Chapter 14-15

1. the ability to cause disease

2. Words containing the prefix “path-” or “patho-” pertain to
3. mean colonization by a pathogen
4. one microbe or group of microbes wards off another
5. Once a pathogen has gained entrance to the body, the course of an infectious disease has four periods or
phases
6. is the time that elapses between arrival of the pathogen and the onset of symptoms
7. is the time during which the patient feels “out of sorts” but does not yet experience actual symptoms of the
disease.
8. is the time during which the patient recovers.
9. is the time during which the patient experiences the typical symptoms associated with that particular
disease
10. Pimples, boils, and abscesses are examples of
11. When the infection has spread throughout the body, it is referred to as either a
12. has a rapid onset, usually followed by a relatively rapid recovery; measles, mumps, and influenza are
examples.
13. has an insidious (slow) onset and lasts a long time; examples are tuberculosis, leprosy
14. Some diseases, such as bacterial endocarditis, come on more suddenly than a chronic disease, but less
suddenly than an acute disease; they are referred to as
15. is defined as some evidence of a disease that is experienced or perceived by the patient— something that is
subjective.
16. is a disease in which the patient is experiencing symptoms.
17. is a disease that the patient is unaware of because he or she is not experiencing any symptoms
18. is defined as some type of objective evidence of a disease.
19. Greek word “________,” meaning to lie hidden.
20. An infectious disease may go from being symptomatic to asymptomatic and then, sometime later, go back to
being symptomatic.
21. a painful infection of the nerves, is considered a latent manifestation of chickenpox
22. Stages of syphilis.
23. One infectious disease may commonly follow another, in which case the first disease is referred to as a
primary infection and the second disease is referred to as a secondary infection.
24. In general, the pathogenesis of infectious diseases often follows the following sequence
25. The _________________________are capable of causing disease, whereas the _______________________
are not.
26. is used to express a measure or degree of pathogenicity.
27. Similarly, only certain strains of S. pyogenes produce
28. The physical attributes or properties of pathogens that enable them to escape various host defense
mechanisms and cause disease are called
29. Molecules on a host cell’s surface that pathogens are able to recognize and attach to are called
30. is able to attach to cells bearing a surface receptor called CD4
31. Molecules on a pathogen’s surface that recognize and attach to receptors on a host cell’s surface are called
32. are long, thin, hairlike, flexible projections composed primarily of an array of proteins called pilin
33. are considered to be virulence factors because they enable bacteria to attach to surface
34. Because bacterial fimbriae enable bacteria to colonize surfaces, they are sometimes referred to as
35. Certain pathogens, such as Gram-negative bacteria in the genera Rickettsia and Chlamydia must live within
host cells to survive and multiply; they are referred to as
36. Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp. are __________________________________, whereas Plasmodium and
Babesia spp. are __________________________________________.
37. are capable of both an intracellular and extracellular existence.
38. The two most important categories of phagocytes in the human body (referred to as “professional
phagocytes”)
39. are considered to be virulence factors because they serve an antiphagocytic function
40. are considered to be virulence factors because they enable flagellated bacteria to invade areas of the body
that nonflagellated bacteria cannot reach.
41. The major mechanisms by which pathogens cause disease are certain exoenzymes or toxins that they
produce.
42. Many pathogens produce exoenzymes that destroy tissues; these are collectively referred to as
43. is a virulence factor that causes clotting.
44. are exoenzymes that dissolve clots.
45. is the name of a kinase produced by streptococci
46. is the name of a kinase produced by staphylococci.
47. The “spreading factor,” as ________________________ is sometimes called, enables pathogens to spread
through connective tissue by breaking down ______________________________
48. the polysaccharide “cement” that holds tissue cells together
49. breaks down collagen (the supportive protein found in tendons, cartilage, and bones). This enables the
pathogens to invade tissues.
50. are enzymes that cause damage to the host’s red blood cells
51. is an exoenzyme that causes destruction of host cell membranes.
52. ___________________ breaks down phospholipids that are collectively referred to as __________________
53. The two major categories of toxins are
54. The ability of pathogens to damage host tissues and cause disease may depend on the production and
release of various types of poisonous substances, referred to as
55. which are integral parts of the cell walls of Gramnegative bacteria, can cause a number of adverse
physiologic effects.
56. are toxins that are produced within cells and then released from the cells.
