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DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

A. DEFINITION

Descriptive text is a text that describes a particular person , place or thing

(Teks deskriptif adalah teks yang menggambarkan orang, tempat, atau benda
tertentu)

B. PURPOSE

The purposes of Descriptive text is to describes characteristic for person ,

place or
thing in detail.
C. GENERIC STRUCTURES

 Identification : Identifies phenomenon (person, place, or thing) that

will be
described.
 Description : Describes parts, qualities, characteristics, etc

D. LANGUAGE FEATURE
 Simple present tense
If things /person descrite are still alive
 Simpe past tense
If things /person descrite do not exist anymore
 Use noun
 Use kinds of adjectives
 Use active verbs
 Use allusion , imagination language

E. EXAMPLE

Beras Basah Beach

Beras basah beach is located in Beras Basah Island, Bontang, East
Kalimantan,
Indonesia. The location of this place is about 220 kilometers from the center of
Balikpapan. Beras basah beach offers beautiful natural scenery along with white
sand that
is gentle enough on foot.
Its clear blue seawater seems teasing anyone who visits to swim into it.
And it is
true that in this place, visitors can enjoy swimming or snorkeling in the
underwater
beauty. Various types of fish, coral reefs, and seaweed can be found by the
visitor in this
place. This area is also very suitable for you who like photography. The sunrise
and
sunset view in this place are interesting enough to be captured.

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 Pantai Beras Basah

Pantai Beras Basah terletak di Pulau Beras Basah, Kota Bontang, Kalimantan
Timur, Indonesia. Lokasi tempat ini berjarak sekitar 220 kilometer dari pusat
kota
Balikpapan. Pantai Beras Basah menawarkan panorama alam yang indah disertai
dengan
hamparan pasir putih pantai yang cukup lembut di kaki.
Air lautnya berwarna biru jernih. Seolah-olah menggoda siapapun yang
berkunjung untuk berenang ke dalamnya. Dan memang benar di tempat ini pengunjung
bisa berenang ataupun snorkeling menikmati keindahan bawah laut. Berbagai jenis
ikan
laut, terumbu karang hingga rumput laut bisa ditemukan oleh pengunjung di tempat
ini.
Kawasan ini juga sangat cocok bagi Anda penggemar fotografi. Pemandangan sunrise
maupun sunset di tempat ini cukup menarik untuk diabadikan.
2. RECOUNT TEXT

A. DEFINITION

Recount text is a text which retells events or experiences in the past

(Teks recount adalah teks yang menceritakan kembali peristiwa atau pengalaman
di
masa lalu)

B. PURPOSE

The purpose of a recount is to list and describe past experiences by retelling

events in
the order in which they happened
C. GENERIC STRUCTURE

 Orientation : Introducing the participants, place and time.

 Events : Describing series of event that happened in the past.
 Reorientation : It is optional. Stating personal comment of the writer to
the story

D. LANGUAGE FEATURE
 Using the simple past tense, past continuous tense, past perfect tense, and
past
perfect continuous tense.
 Using temporal sequence, e.g. On Saturday. On Monday, On Sunday

 Focus on specific participant, e.g. I (the writer)

 Using the conjunctions, such as: then, before, after, etc.
 Using action verb, e.g. went, stayed

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E. EXAMPLE

My Experience Met with Taufik Hidayat

Orientation:
Last sunday, there was Thomas cup badminton championship between Indonesa
and China. It was held on Istora Gelora Bung Karno. I went to Istora Gelora Bung
Karno
with my Brother, Andi.
Events:
Before entering Istora Gelora Bung Karno, we looked the bus that took
Indonesian badminton team players. I saw taufik Hidayat, Muhammad Ahsan, Hendra
Setiawan, Hayom Rumbaka, Angga Pratama, Rian Agung, Simon Santoso, Sony Dwi
Kuncoro and the other Indonesian badminton players in that bus. They were very
handsome. Then, we followed that bus to main-entrance. I found that Taufik Hidayat
left
from the bus. When we wanted to get close to Taufik Hidayat, a security guard held
me
back. But, I thought that security guard was familiar because He was my old friend
when
I was senior high school, he was Andre. After that, he let me in, finally i could
meet
Taufik Hidayat and got his signature.
Reorientation:
Then, I went back to my seat at the Istora stadium to support Indonesian
team.
The supporter was very crowded. They shouted “IN-DO-NE-SI-A” during the match.

