects their interests and marginal standing to the rest of society. Procedurally, it is

implied that the university can now only secure its future by becoming entrepreneurial

and by marketing its knowledge in forms of academic capitalism; in the process, its

knowledge becomes performative in character and loses its power to enlighten. Much

of this analysis is correct – even as the theses cut across each other – but the

conclusion is wrong. The modern world is supercomplex in character: it can be

understood as a milieu for the proliferation of frameworks by which we might

understand the world, which often competes with each other. In such an age of

supercomplexity, the university has new knowledge functions: to add to

supercomplexity by offering completely new frames of understanding (so

compounding supercomplexity); to help us comprehend and make sense of the

resulting knowledge mayhem; and to enable us to live purposefully amid

supercomplexity. Knowledge, as a pure, objective reading of the world does have to

be abandoned. However, the university is not, thereby, delegitimize. In an age of

supercomplexity, a new epistemology for the university awaits, one that is open, bold,

engaging, accessible, and conscious of its insecurity. It is an epistemology for living

amid uncertainty. (Barnett, 2015)

 17

Career Preferences

A study about the influence of perceptions and stereotypes of the nursing role

on career choice in secondary students: A regional perspective, examined how nurse

perceptions and stereotypes influenced future career choices for rural secondary

school students. A total of 71 secondary school students from a rural university in

Australia have enrolled in a secondary school career development program.

Descriptive statistics and open-question content analysis were used to analyze the

data. The findings assist the significance of knowledge of younger people's

perceptions of nurses and nursing as a career to enforce focused recruitment

effectively. Rather than relying on family, friends, career counselor stories, or

portrayal of nurses on television, movies, or the media, targeted recruitment

strategies can help students become more aware of different nursing channels.

(Raymon et al., 2018)

Moreover, an Analysis of Factors Influencing the International Migration of

Indian Nurses examined the characteristics of Indian migrant nurses and the factors

that influence their migration, based on a survey conducted in Tamil Nadu. After the

Philippines, India is the second-largest exporter of nurses. Many Indian nurses have

relocated to the OECD, the Gulf, and some ASEAN countries to work. While Indian

nurses are migrating overseas to fill nursing shortages in their destinations, India has

had a severe nursing shortage since its independence in 1947. As a result, mass

nurse migration poses a serious threat to India's healthcare system. The survey's

findings suggest that the pay and working environment disparities between the

private and public sectors explain some of the international migration of nurses.

Since the influence of social status on nurses' migration decisions has waned,

economic factors have become the most important determinant of international nurse

migration. Intervention in this area through policy is a necessary first step toward
 18

resolving this long-standing issue. Nurses working in the private sector, whose

salaries are significantly lower than those in the public sector and whose voices are

often ignored, should be given top priority in any policies developed. (Oda, Tsujita, &

Irudaya Rajan, 2018)

Health worker migration is a complicated and multifaceted phenomenon. The

emigration of highly skilled and competent nurses to other countries has a negative

impact on the delivery of high-quality health care. A study entitled Factors intended to

brain drain among nurses working at private hospitals of Biratnagar,

Nepal determined the factors contributing to brain drain among nurses working in

Biratnagar's private hospitals. From February 2017 to February 2018, a

cross-sectional study was conducted on staff nurses of selected hospitals in

Biratnagar, Nepal, using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. The

required data was gathered from 99 nurses via a self-administered semi-structured

questionnaire that included demographic and brain drain factors. The majority of

nurses (78.8%) were under the age of 25. The majority (81.8%) had completed PCL

nursing, and more than half (55.6%) desired to migrate abroad to continue working

and studying. Australia (56.4 percent) and the United States (25.5 percent) were the

most popular destinations, with only 5.5 percent wishing to relocate to the United

Kingdom. Lack of career opportunities, low pay, and poor working conditions were

the main pull and push factors for nurses to leave the profession. The majority of

nurses (96 percent) were dissatisfied with their pay, according to the study. More than

half of nurses in private hospitals want to work in another country. Lack of career

advancement and a low salary were two primary motivations for migration. (Kadel &

Bhandari, 2019)

Nurses may emigrate due to high graduation rates and limited job

opportunities in Indonesia, mainly through facilitated migration, according to a study

about determinants of nursing students' intention to migrate overseas to work and

 19

implications for sustainability: The case of Indonesian students. The study aimed to

determine the prevalence of Indonesian nursing students planning to work in Japan,

as well as predictors of their intent to migrate and having a firm plan to work in

Japan. The study used a cross-sectional design with a sample of 1,407 Indonesian

nursing students. Age, residence, and overseas experience were all linked to having

migration intentions and a specific plan to work in Japan. Family income, mastering a

foreign language, knowledge of nurse migration related to Indonesia-Japan

cooperation, and their motivations to migrate to Japan were all factors in making a

firm decision to work abroad. Understanding the context of both the source and

destination countries is necessary for the international recruitment of nurses to be

sustainable. Structured policies targeting the educational sector and addressing

sustainability issues are required to maximize the benefits of nurse migration to

Indonesia and Japan. (Hadjo et al., 2020)

Accordingly, Human migration was the forced, reluctant, or voluntary

relocation of people from one location to another on a permanent or semi-permanent

basis (Zhou, 2018). Filipino nurses have migrated to other countries, reluctantly or

voluntarily, in search of better opportunities for themselves and their families. The

Trajectory of Filipino Nurse Migrants in the United States and Canada study findings

show that the Filipino family is the primary socializer of children who want to pursue a

career in nursing in order to work abroad. This promotes the notion that foreign

employment is superior to domestic employment.

The Philippine nursing curriculum is needed to maintain a competitive edge

for Filipino nurses. The fact that teaching and learning methodologies are designed

and taught in English is a plus factor, making overseas employment a choice rather

than an obligation. In light of this, the Philippine government might benefit from

drafting a reciprocity agreement for nursing practice. The agreement could be

measured against the ASEAN agreement, which allowed for the free movement of
 20

professionals and manpower within the region. This was done in recognition of the

fact that the nursing professionals produced in the Philippines were of international

quality and thus valuable in any workplace. Nurse migrants in other countries can

have formal receiving teams to help with the transition and acculturation of the

professionals and their families. This was in keeping with the Filipino cultural trait of

"Bayanihan," which refers to a spirit of communal unity, work, and cooperation aimed

at assisting a person, family, or community in need. It was an excellent time to

preserve this Filipino tradition among Filipinos all over the world. The study's highlight

was the nurse migrant's love for family, in which participants demonstrated that they

overcame all obstacles to provide a better future for their families. As a result,

receiving countries must consider this when hiring Filipino nurses. In order to keep

nurses employed, they needed to have family status. Similarly, the opportunity to

take paid vacations to their home country in order to maintain ties with family,

relatives and the community was critical. (Cuevas et al., 2021)

Thus, student perceptions, experiences, and support within their current

Bachelor of Nursing was also examined to help academics and curriculum designers

understand students' perspectives and expectations when creating a program of

study and to include students as partners. This qualitative research aimed to learn

more about the perspectives and experiences of students in the Bachelor of Nursing

program. Students were motivated to pursue a nursing degree for personal reasons.

This study chose the university based on its geographic location and international

rankings. According to student perceptions and experiences with the curriculum and

support, their BN program was engaging and adequately prepared them for clinical

practice. More detail during program orientation regarding clinical practice

requirements and more assistance with engaging with learning and teaching

technologies were two areas for improvement. (McNally et al., 2019)

 21

A research study entitled Choosing Nursing As a Profession During The

COVID-19 Pandemic was one of the studies determined to find out what factors

influence students' decision to pursue a nursing career during the COVID-19

pandemic. The sample group consisted of 262 students who volunteered to

participate and were enrolled in the Nursing Department of the Faculty of Health

Sciences' first year. The data was analyzed by frequency, average, standard

deviation, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. It was

discovered that 57.3 percent of the participants preferred nursing because of a

personal interest in the profession, 85.1 percent thought they were suitable for

nursing, and 67.6 percent thought they were ready for nursing. Nursing was chosen

by 74.4 percent of the students as their first choice. The total score average of the

scale was found to be 45.82 6.73 as a result of the research. The mean subscale

scores for vocational suitability and life-related reasons were 32.90, 5.49, and 12.90

2.98, respectively. The majority of the students chose the nursing profession

voluntarily based on their interests and found themselves suitable for it. In this field of

research, comprehensive and comparative studies are required. (Karman, Yerebakan

& Çakmak, 2022)

