Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1041 پرهیزکاری
1041 پرهیزکاری
Abstract— Face is one of the physiological features used in active appearance model which combined appearance and
identifying or verifying a person. Different methods have been facial features [5]. c) Some techniques combined eigenface,
proposed for recognition of a person’s face in a pool of images eigennose, and eigeneye [6].
of faces belonging to different persons. We used Discrete Zhao et al. conducted an exhaustive review on 2D face
Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Sobel-Roberts Feature (SRF) recognition [7].
for face recognition. For this purpose, in the training phase, The rest of this paper is organized as follows: in Section II,
DWT was applied to the input image, and SRF was used to describes the proposed facial recognition system. In Section
extract features from approximation image. The system was A, Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is introduced and how
trained through Support Vector Machine (SVM) and the
to obtain approximate image using input image is expressed.
parameters were stored. In the recognition phase, again
features of the input image were extracted and faces were
In Section B, Sobel-Roberts Features (SRF) is introduced
recognized using SVM and the parameters stored in the and feature extraction of image approximation in a different
previous stage. Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) database direction is expressed. In Section III, using Support Vector
was used for the purpose of recognition in this study. For 4 and Machine has been identified and the results obtained using
5 images of any person for the training set gave recognition the ORL database has been placed.
rates of 97.5% and 98.6%, respectively which is higher than II. PROPOSED SYSTEM
other methods. The time required for phase detection was
approximately 7ms. Results show that the proposed method As seen in Figure (1), the proposed recognition system
has high accuracy and high speed. divides the data into two classes: test data and training data.
In training phase, first DWT was applied to the input image,
Keywords- Face Recognition, Discrete Wavelet Transform and SRF was used to extract features from approximation
(DWT), Sobel-Roberts Features (SRF), Support Vector Machine image. The system was trained through Support Vector
(SVM) Machine (SVM) and the parameters were stored. In the
recognition phase, again features of the input image were
I. INTRODUCTION extracted and faces were recognized using SVM and the
During the recent years, face recognition has drawn parameters stored in the previous stage.
attentions in areas related to biometrics and pattern
A. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
recognition [1] [2]. Different methods have been proposed
for recognition of two-dimensional facial images. These For a single-dimension signal, a low-pass and a high-pass
methods can be classified into three categories: filter can be used together with decremental sampling with a
a) Feature-based approaches to face recognition among Turk ratio of 2 to create high-frequency and low-frequency
et al. (1999) proposed eigneface recognition which applies regions. Number of sample in each region is half the number
principle component analysis (PCA) to reduce dimensions. of samples in the original signal. The low-frequency region
They found a subspace with orthogonal vectors used to is further divided into two sub-regions with high and low
express images in this subspace and to obtain weights that frequencies and decremental sampling can again be used to
represented images in this space. They then compared stored reduce the number of samples to one fourth the samples in
weights to the weights obtained for the new image to the original signal. The decomposition level for wavelet
recognize this image [3]. b) In techniques based on models, transform is represented by the number the abovementioned
features, or texture of certain parts of face among Wiskott et procedure is repeated.
al. (1997) presented elastic bunch graph which bases For 2D signals, the same procedure is applied once in
recognition on similarities found between two image graphs. horizontal direction and another time in vertical direction [8].
First, key spots, such as nose, eyes, eyebrows, etc , were In the first step, low-pass and high-pass filters are applied in
identified and then Gabor wavelets we applied to extract succession to the rows of the input image followed by a
features for each key point. The graph nodes included these decremental sampling with a ratio of 2 leading to an image
key points, each node representing Gabor jets extracted from with high and low frequencies. In the second step, high-pass
these points. Similarities between two images were found and low-pass filters are applied in succession to
based on graph similarities [4]. Cootes et al. (1998) proposed the columns of the two images produced in the previous
step. Again, a decremental sampling withh a ratio of 2 is a) A 92×112 image was divided into sixteen 23×28 non-
applied. As a result four images aree produced: the overlapping blocks.
approximation component I LL , the horizoontal component b) For each pixel in each block Sobbel’s operator was used to
I LH , the vertical component I HL , annd the diagonal find the gradient as seen in Table (I). Equations (1) through
component I HH . An example of 2D D Discrete Wavelet (3) were used in the procedure.
Transform on facial image can be seen in Figgure (2).
T
g x, y g ,g where 1
g x, y f x 1, y 1 2f x 1, y
f x 1, y 1 f x 1,
1y 1
2f x 1, y f x 1, y 1 2
g x, y f x 1, y 1 2f x, y 1
f x 1, y 1 f x 1,
1y 1
2f x, y 1 f x 1, y 1 3
g x, y f x, y f x 1, y 1 7
g x, y f x 1, y f x, y 1 8
TABLE I. (A) , (B) SOBEL’S OPERATOR Figure 3. An example of images of ORL database
1 0 -1 1 2 1
2 0 -2 0 0 0 To evaluate the results of the proposed method on ORL,
1 0 -1 -1 -2 -1 we utilized four wavelet transforms db1, db2, db3, and db4.
Once DWT was applied to the images, SRF was used for
A B feature extraction in 4, 8, and 16 directions. Tables III and IV
present recognition rates for different numbers of images per
TABLE II. (A) , (B) ROBERTS’S OPERATOR individual in the training set for one-step and two-step
transforms, respectively.
0 1 1 0 The figures presented in these two tables reflect mean rates
-1 0 0 -1
obtained through 5 iterations. Table V shows highest
A B recognition rates with lowest number of features based on
Tables III and IV.