My Experience Met with Taufik Hidayat

Minggu lalu, ada kejuaraan bulutangkis Thomas antara Indonesa dan China.
Acara digelar di Istora Gelora Bung Karno. Saya pergi ke Istora Gelora Bung Karno
bersama kakak saya, Andi.
Sebelum memasuki Istora Gelora Bung Karno, kami melihat bus yang membawa
pemain tim bulutangkis Indonesia. Saya melihat taufik Hidayat, Muhammad Ahsan,
Hendra Setiawan, Hayom Rumbaka, Angga Pratama, Rian Agung, Simon Santoso, Sony
Dwi Kuncoro dan pemain bulutangkis Indonesia lainnya di bus itu. Mereka sangat
tampan. Kemudian, kami mengikuti bus itu menuju pintu masuk utama. Saya
menemukan bahwa Taufik Hidayat berangkat dari bus. Ketika kami ingin mendekati
Taufik Hidayat, seorang satpam menahanku. Tapi, saya pikir satpam itu akrab karena
dia
adalah teman lama saya saat saya SMA, dia adalah Andre. Setelah itu, dia membiarkan
saya masuk, akhirnya saya bisa bertemu Taufik Hidayat dan mendapat tanda tangannya.

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 Kemudian, saya kembali ke tempat duduk saya di stadion Istora untuk
mendukung tim Indonesia. Pendukungnya sangat ramai. Mereka berteriak “IN-DO-NE-
SI-A” selama pertandingan berlangsung.

3. NARRATIVE TEXT

A. DEFINITION

Narrative text is a story with complication or problematic events and it

tries to find
the resolutions to solve the problems
(Teks naratif adalah cerita dengan komplikasi atau peristiwa yang bermasalah
dan
berusaha menemukan resolusi untuk menyelesaikan masalah)

B. PURPOSE

The Purpose of Narrative Text is to amuse or to entertain the reader with a

story
C. GENERIC STRUCTURE

 Orientation
Sets the scene: where and when the story happened and introduces the
participants
of the story: who and what is involved in the story
 Complication
Tells the beginning of the problems which leads to the crisis (climax)
of the main
participants.
 Resolution
The problem (the crisis) is resolved, either in a happy ending or in a
sad (tragic)
ending.
 Re-orientation/Coda
This is a closing remark to the story and it is optional. It
consists of a moral
lesson, advice or teaching from the writer

D. LANGUAGE FEATURE

 Past tense (killed, drunk, etc)

 Adverb of time (Once upun a time, one day, etc)
 Time conjunction (when, then, suddenly, etc)
 Specific character. The character of the story is specific, not
general. (Cinderella,
Snow White, Alibaba, etc)
 Action verbs. A verb that shows an action. (killed, dug, walked, etc
 Direct speech. It is to make the story lively. (Snow White said,”My
name is
Snow White). The direct speech uses present tense.

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E. EXAMPLE
Fox and A Cat
One day a cat and a fox were having a conversation. The fox, who was a
conceited creature, boasted how clever she was. 'Why, I know at least a hundred
tricks to
get away from our mutual enemies, the dogs,' she said.
'I know only one trick to get away from dogs,' said the cat. 'You should
teach me
some of yours!'
'Well, maybe some day, when I have the time, I may teach you a few of the
simpler ones,' replied the fox airily.
Just then they heard the barking of a pack of dogs in the distance. The
barking
grew louder and louder - the dogs were coming in their direction! At once the cat
ran to
the nearest tree and climbed into its branches, well out of reach of any dog. 'This
is the
trick I told you about, the only one I know,' said the cat. 'Which one of your
hundred
tricks are you going to use?'

The fox sat silently under the tree, wondering which trick she should use. Before
she
could make up her mind, the dogs arrived. They fell upon the fox and tore her to
pieces.

Moral : A single plan that works is better than a hundred doubtful plans.