In a study conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, final-year

nursing students supplemented the health-care workforce. To learn about the lived

experiences of nursing students who entered the healthcare workforce during the

COVID-19 outbreak's first wave. A qualitative content analysis of 40 nursing students'

reflective journals in Spain. The study found four main themes: 1) willingness to

assist; 2) safety and protective measures: impact and challenges; 3) overwhelming

experience: becoming aware of the epidemic's magnitude; and 4) learning and

growth. The students' lived experience was tempered by their desire to help, a sense

of moral obligation, and the opportunity to learn. Despite the difficulties they faced,

they saw their experiences as opportunities for personal and professional

 22

development, and they felt confident in their career choice. Building a nursing

workforce capable of responding to future health crises requires promoting

opportunities for reflection and implementing adequate support and training

strategies. (Martin-Delgado et al., 2021)

Furthermore, a recent study, Perception of Nursing Students Towards the

Profession and their Future Career Motive, conducted in Nepal shows that almost

98.5 percent of respondents see nursing as a way to help people. 92.4% see it as a

chance for personal development, while 96.9% see it as a caring profession with high

ethical standards. The findings support previous studies. According to Motakpalli

(2018), 97.08 percent of nursing students see it as an opportunity to serve humanity,

89.58 percent see it as a chance for personal growth, and 92.5 percent see it as a

caring profession with ethical standards,14 whereas 76.1 percent see it as a chance

for personal growth and 70.0 percent see it as a caring profession with ethical

standards. (Paudel & Koirala, 2019)

In addition, Changes in Nursing Students' Career Choices Following the

COVID-19 Pandemic in China, a study conducted between the 14th of September

2020 and the 7th of October 2020, was carried out in five Chinese universities'

nursing programs—a comparison of career decisions made before and after the

COVID-19 epidemic was done. One thousand seventy nursing students all took part

in the study. The results show that the percentage of people who reported choosing

nursing as their future job rose from 50.9% before the COVID-19 epidemic to 62.7%

after it started. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic seems to favor Chinese

nursing students' decision to pursue nursing as a career. Effective initiatives should

be taken to encourage nursing as a viable career option for nursing students in order

to boost the nursing workforce. (Wei et al., 2021)

According to the study by Zhang et al., 2021, Professional Identity of Chinese

Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic Outbreak: A nationwide

 23

cross-sectional study, carried out between the 8th of March and the 16th of March,

2020. Out of 6,348 students from 18 different universities in China, 86.7% of nursing

students had a reasonable opinion of how the Pandemic affected the public's

perception of the nursing profession, which is heartening. The bravery and enormous

efforts of nurses in battling the COVID-19 pandemic are highly regarded by nursing

students and the general public, according to students who studied in the Hubei

Province (the epicenter at that time) and saw COVID-19 as having a positive

influence on the nursing image.

Factors that influence the Career Preferences of students

A study by Abe & Chikoko (2020) exploring the factors that influence the

career decisions of STEM students at a university in South Africa provides insight

and perspective into the factors that influenced the career decisions of participating

STEM students in a South African university. According to the study, STEM students

consider a variety of perspectives and experiences while choosing their careers.

They also evaluate the impact of interpersonal and intrapersonal elements at various

levels and for various reasons, and it is interesting to note that the family emerged as

the element with the most influence out of all those discovered in this study.

According to Santos (2020), even though the COVID-19 pandemic impacted

the overall performance of the medical and nursing professions, all participants

demonstrated a sense of belonging as Japanese citizens and nursing professionals

due to their country's disaster. As a result, many had the possibility to drop and

change their nursing major to other educational programs; however, most argued that

as Japanese citizens, they had a duty to help their country during the natural

calamity. Their country's benefits and advantages were more important than their

personal development and goals.

 24

Family Influence

A study entitled Effect of Family Influence, Personal Interest and Economic

Considerations on Career Choice amongst Undergraduate Students in Higher

Educational Institutions of Vehari, Pakistan, examined three hypotheses about what

influences the career choice of university students at institutions of higher education,

Vehari. Three significant relationships were found between the independent and

dependent variables. Thus, a total of 350 respondents were in this study. The study

focused on three factors in particular: family influences, personal preferences, and

economic considerations. According to the results, all of these factors had a

significant positive impact on career choice. (Humayon et al., 2018)

Further, given the severe shortage of nurses in Israel and the rest of the

Western world, it is time to rethink the factors influencing people's decisions to

become a nurse. According to a study entitled Family as a Powerful Factor

Influencing Career Choice in Nursing, family is one of the main factors influencing

student decisions. One's career choice is an important life decision. Immediate family

and environment strongly influence this decision. A better understanding of the

factors influencing the decision to pursue a nursing career will allow early intervention

in the decision-making process. Children and their families will have a positive and

consistent experience with nursing if they are exposed to it through age-appropriate

activities. Therefore, more and more young people are choosing to study nursing. As

a result, the number of nursing students will increase. (Maor & Cojokaru, 2018)

A recent study conducted in Portugal shows how family influences career

choice-making, assuming that progress and goal satisfaction can be measured and

that family influences family through support—or perceived environmental barriers,

as well as self-efficacy. Three hundred and twenty-three students completed

questionnaires about their values ​and beliefs, family expectations, financial support,
 25

information, and perceptions of environmental barriers and support: school, personal

performance, progress toward goals, and satisfaction. Journey analysis results show

that family values, expectations, and support indirectly influence students' making

choices through supports and barriers, as well as through their effectiveness. In

occupational interventions, these effects must be taken into account. (Vautero, Silva,

& Taveira, 2021).

Personal Choice

According to (Marznaki et al., 2021), exposure to positive recommendations

from family and friends, receiving positive information about studying nursing,

positive perceptions regarding the general usefulness of nursing knowledge, and

migration opportunities to other countries are the primary factors that influence

individuals in Iran to pursue a career in nursing. From 50 published studies, 20

factors have been identified and extracted. These 20 factors were divided into four

categories after confirming their validity in terms and content: (a) extrinsic motivation,

(b) social worthiness, (c) intrinsic motivation, and ( d) the usefulness of discipline.

The characteristic value of each criterion is greater than 1. Extrinsic motivation and

usefulness of the discipline were identified as the most important and least critical

criteria for influencing individuals to pursue a nursing career (38.60% versus

16.11%). (Marznaki et al., 2021)

Furthermore, a study about Factors Influencing Personal Career Choice and

Perception of Nurses' Career Choice among First-Year Allied Health Students in

Singapore: A Cross-sectional Study claimed that a rapidly aging population,

combined with nursing shortages, has necessitated an increase in the local pool of

nurses to meet rising healthcare demands. To improve nursing recruitment

strategies, it is necessary to identify the underlying factors that discourage school

 26

leavers from pursuing a career in nursing. The researchers used a descriptive,

cross-sectional, quantitative study design. Two hundred forty-eight first-year allied

health undergraduates from a Singapore university were recruited using convenience

sampling. The students were given online questionnaires with demographic

questions and a 35-item Healthcare Career Choice-Nursing Career Choice

(HCC-NCC) instrument. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were used to analyze

the data. The findings revealed that "personal interest" was the most influential factor

in influencing nurses' career choices, while "self-efficacy" was the least influential

factor.

Job opportunities abroad

In a neoliberal environment where state agencies expect citizens to "compete" in a

global economy, the race to obtain academic credentials for opportunities beyond

national borders raises the question of how individual students plan their education

(C hung et al., 2018). While there is a growing body of research on how students

leave to learn, this study entitled Learning to Leave: Filipino Families and the Making

of the Global Filipino Nurse examines how students engage in the opposite learning

process in order to leave. In the context of the Philippines' labor-brokering system,

the researchers argue that family resources and networks subsidize the process of

producing skilled workers for "export" to foreign employers. Family members

subsidized everyday expenses for aspiring nurse graduates as their children endured

contract hospital jobs that did not pay a living wage. The family also paid for training

seminars to ensure their children have the skills that foreign employers seek when

nursing positions become available.

 27

There is, however, another side to this story. In some ways, family members

also force nursing graduates to stay on a path to work in another country, even if they

no longer want to leave the country. Even though government agencies have largely

left Filipino citizens "free" to pursue their migration dreams, these family and kin

networks indirectly maintain the interests of the labor exporting state. This new

sociality fits the neoliberal logic of the Philippines' migration management system,

emphasizing the various ways in which Filipino labor has been commodified for the

global market. Finally, neoliberal human capital ideologies recast the family not only

as a beneficiary of students' future economic prospects but also as a sponsor of the

process of producing employable workers for export (Ortiga, 2020).