TABLE III. RECOGNITION RATES FOR NUMBER OF DIFFERENT IMAGES OF EACH PERSON FOR ONE-STEP TRANSFORMS
Number of image
Type of wavelet 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Number of direction
4 93.71% 96.41% 98.30% 99.37% 99.33% 99.5% 100%
Db1 8 92.35% 97% 97.3% 99.37% 99.83% 100% 100%
16 93.14% 95.91% 98.60% 98.5% 99.66% 100% 100%
4 93.78% 96.08% 98.6% 98.37% 99.16% 99.25% 99%
Db2 8 94.07% 96.25% 98.2% 98.87% 99% 100% %100
16 94.85% 96.41% 98.1% 99.12% 100% 99.75% 99.5%
4 92.78% 97% 97.6% 98.87% 99.16% 99.75% 100%
Db3 8 94.35% 95.75% 98.4% 99% 99.5% 100% 99.5%
16 93.71% 96.75% 98.6% 99.25% 99.83% %99.75 99.5%
4 93.44% 96.58% 96.9% 97.75% 99.33% 98.75% 99.5%
Db4 8 94.85% 96.50% 98.40% 99.37% 99.66% 100% 100%
16 94.71% %97.5 98.6% 99.25% 100% 100% 100%
TABLE IV. RECOGNITION RATES FOR NUMBER OF DIFFERENT IMAGES OF EACH PERSON FOR TWO-STEP TRANSFORMS
Number of image
Type of wavelet 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Number of direction
4 92.58% 97.5% 97.6% 98.62% 99.83% 98.5% 99.5%
Db1 8 93.57% 96.41% 97.1% 98.12% 99.5% 98.75% 99.5%
16 90.14% 96.08% 97.6% 97.87% 99.16% 99.5% 100%
4 94.5% 95.91% 97.9% 98.75% 98.16% 99.5% 99.5%
Db2 8 92.57% 95.66% 98.2% 98.12% 98.5% 99% 98.5%
16 92.5% 96.08% 97.3% 99.12% 98.5% 99% 100%
4 94.64% 96.33% 98.5% 98.62% 99.83% 99.25% 100%
Db3 8 93.64% 97.08% 98.3% 99.12% 98.66% 99.75% 99.5%
16 93.57% 96.83% 98.2% 98.5% 99.33% 99.25% 99%
4 91.87% 97.33% 98% 98.12% 98.83% 99.25% 100%
Db4 8 94.07% 97.5% 98.6% 99.12% 99.5% 99.25% 99.5%
16 93.42% 96.08% 97.3% 98.87% 99.83% 99.25% 100%
TABLE V. HIGHEST RECOGNITION RATES FOR NUMBER OF DIFFERENT IMAGES OF EACH PERSON ACCORDING TO TABLE IV
Number of image 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
highest recognition rate 94.87% 97.5% 98.6% 99.37% 100% 100% 100%
Minimum number of feature 256 128 128 128 512 256 128
number of wavelet
1 level 2 level
number of rotation
4 7.01 s 7.08 s
8 7.10 s 7.21 s
16 7.22 s 7.29 s
CONCLUSION
Face recognition was applied through DWT and SRF.
Four wavelet (db1, db2, db3, and db4) were used in DWT
while three directions (4, 8, and 16) were utilized in the SRF.
The network used in the proposed recognition system was
SVM. The proposed method was implemented on ORL.
Application of the proposed method to 4 and 5 images for
each individual in the training set gave recognition rates of
97.5% and 98.6%, respectively. The recognition phase
duration obtained by this method was about 7ms. The results
indicate that the proposed method is fast and accurate and
can effectively comparable to other methods.
SUGGESTIONS
Many features are undesirable and can be eliminated.
Therefore, we suggest application of PSO-based feature
selection or GA-based feature selection to reduce the number
of features.
REFERENCES
[1] H. Wechsler, et al., "Face Recognition: From Theory to
Applications," presented at the Springer-Verlag, 1966.
[2] S. Gong, et al., "Dynamic Vision : from Images to Face
Recognition," presented at the Imperial College Press and
World Scientific Publishing, 2000.
[3] M. Turk and A. Pentland, "Eigenfaces for recognition,"
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, vol. 3, pp. 71-86, March
1991.
[4] L. Wiskott, et al., "Face Recognition by Elastic Bunch Graph
Matching," IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine
Intelligence, vol. 19, pp. 775-779, 1997.
[5] T. F. Cootes, et al., "Active appearance models," presented at
the EuropeanConference on Computer Vision, 1998.
[6] Pentland, et al., "View-Based and Modular Eigenspaces for
Face Recognition," presented at the IEEE Computer Vision
and Pattern Recognition, 1994.
[7] W. Zhao, et al., "Face Recognition: A Literature Survey,"
presented at the ACM Computing Surveys, 2003.
[8] S. Burrus and R. Gopinath," Introduction to wavelets &
wavelet transforms," New Jersey, 1998.
[9] H. Khosravi and E. Kabir, "Farsi font recognition based on
Sobel–Roberts features," Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 31,
pp. 75-82, 2010.
[10] "The ORL Database of Faces," ed. Cambridge University
Computer Laboratory, between April 1992 and April 1994.
[11] R. M. Ramadan and R. F. Abdel-Kader, "Face Recognition
Using Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Selected
Features," International Journal of Signal Processing, Image
Processing and Pattern Recognition, vol. 2, pp. 51-66, June
2009.
[12] M. Rziza, et al., "Local Curvelet Based Classification Using
Linear Discriminant Analysis for Face Recognition,"
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
vol. 4, pp. 72-77 ,2009.