DATA ANALYSIS AND USE

OF APPROPRIATE
STATISTICAL TOOLS
TOPICS:
I. IMPORTANCE OF DATA ANALYSIS
II. TYPES OF DATA ANALYSIS
III. DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
IV. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
TOPIC 111:

DATA ANALYSIS
PROCEDURE
IN
QUALITATIVE AND
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

KRIS C. NEYRA
MAED-EA 1
DATA ANALYSIS IN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
▪ DATA ANALYSIS in qualitative research is defined as
the process of systematically searching and arranging
the interview transcripts, manuscript, observation notes
or other non-textual materials that the researcher
accumulates to increase the understanding of the
phenomenon.
▪ Analyzing qualitative data entails
reading a large amount of transcripts
looking for similarities or
differences, and subsequently
categorizing and eventually finding
and developing themes.
CODING
▪ Coding or categorizing the data is the most
important stage in the qualitative data
analysis process. Coding and data analysis
are not synonymous, though coding is a
crucial aspect of the qualitative data
analysis process.

Coding merely involves subdividing the

huge amount of raw information or data,
and subsequently assigning them into
categories and them coming up with a core
cegory or theme.

In simple terms, codes are tags or labels for

allocating identified themes or topics from
the data compiled in the study.
CODING
▪ Traditionally, coding was done manually,
with the use of colored pens to label,
categorize data, and subsequently
cutting and sorting the data.
▪ Given the advancement of software
technology, electronic methods of coding
data are increasingly used by qualitative
researchers.
▪ NVivo is one of the computer-assisted
qualitative data analysis software
(CAQDAS) developed by QSR
International (Melbourne,Ausralia), the
world largest qualitative research
software developer.
 CODING
▪ Coding is done repeatedly until major
patterns arise. You can visualize coding
by thinking of an essay written on piece
of paper with you cutting the sentences
with a scissor and filing them under a
folder with a certain classification.
Coding has three types, in which are
more centrally organized than the
preceeding types (Babbie 2016, 388-391).
 CODING PROCESS
In a nutshell, open coding is
OPEN • CONCEPTS when you take your textual data
CODING and break it up into discrete
parts, axial coding is when you
draw connections between your
AXIAL • CATEGORIES codes, and selective coding is
CODING
when you select one central
category that connects all the
SELECTIVE codes from your analysis and
• THEMES captures the essence of your
CODING
research.
 CODING PROCESS
You break your data into discrete parts
and create “codes” to label them.
OPEN • CONCEPTS
CODING
You begin to draw connections between
codes.
AXIAL • CATEGORIES
CODING

You connect all your categories together

around one core category.
SELECTIVE • THEMES
CODING
CONCEPT MAPPING
A concept map is a visual
organization and representation of
knowledge. It shows concepts and
ideas and the relationships among
them. You create a concept map by
writing keywords (sometimes
enclosed in shapes such as circles,
boxes, triangles, etc.) and then
drawing arrows between related
ideas. Then you add a short
explanation by the arrow to explain
how the concepts are related.
(Joseph D. Novak)
DATA ANALYSIS IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

▪ Quantitative data analysis is a process of analyzing data that is number-based or data that can easily be
converted into numbers. It is based on describing and interpreting objects statistically and with numbers as it
aims to interpret the data collected through numeric variables and statistics.

▪ Quantitative data analysis methods typically work with algorithms, mathematical analysis tools, and software
to gain insights from the data, answering questions such as how many, how often, and how much. Data for
quantitative data analysis is usually obtained from avenues like surveys, questionnaires, polls, etc. Data can also
come from sales figures, email click-through rates, number of website visitors, and percentage revenue
increase.
What is quantitative analysis used for?

▪To measure differences between groups.

▪To assess relationships between variables.

