1

1 Two gas jars are set up as shown.

jar 1 jar 1
air

lid

jar 2 jar 2
brown
gas

before after

The lid is removed and the gas jars are left to stand. After some time the contents of both gas jars
are brown.

Which process causes this to happen?

A condensation
B diffusion
C evaporation
D filtration

2 Which piece of apparatus is used to measure variable quantities of liquid in a titration?

A B C D
 2

3 A sample of a green food colouring was separated into its component colours using paper
chromatography.

The results obtained are shown.

solvent front
yellow spot

blue spot

baseline

What is the Rf value of the blue spot?

A 0.45 B 0.90 C 1.10 D 2.20

4 In which row are the substances correctly classified?

element compound mixture

A brass sulfur water

B sulfur brass water
C sulfur water brass
D water sulfur brass

5 Which molecule contains only single covalent bonds?

A Cl 2 B CO2 C N2 D O2
 3

6 Which structure represents the sodium chloride lattice?

A B

Na– Cl + Na– Cl + + – + –

Cl + Na– Cl + Na– – + – +

Na– Cl + Na– Cl + + – + –

Cl + Na– Cl + Na– – + – +

C D

– – –
– + – + + + + +
– – –
– – – –
+ – + – + + + +
– – – –
–
–
– + – + + + + +
– – – – –
+ – + – + + + +
– – –
–

7 X and Y are isotopes of the same element.

Which statement is correct?

A X and Y have atoms with different numbers of electron shells.

B X and Y have atoms with the same nucleon number.
C X and Y have atoms with the same number of outer shell electrons.
D X and Y have different chemical properties.
 4

1 A gas is released at point Q in the apparatus shown.

point Q

damp Universal
Indicator paper

Which gas changes the colour of the damp Universal Indicator paper most quickly?

relative
gas
molecular mass

A ammonia 17
B carbon dioxide 44
C chlorine 71
D hydrogen 2

2 The diagrams show liquids in a burette and a measuring cylinder.

27 50

40

28 30

burette measuring cylinder

Which row shows the correct readings for the burette and the measuring cylinder?

measuring
burette
cylinder

A 27.8 42
B 27.8 44
C 28.2 42
D 28.2 44
 5

3 The diagram shows how muddy water can be purified.

muddy water

fine sand

gravel

small pebbles

clean water

Which process for purifying the muddy water is shown?

A crystallisation
B distillation
C filtration
D solvent extraction

4 Which statement explains why isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties?

A They have different numbers of neutrons.

B They have the same number of electrons as protons.
C They have the same number of electrons in the outer shell.
D They have the same number of protons in the nucleus.
 6

5 The formulae of some ions are shown.

positive ions negative ions

Al 3+ Br –
Ca2+ CO32–
Cu2+ NO3–
Fe3+ S2–
K+ SO42–

In which row is the formula not correct?

compound formula

A aluminium sulfate Al 2(SO4)3

B calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2
C iron(III) bromide Fe3Br
D potassium sulfide K2S

6 Diamond and silicon(IV) oxide both have giant structures.

Which statements are correct?

1 Both substances are compounds.

2 There are strong covalent bonds in diamond.

3 Silicon(IV) oxide is bonded ionically.

4 Both substances have very high melting points.

A 1 and 2 B 2 and 3 C 2 and 4 D 3 and 4

7 Which statement about metals is correct?

A Layers of positive ions can slide over each other making metals malleable.
B Metallic bonding consists of a lattice of negative ions in a sea of delocalised electrons.
C Metallic bonding consists of a lattice of positive ions in a sea of delocalised negative ions.
D Metals conduct electricity because positive ions are free to move.
 7

1 (a) The table below gives information about particles.

Complete the table. The first line has been done for you.

number of number of electronic charge on

particle
protons electrons configuration particle

A 12 10 2,8 2+

B 18 2,8,8 1–

C 18 2,8,8 0

D 8 10
[4]

(b) Gallium is a Group III element.

Define the term element.

....................................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) The following are gallium atoms.

69 71
31
Ga 31 Ga

Complete the following table.

number of number of number of

atom
protons neutrons electrons
69
31
Ga

71
31 Ga

[3]

[Total: 8]
 8

3 Carbon dioxide and silicon(IV) oxide are oxides of Group IV elements.

(a) Complete the following table.

carbon dioxide silicon(IV) oxide

formula SiO2

melting point / °C –56 1610

physical state at 25 °C gas

conduction of electricity non-conductor

structure macromolecular
[4]

(b) (i) Name the type of bonds that exist between the atoms in silicon(IV) oxide.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Explain why silicon(IV) oxide has a very high melting point.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why carbon dioxide has a very low
melting point.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iv) Explain, in terms of particles, why carbon dioxide is a non-conductor of electricity.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Suggest a chemical equation for the reaction between sodium hydroxide solution and
carbon dioxide.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
 9

(d) (i) Name the type of chemical reaction in which carbon dioxide is produced from fossil fuels.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the chemical process in which green plants convert carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Name the chemical process in which living things produce carbon dioxide.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 13]

(e) Nitrosyl chloride, NOCl, is a gas at room temperature. It has the structure shown.