Due to prior healthcare exposure, the nature of work, job prospects, and

social influences, nurses were perceived as more likely to enter nursing. Allied health

students cited a lack of diagnostic abilities, a more significant number of challenges,

demands, and hygiene tasks, and a lack of parental support as deterrents to

pursuing a nursing career. Several factors were identified in the study that may have

discouraged allied healthcare students from pursuing nursing as a career. Early

nursing exposure needed to be improved, as was public awareness of nursing

opportunities, inadequacies in nurses' remuneration, the perception of nursing as a

woman's occupation, and parental misconceptions about nursing. Supporting early

nursing exposure, promoting nursing as a profession, equal pay for nurses,

increasing publicity of male nurses, and refining parents' perceptions of nursing were

all suggested as practice implications in this study. (Loh Yong, 2018)

Moreover, International Nurse Recruitment Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic:

Considerations for the Nursing Workforce Leader study results found that compared

to their colleagues who said they intended to stay in the nursing profession, 14

(9.3%) individuals who said they planned on leaving had low professional identity

scores. The participants' perceptions of the effectiveness of preventive and control

 28

measures, the number of cases observed on the day the study survey was

administered, and their knowledge of COVID-19 were all taken into account.

Participants who felt that the COVID-19 pandemic had increased their "passion for

clinical nursing work" received the highest scores, followed by participants who felt

that the Pandemic had "no effect" and participants who felt that clinical nursing work

was "too dangerous to engage in," who received the lowest scores. (Shaffer, et al.,

2021)

Covid-19 Pandemic

How has the COVID-19 pandemic influenced nursing students' academic

experience and career choices? This qualitative descriptive analysis shows that

Participants were conscious about contracting infections, as shown by their

awareness of infection prevention measures. Many nursing students, even during the

Pandemic, viewed the nursing profession positively (Bahçecioğlu Turan et al., 2021);

our participants had similar experiences possibly because the motivation to work as

healthcare professionals arises from occupational, ethical, and moral values

(Martin-Delgado et al., 2021). During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses assumed

great responsibility and faced a high risk of infection; the image of nurses struggling

at the frontline inspired nursing students (Canet-Vélez et al., 2021). Participants had

positive feelings toward nurses as well as anxiety about being labeled as the "Corona

generation," implying they were psychologically ambivalent. Since increased anxiety

during the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects nursing students' professional

identities (Sun et al., 2020), it is essential to provide support for managing anxiety.

As explained by the study by Santos (2021), entitled The Relationship

between the COVID-19 Pandemic and Nursing Students' Sense of Belonging: The

Experiences and Nursing Education Management of Pre-Service Nursing

Professionals, considering the COVID-19 pandemic and associated influences, the

 29

statistics show that none of the participants opted on becoming a registered nurse

after graduating from college. None of the participants elected to leave their dream

jobs despite the COVID-19 epidemic potentially affecting some government policies,

benefits packages, employment duties, expectations, and even working hours

because they all had solid motivations and individual objectives.

Synthesis

The local recruitment sector observed a reduction in the number of Filipinos

pursuing a nursing degree despite the significant demand for healthcare

professionals (HCWs) both locally and internationally, according to Soriano (2023),

as cited by Jaymalin (2023). Furthermore, Soriano claimed that, according to data

from the Professional Regulation Commission, 48,686 nursing graduates completed

the licensure examinations between 2016 and 2022. According to Soriano, there are

fewer candidates because the country produces fewer nursing degrees. Healthcare

professionals were primarily motivated by intrinsic motivations such as a desire to

serve others and a personal interest in health care. As a result, the participants'

decision to pursue nursing as a career has been impacted significantly by the general

public's perception of it as a low-status, low-paying profession (Wu, et al., 2015).

Both personal and career-related variables influenced the student's decision

to enroll in nursing programs; nevertheless, personal factors outweighed

career-related factors (Wilkes et al., 2015). However, in light of the recent Pandemic,

this is one of the reasons why Filipinos want to get a nursing degree. The

socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, parent's occupation before and after the

Pandemic, and family monthly income) and career-related factors (family influence,

job opportunities, personal choice, and the COVID-19 pandemic) influencing nursing

students' career preferences were also identified. Regarding factors influencing

 30

career preference, job opportunities abroad have been identified as the most

significant influencer for nursing students. Family members subsidized everyday

expenses for aspiring nurse graduates as their children endured contract hospital

jobs that did not pay a living wage. The family also paid for training seminars to

ensure their children have the skills foreign employers seek when nursing positions

become available (Chung et al. 2018). Nevertheless, there is another side to this

story. In certain instances, family members force nursing graduates to continue on

the road to work in another nation, even if they no longer wish to leave. Even though

government agencies have mostly left Filipino residents "free" to pursue their

migratory goals, these family and kin networks indirectly serve the labor exporting

state's interests (Ortiga, 2020).

At this point, there is much research on the factors influencing career

preferences that are continually evolving and emerging today. Nurses were viewed

as more likely to enter nursing due to past healthcare exposure, the nature of work,

job prospects, and social influences. A lack of diagnostic abilities, a more significant

amount of problems, demands, and hygienic responsibilities, and a lack of parental

support were cited as deterrents to pursuing a nursing career by allied health

students. Early nursing exposure needed to be improved, as was public awareness

of nursing opportunities, inadequacies in nurses' remuneration, the perception of

nursing as a woman's occupation, and parental misconceptions about nursing.

Supporting early nursing exposure, promoting nursing as a profession, equal pay for

nurses, increasing publicity of male nurses, and refining parents' perceptions of

nursing were all suggested as practice implications in this study. (Loh Yong, 2018)
 METHODOLOGY

This chapter illustrates the description of the research design selection,

description of the participants, research instruments, validation of research

instruments, ethical considerations, data gathering procedure, and data analysis and

sampling technique.

Research Design

This research is a descriptive correlational study design. Correlation is the

association between two variables. That is, the variability of one variable is related to

the variability of the other variable. Statistical analysis is used to detect correlations.

(Polit & Beck, 2018). The research is non-experimental if the researcher does not

interpose by manipulating the independent variable.

By following the research method, researchers distinguished the significant

relationship between factors influencing the career preference and the

socio-demographic profile of the selected first year nursing students at Cavite State

University-Main Campus.

Participants of the Study

The respondents of this study were a total enumeration of 102 participants

from 1st-year nursing students at Cavite State University-Main campus, academic

year 2021-2022. The participants received consent forms and survey questions to

evaluate their interest in taking part in the study as well as identify the factors that

influence their career preferences. The following criteria are also used for inclusion,

exclusion, and withdrawal:

 32

a. Inclusion Criteria

The eligible respondents must be (1) willing to participate in the study;

(2) male or female; (3) were officially enrolled at Cavite State University,

College of Nursing, Main Campus during the academic year 2021 to 2022; (4)

able to comprehend Filipino and/or English language; (5) participants were

level I (1st year) nursing students during the academic year 2021 to 2022.

b. Exclusion Criteria

Respondents who do not meet the qualification assessment criteria

are exempted for this study. The ineligible respondents include those who are:

(1) not willing to participate in the study; (2) not officially enrolled at Cavite

State University, College of Nursing, Main Campus during the academic year

2021 to 2022 ; (3) unable to comprehend Filipino and/or English language; (4)

not level I (1st year) nursing students during the academic year 2021 to

2022.

c. Withdrawal Criteria

All respondents have the right to withdraw from this study at any time

while it is ongoing, but only if they notify the researchers in advance. Once

they withdraw, their responses will be discarded and will not be used in any

other way, either inside or outside the parameters of the study. In either case,

their data would continue to be private and anonymous.

 33

Research Instrument

A research instrument is a tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data

concerning a particular research interest. Different research instruments were used to

assess the respondents from a specific discipline. Interviews, surveys, or checklists

are included as types of research instruments (Teacher’s College, Columbia

University, n.d).

This study utilized a survey questionnaire formulated by the researchers to

gather data needed from the respondents. This instrument was used to evaluate the

correlation between the factors that influence the career preference of first year

Nursing students at Cavite State University, College of Nursing, Main Indang

campus. According to Martin (2006), the questionnaire comprises standardized

questions that allow the measurement constructs to be operationalized. The goal is

to provide respondents with a consistent stimulus to make their responses

comparable. According to research, small changes in question phrasing or sequence

can significantly alter responses, reinforcing the idea that questions must be asked

precisely as phrased and in the same order to obtain comparable results.

The Likert scale was designed and developed in two phases. The

questionnaire consisted of a total of 20 items. In the first part of the questionnaire, the

respondents were asked about their socio-demographic profile, including age, sex,

parents' occupation before and after the Pandemic, and family monthly income

before and after the Pandemic.

In the second part of the questionnaire, to assess which factors most

influence students' career preference, the respondents were asked five-item

questions each factor to determine whether their career preference is influenced by

"Family Influence," "Job Opportunities Abroad," "Personal Choice," and "COVID-19

pandemic". A four-point Likert scale also measured the items for this part of the
 34

questionnaire through answers that ranged from "strongly agree," "agree,"

"disagree," or "strongly disagree."