57. is a very serious disease consisting of chills, fever, prostration (extreme exhaustion), and the presence of
bacteria or their toxins in the bloodstream.
58. Substances that cause fever are known as
59. can cause serious, adverse, physiologic effects such as fever and shock.
60. is a life-threatening condition resulting from very low blood pressure and an inadequate blood supply to
body tissues and organs, especially the kidneys and brain.
61. The type of shock that results from Gram-negative sepsis is known as
62. are poisonous proteins that are secreted by a variety of pathogens.
63. The most potent exotoxins are ______________________, which affect the central nervous system (CNS).
64. The neurotoxins produced by _______________________________ and ___________________________—
_______________________ and __________________________—cause tetanus and botulism, respectively
65. affects control of nerve transmission, leading to a spastic, rigid type of paralysis in which the patient’s
muscles are contracted
66. also blocks nerve impulses but by a different mechanism, leading to a generalized, flaccid type of paralysis in
which the patient’s muscles are relaxed.
67. are toxins that affect the gastrointestinal tract, often causing diarrhea and sometimes vomiting.
68. _____________________ strains of S. aureus causes the epidermal layers of skin to slough away, leading to
a disease known as scalded skin syndrome.
69. produced by some strains of S. pyogenes, causes scarlet fever.
70. are toxins that destroy white blood cells (leukocytes).
71. cause destruction of the very cells that the body sends to the site of infection to ingest and destroy
pathogens.
72. produced by toxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae, inhibits protein synthesis
73. Some pathogens are able to periodically change their surface antigens, a phenomenon known as
74. Example of pathogens capable of antigenic variation
75. pathogens cover their surface antigens with host proteins, so the pathogens will not be recognized as being
foreign.
76. It is also interesting that in ____________________, antibodies produced by the host against antigens of
_____________________________ can cause damage to the host’s heart, lung, brain, and red blood cells.
77. Several bacterial pathogens, including H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, and streptococci, produce an enzyme
_______________________ that destroys IgA antibodies
78. A bloodstream infection with ___________________________ could result in the release of endotoxin into
the bloodstream.
79. Communicable diseases are most easily transmitted during the:
80. Enterotoxins affect cells in the:
81. ways in which the body protects itself from pathogens
82. ways in which the body protects itself from pathogens—can be thought of as an army consisting of three
lines of defense
83. Categories of host defense mechanisms
84. The first two lines of defense are
85. In the third line of defense (or specific host defense mechanisms), special proteins called ________________
are usually produced in the body in response to the presence of foreign substances. These foreign
substances are called _______________ because they stimulate the production of specific antibodies; they
are _______________________________ substances.
86. are general and serve to protect the body against many harmful substances.
87. The oily ___________ that is produced by sebaceous glands in the skin contains fatty acids, which are toxic
to some pathogens.
88. _____________________ serves as a nonspecific host defense mechanism by flushing organisms from pores
and the surface of the skin.
89. Perspiration also contains the enzyme, _______________, which degrades ________________________ in
bacterial cell walls
90. is a protein that binds iron, a mineral that is required by all pathogens.
91. lysozyme destroys bacterial cell walls by degrading ______________________.
92. is an enzyme that produces superoxide radicals, highly reactive forms of oxygen, which are toxic to bacteria.
93. The _______________________________ on epithelial cells in the respiratory tract moves trapped dust and
microbes upward toward the throat, where they are swallowed or expelled.
94. the following factors protect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from bacterial colonization and are therefore
considered to be nonspecific host defense mechanisms:
95. which is secreted from the liver into the small intestine, lowers the surface tension and causes chemical
changes in bacterial cell walls and membranes that make bacteria easier to digest.
96. ________________ and _______________ serve to remove pathogens from the GI tract and urinary tract,
respectively.
97. when resident microbes of the indigenous microbiota prevent colonization by new arrivals to a particular
anatomical site, it is known as
98. A decrease in the number of indigenous microbiota at a particular anatomical site can lead to an overgrowth
of pathogens or opportunistic pathogens present at the site; this is referred to as a
99. A superinfection of ____________________ yeasts in the vagina may lead to the condition known as yeast
vaginitis.
100. Some bacteria produce proteins that kill other bacteria; collectively, these antibacterial substances
are known as
101. Pathogens able to penetrate the first line of defense are usually destroyed by nonspecific cellular
and chemical responses, collectively referred to as
102. glycoprotein synthesized in the liver, has a high affinity for iron.
