INSTRUCTION MANUAL

FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

10.12

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this manual is accurate; however no liability is accepted
for errors. Should an error be discovered please inform the company in writing, giving full details. Any experimental results given
are for guidance only and are not guaranteed as exact answers that can be obtained for a given apparatus; due to the complex
variables applicable to most experiments.

EdLabQuip GmbH
Peiner Str. 157E, 30519 Hannover, Germany
www.edlabquip.com
sales@edlabquip.com
Tel: +49 511 56 37 98 70
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

CONTENTS

Receipt of Goods …………………………………………………………………. 2

1. General Description ………………………………………….. 6
2. Theory ………………………………………………………….………. 8
3. Test procedure …………………………………………………………. 10
4. Sample data …………………………………………………………………. 12
5. Sample Calculation ……..…………………………………..………. 13
6. Observations…………………………………………………………………. 14
7. Installation instructions …………………………………………………. 15

ADDENDUM
Addendum 1: Water manometer ………………………………………………….. 16
10.12

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or
storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this
publication) without the written permission.

1
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

RECEIPT OF GOODS
a) On receipt of the goods at the consignee’s premises, the shipment should be immediately
inspected for any damages or missing package. This should be checked against the packing list or
shipping documents. Any damage should be reported immediately to the insurance agent.
b) The package should then be open to check items or parts against the delivery list. Any damaged or
missing items should be immediately claimed to the insurance agent with copy to the supplier.
c) If insurance has been arranged by the buyer then you must notify your insurer in writing of any
damage or loss of parts which was observed regarding this shipment within a specified period of
time as stated in the Terms and Conditions. This should include detailed photographs of the
damaged equipment.
d) If insurance has been arranged by the seller you should notify the insurance representative along
with any correspondence including the insurance certificate supplied by the seller. These should
include detailed photographs for evaluation of damages or replacement parts pertaining to the
shipment.
e) The supplier will only replace damaged items or missing on notification by insurance company
that the claim has been accepted. The insurance company may refuse responsibility if parts are
damaged or missing while under custody’s for a long time without prior claim. Immediate claim
is therefore vital.

Manufacturers Liability
a) Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment listed in the instruction
manual, we would like to alert the user to the health and safety aspects of the people who will
work on or operate our equipment with regards to the liability of the manufacturers or suppliers.
10.12

b) Manufacturers or suppliers are absolved of any responsibilities with regard to misuse of their
equipment causing harm or financial charges being incurred against them from clients of third
parties for consequences of failure or damage of the equipment in any way if the equipment is not
installed, maintained and operated as outlined in the instruction manual published by the
manufacturers or suppliers.
c) In order to safeguard the students and operators of the equipment it is vital that all safety aspects
as outlined in the instruction manual are observed.

Safety Guidelines
1. General Safety Concerns
a) Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment described in the instruction
manual we would like to alert you to the dangerous potential hazards that would be present if
safety practices were not performed in accordance with the local standards and governing bodies
regulations.
b) Injury would occur to the operational staff of the equipment through misuse, electric shock,
rotating equipment hazards and lack of cleanliness.
c) To be able to achieve the aim, of “accidents can be avoided” it must be ensured that the
equipment is installed correctly, regularly maintained and operators of the equipment are made
aware of the potential hazards associated with the particular equipment.
d) We would like to inform our valuable customers of the safety guide lines when using their
equipment.

2
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

2. Awareness of Safety Hazards

a) Before attempting to work on the equipment the personnel who are going to install, commission,
or operate the equipment must be qualified and fully aware of all the manufacturers and suppliers
recommendations and instructions.
b) Ensure that the all the recommendations specified in the instruction manuals are maintained as
stated in the contents.

Electrical Safety
a) Ensure that the person who works on the equipment is a qualified electrical engineer/technician
who is competent in the safety aspects and operational mode of the equipment.
b) If the electrical supply to the equipment is supplied by means of a portable trailing cable,
protective devices such as an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) must be installed.
This protective device must have a very high sensitivity (20-30mA).This device is also referred to
as a residual current device(R C D) within the electrical supply circuitry for personnel protection.
c) The supply cable must be sized accordingly for all fault and physical conditions pertaining to its
use. The supply network must also incorporate a protection device that will disconnect and isolate
the supply voltage in the case of an overload in a specified period of time without causing any
damage to the equipment. (An overload relay)

Installation
a) On receipt of the equipment extreme care should be used to avoid damage to the equipment on
handling and unpacking. If slings are used ensure they are held on a rigid part of the equipment,
10.12

the structure. In the case of a mechanical lift such as a fork lift ensure the lifting forks are beneath
the structure framework so that no damage will occur during the lifting operation.
b) In some cases it is imperative that the equipment be installed on a level and solid foundation

1. Electrical Supply Cables

a) The normal colour code of the power cables supplied on this equipment is as follows:
- Black----------------------------Line.
- Grey or white -----------------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow-----------------Ground.
b) The three phase power cable has five wires.
- Red, blue and black ---------Line.
- Light grey or white ----------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow ----------------Ground.

