Introduction:

Amplifiers are used before speakers to increase the power of an audio signal so that it can drive
the speakers effectively. The primary purpose of an amplifier is to take a weak electrical signal,
such as the output from a microphone or a musical instrument and make it strong enough to
drive a speaker. Amplifiers provide control over the volume and often include tone controls for
adjusting bass and treble. This allows users to tailor the sound output to their preferences
Amplifiers can match the impedance of the audio source to that of the speaker. Impedance
matching is important for efficient power transfer and to prevent signal loss.
Design and Calculation:
RL = 4Ω
PL = 10W
PL=Vo^2/2*RL
Vo = √(2*PL*RL) = 8.94V
IL=Vo/RL
IL=2.236A

Choice of Vcc:
It is clear from the circuit that most of the power dissipated in the load and power transistors.
So here we are using rough estimate by considering power which is only dissipated in load and
power transistors. So ,
Efficiency = PL/Ps
=10/(Vo/(3.14)*RL)*2*Vcc
For Efficiency=65%
Vcc=10.81V

Choice of Iq:
Under quiescent condition
PD1=Vcc*Iq
To have minimum power dissipation in power transistor in quiescent condition, And to avoid
thermal runaway under quiescent condition we choose Iq1=50mA
Choice for resistors R1&R2:
Here current gain = Beta=25 for Tip 31
VBE1=Vt*Ln(Iq/Is)
Here we select Is 2*10^-13A from data sheet
VBE1=0.65V
VBE2= Vt*Ln(Iq/Is)
Here we have current at emitter of small signal transistor of Darlington pair,
IB1=Iq1=Iq/Beta
Iq1=50/25
Iq1=2mA
IB2=2/100
IB2=20uA
So putting Iq1 in above equation of VBE2
VBE2=0.63V
VBE2=VB-VE2
VB=1.28V
VBB=2.56V
VBE5=Vt*Ln(Iq5/Is5)
Here we select Is5 for small signal transistor from data sheet.
VBE5=0.6V
For 1mA at biasing resistors we choose 0.48mA for tuning resistors
R1+R2=(VBB/0.48)*1000
R1+R2=5.375*1000
Since very low current flow from the base of Q5 transistor so we consider here R1 and R2 I
series hence,
R1=(0.6/0.48)*1000
R1=1.25kohm
R1+R2=5.375kohm
R2=5.375*1000-R1
R2=4.125kohm

Choice for biasing resistors:

Here we require 1mA at R
R=(Vcc-VB)/1mA
R=9.54kohm
Choice of REN
Sine RL = 4ohm
We choose REN=0.04ohm
Which 100 times less than RL
We add these two small resistor to avoid thermal runaway by providing thermal compensation
and avoid mismatching

Iq is assumed to be 50mA
IB1 =2𝑚𝐴

IR ≥ 40µA, so it is assumed to be 60µA, IR1+R2 = 5µA and I1 = 15µA

Vcc ≥ Vo + 0.7 + 0.7
Vcc ≥ 10.4V
Vcc = 11V
VBB = 2VT×ln(Iq/Is) = 1.5V
VBE1 = VT×ln(I1/Is) = 0.528V
VR1 = 1.5V – 0.528V = 0.972V
VR2 = 0.528V
R1 = VR1 / IR1= 0.972 / 5µA = 194.4k Ω
R2 = VR2 / IR2= 0.528 / 5µA = 105.6k Ω
The resistance for current booster = 0.7 / 100mA
R3 = R4 = 7Ω (The actual value will be ≤ 7, usually Vbe ≤ 7)
The emitter resistances R5 = R6 are supposed to be 0.1Ω.
Rin = 167k || 167k || β1 β2 (RL + R5)
Rin = 9.129kΩ
Rout = R5 + 1
β1 β2
(R || R || R5)
Rout = 0.12 Ω
Ps = 2VccVo
1
πR
= 2(11)(8.9) / 3.14(4)
Ps = 15.75W
η = PL / Ps = 10 / 15.75 = 63.5%