Rubah dan Seekor Kucing

Suatu hari kucing dan rubah sedang bercakap-cakap. Rubah, yang adalah
makhluk
sombong, membual tentang betapa pintarnya dia. "Kenapa, aku tahu setidaknya seratus
trik untuk menjauh dari musuh kita bersama, anjing," katanya.
"Saya hanya tahu satu trik untuk menjauh dari anjing," kata kucing. "Kamu
harus
mengajariku beberapa trik mu!"
"Yah, mungkin suatu hari, ketika saya punya waktu, saya mungkin mengajarkan
kamu beberapa trik yang sederhana," jawab rubah ringan.
Sesaat kemudian mereka mendengar gonggongan sekawanan anjing di kejauhan.
menggonggong semakin keras - anjing datang menuju ke arah mereka! Seketika kucing
berlari ke pohon terdekat dan naik ke cabang-cabangnya, di luar jangkauan dari
setiap
anjing. 'Ini adalah trik saya katakan tadi, satu-satunya yang saya tahu, "kata
kucing. '
mana salah satu dari seratus trik anda yang anda akan gunakan?'
Rubah duduk diam di bawah pohon, bertanya-tanya trik apa yang dia harus
gunakan. Sebelum dia bisa mengambil keputusan, anjing tiba. Mereka menyergap rubah
dan mencabik-cabiknya.

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4. PROCEDURE TEXT

A. DEFINITION

Procedure text is text that explain how something works or how to use
instruction /
operation manuals (Teks prosedur adalah teks yang menjelaskan cara kerja sesuatu
atau
cara menggunakan instruksi / operasi manual)

B. PURPOSE
 To explain/tell (the reader) how to make/operate/do something through a
sequence of actions or steps.
 To explain steps/instruction to make/operate/do something

C. GENERIC STRUCTURES
 Goal : (e.g : How to make spaghetti)
 Material or Ingredient : (e.g : the material to cook omelette are egg,
onion,
vegetable oil, etc. )
 Step : (e.g : first, wash the tomatoes, onion, …., second cut the onions
becomes
slice.

D. LANGUAGE FEATURE

 Use adverbial of sequence / Using temporal conjunction (e.g: first,

second, third,
the last)
 Use command / imperative sentence (e.g : put the noodles on the . . .,
cut the
onion. . ., wash the tomatoes. . . )
 Using adverbials (Adverbs) to express detail the time, place, manner
accurate, for
example, for five minutes, 2 hours, etc.
 Using action verbs, e.g : make, take, boil, cook
 Using Simple Present Tense

E. EXAMPLE

How To Make A Cup Of Coffee

MATERIALS AND INGEDIENTS :
– 2 spoons of sugar
– one spoon of coffee powder
– hot water
– a cup
– a spoon
PROCEDURE :
1. Prepare two spoons of sugar, a cup, hot water, one spoon of coffee
powder, a
spoon.
2. Put one spoon of coffee powder into the cup.

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 3. Pour some hot water into the cup.
4. Add 2 spoons of sugar into a cup of coffee
5. Stir it well and the hot coffee is ready to drink

5. REPORT TEXT

A. DEFINITION

Report is a text that describes the way things are in general. It is usually
referred to a
result of systematic observation and analysis.
(Report text adalah sebuah text yang menggambarkan tentang semua hal yang
berkaitan dengan sebuah benda secara umum. Teks ini biasanya dirujuk dari sebuah
hasil
penelitian dan analisis yang sistematis.)

B. PURPOSE

The purpose of a report text is to present information about something

generally
C. GENERIC STRUCTURE
 Title
A title of a report text indicates the topic of the text and it is a very
general thing.
 General Classification
A general classification is a part that state classification of
general aspect of
things, such as: animals, public places, plants, etc. It will be
discussed in general.
 Description
This part gives describing of the things which will be discussed in
detail, in terms
of: parts (and their function), qualities, habits and behavior.

D. LANGUAGE FEATURE

 Focus on generic participant.

A report text always introduces group or general aspect and focus on
general
nouns, such as: ‘Platypus’, ‘Bees’, etc.
 A report text uses relating verb and action verb, for example:
Relating verb : Reptiles are scalyanimal,etc.
Action verb : Birds fly in the sky, etc.

 A report text uses of simple present tense, for example: Platypus lives
in streams,
male platypus does not need any burrow, etc
 The language used in a report text is a scientific language, for example:
water
contains oxygen and hydrogen, etc.
 A report text uses Conditionals and logical connectives, such as: but, in
other
hand, etc.