Validation of Research Instrument

According to Middleton (2019), validity refers to whether or not the check

measures what it claims to live. The validity of the instruments for knowledge

assortment during this study was done through expert review and pilot testing.

A face and content validity validation process was performed on the

self-reported survey created for the study. Creswell, J. W. & Creswell, J. D. (2018)

suggested the following two validity factors:

Copies of the research papers and questionnaires were given to three experts

in distinct domains, including nursing clinical instructors, professors, and hospital staff

nurses, as part of the validation process for this study. These experts carefully

analyzed the questionnaire parameters and other components to guarantee that the

instrument established face and content validity.

The internal reliability of the Likert scales was assessed using Cronbach's

Alpha to calculate the data from the pilot study at Batangas State University. The

Cronbach's Alpha value was 0.743, indicating excellent and acceptable consistency.

Data Gathering Procedure

Data gathering is the process of collecting data from all relevant sources in

order to solve the research problem, test the hypothesis, and analyze the results.

Methods for gathering quantitative data are based on mathematical calculations in

various formats. Questionnaires with closed-ended questions, correlation and

 35

regression methods, mean, mode and median are examples of quantitative data

gathering and analysis approaches (Dudovskiy, 2022).

The procedures that the researchers employed are mentioned in this section

of the Methodology. Prior to gathering data, the researchers began creating a

questionnaire based on establishing and disseminating survey forms. By means of

the methods, researchers were able to gather data in a precise and accurate manner.

The questionnaires, which were constructed using the Google Forms online survey

tool, contained all of the variables involved in the research. Following that, the

researchers obtained approval from their Research Advisor and School Dean before

creating an online survey form for the participants to complete and submit using

Google Forms.

The researchers started working on the questionnaire as soon as it was

approved. It was distributed to all respondents. Finally, the researchers obtained the

online survey questionnaire that included the correct and precise data and the tables

required for data analysis. The questionnaires comprised the subsequent sections:

Section 1. Demographic Profile. In this section, the socio-demographic data of

each respondent such as name which is optional, age, sex, parent's occupation

before and after Pandemic, and family monthly income were included. This data was

necessary to understand the respondent better.

Section 2. Career Preference related Factors. This section, composed of

statements regarding their opinions about factors that influence their career

preference such as family influence, job opportunities, personal choice, and covid-19

Pandemic. Scores in this section were interpreted as follows:

3.25 - 4.00 - strongly influence

2.50 - 3.24 - influence

 36

1.75 - 2.49 - partial influence

1.00 - 1.74 - not influence

According to Middleton (2019), validity refers to whether or not the check

actually measures the criterion it sets. The questionnaire was subjected to expert

evaluation and pilot testing in order to confirm the validity of the research tools for

knowledge assortment. A pilot study, typically a smaller-scale study that helps in

planning and modifying the major study, is the initial step of the complete research

process (Arnold DM et al., 2009). In large-scale clinical research, the pilot or

small-scale study frequently comes first to assess the validity of the main trial. Thirty

first-year nursing students from Batangas State University who were not involved in

the study but met the study's criteria served as the test group for the questionnaires.

Data Analysis

The researchers utilized descriptive statistics to summarize the important

features of the data in the study. Descriptive statistics were used to describe and

summarize data in a clear and meaningful manner. A simple summary of the data

and measurements will be presented in this section. In addition, the demographic

profile of the respondents was determined using frequency and percentage

distribution. A standard deviation (or ) is a measure of data dispersion in relation to

the mean. A weighted mean is the average of a data set that prioritizes specific

numbers over others. Furthermore, the significant relationship between the

socio-demographic profile of the respondents and the factors in career preferences

used the chi-square test for independence. The following statistical treatments have

the following formula and computation:

 37

a. Frequency

The term "frequency" refers to the number of times an event has

occurred. Most variables including personally identifiable information,

including participant demographic profiles, are represented using this.

b. Percentage

Percentage is a relative figure used to denote hundredths of any

quantity. Since one percent (symbolized as 1%) equals one hundredth of

something, 100 percent stands for everything, and 200 percent refers to twice

the amount specified. This will be used to establish the frequency counts and

percentage distribution of relevant variables or the respondents' demographic

profiles.

Figure 4. Percentage Formula

c. Mean

The arithmetic average of all the terms is the most typical formulation

for the mean of a statistical distribution containing a discrete random variable.

Divide the result by the total number of terms after adding up all the term

values. The factors that influence career preference were measured through

the use of mean, standard deviation, and weighted mean. The most common

metric for central tendency is the mean (or average).

Figure 5. Mean Formula

 38

d. Standard Deviation

Is a metric that demonstrates how much deviation there is from the

mean (such as spread, dispersion, and spread). The standard deviation

represents a "typical" deviation from the mean.

Figure 6. Standard Deviation Formula

e. Chi-Square of independence

The Chi-Square independence test is used to see if two nominal

(categorical) variables have a significant relationship. Each nominal variable's

frequency is compared across the categories of the second nominal variable.

Figure 7. Chi-Square of Independence Formula

 39

f. Slovin's formula

Given a population size and a margin of error, this formula is used to

calculate the sample size (e). It is a formula for estimating sampling size

using the random sampling technique.

Figure 8. Slovin’s formula

Sampling Technique

The sampling technique utilized by the researchers was simple random

sampling, which is the basic sampling technique in which we selected a subset of

participants (a sample) from a bigger group (a population) for the study. Participants

were randomly picked, and every member of the population had an equal chance of

being included in the sample. Every sampling of a particular size has the exact

chance of being selected.

Ethical Consideration

Various ethical considerations are taken into account during the conducting of

the study. Respect for the participants of the study is the first and most important

ethical consideration that is considered in this study. It is the participants' right to be

acknowledged as human beings with the right to be treated with respect. Privacy,

confidentiality, and anonymity were also crucial ethical considerations in the study.
 40

The participants of the survey questionnaire form were not subjected to any harm,

and the protection of the participants' privacy, confidentiality, and anonymity was

ensured in accordance with the terms of Republic Act 10173 or the Data Privacy Act

of 2012.

Another ethical consideration followed in the study is the survey participants'

free will and informed consent. Prior to taking the survey, participants were provided

with information on the instrument, as well as the purpose and significance of their

involvement in the study. The researchers obtained informed consent to safeguard

data privacy and the confidentiality of the participants' information. The survey

questionnaire results were only shared and discussed among the researchers,

statistician, research adviser, and College of Nursing research panel. As a result, the

researchers respected everyone's decision to participate or not participate in the

study.

Along with the survey questionnaire, participants were given a detailed ethical

guideline so that they could understand what their participation in the study entailed.

The participants were explicitly informed that they: (I) have the right to participate

voluntarily, (II) are well informed of the use of the results and potential benefits of the

study and consent to participate, (III) will remain anonymous, (IV) participant data will

remain confidential, (V) participation in the study will not be used against the

participants, and (VI) have the right to withdraw from participation at any time.
 41

Process Flowchart

Figure 9. Research Process

Figure 9, research flowchart, presents the methodology process, which

includes the following: Formation of Research Study; Define the research problem,

aim and objectives; Formulate the Research questions; Identifying target populations,

which is the First Year Nursing students of Cavite State University-Main Campus-

Indang; Distribution of Survey Questionnaire through online platform Google forms;

Data collection; Data analysis; Findings discussion encoding the data gathered

guided by the coding manual analysis with the use of statistical treatment; And lastly,

Research recommendations, implications and conclusion.

 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data

gathered for this study. It was arranged so that the objectives of the study and

conceptual process were presented in textual and tabular form. Also, this chapter is

divided into three parts. Part I is the respondents' sociodemographic profiles, Part II

is the factors that influence their career preferences, and Part III is the relationship

between the socio-demographic profiles and factors that influence the career

preferences of the respondents.

Sociodemographic Profile of the Respondents

Age

Table 1 shows the respondent's profile in terms of age. Most of the

respondents are 20 years old (31.7%), while the age 19 years old and 21 years old

have the second number of respondents (28.8%), 22 years old (5.8%), followed by

18 years old (1.9%), and age 23 years old (1%.) Therefore, all the respondents are

adults with enough knowledge to make a decision in life. According to R. Havighurst's

Developmental Task Theory, ages 18 to 35 years old are within the early adulthood

stage; this stage starts to establish a career.

Table 1. Frequency and percentage of the respondents in terms of age.

