10-02-2023

HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION
ENGINEERING( PE40002 )

Dr. Vishnu Chandrasekharan Nair

Assistant Professor
Deysarkar Centre of Excellence in Petroleum Engineering
IIT Kharagpur, India
Email: vishnuc@iitkgp.ac.in

Course outline

 Oil and Gas Production System

 Well Completion

 Formation damage, Well Stimulation and Workover Methods

 Well Production Performance

 Artificial Lift

 Surface Processing of Oil and Gas

 Storage and Transportation

 Offshore production facilities

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Text Book/References

 Petroleum Production Engineering: A Computer Assisted Approach, Boyun

Guo, William C. Lyons, Ali Ghalambor

 Working Guide to Petroleum and Natural Gas Production Engineering, William

Lyons

 Principles of Oil Well Production, T.E.W.Nind

 Surface Production Operations, Ken Arnold & Maurice Stewart

Evaluation Scheme

 Assignment: 10%
 Quiz: 10%
 Midsem: 30%
 EndSem: 50%
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Global Crude Oil Consumption

Top five consumer countries

(by 2019)

Million bbl/d
 US (17.1 million bbl/d)
 China (14.22 million bbl/d)
 India (4.6 million bbl/d)
 Saudi Arabia (3.5 million
bbl/d)
 Russia (3.2 million bbl/d)

(Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021)

Global Crude Oil Consumption

(Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021)

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Global Crude Oil Production

Top five producer countries

(by 2019)

 US (16.4 mbbl/d)
 Saudi Arabia (11 mbbl/d)
 Russia (10.6 mbbl/d)
 Canada (5.1 mbbl/d)
 Iraq (4.1 mbbl/d)

(Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021)

Indian Scenario

 Current Consumption: 4.6 million bbl/day

 Production: ~0.6 bbl/day
 Import: 4 million bbl/day
Thousands bbl/d

Source: CEIC
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Review of rock properties

Sedimentary rocks
Secondary rocks – from weathering of older rocks

Porosity

The measure of the storage capacity capable of holding the fluid

Denoted usually by Φ

Φ = Pore volume/Bulk volume

Absolute porosity = Total pore volume/ bulk volume

Effective porosity = Total interconnected pore volume/ bulk volume

Original porosity (or primary porosity)

The porosity preserved from deposition through lithification

Induced porosity (secondary porosity)

The porosity is created through the alteration of rock, commonly dissolution

and fracturing
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SATURATION
Saturation is defined as that fraction, or percent, of the pore volume occupied by a
particular fluid (oil, gas, or water).

Critical oil saturation, Soc

• Minimum saturation above which oil starts flowing
Residual oil saturation, Sor
• Saturation of remaining oil left after any displacement process
• Sor>Soc

Residual saturation is associated with non wetting phase

• Movable oil saturation
• Fraction of pore volume occupied by movable oil

Critical gas saturation

• Minimum saturation above which gas starts to flow

Critical water saturation

• It is the irreducible or connate or interstitial water saturation. Water in the oil
and gas zones can be reduced up to this irreducible minimum

Darcy’s Law
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A porous medium (shown schematically in the figure) has the following properties.
Length L = 600 m, Width W = 8 m, Height h = 0.5 m, Permeability k = 100 mD, Porosity
ϕ = 15%. An incompressible fluid having a viscosity of 2 cP is flowing through a porous
medium at the inlet and exit pressures of 7 × 106 Pa and 6 × 106 Pa, respectively. The
actual fluid velocity through the porous medium is ____________× 10-7 m/s.
(1 Darcy = 10-12 m2)

A porous medium is blended with three types of sediment fractions, fine pebble gravel
with porosity (∅𝑝𝑒𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑒 =38 %), sand ( ∅𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑑 =32% ) and fine sand (∅𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒−𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑
=30%). The three sediments are mixed in such proportions that the sand fill the pore
volume of fine pebbles completely and the fine sand fills the pore volume of sand
completely. The total porosity of such an irregular system is %
(Write answer with two decimal places)
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Petroleum Production System

Petroleum Production System

The petroleum production system transports reservoir fluids from

the subsurface reservoir to the surface, processes and treats the
fluids, and prepares the fluids for storage and transportation to
costumers.
Elements in a petroleum production system:
 Reservoir
 Wellbore
 Surface wellhead
 Tubular goods and flowlines
 Processing equipment
 Storage tank and transportation pipelines
 Artificial lift equipment
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Drilling overview