▪To test hypotheses scientifically

2 MAIN BRANCH OF QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC INFERENTIAL STATISTIC

POPULATION
• A population is the entire group that
you want to draw conclusions about.
A sample is the specific group that
you will collect data from. The size of
the sample is always less than the
total size of the population

SAMPLE
• A sample is the specific group that
you will collect data from. The size of
the sample is always less than the
total size of the population.
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTIC
• Descriptive statistics are a set of techniques used to summarize and
describe the important features of a dataset. They are used to
describe the basic features of the data in a study, providing simple
summaries about the sample and the measures. Descriptive
statistics are typically distinguished from inferential statistics, which
are used to make predictions about a larger population based on a
sample of data

• Descriptive statistics can be divided into two categories: measures

of central tendency and measures of variability. Measures of central
tendency describe the center of a distribution of data, while
measures of variability describe the spread of the data around the
center. Common measures of central tendency include the mean,
median, and mode, while common measures of variability include
the range, variance, and standard deviation
INFERENTIAL STATISTIC
▪ Inferential statistics is a branch of
statistics that helps you come to
conclusions and make predictions
based on your data. When you have
collected data from a sample, you can
use inferential statistics to understand
the larger population from which the
sample is taken. Inferential statistics
have two main uses: making estimates
about populations (for example, the
mean SAT score of all 11th graders in
the US) and testing hypotheses to draw
conclusions about populations (for
example, the relationship between SAT
scores and family income)
INFERENTIAL METHODS

▪ T-TEST
A t-test is a statistical test that is used to compare the means of two groups. It is often used in
hypothesis testing to determine whether a process or treatment actually has an effect on the
population of interest, or whether two groups are different from one another. The t-test
measures the difference in group means divided by the pooled standard error of the two group
means. In this way, it calculates a number (the t-value) illustrating the magnitude of the
difference between the two group means being compared and estimates the likelihood that this
difference exists purely by chance (p-value).
▪ ANOVA (ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE)
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method that
splits an observed aggregate variability found inside a data
set into two parts: systematic factors and random factors.
The systematic factors have a statistical influence on the
given data set, while the random factors do not. ANOVA is
used to compare more than two groups of data and identify
the influence of independent variables on the dependent
variable. It is often used in hypothesis testing to determine
whether a process or treatment actually has an effect on
the population of interest, or whether two groups are
different from one another. The ANOVA test measures the
difference in group means divided by the pooled standard
error of the two group means. In this way, it calculates a
number (the t-value) illustrating the magnitude of the
difference between the two groups means being compared
and estimates the likelihood that this difference exists purely
by chance (p-value).
▪ CORRELATION
Correlation is a statistical measure that expresses the extent to which two variables are linearly
related (meaning they change together at a constant rate). It is used to examine the relationship
between two variables and to determine whether they are associated with each other. The
correlation coefficient is a number between -1 and 1 that tells you the strength and direction of
a relationship between variables. In other words, it reflects how similar the measurements of
two or more variables are across a dataset. A correlation coefficient value of 1 indicates a
perfect positive correlation, while a value of -1 indicates a perfect negative correlation. A value
of 0 indicates no correlation between the variables.
1.Define the research question: The first step is to define the research question that you want to
answer. This will help you determine the type of data you need to collect and the appropriate method
to use.
2.Determine the level of measurement: The level of measurement of the data will determine the type
of statistical analysis that can be used. There are four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal,
interval, and ratio.
3.Select the appropriate method: Once you have determined the level of measurement, you can
select the appropriate method. For example, if you are working with nominal data, you might use chi-
square analysis. If you are working with interval or ratio data, you might use regression analysis.
4.Test the assumptions: Before using any statistical method, it is important to test the assumptions of
the method. This will ensure that the method is appropriate for your data.
5.Interpret the results: Once you have analyzed the data, you need to interpret the results. This
involves looking at the statistical significance of the results and determining whether they support
your research question.
Remember that choosing the right quantitative method is important for ensuring that your research is
valid and reliable. If you are unsure about which method to use, consult with a statistician or research
expert.
REFERENCES

▪ (13) Qualitative Data Analysis 101 Tutorial: 6 Analysis Methods + Examples -

YouTube
▪ Quantitative Data Analysis: Methods & Techniques | Hevo (hevodata.com)
▪ Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research | Differences, Examples & Methods
(scribbr.com)
THANK YOU & GOD BLESS
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