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENT

18.00 2 1.9
19.00 30 28.8
20.00 33 31.7
21.00 30 28.8
22.00 6 5.8
23.00 1 1.0
Total 102 100.0
 43

Sex

Sex refers to the range of characteristics used to distinguish males and

females. Table 2 presents the respondent's profile in terms of sex. Among 102

respondents, majorities are 80 females (78.4%), and 22 (21.6%) are males. The

data indicates that nursing is in demand for females. Based on the study, males are

seen as having a good reason to consider nursing a career, although stereotypes

regarding nursing's traditionally feminine nature might be discouraging. (Whitford, et

al. 2020)

In addition, nursing is a primarily female-dominated profession. According to

WHO, approximately 90% of the world's nursing workforce is female. Men comprise a

tiny, constant, and much smaller fraction of the nursing workforce in many nations,

roughly 11% in the United States (Auerbach et al., 2017) and the United Kingdom

(Williams, 2017).

Furthermore, based on the statistics conducted by PSA in 2016, 74.1 percent

of nurses in the Philippines are female, whereas 25.9 percent are male (PSA, 2016).

Table 2. Frequency and percentage of the respondents in terms of sex.

SEX FREQUENCY PERCENT

MALE 22 21.6

FEMALE 80 78.4

Total 102 100.0

 44

Parent’s occupation before and after pandemic

Table 3 indicates that most of the respondents' parents' occupations remained

with their jobs before and after the Pandemic 86 (84.3%). In comparison, 8 (7.8%)

have no job, parents who got a different job after the Pandemic are 6 (5.9%), and

those parents who retired are 2 (2%). The data shows that most of them have a job

to support their child's education. According to a study, married mothers had lower

employment rates and fewer hours at work during the COVID-19 pandemic than

married fathers (Kalenkoski & Pabilonia, 2022).

Moreover, according to the study, it is essential to highlight that parental

occupation considerably influences students' choices. As a result of the findings,

students from prestigious family occupations outperform those from less prestigious

family occupations.

Table 3. Frequency and percentage of the respondents in terms of parent’s

occupation before and after pandemic.

PARENT’S OCCUPATION FREQUENCY PERCENT

BEFORE AND AFTER
PANDEMIC

GOT DIFFERENT JOB 6 5.9

REMAINED WITH THEIR JOB 86 84.3

RETIRED 2 2.0

N/A 8 7.8

TOTAL 102 100.0

 45

Family Monthly Income before and after the pandemic

Table 4 shows that most families' monthly income before and after the

Pandemic remained at ₱ 41,000 and above at 56.9%. In comparison, ₱ 31,000-₱

40,000 has 17.6%, followed by ₱ 21,000- ₱ 30,000 15.7%, and those family who has

a family monthly income of ₱ 5,000- ₱ 10,000 and ₱ 11,000- ₱ 20,000 are both 4.9%.

The data indicates that most of the respondent's family has a monthly income of ₱

41,000 and above. This result indicates that most families' monthly income is

classified as lower middle class and greater. According to the study conducted by

The Philippines Institute of Development Studies (PIDS), income classification chart

based on monthly income and they are as follows: families who are earning under

P10,957 are poor; equal to or higher than P10,957 but less than P21,194 are lower

income (but not poor); equal of higher than P21,194 but less than P43,82 is lower

middle class; equal to or higher than P43,828 but less than P76,669 is middle class;

equal to or greater than P76,669 but less than P131,484 is upper middle income;

equal to or higher than P131,484 but less than P219,140 is high income (but not

rich); and wealthy income family who earn equal to or higher than P219,140.

Table 4. The Percentage and Frequency Count of Respondent’s Family income

before and after Pandemic.

FAMILY’S MONTHLY INCOME FREQUENCY PERCENT

BEFORE AND AFTER PANDEMIC
P5000 - P10000 5 4.9

P11000 - P20000 5 4.9

P21000 - P30000 16 15.7

P31000 - P40000 18 17.6

P41 and above 58 56.9

Total 102 100.0

 46

Factors that influence the career preference of respondents

Self-made questionnaires were used to identify the factors in career

preferences among the respondents in terms of:

Family Influence

Table 5 shows family influence as the factor that influences the career

preference of the respondents, with 2.65 as the grand mean. Therefore, it is an

influence. According to Maor & Cojokaru, (2018), family is one of the factors

influencing students' decisions. A better understanding of the factors that influence

the decision to pursue a nursing career would allow early intervention in the

decision-making process.

Table 5. Mean and Standard Deviation of Family Influence as a Factor that Influence

the Career Preference of the Respondents

FAMILY INFLUENCE MEAN STD. VERBAL

DEVIATION INTERPRETATION

I chose nursing because my parents 2.03 1.186 Somewhat disagree

(father/ mother) told me so.

My family will only support me 1.52 0.924 Disagree

financially if I choose nursing as my
career.

My family expects me to finish nursing 3.80 0.528 Agree

school

I have a nurse relative (parents, 3.18 1.237 Somewhat agree

siblings, auntie, etc.) in the family.

I chose to pursue nursing because I 2.74 1.182 Somewhat agree

want to provide quality care for a sick
family member.

OVERALL MEAN 2.65 1.012 Somewhat agree

Legend:
Range Equivalent Interpretation
3.25 - 4.00 Agree Strongly Influence
2.50 - 3,24 Somewhat agree Influence
1.75 - 2.49 Somewhat disagree Partial Influence
1.00 - 1.74 Disagree Not Influence
 47

Job Opportunities Abroad

Table 6 shows job opportunities abroad as the factor that influences the

career preference of the respondents, with 3.05 as the grand mean. Therefore, it is

an influence. According to (Cuevas et al.,2021), Filipino nurses have freely or

involuntarily traveled to other countries in search of greater opportunities for

themselves and their families. The results demonstrate that students who wish to

pursue a nursing career in order to work abroad are socialized mainly by their Filipino

families. This advances the idea that employment abroad is preferable compared to

employment in the country.

Table 6. Mean and Standard Deviation of Job Opportunities Abroad as a Factor that

Influence the Career Preference of the Respondents

JOB OPPORTUNITIES MEAN STD. VERBAL

DEVIATION INTERPRETATION

I have a plan to work as a nurse 3.17 0.929 Somewhat agree

overseas after graduation.

I have a nurse relative working 3.15 1.229 Somewhat agree

abroad.

I am looking forward to 3.21 1.021

opportunities, promotions, Somewhat agree
raises, and bonuses in my
nursing career abroad.

I have a work (nurse) waiting 2.26 1.157 Somewhat disagree

abroad.

I believe that the advancement 3.46 0.775 Agree

of equipment in other countries
will improve my skills even
more.

OVERALL MEAN 3.05 1.022 Somewhat agree

Legend:
Range Equivalent Interpretation
3.25 - 4.00 Agree Strongly Influence
2.50 - 3,24 Somewhat agree Influence
1.75 - 2.49 Somewhat disagree Partial Influence
1.00 - 1.74 Disagree Not Influence
 48

Personal Choice

Table 7 shows personal choice as the factor that influences the career

preference of the respondents, obtaining 2.93 as the grand mean. Therefore, it is an

influence. It has been shown in a study by Motakpalli, 2018, that 97.08% of nursing

students who chose nursing as a career preference see it as an opportunity to serve

humanity, 89.58% see it as a chance for personal growth, and 92.5% see it as a

caring profession with ethical standards.

Table 7. Mean and Standard Deviation of Personal Choice as a Factor that Influence

the Career Preference of the Respondents

PERSONAL CHOICE MEAN STD. VERBAL

DEVIATION INTERPRETATION

I dreamt of being a professional 3.13 0.925 Somewhat agree

nurse.

I believe nursing is my career 3.00 0.975 Somewhat agree

path, and I am constantly looking
for a way to comfort others.

I've always wanted to pursue 2.87 1.015 Somewhat agree

something interesting and
challenging, and nursing fits the
criteria.

Since then, caring for the ill has 2.71 1.076 Somewhat agree
been a passion of mine.

I took nursing because it fits with 2.91 1.025 Somewhat agree

the standards for a job that is
always learning and growing.

OVERALL MEAN 2.93 1.003 Somewhat agree

Legend:
Range Equivalent Interpretation
3.25 - 4.00 Agree Strongly Influence
2.50 - 3,24 Somewhat agree Influence
1.75 - 2.49 Somewhat disagree Partial Influence
1.00 - 1.74 Disagree Not Influence
 49

COVID-19 Pandemic

Table 8 shows the COVID-19 Pandemic as the factor that influences the

respondents' career preference, with 2.98 as the grand mean. Therefore, it is an

influence. A study was conducted by (Wei et al., 2021) to determine the changes in

nursing students' career preferences after the onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The

percentage of people who reported choosing nursing as their future job rose from

50.9% before the COVID-19 epidemic to 62.7% after it started. This suggests that the

COVID-19 epidemic had a favorable impact on Chinese nursing students' decision to

pursue a profession in nursing.