 The modern day oil and gas

wells are drilled with rotary
“drilling rigs”
 The drilling of subsurface rocks
are accomplished with a rotary
drilling bit rotated with the help
of a drill string
 The drilling string consists of
drill pipes, drill collars and
various other necessary
equipment
 The drilling rig is powered
either with IC engine or electric
motors known as prime movers
 The power from prime mover is
transmitted to the drilling
rotary table and other
equipments
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Rotary system

pdc bit tricone bit

Hoisting system
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Circulating system

Power system
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Pressure control system

Casing
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Casing Design: Need

 Wellbore Stability
• Provides strength by preventing cavings
• prevent contamination of water and sand
• Preserve the inner casings from corrosion
• Prevent issues such as kick or lost circulation.
• Isolate reactive formations from servicing fluids

Installation provision for wellhead equipment

• blowout preventers
• production packers, and
• production tubing.

5-in. production
liner

Casing Types: 1. Conductor Casing

 The outermost casing string.

 Length ≈ 40 to 600 ft.

 Outside Diameter (OD):

 for shallow wells, typical OD is 16 in.

 For deep wells, typical OD is 20 in.

 Features

 Isolates the initial formation zone.

 Protects the subsequent casing strings

from corrosion.

 May be used to support some of the

well load structurally.

 Spud mud used while drilling the zone

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Casing Types: 2. Surface Casing

 Length ≈ 300 to 5000 ft. (onshore).*

 Outside Diameter (OD):

 Typical designs: 10-3/4”. and 13-3/8”.

 Features

 protects the shallow freshwater sands

from contamination

 Protects the subsequent casing strings

from corrosion.

 Supports the BOP (blow out preventer).

 Spud mud or WBM typically used while drilling the zone

*Owing possibility of contamination of shallow water-supply aquifers, surface-casing setting depths and
cementing practices are often subject to government regulations.

Casing Types: 3. Intermediate Casing

 Length ≈ 4000 to 15000 ft.

 Outside Diameter (OD):

 Typical designs: 9 5/8” to 13 3/8”

 Features

 Protects from abnormally pressured formations,

lost circulation zones, unstable shale sections, or salt sections

 Sustains high-density drilling fluids.

 WBMs or OBMs based on requirement

used while drilling the zone

 additional intermediate casings may be required

based on sensitivity of the formation.
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Casing Types: 4. Liner

 Length ≈ 500 to 4000 ft.

 Outside Diameter (OD):

 Typical designs: 3” to 7 5/8”

 Features

 Liners are casing strings that do not extend to the surface.

 A liner hanger is used to suspend the top of the liner

in the previous casing shoe.

 Principal advantage: lower cost

 Challenges:

o if a hanger fails to suspend the liner correctly or

if a seal between the liner and the larger casing is not effective.

o using a liner exposes the previous casing string it to additional wear.

Casing Types: 4. Liner

 Types of Liners
 Drilling Liner
o Function same as intermediate casing.
o May overlaps the existing casing by 200 to 400 ft.
o Isolates troublesome zones and to permit drilling below these zones
without having well problems.

 Production Liner
o Function same as production casing.
o Provide isolation across the production or injection zones.

 Tie-back Liner
o connected to the top of the liner and extends to the surface,
o converts liner to full string of (detachable) casing.

 Scab Liner
o A section of casing used to repair existing damaged casing.
o It may be cemented or sealed with packers.
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Casing Types: 4. Liner

 Demonstrating tie-back liner

Casing Accessories

Guide shoe Float collar and Float shoe Centralizer Scratcher

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Running casing pipe

Selection of Casing Seats

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Cementing the Wellbore

Cementing
What is cementing?
Cementing is the process of mixing a slurry of cement,
cement additives and water and pumping it down through
casing to critical points in the annulus around the casing or in
the open hole below the casing string.
 Oil well cement is made up • Accelerators
of API specification 10A • Retarders
and depending upon • Weighting agents
properties they are divided • Dispersants
into 8 classes : A - H • Fluid loss additives
 Class A, C, G and H are the • Loss circulation
basic well cements control agents
 Chemical additives are • Etc.
added to the cements to
control properties of the
cements (such as density,
rheology, fluid loss) and to
cover a wide range of
down-hole conditions
 Main class of additives are:
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Secondary Cementing
 When a primary cementing job objectives have not been achieved or
when cement or casing has failed over time secondary cementing jobs
Method
are performed
Purpose of secondary cementing job:
 Seal loss circulation zone
 Repair improper zonal isolation
 Prevent water or gas intrusion
 Repair casing leaks
 Abandonment of depleted zone
 Selective shut off for water injection
 Well abandonment