O N Cl

(i) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of the outer shell electrons
in nitrosyl chloride.

O N Cl

[2]

(ii) Nitrosyl chloride has a boiling point of –6 °C.

Explain why nitrosyl chloride has a low boiling point.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]
 10

(b) NF3 has covalent bonds.

(i) What is a covalent bond?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
NF3.
Show outer shell electrons only.

F N F

[3]
(c) Air is a mixture. Nitrogen and oxygen are the two most common gases in air.

(i) What is meant by the term mixture?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the percentage of oxygen, to the nearest whole number, in clean dry air.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Describe the steps in the industrial process which enables nitrogen and oxygen to be
separated from clean dry air.

Use scientific terms in your answer.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) Which physical property of nitrogen and oxygen allows them to be separated?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
 11

1 The diagrams show the apparatus used to obtain crystals of calcium chloride from a mixture of solid
calcium chloride and solid calcium carbonate.
Calcium chloride is soluble in water and calcium carbonate is insoluble in water.

dish

solid
A B C

(a) Complete the boxes to name the apparatus. [2]

(b) (i) Write down the order in which the apparatus should be used in this experiment.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Name the separation process in C.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) (i) What has been added to the mixture in B?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) What is the general name given to the liquid in the dish in C?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(d) How would you know when to stop heating the dish in A?

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 7]
 12

2 (a) The table gives information about some atoms or ions, A, B and C.

Complete the table.

number of number of electronic

charge
protons electrons structure

A 11 10 2,8

B 18 0

C 10 2,8 –1
[4]

(b) (i) Carbon is an element.

Define the term element.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

6C, 6C and 146C are isotopes of carbon.

12 13
(ii)

Complete the table.

number of protons number of neutrons

6C
12

6C
13

6C
14

[2]

[Total: 7]
 13

3 Fluorine is a Group VII element. Fluorine forms compounds with metals and non-metals.

(a) Predict the physical state of fluorine at room temperature and pressure.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Fluorine exists as diatomic molecules.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

fluorine. Show outer shell electrons only.

F F

[2]

(c) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between sodium and fluorine.

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(d) Explain why chlorine does not react with aqueous sodium fluoride.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
 14

1 The table gives the boiling points of four alcohols.

alcohol boiling point / °C

methanol 65
ethanol 79
propan-1-ol 97
butan-1-ol 117

The apparatus shown can be used to separate a mixture of the four alcohols shown in the table.

condenser

mixture alcohol collected

of alcohols

heat

(a) Name the apparatus labelled A and B.

A ................................................................................................................................................

B ................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) Add to the diagram one arrow to show where water enters the condenser. [1]

(c) (i) Why is it not safe to heat the mixture of alcohols with a Bunsen burner?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Suggest how the mixture of alcohols can be heated safely?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]
 15

(d) Describe how the condenser allows the alcohol to be collected as a liquid.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) Which alcohol would be collected first?

Explain your answer.

alcohol collected first .................................................................................................................

explanation ................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

2 A sample of orange fruit jam was investigated to check the three colourings present.

Step 1 The jam was boiled with water.

Step 2 The mixture was filtered.

Step 3 The filtrate was concentrated.

Step 4 The concentrate was analysed by chromatography.

(a) What was the purpose of Step 1?

[1]

(b) Why was the mixture filtered?

[1]

(c) How was Step 3 carried out?

[1]

(d) Draw a diagram to show the possible paper chromatogram obtained in Step 4.

[2]
 The Periodic Table of Elements
Group
I II III IV V VI VII VIII
1 2
H He
hydrogen helium
Key 1 4
3 4 atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be atomic symbol B C N O F Ne
lithium beryllium name boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon
7 9 relative atomic mass 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
sodium magnesium aluminium silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon
85 88 89 91 93 96 – 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
16

55 56 57–71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
lanthanoids
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
caesium barium hafnium tantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon
133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 – – –
87 88 89–103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116
actinoids
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Fl Lv
francium radium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium bohrium hassium meitnerium darmstadtium roentgenium copernicium flerovium livermorium
– – – – – – – – – – – – –

57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
lanthanoids La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium lutetium
139 140 141 144 – 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
actinoids Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium lawrencium
– 232 231 238 – – – – – – – – – – –

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)