Table 8. Mean and Standard Deviation of COVID-19 Pandemic as a Factor that

Influence the Career Preference of the Respondents

COVID-19 PANDEMIC MEAN STD. VERBAL
DEVIATION INTERPRETATION
The impact of COVID-19 on our 3.04 0.944 Somewhat agree
healthcare system drove me to study
nursing in order to assist and contribute
to the workforce in providing care.

I became more aware of the great 3.36 0.913 Agree

significance of nurses in our community
largely due to COVID-19, which really
influenced my decision to enroll in
nursing.

I am certain that I need to study 3.16 0.925 Somewhat agree

nursing, especially after learning that
most hospitals are understaffed during
the COVID-19 pandemic.

I chose nursing because I think it is 2.76 1.093 Somewhat agree

exciting to respond during a pandemic.

I chose to pursue nursing because, 2.60 1.093 Somewhat agree

during the pandemic, nurses have a lot
of privileges (ex. no quarantine pass,
risk allowance etc.)
OVERALL MEAN 2.98 0.994 Somewhat agree

Legend:
Range Equivalent Interpretation
3.25 - 4.00 Agree Strongly Influence
2.50 - 3,24 Somewhat agree Influence
1.75 - 2.49 Somewhat disagree Partial Influence
1.00 - 1.74 Disagree Not Influence
 50

Factors that Influence the Career Preference of the Respondents

Table 9 demonstrates that most of the respondent's career preferences were

influenced by job opportunities abroad, with a mean of 3.05, followed by the

COVID-19 pandemic, with a mean of 2.98; personal choice, with 2.93; and the least

mean is family influence with a mean of 2.65.

Moreover, the result shows that the job opportunities abroad were the main

reason the respondents from Cavite State University-Main Campus chose nursing as

their career preference, according to the study entitled Outmigration and unequal

distribution of Filipino physicians and nurses: An urgent call for investment in health,

human resource and systemic reform, overseas employment accounts for over 5% of

Filipino HCWs. Filipino nursing students choose to study and work abroad for various

reasons, including better income and perks. Nurses were already looking for better

opportunities abroad before the COVID-19 outbreak. At least 17,000 Filipino nurses

entered into contracts with foreign employers in 2019 alone. (Robredo, J., et al.

2022)

Table 9. Overall Mean and Standard Deviation of the Factors that Influence the

Career Preference of the Respondents

FACTORS MEAN SD INTERPRETATION

Family Influence 2.65 1.012 Somewhat agree

Job Opportunities Abroad 3.05 1.002 Somewhat agree

Personal Choice 2.93 1.003 Somewhat agree

COVID-19 Pandemic 2.98 0.994 Somewhat agree

Legend:
Range Equivalent Interpretation
3.25 - 4.00 Agree Strongly Influence
2.50 - 3,24 Somewhat agree Influence
1.75 - 2.49 Somewhat disagree Partial Influence
1.00 - 1.74 Disagree Not Influence
 51

Relationship between the socio-demographic profile to the factors that

influence the career preference of the respondents

Table 10 implies that the socio-demographic profile of respondents in terms of

age, sex, parent's occupation, and family monthly income has no significant

relationship with the factors that influence the career preference of the respondents.

Table 10. Relationship between socio-demographic profile and factors that influence

the career preference of the respondents

VARIABLES COEFFICIENT P-VALUE SIGNIFICANT DECISION CONCLUSION

LEVEL MAKING
AGE * 0.820 0.672 0.050 Since Not Significant
FACTORS P-value is
greater than
0.050,
Accept Ho
SEX * 0.564 0.318 0.050 Since Not Significant
FACTORS P-value is
greater than
0.050,
Accept Ho
PARENTS 0.676 0.457 0.050 Since Not Significant
OCCUPATION P-value is
* FACTORS greater than
0.050,
Accept Ho
FAMILY 0.707 0.500 0.050 Since Not Significant
MONTHLY P-value is
INCOME * greater than
FACTORS 0.050,
Accept Ho
 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This discusses the summary of findings and recommendations derived from

the data results gathered by the researchers. The findings are stated in paragraph

form. The recommendations are gathered from the findings examined by the

researchers and were accordingly stated. This would serve as a guide for the

improvement of the study.

Summary

The study was conducted to determine the factors that influence the career

preference of selected first year nursing students at Cavite State University A.Y

2021-2022. Various factors were identified as evidenced by prior studies and

literature, and the purpose of this study is to determine these factors that influence

career preference among selected respondents under the set criteria. The

researchers utilized a self-made questionnaire to accomplish the objectives. The

research instrument consisted of 2 parts.

The socio-demographic profiles of the respondents are age, sex, parent's

occupation before and after the pandemic, and family monthly income before and

after the pandemic. In terms of respondents' age, most of them are 20 years old with

31.7%, while the age 19 years old and 21 years old has the second number of

respondents with 28.8%, 22 years old has the third number of respondents with

5.8%, followed by 18 years old with 1.9%, and age 23 years old has the least number

of respondents with 1%.

In terms of respondents' sex, the majority of them were female, which

comprised 78.4% of the responses, while the males comprised the remaining 21.6%.
 53

The data indicates that nursing is in demand for females. On the other hand,

respondents' parent's occupations remained with their jobs before and after the

pandemic with 84.3%. In comparison, 7.8% have no job, parents who got a different

job after the pandemic are 5.9%, and those parents who retired are 2%.

Lastly, most families' monthly income before and after the pandemic remained

at ₱ 41,000 and above at 56.9%. At the same time, ₱ 31,000-₱ 40,000 has the

second number of responses with 17.6%, followed by ₱ 21,000- ₱ 30,000 with

15.7%, and those family who has a family monthly income of ₱ 5,000- ₱ 10,000 and

₱ 11,000- ₱ 20,000 are both 4.9%. Based on the data, it indicates that most of the

respondent's family has a monthly income of ₱ 41,000 and above.

The factors that influence the career preference of the respondents are family

influence, job opportunities abroad, personal choice, and the COVID-19 pandemic.

The study found that most of the respondent's career preferences were influenced by

job opportunities abroad, with a mean of 3.05, followed by the COVID-19 pandemic,

with a mean of 2.98; personal choice, with 2.93; and the least mean is family

influence with a mean of 2.65. Moreover, the result shows that the job opportunities

abroad were the main reason the respondents from Cavite State University-Main

Campus chose nursing as their career preference.

There is no significant relationship between the socio-demographic profile of

respondents in terms of age, sex, parent's occupation, and family monthly income

and factors that influence the career preference of the respondents.

There is no significant relationship between the respondents' career

preference and career choice.

 54

Conclusion

In this part, the conclusion summarizes the main points of the study

conducted by the researchers. It also states the result of the gathered data and the

answers to the given question in the research problems.

The general goal of this study is to determine the relationship between the

influencing factors and career preferences of Cavite State University-Main Campus

first-year nursing students A.Y 2021-2022.

1. The socio-demographic profile of the respondents is age, sex, parents'

occupation before and after the pandemic, and family monthly income before

and after the pandemic.

2. All of the factors involved were shown to have an influence on the career

preference of the respondents. Among the four factors, it has been shown

that most of the respondents' career preferences were influenced by job

opportunities abroad.

3. The data collection results from the chosen male and female nursing

respondents suggest no significant relationship exists between the

socio-demographic profile of respondents in terms of age, sex, parent's

occupation, and family monthly income, and the factors that influence the

respondents' career preferences.

4. The outcome, however, reveals that the respondents from Cavite State

University-Main Campus chose nursing as their preferred career path mostly

due to work chances abroad, with family influence being the least significant

factor.
 55

Recommendations

According to Copland (2016), the purpose of a recommendation is to provide

a helpful guide that would not only resolve specific concerns but would also result in

a positive outcome. The researchers recommended this study to nursing students,

parents, the College of Nursing, clinical instructors, health affiliating institutions, and

as well as to future researchers.

1. The researchers recommend this study to Nursing students in order to

provide them with a better understanding of and enough information about the

factors that influence their career preferences. It would also provide a better

understanding of the career they want amid the pandemic. Hence, this can

also serve as an eye-opener for the parents to understand and become more

aware of the factors that can affect the career preferences of their

son/daughter. The study found that most of the respondent's career

preferences were influenced by job opportunities abroad, followed by the

COVID-19 pandemic; personal choice and family influences had the least

impact on respondents' career preferences. This would serve as a guide to

give support to their child's decisions in terms of career preference.

2. The researchers also exhorted this to the College of Nursing and Health

Affiliating Institutions so that it would add to their collection of relevant

knowledge written by the Researchers to provide information about the

factors that influenced Nursing students' career preferences, and considering

that this study is significant for the study's long-term viability and

development, and knowledge-driven growth based on innovation. Equally

important, the clinical instructors would be well-informed in the context of this

study. This would provide them an insight into the well-known factors

influencing their students' career preferences. Clinical instructors can provide

assistance and advice to their students.