Types of secondary cementing jobs:

 Squeeze cementing
 Plug cementing

Need of Cementing the Wellbore

 Need
 Set the casing in place.
 Prevent formation-fluid influx and potential blowout
 Prevent flow in un-intended sections behind casings.
 Prevent sustained annular pressure.
 Prevent loss of casing integrity due to corrosion.
 Provide zonal isolation
 Support axial load of casing string
 Support the borehole

 Cementing design challenge

 The slurry needs to achieve adequate strength soon after being placed in
the desired location so that waiting is minimized to begin the next
operation.
 However, the cement must remain pumpable long enough at high
temperatures to allow placement to the desired location.
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Overview of Field Cementing Process

Derrick

Cement
Head

Water
Tank

Water Line
Bulk Cement

Discharge line

Cementing is a process of placing a cement slurry in a well by mixing powdered cement, additives
and water at the surface and pumping it by hydraulic displacement to desired location.

Overview of Field Cementing Process

 Core steps in the cementing process on field

1) Circulation to condition mud

2) Pumping spacer ahead

3) Drop the bottom plug

4) Pumping lead cement

5) Pumping Tail cement

6) Drop the top plug

7) Displace the top plug with the drilling fluid

8) Plug Down
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Cement Casing
Initial condition

Drilling
Fluid

Casing
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Circulating to condition mud

Drilling
Fluid

Casing

Pumping Spacer Ahead & Drop the Bottom Plug

Bottom plug
Spacer
Fluid

Drilling
Fluid

Casing
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Pumping Lead Cement

Lead
Cement
Bottom plug

Spacer
Fluid

Drilling
Fluid

Casing

Pumping Tail Cement

Tail
Cement

Lead
Cement

Drilling
Fluid

Bottom plug

Spacer
Fluid

Casing
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Drop the Top Plug

Top plug
Tail
Cement

Lead
Cement

Drilling
Fluid

Casing

Bottom plug

Spacer
Fluid

Displacing Top Plug with the Drilling Fluid

New
Fluid system

Top plug
Tail
Cement

Drilling
Fluid
Casing

Spacer
Fluid

Bottom plug

Lead
Cement
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Plug Down

Drilling
Fluid

Spacer
Fluid

New
Fluid system

Lead
Cement

Casing

Tail Top plug

Cement
Bottom plug

Job complete

Well Completion
“Stage of preparing a well ready for production”
 Careful interpretation of formation evaluation data (Core, mud logging, wireline logs,
Method
DST etc.) allows decision making:
 To set production casing and complete
 Or to plug and abandon Well
 Well completion involves a series of activities to make the well to flow under
controlled and safe manner:
 Installation of production tubing
 Setting production casing and packer
 Perforation  Installation of well head
equipments
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Well Completion

Data Sources for Completion Design

Method

Well Completion
Options and Major
decisions
Method in the
reservoir completion
are:

 Well trajectory and

inclination
 Open hole versus
cased hole
 Sand control
requirement and type
of sand control
 Stimulation
(proppant or acid)
 Single or multi-zone
(commingled or
selective)
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Well Completion
Producers vs Injectors: Completions can
produce oil, gas and water. Completions
Method
can inject hydrocarbon gas, water, steam
and waste products such as carbon
dioxide, sulphur, hydrogen sulphide, etc.

A completion system is a interface

between the reservoir and the surface
production facility which can be divided
into two parts :

Lower completion: connection between

reservoir and the wellbore. Also, known
as reservoir completion

Upper completion: Connection between

reservoir completion and surface
facilities
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Well Completion
Options and Major
decisions in the upper
completion are:

 Artificial lift and type

(gas lift, electrical
pump, etc.)
 Tubing size
 Single or dual
completion
 Tubing isolation or
not (packer or
equivalent)

Well Completion Equipment

To understand the completion system the following equipment

must be studied

Casing Tubing Well head

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Perforations

 The perforations provide the only

hydraulic communication between the
reservoir and wellbore in an cased and
cemented interval.

