Six 1014

(Introduction to Physics)

ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnetism can be
thought of as a combination
of electricity and magnetism, two
distinct but closely intertwined
phenomena.

They are the basis for the functioning

of such electromagnetic devices as
electric motors, TV transmitters and
receivers, telephones, fax machines,
radar and microwave ovens
ELECTROMAGNETISM : ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

MAGNETIC FLUX

When the magnetic field passing through a particular area (loop), the
magnetic flux will exist.

Φ B = B • A = BAcos 
The u n it of 𝚽𝐁 is T m 2 or Wb (Weber).
 Calculating Magnetic Flux When A is Not Perpendicular to B

The magnetic flux penetrating

the area A when the normal
𝐀
vector A makes an angle of  A 
with the B is: 𝐁

𝐁
B = BA cos 
Vertical
Conductors

Out of the page Into the page

Question 1
A square loop of wire, 10 c m on a side, is placed in a 3.0 T magnetic
field at the given angles. Find the magnetic flux through the loop in
each case.
normal
x x x x normal

x xAx x normal

x x x x
x x x x
A = 10 cm ×
(a)  = 00 (b)  = 900 (c)  = 350
10 cm
Question 2
A circular loop of radius 6.0 c m is in the uniform magnetic field of
0.30 T. Find the magnetic flux through the loop if the loop’s plane is
65 with the magnetic field.
 ELECTROMAGNETISM : ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
INDUCED Electromotive force (emf ) & FARADAY’S LAW
.

Emf produced when the change

of magnetic flux happened

➔ H o w to change the flux?

◆ R e c a l l th a t flux is:

B  B A cos
◆ C h a n g i n g B or A or  will
c h a n g e the flux.
Decreasing flux…. No change of flux
An increasing flux….
➔ H o w to change the flux?
◆ R e c a l l th a t flux is:

B  B A cos
◆ C h a n g i n g B or A or  will
c h a n g e the flux.
 Faraday’s Law

The e.m.f induced in a circuit is proportional to the rate of

change of the magnetic flux linkage in the circuit.
𝑑Φ
=-N
𝑑𝑡

The loop of wire will experience an induced voltage that

equals the rate of change of magnetic flux through it at any
given instant.

14
Question 3

A coil of wire (500 turns) with radius 4.00 cm is placed between the
poles of a magnet, where the magnetic field is uniform and at an angle
of 40 with the plane of the coil. The field decreases at a rate of 0.200 T
s-1. Find the magnitude of the induced e.m.f.
LENZ’S LAW

Lenz’s Law is used to determine the direction of the electric

current induced in a loop due to a change in magnetic flux inside
the loop.

✓ A closed conducting loop

✓ An external magnetic flux ; changing with time

An induced e.m.f in a wire loop (or coil) has a direction such that the current it
creates produces its own magnetic field that opposes the change in magnetic
flux through that loop (or coil).
Right hand rule # 1

If straight wire is grasped with the right hand, with the thumb pointing in
the direction of current, fingers will purl in direction of magnetic field.
Right hand rule #2

When a solenoid is grasped with the right hand, so that the finger curl in
the direction of the current, the outstretched thumb will point toward
the north pole of the magnetic field.
Right Hand Rule 3

When the fingers point in the direction of the magnetic field, (toward the
south pole of the magnet) and the thumb points in the direction of the
motion of the wire, the palm pushes in the direction of the induced current.
QUESTION 4
F ind the direction of the induced current (through G) when the
magnet is moving towards the coil and explain.
Induced polarity
QUESTION 5

An elastic metal loop of radius 12.0 cm is placed in a uniform magnetic field with
magnetic flux density 0.8 T, Figure below . The loop suddenly shrinks to a radius of
8.0 cm in 0.2 s.

(a) Calculate the change in magnetic flux.

(b) Determine the magnitude of induced e.m.f in the loop.
(c) State the direction of the induced current.
(d) Find the magnitude of the induced current if the resistance of the loop is 1.0 .