103. Transferrin, fever, interferons, the complement system, inflammation, and phagocytosis are all part
of
104. Its normal function is to store and deliver iron to host cells.
105. serves as a host defense mechanism by depriving pathogens of iron.
106. Substances that stimulate the production of fever are called
107. The resulting increased body temperature (fever) is considered to be a
108. is a pus-producing microbe
109. are small, antiviral proteins produced by virus-infected cells
110. types of interferon
111. _____________________ is produced by B lymphocytes (B cells), monocytes, and macrophages;
__________________________, by fibroblasts and other virus-infected cells; and ___________________, by
activated T lymphocytes (T cells) and natural killer cells (NK cells).
112. is not a single entity, but rather a group of approximately 30 different proteins (including nine
proteins designated as C1 through C9) that are found in normal blood plasma
113. The proteins of the complement system, sometimes collectively referred to as _________________,
interact with each other in a stepwise manner, known as the
114. The major consequences of complement activation are listed here:
115. _____________________ is a process by which phagocytosis is facilitated by the deposition of
______________, such as antibodies or certain complement fragments, onto the surface of particles or cells.
116. Plasma levels of molecules collectively referred to as ____________________ proteins increase
rapidly in response to infection, inflammation, and tissue injury.
117. They serve as host defense mechanisms by enhancing resistance to infection and promoting the
repair of damaged tissue
118. ______________________________ are chemical mediators that are released from many different
types of cells in the human body. They enable cells to communicate with each other.
119. The body normally responds to any local injury, irritation, microbial invasion, or bacterial toxin by a
complex series of events collectively referred to as
120. The four cardinal or main signs and symptoms of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling (edema),
and pain.
121. allows more blood to flow to the site, bringing redness and heat
122. Plasma escapes from the capillaries into the surrounding area, causing the site to become
123. The accumulation of fluid, cells, and cellular debris at the inflammation site is referred to as an
124. If the exudate is thick and greenish yellow, containing many live and dead leukocytes, it is known as
125. The primary functions of this system include draining and circulating intercellular fluids from the
tissues and transporting digested fats from the digestive system to the blood
126. Phagocytic white blood cells are called phagocytes, and the process by which _________________
surround and engulf (ingest) foreign material is called _____________________
127. serve as a “cleanup crew” to rid the body of unwanted and often harmful substances, such as dead
cells, unused cellular secretions, debris, and microbes.
128. are named for the prominent cytoplasmic granules that they possess
129. Phagocytic granulocytes include
130. ___________________ are much more efficient at phagocytosis than ____________________.
131. An abnormally high number of eosinophils in the peripheral bloodstream is known as
132. third type of granulocyte, are also involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions, although they are
not phagocytes
133. Macrophages develop from a type of leukocyte called monocytes during the inflammatory response
to infections.
134. Those that leave the bloodstream and migrate to infected areas are called
135. also known as histocytes or histiocytes) remain within tissues and organs and serve to trap foreign
debris
136. Macrophages are extremely efficient phagocytes. They are found in tissues of the
137. The four steps in phagocytosis are
138. Phagocytosis begins when __________________ move to the site where they are needed. This
directed migration is called __________________ and is the result of chemical attractants referred to as
_______________________________
139. Chemotactic agents that are produced by various cells of the human body are called _____________
140. Phagocytes can only ingest objects to which they can __________
141. Pseudopodia surround the object, and it is taken into the cell
142. The object is broken down and dissolved by digestive enzymes and other mechanisms
143. Within the cytoplasm of the phagocyte, the object is contained within a membrane-bound vesicle
called a
144. The phagosome next fuses with a nearby lysosome to form a _____________________________,
within which killing and digestion occur
145. G. lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis) is a flagellated protozoan parasite that causes a
diarrheal disease known as ______________
146. _________________ and ________________________ are intraleukocytic bacteria, which are able
to live and multiply within leukocytes.
147. Some patients have an abnormally low number of circulating leukocytes—a condition known as
________________________
148. is an abnormally low number of circulating neutrophils
149. is a type of cancer in which there is a proliferation of abnormal leukocytes in the blood.
150. When a patient has an abnormally high number of circulating leukocytes, the condition is known as
________________
151. Decreased neutrophil chemotaxis also occurs in the inherited childhood disease known as
152. is an often fatal genetic disorder that is characterized by repeated bacterial infections.