PHYSICS(042) – XII

PROJECT DOCUMENT

“ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION”

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO A.PREETHI

RUBA JASMINE

20661383 (PGT) CLASS XII

AISSCE 2021-2022
 This is to certify that the Chemistry project on “ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION” has been successfully completed by A.PREETHI RUBA
JASMINE of Class XII, The Avatar Public School for consideration in partial
fulfillment of curriculum of Central Board of Secondary Education(CBSE) of
Chemistry (043) for the awardof AISSCE Practical Examination 2021-2022

I certify that this project is up to my expectation and as per the guidelines issued
by the CBSE.

(External Examiner)

(Internal Examiner) (Principal)

DECLARATION

I R.GOPIKA , bearing roll no 20661376, a student of Class XII from the Avatar
Public School hereby declare that I own the full responsibility for the
information, results etc. provided in this project titled “Electromagnetic
Induction”. It has been developed successfully by using the facilities provided at
The Avatar Public School in complete fulfillment of project (curriculum of
Central Board of Secondary Education CBSE of Chemistry (043) conducted by
CBSE, New Delhi for the academic session 2021-22.

I also declare that this project work has neither been submitted to any other
board nor published at any time by me in the past.

A.PREETHI RUBA JASMINE

(20661383)

Class XII
Avatar Public School
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to my Physics

teacher(name) for their able guidance and support in completing my
project.

I express my sincere thanks to our beloved Principal Mrs. B.

REMYA, M.A.,B.Ed., Avatar Public School, Chettipalayam, Coimbatore,
for support and encouragement to complete the project.

I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to our

respectedCorrespondent Mr. M. SENTHIL KUMAR, MDCS., MCA., and Secretary
Mr.

C. ARUL PRAKASAM, M.Sc., Avatar Public School, Chettipalayam,

Coimbatore,for providing adequate facilities that was required.

Date: A.PREETHI RUBA JASMINE 12th science

INDEX

∙ Certificate

∙ Acknowledgements ∙
Declaration
∙ Aim

∙ Introduction

∙ Magnetic flux

∙ Law

∙ Conclusion

∙ Bibliography
AIM:
To determine the faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction using a copper
wire wound over an iron rod and strong magnet.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1)Insulated Copper Wire

2)An Strong Rod

3)A Strong Magnet and

4)A Light Emitting Diode(LED)

INTRODUCTION
Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism that
predicts how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit
produce an electromotive force(EMF ). It is the fundamental
operating principle of transformers, inductors, and many types of
electrical motors and generators.
Electromagnetic Induction was discovered independently by Michael
Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to
publish the results of his experiments. Faraday explained
electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force.
These equations for electromagnetics are extremely important since they
provide a means to precisely describe how many natural physical
phenomena in our universe arise and behave. The ability to
quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain a
better understanding of our universe ,but it also makes possible a host of
technological innovation that define modern society. Understanding
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction can be beneficial since so
many aspects of our daily life function because of the principles behind
Faraday’s Law. From natural phenomena such as the light, we receive
from the sun to technologies that improve our quality of life such as
electric power generation, Faraday’s Law has a great impact on many
aspects of our lives.

Faraday's Law is the result of the experiments of the English chemist

and physicist Michael Faraday. The concept of electromagnetic
induction was actually Faraday's first experimental demonstration of
electromagnetic induction (August 29, 1831), he wrapped two wires
around opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement similar
to a modern toroidal transformer) to induce current

Faraday's First Experiment

Some physicists have remarked that Faraday's law is a single equation

describing two different phenomena: the motional EMF generated by a
magnetic force on a moving wire (see Lorentz force), and the
transformer EMF generated by an electric force due to a changing
magnetic field (due to the Maxwell – Faraday equation). James Clerk
Maxwell drew attention to this fact in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines
of Force. In the latter half of part II of that paper, Maxwell gives a
separate physical explanation for each of the two phenomena. A
reference to these two aspects of electromagnetic induction is made in
some modern textbooks.

Magnetic flux

The magnetic flux through a surface is the compent of the B field

passing through that surface. The SI unit of magnetic flux is A the
weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds), and the CGS unit is the
maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with a fluxmeter, which
contains measuring coils and electronics that evaluates the change of
voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the magnetic flux. If the
magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux passing through a surface
of vector area S is where B is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the
magnetic flux density) having the unit of Wb/m² (Tesla), S is the area of
the surface, and is the angle between the magnetic field lines and the
normal (perpendicular) to S.

For a varying magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic flux

through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may consider the
field to be constant

From the definition of the magnetic vector potential A and the

fundamental theorem of the curl the magnetic flux may also be defined
as:

фв = A dE,

where the line integral is taken over the boundary of the surface S.
LAW
The most widespread version of Faraday's law states:

“The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to

the negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through
the circuit.”

This version of Faraday's law strictly holds only when the closed circuit
is a loop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid in other circumstances as
discussed below. A different version, the Maxwell – Faraday equation
(discussed below), is valid in all circumstances.

When the flux changes because B changes, or because the wire loop is
moved or deformed, or both Faraday's law of induction says that the
wire loop acquires an EMF , defined as the energy available per unit
charge that travels once around the wire loop (the unit of EMF is the
volt). Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by cutting
the wire to create an open circuit and attaching a voltmeter to the leads.
According to the Lorentz force law (in SI units),

F=q(E+v*B)

where E is the electric field, B is the magnetic field (aka magnetic flux
density, magnetic induction), de is an infinitesimal arc length along the
wire, and the line integral is evaluated along the wire (along the curve
the coincident with the shape of the wire).
The Maxwell - Faraday equation states that a time varying magnetic
field is always accompanied by a spatially-varying, non-conservative
electric field, and vice-versa.

CONCLUSION

Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed and

published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth century, describes a
very important electromagnetic concept. Although its mathematical
representations are cryptic, the essence of Faraday's is not hard to grasp:
it relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic magnetic
field. This concept has many far-reaching ramifications that touch our
lives in many ways: from the shining of the sun to the convenience of
mobile communications, to electricity to power our homes. We can all
appreciate the profound impact Faraday's Law has on us.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

∙ https://en.wikipedia.org

∙ https://www.google.co.in

∙ Class 12 NCERT Textbook ∙

https://www.vaibhavkandwal.com