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 E. EXAMPLE
Cow

Cows are cattle which belong to Bovidae famil and Bovinae upafamili. Cows
that
have been neutered and are typically used to plow the field named Ox. Cows are
cared primarily for the benefit of milk and meat as human food.

Cows have a scientific name as Bos Taurus. Cows have a gestation period of
over
274 days. Average cow lifespans is 15 years. The male weight is typically
around
1,100 kg, while average females’ weight is about 720 kg.

Sapi

Sapi adalah hewan ternak anggota suku Bovidae dan anaksuku Bovinae. Sapi
yang telah dikebiri dan biasanya digunakan untuk membajak sawah dinamakan Lembu.
Sapi dipelihara terutama untuk dimanfaatkan susu dan dagingnya sebagai pangan
manusia.
Sapi memiliki nama ilmiah Bos Taurus. Sapi memiliki periode gestasi
selama 274
hari. Lama hidup sapi rata – rata adalah 15 tahun. Berat badan sapi jantan
biasanya
sekitar 1.100 kg, sedangkan betina beratnya sekitar 720 kg.

6. EXPOSITION TEXT

 ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

A. DEFINITION

Analytical Exposition is a text that elaborates the writer‘s idea about

the
phenomenon surrounding.
(Analytical Exposition adalah teks yang menguraikan ide penulis tentang
fenomena
disekitar..)

B. PURPOSE

Its social function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important
matter, and
to analyze the topic that the thesis/opinion is correct by developing an
argument to
support it.
C. GENERIC STRUCTURE

 Thesis : Introducing the topic and indicating the writer’s point

of view.
 Argument : Explaining the argument to support the writer’s position.
The
number of arguments may vary, but each argument must be supported by
evidence and explanation. Reiteration: Restating the writer’s point of
view / to
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 strengthen the thesis. We can use the following phrase to make conclusion in
reiteration :

D. LANGUAGE FEATURE

 Using relational process

 Using internal conjunction
 Using causal conjunction
 Using Simple Present Tense
 Using compound and complex sentence.
 Use word that link argument, such as firstly, secondly, and reasoning
through
causal conjunction, such as in addition, furthermore, however, therefore.

E. EXAMPLE

Controlling Children Using Computer

Computer and internet are useful as well as powerful. Information about

health and safe usage of computer and Internet, especially for children, should
be
owned by each family. Computer connected to internet is powerful way to
socialize with others. It can be good but also bad effect. Recently we hear a lot
of
children get the advantage of social networking sites but we often see the news
about the disadvantage of it for children. Healthy and safety of computer and
Internet usage should continue to be campaigned.

The role of parent in assisting and directing children in using computer

is
very necessary. Installation of software monitor such as key logger which has
function to watch and note all activities relating to keyboard usage is helpful
but
not enough to protect children from potential harms. Children tend to hide what
they have done in front of the computer to their parent. They see that all of
they
have done are their privacy and no one may know.

We can not prevent children from using computer because it is

multifunctional. However, many parents worry about what their kids do in front
of the computer; whether they are doing homework or even just playing games.
Or spending all time to surf internet which is the materials do not fit with his
age.
There is a tendency, especially teenagers, want to become acquainted with many
strangers out side. The lack parental supervision of children’s activities is
likely to
pose a potential danger to them. So parental monitor against the use of computers
needs to be done from time to time.

Mengontrol Anak Menggunakan Komputer

Komputer dan internet sangat berguna sekaligus bertenaga. Informasi

tentang kesehatan dan penggunaan komputer dan internet yang aman, terutama
untuk anak-anak, harus dimiliki oleh masing-masing keluarga. Komputer yang
terhubung ke internet adalah cara ampuh untuk bersosialisasi dengan orang lain.

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 Bisa bagus tapi juga berpengaruh buruk. Baru-baru ini kita mendengar banyak
anak mendapatkan keuntungan dari situs jejaring sosial namun kita sering
melihat
berita tentang kerugiannya untuk anak-anak. Sehat dan amannya penggunaan
komputer dan internet harus terus dikampanyekan.