 Maximizes well productivity:

 Bypasses the skin damage zone
 Flow control through selectivity
between intervals

 The perforation operation are performed with

perforating guns that contained shaped
charges
 Perforating guns are lowered into wellbore and
operated with wireline or coil-tuning units

Perforations
Perforating gun
 The shapes charges are commonly arranges in helical
pattern to achieve higher perforation density with small
phase angle
 The cable-head connects the string to the wireline and at
the same time provides a weak point to break the cable in
an event of stool stuck
 The depth positing of the gun is achieved with help of
correlation device by correlating with gamma logs and
casing collar locators
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Perforations
Shaped charge

Components of a shaped charge:

• Conical liner
• Primer explosive charge
• Main explosive charge
• Metallic or ceramic case or
container

 Main charge is of high specific

energy but insensitive
explosive Effect of the liner
 Detonation time is 100 to 300
µs
 The liner concentrates the
explosive force to provides
maximum penetration (~ 100
GPa) of the target over a
limited target area

• Shaped Charge - YouTube

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Perforations
Detonation process
 The explosive detonation is actuated
from the surface by usually by an
electrical current (wireline conveyed)
or by mechanical, hydraulic or
electrical means in case of tubing
conveyed perforation
 The target area depends on the
diameter of the cone exit and
distance from the target
 Actuation mechanism initially
detonates the primer charge in turn
detonates the main charge results in
a detonation wave of 30,000 ft/sec
 Liner flows towards the center of the
cone to form a jet of fluidized
material (~33%) followed by a slug
(~67%)
 The velocity of the jet is ~20000
ft/sec, impact pressure 100Gpa
 The casing material of target area plastically flow away and cement along with
formation crushed and compacted to form perforation tunnel

Perforations
Charge Performance
 Charge Performance is gauged in terms of
: perforation tunnel length; diameter;
volume and burr height on inside casing
wall

 Influencing Factors:
• Charge Size
• Diameter of jet
• Jet velocity
• Materials of the liner
• Gun clearance
• Casing strength
• Formation strength
• Formation temperature
Burr
Allowable exposure time
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Perforations
Gun Conveyance

 Wireline : through tuning and through casing

 Coil tubing

 Through tubing guns

have a diameter of 1
3 / 8 in. to 3 1 / 2 in
 Casing guns
diameters in the
range of 3 3 / 8 " to 5"
diameter; at least ½
inch smaller than
casing ID

 Coil tubing perforation allows to

operate at higher underbalanced
condition
 Easy to operate at high angle and
horizontal wells

Perforations
Overbalanced and Underbalanced Perforation
 An overbalanced perforation
required the well to be killed
with a high density mud which
exerts a bottom hole pressure
greater than the formation
pressure which could result into
formation damage
 When the well is placed on
production only a limited clean
up of the debris within the
perforation owing to insufficient
flow velocity from the tip of the
perforation
 A solid free clear completion
fluid can be used to prevent
formation damage but it can
excessively leak into the
formation
 An underbalanced pressure
regime can immediately clean up
the perforation high velocity
formation fluid influx into the
perforation
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Perforations
Crushed zone and perforation skin estimation

 The impact of the jet force upon the

formation crushes and compacts the
rock as it penetrates
 The rock is not vaporized
 The consequent perforation tunnel and
surrounding formations will thus
consist of several zones in which the
natural porosity and permeability of
the reservoir rock that severely
degraded

The depth of damage zone depends on:

 Charge size
 Casing properties
 Cement sheath thickness and
strength
 Formation composition and strength
 Formation in-situ stress conditions
in the near wellbore region

Tubing and Packer

 Most oil wells produce reservoir fluids
through tubing strings
Method
 The bulk of the completion string
comprises threaded joints of tubing
which are coupled together
 Tubing allows well fluids to flow at a
controlled rate and facilitate installation
of artificial lift
 Tubing with the use of a packer allows
isolation of the casing from well fluids
and deters corrosion damage of the
casing
 Multi-completions require tubing to
permit individual zone production and
operation
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Tubing Design
The tubing must have the following qualities:

 The Method
inside diameter of the tubing must provide a produced fluid velocity to
minimise the total pressure loss

 The tensile strength of the string (both tubing and coupling) must be high enough
to allow suspension of the complete string without tensile failure

 The completion string must be able to withstand the maximum conceivable internal
(or burst) pressure.

