CHAPTER : 2 Structure of atom

Class : +1

(Part 4)

Rutherford model of
Atom
its drawback
Bohr model of atom,
Its drawback

BY: BHARAT
And THAKUR
 Rutherford model of atom
On the basis of his scattering experiments Rutherford give his model of atom as:
“ A heavy positive charge called nucleus is present in the center of atom and
electrons revolve around it in circular path”
The centrifugal force balance the
electrostatic attraction of nucleus
on the electron hence electron do Electron
not fall in the nucleus.
nucleus
The nucleus consist of protons and containing
P+n
neutrons and the mass of atom is proton and
due to the mass of nucleus and neutron
electrons have negligible mass.
The positive charge on the nucleus
is due to protons.

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 Drawbacks of Rutherford model of atom.
According to the classical electromagnetic theory if a charged particle accelerate
Around an oppositely charge particle it will radiate energy.
If an electron radiates energy, its speed
will decrease and it will go into spiral
motion and finally falls into the nucleus.
Similarly if an electron moving
through orbitals of ever decreasing
radii would rise the radiations of all
possible frequencies.
P+n
In other wards it give rise to a
continuous spectrum. But in actual
practice atoms give discontinuous

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 BOHR’S MODEL OF ATOM
1. An atom consist of a small heavy positively charged nucleus in the center
and surrounded by electrons. The electrons in an atom revolve around
the nucleus only in selected circular paths which have a fixed value of radius
and energy.
2. These paths are called orbits .
theses orbits are associated with definite
energies and are called energy shells or
energy levels.
These are numbered as 1,2,3,4….etc. and
designated as K,L,M,N….etc. shells.
3.The electron revolves in circular orbits
around the nucleus which are restricted by
nstein
the- Planck equation.
quantization = hν = hc/λ i.e. they revolve in orbits where the
E2-E1momentum
of angular
b energy from some source and jump from a lower energy level to a
angular momentum of electron is an integral multiple of h/2π, mvr =
nh
own in the following figure. 2π
where h is Planck's constant.
These orbits are called stationary states.

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 4. The energy of the atom has a definite value in a stationary orbit.
The electron can jump from one stationary orbit to another.
If it jumps from an orbit of higher energy E2 to an orbit of lower energy E1
it emits a energy in form of photon.
The energy of the photon is E2-E1
higher
The wavelength of the emitted radiation is given E2 energy
by the Einstein - Planck equation. level
E2-E1 = hν = hc/λ

E1 Lower
The electron can also absorb energy from energy
some source and jump from a lower energy level
level to a higher energy level as shown

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5. The energy of different stationary states in case of H-atom is given by
the expression (called Bohr formula)
where , m= mass of electron,
En = - 2 π2 me4 where , m= mass of electron, e = charge on el
e = charge on electron ,
2 2 2 n= 1,2,3….(,no. of shell) , putting the values o
En = - 2h π me4
n h = plank’swhere
constantm= mass of electron, e = char
n 2 2
h n= 1,2,3….( no. of shell) , putting the
En= 1,2,3….( no. of shell)
n = - 1312
, putting the values of these , we get,
Kj /mol
2
n
En = - 1312 Kj /mol
2 En = - 1312 Z 2 Kj /
n n2
En = - 1312 Z
For H-like particles e.g. He+ , Li2+ , the expression for energy is : n2

En = -1312 Z2 Kj /mol where Z= atomic number

n2

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6. The radii of the stationary states of the H-atom are given as

rn = a0 n2 where a0 = 52.9 pm is radius of first shell.

For H-like particles e.g. He+ , Li2+ rn = a0 n2 / z where z = atomic number

7. The velocity of electrons in different orbits is given by the expression

where V0= 2.188 x 108 cm/s is velocity of electron in first orbit.

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 En = - 2 π2 me4 where , m= mass of electron, e
n 2 2
h n= 1,2,3….( no. of shell) , putt
Question:- Why the electronic energy is taken as negative ?
En = - 1312 Kj /mol
n2
Answer:- When the electron is at infinite distance from the nucleus its En = -
energy is assumed to be zero. As the electron move closer to the nucleus due
to electrostatic attraction work is done by the electron itself and hence energy
is released. consequently , its energy decreases and it takes energy values less
than zero, which means negative values.

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 Problems with the Bohr Model
1. It violates the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle because it considers
electrons to have both a known radius and orbit.
2. The Bohr Model provides an incorrect value for the ground state orbital
angular momentum.
3. It makes poor predictions regarding the spectra of larger atoms.
It does not predict the relative intensities of spectral lines.
4. The Bohr Model does not explain fine structure and hyperfine structure in
spectral lines.
5. It does not explain the Zeeman Effect
i.e. splitting of spectral line in magnetic field
and stark effect i.e. splitting of spectral line in electric field.

6. if the wave character of electron is taken into consideration then the path
of motion of electron cannot be well define so, the Uncertainty principle
rule out the Bohr’s idea of well defined circular paths.

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 Study the topics discussed in this video
In next video We will study
De-broglie concept of dual nature De-broglie wavelength
Uncertainty principle Quantum model of atom and numericals

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