Process scheduling is a crucial aspect of operating systems, responsible for

managing the execution of multiple processes efficiently. Here are some key points
on process scheduling:

1. **Definition**: Process scheduling is the mechanism used by the operating system

to determine the order in which processes are executed on the CPU.

2. **Objectives**:
- **Fairness**: Ensure that each process gets a fair share of the CPU time.
- **Efficiency**: Maximize CPU utilization by keeping the processor busy.
- **Responsiveness**: Provide quick response times to user interactions.
- **Throughput**: Increase the number of processes completed per unit of time.

3. **Scheduling Algorithms**:
- **First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)**: Processes are executed in the order they
arrive.
- **Shortest Job Next (SJN) or Shortest Job First (SJF)**: Execute the process
with the shortest burst time first.
- **Round Robin (RR)**: Each process is assigned a fixed time slice (quantum)
before moving to the next process.
- **Priority Scheduling**: Assign priority levels to processes; the highest
priority process is scheduled first.
- **Multilevel Queue Scheduling**: Divide processes into different priority
levels and schedule them in different queues.

4. **Preemptive vs. Non-preemptive**:

- **Preemptive Scheduling**: The operating system can interrupt a currently
running process and start or resume another.
- **Non-preemptive Scheduling**: Once a process starts running, it continues
until it completes or voluntarily releases the CPU.

5. **Context Switching**: The process of saving and restoring the state of a

process so that it can be resumed from the point of interruption.

6. **CPU Burst**: The time a process spends using the CPU without being
interrupted.

7. **Schedulers**:
- **Long-Term Scheduler (Job Scheduler)**: Selects processes from the job pool
to be brought into the ready queue.
- **Short-Term Scheduler (CPU Scheduler)**: Selects a process from the ready
queue to be executed on the CPU.

8. **Starvation and Aging**: Long waiting times for low-priority processes can lead
to starvation. Aging is a technique to gradually increase the priority of waiting
processes.

9. **Multiprogramming**: Operating systems often use multiprogramming to keep the

CPU busy by having multiple processes in memory.

10. **Real-Time Scheduling**: For systems with real-time requirements, scheduling

must guarantee that processes meet their deadlines.

Understanding and implementing effective process scheduling is essential for

optimizing system performance and providing a responsive computing environment.