 The completion string must be able to withstand the maximum conceivable

external differential pressures between the annulus and the tubing (the collapse
pressure).

 The tubing must be resistant to chemical corrosion which may arise because of
fluid contact in the wellbore, and might ultimately accelerate string failure by one
of the loads and stresses mentioned above

Tubing Design
Tubing Size
 Nominal size: is the outside diameter of
Method
the pipe body. The most used sizes are: 2-
⅜”, 2-⅞”, 3-½” and 4-½”
 Internal diameter (ID): is a result of the
OD and the wall thickness, and it is used to
calculate pressure losses and velocities

 Nominal weight: is the average linear weight of the tubing including connections. It
is expressed in lb/ft. It determines the tubing wall thickness
 Maximum outside diameter: It depends on the nominal diameter and the
connection type. It is critical as it determines the strings size that we can run in a
given casing.
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Tubing Design
Tubing Size

 The wall thickness influences the tensile strength of the steel as well as its
Method
resistance to failure with high burst and collapse pressure
 Tubing must be sized to support the expected rates of production of oil and
gas
 Undersized tubing will limit the production rate due to the increased friction
resistance caused by excessive flow velocity.
 Contrarily, oversized tubing may lead to an excessive liquid phase loss due to
slippage effect or an excessive downhole liquid loading during lifting
 Sensitivity analysis of tubing size should be carried out using the nodal analysis

Tubing Design API 5CT

Tubing connection
Integral joint External coupling
Method

 Integral joint tubing has external thread at
one end and internal thread at the other
end. This oil pipe can be connected
without the use of couplings.
 Integral joint tubing is very practical. With
the integral joint structure, the oil pipe
connecting procedure is saved.
 An external coupling requires that a male thread
be cut on each end of the tubing joints and while
the coupling has two female connection
 An external coupling has a larger effective wall
thickness in the coupling section (Dc > D) giving
it higher load capacity compared to an integral
coupling
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Tubing Design
Tensile strength
 The maximum allowable tensile load that a joint of tubing is determined by the
Method
tensile strength of the steel, the wall thickness of the tubing (and hence the
“plain end area”) and the tensile strength of the threaded coupling

Tubing Design
Burst pressure/Internal Yield Pressure

 Minimum
Method
differential pressure between
inside and outside of tubing that causes
the tubing to yield
 The "highest“ burst condition is usually
encountered at the surface where the
external pressure is at its minimum.
From Barlow's formula

PB – Minimum internal yield pressure (psi)

Yp – Minimum yield strength (psi)
t – Nominal wall thickness (in)
D -Nominal outside diameter of the pipe
(in)
-12.5% manufacturing tolerance
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Tubing Design
Collapse pressure/ Yield point collapse

 TheMethod
collapse condition occurs when the
external pressure exceeds the internal
pressure
 Minimum pressure differential acting
from outside to inside of tubing to
causes a permanent deformation
 This condition is normally greatest at
the bottom of the well when the
annulus is full of fluid and tubing is
evacuated. Lame’s formula
For D/t ratio < 15

Pc

Tubing Design
API Tubing Specifications
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Tubing Design
Problem: Calculate the collapse resistance for a section of 27 ⁄8 in, API J-55 nonupset tubing near
the surface of a 10,000-ft string suspended from the surface in a gas well.
Calculate:
(1) Maximum burst resistance
(2) Maximum collapse resistance
(3) Axial stress of the tubing string at surface

Pc

Production Packers
 Create casing tubing annular seal
 Also serves as down-hole
anchor/hanger for tubing string
 A variety in packer designs is
numerous
 Selection of right packer requires
knowledge on operational and
completion requirements
 The packers must be
o Compatible with tubing size
o Compatible with string
movement
o Metallurgically compatible with
produced fluid
o Elastomer must be stable at
operating temperature and
pressure
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Production Packers
All packers have four basic
elements:

 Slip: Provide grip against the

casing wall when packer is set

 Cone: Drives the slips outward

when setting force is applied

 Sealing Element: Provides

annular seal

 Mandrel : Accommodates the

tubing

Production Packers
Packer classification

Based on Lifetime
 Permanent packer
 Retrievable packer

Based on setting mechanism

 Hydraulically set
 Mechanically set

Based on running mechanism

 Wireline
 Tubing
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Production Packers
Permanent Packers:
 Once they are they can’t be unset
 Can only be removed on through milling operation
 The running mechanism (tubing/wireline) can be removed after setting
 Offers higher performance in both temperature and pressure ratings
compared to retrievable packer
 The permanent packer also offers the largest inside diameter (ID) to make it
compatible with larger-diameter tubing strings and monobore completions

Retrievable Packers:
 The design could be very simple (for LTLP) to very complex (HPHT)
 For the same performance level retrievable packers cost more than
permanent packers because of their design
 However they can be resettable or reusable which offset the cost
 Difficult to fish because hard to mill

Production Packers
Hydraulically Set Packers:
 Hydraulically set packers are particularly suited to
conditions where tubing manipulation might be
problematic due to well characteristics:
 High deviation
 Excessive Depth
 The hydraulically set packer is actuated by a pressure
differential between tubing and casing at the packer
 A means of temporarily plugging the tubing must be
incorporated in the tubing below the packer or in the
bottom of the packer itself
 On reaching setting depth, a ball is dropped down the
tubing, to land on the expendable seat held by shear
pin
 The tubing pressure is built up by a pump at surface
which forces the body downward and compresses the
sealing element
 Also the shear pin breaks and fall along with the ball
to leak off
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Production Packers
Mechanically Set Packers:
 Mechanical packers are set and released by
manipulation of the tubing string

 Tubing string rotation and the application of

weight or tension at the packer are required
to set or release

 They are suitable for application in the

following general conditions:

 Shallow to medium setting depths

 Low to moderately high pressures
 Straight hole or moderate deviation

 They are of two types:

 Tension set
 Compression set

Tubing Accessories:
Landing Nipple:
 A landing nipple is a short, tubing
accessory/short sub with an internal profile
which can accommodate and secure a
mandrel run into its bore on wireline or
coiled tubing
 Recess to mechanically lock the mandrel in
place using a set of expandable keys
 It has a an internal diameter smaller than
the tubing
 Functions:
o Seating area for flow control devices
o Installation of Downhole pressure and
temperature gauges
o Isolation or plugging of the tubing
string for well shut in, during workover
o Emergency closure of tubing
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Tubing Accessories:
Flow coupling:
 A relatively short, heavy-
walled completion component
installed in areas where
turbulence is anticipated
 The additional wall thickness
prevents early failures due
to erosion in the turbulent
flow area
 Flow couplings are typically
installed above and below
completion components, such
as landing nipples, that may
affect the flow

Tubing Accessories:
Perforated joint or flow tubes :
 The perforated joint allows for flow to enter
the string even if the base of the packer tail
pipe is plugged by say, pressure gauges.
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Tubing Accessories:
Sub surface Safety valves (SSSV):
 These valves are the primary closure system
for the well
 Well security is endangered in the absence
of an effective surface closure system

They are required when:

1. X-mas tree removal during workover
preparations
2. Removal of valves or valve components for
servicing
3. Accidental damage to X-mas tree
4. Leakage at the wellhead - Xmas tree flange
seals
Types:
a. Surface controlled (SCSSSV)
b. Direct controlled (DCSSSV)

Upper Completion
Well-head and X-Mass Tree
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Upper Completion
Well-head

A wellhead has the following components:

 Casing Head
 Casing spool-number depends on casing
policy
 Casing hanger and seal
 Tubing spool

Functions of a wellhead:
 Suspension of all individual casings and
tubular, concentrically in the well
 Installation point for the X-mass tree
 Hydraulic access to the annuli between
casing to allow cement placement and
between the production casing and
tubing for well circulation

Upper Completion
Casing Head

Surface
casing

Conductor
casing
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Upper Completion
Tubing Spool

Upper Completion
Tubing Spool

Master Valve: controls all

hydraulic and mechanical access
to the well

Wing Valve : Allows production

of reservoir fluids

Kill valve: Used for injection of

fluid into the well

Top/Swab valve: Provide

vertical access to the wellbore

Choke/bean: Used to control

the well flow rate