 56

3. The researchers recommend this study to future researchers to use this as a

reference in order to broaden their understanding of this topic. Furthermore,

this would be used as a foundation for future research. For this reason, it

would be much easier for them to finish their study.

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 APPENDICES A

Approval Sheet and Letter of Request

 APPENDICES B

Letter to Conduct Study

 APPENDICES C

Informed Consent and Research Instrument

 College of Nursing

INFORMED CONSENT
Dear Respondents,
We are BS Nursing Students level IV of Cavite State University- Main Campus from
the College of Nursing and are currently conducting a research study entitled, “FACTORS
THAT INFLUENCE THE CAREER PREFERENCE OF SELECTED FIRST YEAR
NURSING STUDENTS AT CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS A.Y 2021-2022”.
This study aims to determine the significant relationship between the factors that influence
the career preference of the first year nursing students.
Your participation in this research project is completely voluntary. There are no
known risks to participation and your responses will remain confidential and anonymous.
Please ask the researchers to explain any words or information that you do not
clearly understand. If you have any questions, you may contact:
Alentajan, Kimberly B.- 09562531141, kimberly.alentajan@cvsu.edu.ph
Almarza, Alpha Mae L. - 09673386724, alphamae.almarza@cvsu.edu.ph
De Vera, Joylyn Z. - 09602151100, joylyn.devera@cvsu.edu.ph

I have read this consent form and have been given the opportunity to ask questions.
The purpose of the study has been well explained and has been given the opportunity to ask
regarding the study. I give my consent to participate in this study.

Participant’s signature: __________________ Date:__________

A copy of this consent form should be given to you.

May 03, 2023

Respondents
First year nursing students
This University

Good day!

We, the BSN Level 4 Section 5, respectfully seek your involvement in our research study
entitled: FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CAREER PREFERENCE OF SELECTED
FIRST YEAR NURSING STUDENTS AT CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS
A.Y 2021-2022
The research questionnaire is divided into three parts which might take between 5 to 10
minutes of your time. Also, as a token of our gratitude for your participation, three fortunate
participants will have a chance to win Gcash awards worth 300.00 Pesos each. We would
really appreciate your cooperation, and you can be certain that your identity and the
information you provide will remain confidential.

Qualification: BSN students who are currently in 1st year of School Year 2022-2023
Questionnaire link: __________

Best regards,

Alentajan, Kimberly B.
Almarza, Alpha Mae
De Vera, Joylyn Z.
Description of the Research and Your Participation

The Department of Nursing of Cavite State University in Indang, Cavite is currently

conducting a study entitled, "FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CAREER PREFERENCE
OF SELECTED FIRST YEAR NURSING STUDENTS AT CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
MAIN CAMPUS A.Y 2021-2022” This study is designed to determine the relationship
between factors that influence the career preference of selected 1st year nursing students in
Cavite State University-Main Campus.
You have been selected randomly as one of the participants of our study. You are invited to
participate in this study because you were the batch of first year at A. Y 2021-2022 On the
other hand, you can choose not to participate if the following content of the form is difficult
for you to partake in. If you may permit us to gain data from you according to the subject
matter, all of your corresponding answers will be highly beneficial and appreciated for our
study. Participation in the study involves the completion of a survey questionnaire including
demographic profile and questions assessing factors influencing career preference of
selected 1st year nursing students.

Risk and Discomforts

The risk of damage or discomfort expected in the study is comparable to that which is often
encountered in daily life or during the administration of examinations or tests. Furthermore,
the research instrument includes an area of potential discomfort in asking you to report on
emotional topics and answer personal questions. Of concern are emotional risks, including
the perceived capability of coping with negative emotions, decreased confidence, and
interpersonal relationships. You may leave the survey at any time if you feel uncomfortable
or uncomfortable answering any of the questions honestly, or if any of the information
causes you emotional distress.

Potential Benefits
Being participants of the study will give information on the factors that influence their career
preferences. The participants will gain an understanding of the research topic that allows
them to know about the factor that contributes to their career preference.

Utilization of the Results of this study

The findings of this study will help the students determine the relationship between the
factors that influence the career preference and career choice of selected first year nursing
students at Cavite State University-Main Campus. Furthermore, the results of this study can
guide the students in determining the factors that influence their career preferences.
Protection of Confidentiality
The researchers are responsible for managing data and are required to safeguard it in
accordance with the terms of the Data Privacy Act of 2012, all data obtained in this study will
be kept secret in secure premises. Furthermore, no personal information (name and student
number) will be recorded to preserve the confidentiality of your responses. And rest assured
that the results of this output study will be accessible prior to and after publication to
guarantee that the data provided was not faked and presented in an ethical and sufficient
manner.

Voluntary Participation
It is entirely up to you whether or not you participate in this research. Participants have the
decision of participating or not participating in this study. Participants must sign the consent
form if they wish to participate. Furthermore, they are free to withhold and terminate
involvement at any moment with no repercussions.
We hope this study would interest you and merit your participation. Thank you so very
much, and God bless!

If you have any concerns, you may contact us at our email address or contact us on our
telephone number:

Alentajan, Kimberly B.- 09562531141, kimberly.alentajan@cvsu.edu.ph

Almarza, Alpha Mae L. - 09673386724, alphamae.almarza@cvsu.edu.ph
De Vera, Joylyn Z. - 09602151100, joylyn.devera@cvsu.edu.ph
 COLLEGE OF NURSING

Research-made Questionnaire on the correlation between the Factors that influence the
Career preference of selected first year Nursing students at the Cavite State University Main
Campus A. Y 2021-2022.

Name (optional):

Directions: Put a (✔) all the box that best represents your answer.

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

Age
19 20 21 22 Others: please specify.

Sex
Female Male

Parent’s Occupation before pandemic: _________

Parent’s Occupation after pandemic: _________
Family monthly income:

₱ 5,000 – 10, 000 ₱ 15, 000 – 20, 000 ₱ 25,000 – 30, 000
₱ 35, 000 – 40, 000 ₱ 45, 000 - above
Directions: Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with each of
these statements regarding Career preference related factors. Put a (✔) all the box
that best represents your answer.

CAREER PREFERENCE RELATED FACTORS

4 = Strongly agree, 3 = Agree, 2 = Disagree, 1 = Strongly disagree 4 3 2 1

Family Influence

I chose nursing because I was inspired by one of my nurse relative/s.

I chose nursing because my parents (father/ mother) told me so.

My family will only support me financially if I choose nursing as my career.

My family expects me to finish nursing school.

I have a nurse relative (parents, siblings, auntie, etc.) in the family.

4 = Strongly agree, 3 = Agree, 2 = Disagree, 1 = Strongly disagree 4 3 2 1

Job Opportunities

I have a plan to work as an overseas nurse after graduation.

I have a nurse relative working abroad.

I dream of working abroad as a nurse.

I have been dreaming of traveling overseas as a nurse.

I am looking forward to opportunities, promotion, raises, and bonuses in my

nursing career.

4 = Strongly agree, 3 = Agree, 2 = Disagree, 1 = Strongly disagree 4 3 2 1

Personal Choice

It's been a dream of me becoming a nurse ever since.

I believe nursing is my career path, and I am constantly looking for a way to

comfort others.

I’ve always been very caring and compassionate.

 I've always wanted to pursue something interesting and challenging, and
nursing fits the criteria.

I believe nursing is a lifetime commitment.

4 = Strongly agree, 3 = Agree, 2 = Disagree, 1 = Strongly disagree 4 3 2 1

Covid-19 Pandemic

The impact of COVID-19 on our healthcare system drove me to study

nursing in order to assist and contribute to the workforce in providing care.

I was inspired to take nursing because I saw the nurses' efforts during the
COVID-19 pandemic's crucial stage.

I became more aware of the great significance of nurses in our community

due largely to COVID-19, which really influenced my decision to enroll.

I am certain that I need to study nursing, especially after learning that most
hospitals are understaffed during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The onset of COVID-19 pandemic makes me want to pursue nursing more.