Peran orang tua dalam membantu dan mengarahkan anak dalam

menggunakan komputer sangat diperlukan. Pemasangan monitor perangkat lunak
seperti keylogger yang berfungsi untuk melihat dan mencatat semua aktivitas
yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan keyboard sangat membantu namun tidak
cukup untuk melindungi anak-anak dari bahaya potensial. Anak-anak cenderung
menyembunyikan apa yang telah mereka lakukan di depan komputer ke orang tua
mereka. Mereka melihat bahwa semua yang telah mereka lakukan adalah privasi
mereka dan tidak ada yang tahu.

Kita tidak bisa mencegah anak menggunakan komputer karena

multifungsi. Namun, banyak orang tua khawatir tentang apa yang anak-anak
mereka lakukan di depan komputer; apakah mereka mengerjakan pekerjaan
rumah atau bahkan sekedar bermain game. Atau menghabiskan sepanjang waktu
untuk berselancar internet yang bahannya tidak sesuai usianya. Ada
kecenderungan, terutama remaja, ingin berkenalan dengan banyak orang asing di
luar. Kurangnya pengawasan orangtua terhadap aktivitas anak cenderung
menimbulkan bahaya bagi mereka. Jadi monitor orang tua terhadap penggunaan
komputer perlu dilakukan dari waktu ke waktu.

 HORTATORY EXPOSITION

A. DEFINITION

A hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended

to
explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or
be
done.

( Eksposisi hortatory adalah jenis teks lisan atau tulisan yang dimaksudkan
untuk jelaskan kepada pendengar atau pembaca bahwa sesuatu harus atau tidak
boleh terjadi atau dilakukan.)

B. PURPOSE

To persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the
case.

C. GENERIC STRUCTURE

 Thesis : it presents announcement of issue of concern

 Arguments : it presents the reasons for concern, leading to
recommendation.
 Recommendation : it presents the statement of what ought or ought not to
happen.

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 D. FEATURES LANGUAGE

 Focus on generic human and non-human participants

 The use material processes
 Using Present Tense
 Using conjunction

E. EXAMPLE

Tourism Benefit on Local People

What is the benefit of tourism for local people? Well, Tourism is now a
huge
contributor to the economies of most countries. Tourism industries can bring money,
job
vacancy and advancement especially to developing regions. However, this money often
goes into the pockets of foreign investors, and only rarely benefits for local
people.

Tourism industries will not give much benefit for local people if, for
example,
multinational hotel chains don't care about the surrounding nature when they build
new
hotels. This can cause many social, cultural and geographical problems. Some local
people may get job and money from that International hotel chain. However in case
of
missing that opportunity, some of them still have their own environment.

Moreover, some facts show that tourists tend to go, visit and spend their
money in
restaurants, bars and even luxury hotels of that multinational chains. They less go
to such
places; restaurant, bar, hotel, shop which are owned by local people. This can
prevent the
local people's business from becoming even larger.

Most important thing, tours or excursions of tourism have little effect on

nature.
Even it can disrupt or destroy ecosystems and environments, and if it does, the
local
people will get the risk.

So the local government policies should be put in place to ensure that

tourism will
make the benefit spreading widely. The policies should guarantee that tourism will
not
cause any harm to any local people or places.

Manfaat Pariwisata pada Masyarakat Lokal

Apa manfaat pariwisata bagi masyarakat lokal? Pariwisata Nah, sekarang

menjadi
kontributor besar terhadap perekonomian sebagian besar negara. Industri pariwisata
dapat
membawa uang, lowongan dan kemajuan terutama untuk daerah-daerah berkembang.
Namun, uang ini sering masuk ke kantong investor asing, dan jarang manfaat bagi
masyarakat setempat.
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 Industri pariwisata tidak akan memberikan banyak manfaat bagi masyarakat
lokal
jika, misalnya, jaringan hotel multinasional tidak peduli tentang alam sekitarnya
ketika
mereka membangun hotel baru. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan banyak masalah sosial,
budaya dan geografis. Beberapa orang lokal mungkin mendapatkan pekerjaan dan uang
itu jaringan hotel Internasional. Namun dalam kasus hilang kesempatan itu,
beberapa dari
mereka masih memiliki lingkungan mereka sendiri.