None follows:
Thank You for participation. God Bless!
Comments and Suggestions:
_________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

_________________________
Signature over Printed Name
 APPENDICES D

Gantt Chart and Budgetary Proposal

 Appendix 5. Budgetary Requirements

Item Quantity Amount

1. Data Gathering Proper

● Printing
● Letter to conduct for college of nursing Php 980.00
● Participant consent form Php 110.00
● Questionnaire -
● Souvenir/token for participants Php 300.00
● Travel expenses (back and forth) Php. 1200.00

2. Final Oral Defense

● Printing
● Manuscript Php 1300.00
● Evaluation form Php 90.00
● Souvenir/token/food allowance for panel Php 500.00
● Clips, folder, etc. Php 140.00

3. Publication of Final Thesis Manuscript

● Printing of final manuscript
● Bookbinding Php 1200.00

4. Professional fee
● Thesis Adviser Php 1500.00
● Technical critic Php 800.00
● Statistician Php 2500.00
● English Critic Php 1000.00

Total expenses Php

11,620.00

Prepared by:
KIMBERLY B. ALENTAJAN
ALPHA MAE L. ALMARZA
JOYLYN Z. DE VERA

Approved by:
ROLANDO P. ANTONIO RN, MA Psy
Research Adviser
APPENDICES E

Curriculum Vitae
ALENTAJAN, KIMBERLY B.
Blk 51 Lot 30 MaryCris Complex Pascam II
General Trias, Cavite
Kimberly_alentajan@gmail.com
0956-253-1141

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
School Year
Christ Angel Science Academy 2006-2011
MaryCris Elementary School 2011-2012
Luis Y. Ferrer Jr. North National High School 2012-2016
Emilio Aguinaldo College- Cavite SHS 2016-2019
Cavite State University Main Campus- Indang 2019-up till now

AWARDS AND CERTIFICATES

● With Honors
Emilio Aguinaldo College- Cavite
A.Y. 2017-2018
● With Honors
Emilio Aguinaldo College- Cavite
A.Y. 2018-2019
● Outstanding Academic Performance
Luis Y. Ferrer Jr. North National High School
A.Y. 2015

PERSONAL DETAILS

Date of Birth: July 21,2001

Birth place: Dasmarinas, Cavite
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single
Hobbies: Reading books, Playing FPS games, watching movies
Languages Spoken: English, Tagalog

I hereby certify that all information written above are true and correct with the best of my
knowledge and belief.

KIMBERLY B. ALENTAJAN
Signature over printed name
ALMARZA, ALPHA MAE L.
Ph 2 Blk 62 Lot 36 Parklane Country Homes,
General Trias, Cavite
alphaalmarza@gmail.com
0967-338-6724

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
School Year
Kin Yang Academy 2006-2011
Parklane Elementary School 2011-2012
Kin Yang Academy 2012-2016
Emilio Aguinaldo College- Cavite SHS 2016-2019
Cavite State University Main Campus- Indang 2019-up till now

AWARDS AND CERTIFICATES

● With Honors
Emilio Aguinaldo College- Cavite
A.Y. 2017-2018
● With Honors
Emilio Aguinaldo College- Cavite
A.Y. 2018-2019

PERSONAL DETAILS

Date of Birth: October 20, 2000

Birth place: Dasmarinas, Cavite
Religion: Christian
Civil Status: Single
Hobbies: Reading books, watching movies
Languages Spoken: English, Tagalog

I hereby certify that all information written above are true and correct with the best of my
knowledge and belief.

ALPHA MAE L. ALMARZA

Signature over printed name
DE VERA, JOYLYN Z.
149, Indang Rd. Brgy Luciano,
Trece Martires City, Cavite
joylyndevera7@gmail.com
0960-215-1100

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
School Year
Trece Martires City Elementary School 2011-2012
Trece Martires City National High School 2012-2016
New Generation International School- SHS 2016-2019
Cavite State University Main Campus- Indang 2019-up til now

AWARDS AND CERTIFICATES

● With Honors
Trece Martires City National High School
A.Y. 2015-2016
● With Honors
New Generation International School- SHS
A.Y. 2018-2019

PERSONAL DETAILS
Date of Birth: December 28, 2000
Birth place: Trece Martires City, Cavite
Religion: Christian
Civil Status: Single
Hobbies: Reading books, watching movies
Languages Spoken: English, Tagalog

I hereby certify that all information written above are true and correct with the best of my
knowledge and belief.

JOYLYN Z. DE VERA
Signature over printed name
APPENDICES F

Table of Statistics
Pilot Study

RELIABILITY STATISTICS

Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

0.743 20

Table. The Alpha Cronbach Value (Konting et al., 2009)

Alpha Cronbach Value Interpretation
0.91 - 1.00 Excellent
0.81 - 0.90 Good
0.71 - 0.80 Good and Acceptable
0.61 - 0.70 Acceptable
0.01 - 0.60 Non-Acceptable

Reliability Statistics of the Pilot Study

This shows the reliability statistics of the pilot study is 0.743, which indicates

as good and acceptable. This means that high Cronbach's alpha values indicate that

each participant's response values for a given set of questions are consistent. The

research sample size is a total number of 30 respondents from Batangas State

University and the 20 items survey questionnaire was distributed in Google Forms via

an online platform.

Figure . Cronbach’s Alpha (Coefficient Alpha)

 APPENDICES G

Proposal Defense Matrix

 APPENDICES H

Final Defense Matrix

 Appendix 4. Gantt Chart

Research Title: FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CAREER PREFERENCE OF SELECTED FIRST YEAR NURSING STUDENTS AT
CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN UNIVERSITY A. Y 2021-2022
GANTT CHART 2020-2021
Activities SEPT OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL
Problem Identified
Title Proposal
Title Justification Form
Title Approval
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Validation of Instrument
Proposal Defense
Data Gathering
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Final Oral Defense
First Reading of manuscript
Second Reading of
manuscript
Third Reading of manuscript
English Critic
Final Defense
Final Manuscript

Approved by:

ROLANDO P. ANTONIO, RN, MAN, MA Psy

Research Advise
APPENDICES I

Documentation
 DOCUMENTATION

The research course began on September 7, 2021, with the assistance of Mr.

Rolando P. Antonio, our research instructor. The foundation for the development of

the research was initially discussed prior to the official formulation of the topic for

research. The group began to develop a research topic in early December because

the COVID-19 pandemic was at its peak when we were developing the title. The

researchers had experienced negative thoughts such as "What if nursing is not really

for me?" we questioned ourselves, "Why did we enter nursing in the first place?"

Another question is, "Why did first-year students enroll even though they were

already aware of COVID-19?" "Is there any other reason?" As a result, we want to

discover what drove first-year nursing students to pursue nursing as a career during

the academic year 2021-2022.

The researchers came up with the title "THE CORRELATION BETWEEN

COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND FACTORS AFFECTING CAREER PREFERENCE

AMONG 3RD YEAR NURSING STUDENTS AT CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY". After

that, the researchers started the study under the supervision of the research adviser.

Thoroughly and persevered to finish chapters 1 to 3 for the scheduled proposal

defense on June 11, 2022, the researchers did their best to present the topic in front

of respected panels. After thoroughly critiquing the research, some panels gave

recommendations and suggestions to improve the study. Mr. Rolando P. Antonio

recommended removing the word COVID-19 Pandemic in the title and modifying the

title to FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CAREER PREFERENCE OF SELECTED

FIRST YEAR NURSING STUDENTS AT CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN

CAMPUS A.Y 2021-2022. Ms. Jean Zamora suggested that if the researchers

proceed with the study, they could use the first-year students as respondents. Mrs.

Nenita Panaligan recommended removing SOP no. three because the term "desire"
is not measurable and revising the operational definition to make it more operational.

The researchers took into account all of the recommendations and suggestions

mentioned above in order to improve the study. The researchers were given enough

time after the proposal defense to revise the study, which will serve as the final

output of chapters 1 to 3 that will be passed to the research instructor. The research

instrument was then developed. The questionnaire has a total of 20 items, ensuring

that the survey questionnaire has been examined and validated by the three

validators that the researchers have chosen. To ensure the validity of the

questionnaire, researchers conducted a pilot study at Batangas State University with

a total of 30 respondents. After getting the data, the researchers forwarded the

results to the statistician to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The

researcher then surveyed the first-year nursing students at Cavite State University

using Google Forms. The researchers tallied all the results after receiving the data

and then sent the results to the statistician. Following the statistician's computation of

the researcher's results, the researcher then interpreted the data provided by the

statistician. The researchers then proceeded to complete chapters 4 and 5, which are

the two remaining chapters. After finishing the final two chapters, the researcher then

meets with their research adviser and technical critique to review their papers.

Researchers next meet with the other faculty members to get their signatures on the

CON RDE forms.

Image no. 1 & 2 Outline Proposal Defense
June 11, 2022
 Image no 3. Actual front page of Google Form sent to the respondents
May 03, 2023

Image no 4. Actual screenshot of responses gathered from the respondents

June 12, 2023
Image no 5. Dissemination of survey questionnaire online
June 04, 2023

Image no 6. Dissemination of survey questionnaire online

June 06, 2023
Image no. 7 & 8 Final Oral Defense
June 23, 2023
 APPENDICES J

Certificate of Grammarly
Image no. 9 Certificate of Report from Grammarly
December 8, 2023