Selain itu, beberapa fakta menunjukkan bahwa wisatawan cenderung untuk

pergi,
mengunjungi dan menghabiskan uang mereka di restoran, bar dan hotel bahkan
kemewahan yang rantai multinasional. Mereka kurang pergi ke tempat-tempat
seperti;
restoran, bar, hotel, toko yang dimiliki oleh orang-orang lokal. Hal ini dapat
mencegah
bisnis masyarakat lokal dari menjadi lebih besar.

Yang paling penting hal, wisata atau kunjungan pariwisata memiliki

sedikit efek
pada alam. Bahkan dapat mengganggu atau merusak ekosistem dan lingkungan, dan
jika
tidak, masyarakat akan mendapatkan risiko.

Jadi kebijakan pemerintah daerah harus diletakkan di tempat untuk

memastikan
bahwa pariwis ata akan membuat saling penyebaran secara luas. Kebijakan harus
menjamin bahwa pariwisata tidak akan menyebabkan kerusakan apapun kepada orang
lokal atau tempat

7. NEWS ITEM

A. DEFINITION

News item is a text which informs readers about events of the day
(teks yang menginformasikan pembaca tentang peristiwa hari itu)

B. PURPOSE
 To inform the readers about newsworthy or important events of the day
 To present information the readers about newsworthy or important events
of the
day

C. GENERIC STRUCTURE
 Main Events / Newsworthy event(s) : it recounts the event in summary
form.
 Elaboration / Background event(s) : they elaborate what happened, to
whom, in
what circumstance
 Resource of Information (Source) : it contains comments by participants
in,
witnesses to and authorities expert on the event
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D. LANGUAGE FEATURE
 Focusing on circumstances (using a simple language in writing the text)
 Using saying verbs: “….”, She said, informed, told, reported.
 Sometimes at the beginning of news, the scene is mentioned : Jakarta – … ..
/
Kuala Lumpur – …
 Using Past tense in explaining news events. But if it is a fact that until
now still
happen or still in the form of fact, then can use simple present tense.
 Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
 Using adverbs: time, place and manner.
 Uses of material processes to retell the event
E. EXAMPLE
Tornado's Wrath Ruined The City
Tornado That Occurred In Russia Moscow City Yesterday Has Devastated The Whole
Town In A Matter Of Hours. The Storm That Occurred During The 39 Minutes It Has
Swept At Least 49 Buildings, Four Important Buildings And Swallowed Dozens Of
Casualties.
The Storm That Occurred This Time Worse Than The Worst Storm Ever Recorded
Occurred In Moscow Since 1973, It Can Be Said That This Storm Is The Worst Storm
That Ever Occurred In Moscow For 100 Years.
To Respond To This Disaster, The Local Response Agencies Have Been Exerting All His
Strength To Help Evacuate Victims Of The Storm. Although The Weather Has Not
Improved But Aid Has Been Channeled To The Victims. Not Only From The Russian
Government, But In The Form Of Material Aid Has Been Granted By Various Countries
As An Expression Of Their Concern.

Tornado Yang Terjadi Di Kota Moscow Rusia Kemarin Telah Meluluhlantahkan Seisi
Kota Hanya Dalam Hitungan Jam Saja. Badai Yang Terjadi Selama 39 Menit Ini
Setidaknya Telah Menyapu 49 Bangunan, 4 Bangunan Penting Dan Menelan Puluhan
Korban Jiwa.

Badai Yang Terjadi Kali Ini Lebih Parah Dari Badai Terburuk Yang Tercatat Pernah
Terjadi Di Moscow Sejak Tahun 1973, Bisa Dikatakan Bahwa Badai Ini Merupakan
Badai Terburuk Yang Pernah Terjadi Di Moscow Selama 100 Tahun Ini.

Untuk Menanggapi Bencana Ini, Dinas Penanggulangan Setempat Telah Mengerahkan

Seluruh Tenaga Untuk Membantu Evakuasi Korban Badai. Meskipun Cuaca Belum
Membaik Namun Bantuan Telah Banyak Disalurkan Kepada Para Korban. Tidak Hanya
Dari Pemerintah Rusia Saja, Namun Bantuan Berupa Materil Telah Diberikan Oleh
Berbagai Negara Sebagai Ucapan Prihatin Mereka.

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