2. General Precautions for Equipment with Water Including Evaporative Cooling Towers
a) Any water contained in the system should be drained regularly. If it is left in the system for a long
period of time without circulation it will stagnate.
b) The equipment should be flushed regularly with clean water.
c) Impurities in the water will cause scale or algae and must be cleaned on a regular basis. An anti-
rust additive such as used in the automobile industry is recommended to inhibit this process.
d) The water should be at temperature under 45°C to maintain effectiveness.

3
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

e) Many of the problems encountered with water contamination can be reduced and prevented by
means of a water treatment program being introduced using the expertise available locally or on
site.

3. Rotating Equipment
a) If the equipment is supplied with any rotating parts such as a motor, generator, fan etc. these items
are provided with a protection shield or a guard to protect the operator from any dangers which
may occur when the rotating parts fail. These guards must be in place whenever the rotating parts
are in operation (rotating) and only removed for maintenance periods.
After maintenance is carried out ensure that the machine guards are replaced back in service. Do
not operate any rotating parts unless machine guards are in place.

4. Steam Equipment
a) When using steam equipment, there are a number of vital precautions which must be remembered
by the operators and maintenance crew and placed into operation when both operating and
performing maintenance schedules. During operation of this equipment the steam and water are
at a high temperature and pressure which can have a very damaging and hazardous effects on
students if safety precautions are not observed.
b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are
maintained and not exceeded on the equipment.
c) Safety valves should be calibrated on a regular basis with mandatory service records maintained.
This should also include pressure reducing valves.
10.12

d) Calibration of any instrumentation such as pressure gauges, thermometers and sensors should be
checked regularly.
e) Visual inspection of the equipment should be regularly observed for leaks of steam etc. and any
frameworks or joints should have the hardware checked for tightness.
f) Always use protective clothes including gloves when carrying out maintenance on the equipment.

5. High Temperature Equipment

a) When using high temperature equipment there are a number of vital precautions which must be
remembered by the operators and maintenance crew and observed when both operating and
performing maintenance schedules. During operation of this equipment the air, gas or water is at a
high temperature and pressure which can have a very damaging and hazardous effect on students
if safety precautions are not observed.
b) Ensure that critical values of temperature and pressures listed in the instruction manual are
maintained and not exceeded on the equipment.
c) Calibration of any instrumentation such as, thermometers and sensors must be checked regularly
for safe operation.

6. Maintenance Safety Practices

a) Always isolate the equipment from the electrical supply when carrying out maintenance on the
equipment.
b) Ensure that safety notices are placed on the equipment supply advising personnel that the
equipment is being worked on, inspected and should not be operated.

4
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

c) Check the operation of any protective devices, such as an ELCB so that it operates in accordance
with its specifications thus ensuring the safety of all operational personnel working on the
equipment. Any malfunction of the device must be corrected by a qualified electrician before
returning the equipment back to a service condition.
d) Ensure on completions of the work that the equipment is returned to its original state and that no
covers, panels are left open along with loose screw drivers, spanners are left in the equipment.
e) If water is used with the equipment then there are certain preventative mandatory regulations that
have to be taken to prevent infection from harmful micro-organisms.

7. General Safety Conditions when Operating or Maintaining the Equipment

a) When operating or carrying out maintenance on the equipment the Health and Safety of the
students can be safeguarded in many ways by wearing protective clothing.
b) Loose fitting clothes should never be worn in a laboratory. These clothes can cause a serious
accident if caught in rotating equipment, i.e. tie etc.
c) Protective gloves must be used if handling toxic materials or where there is a high temperature
present.
d) Ear protectors should be worn when operating noisy equipment.
e) Eye protection should always be used when there is a risk to the eyes.
10.12

5
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

1. General Description
Bernoulli’s theorem is applied on flow through a clear acrylic Venturi tube. The apparatus is to
be used with FM 100 Hydraulics Bench (separately supplied).
Static pressures at various points along the wall of a transparent Venturi tube are directly
measured on a manometer equipped with a vent valve and a hand air pump. A movable
stainless steel total head probe is also provided. Flow through the Venturi tube is controlled by
a valve at the outlet. As a primary flow measuring device, coefficient of discharge for the
Venturi tube can also be determined.

Air relief valve

Pressurizing valve

Water manometer

Total head probe

Venturi tube

Control valve
Pipe inlet
Discharge pipe
10.12

Figure 1 Front view of the apparatus

Main components are:

- The Venturi tube consists a 28mm inside-diameter pipe and a 14mm inside-diameter throat
of 21o inlet angle and a 10o outlet angle. It has eight pressure tapping points along the wall
of the tube for connecting to the manometer.
- The water manometer consists of 8 tubes  500mm long along with a white acrylic back
plate for easy viewing, a top air chamber and a bleed valve to vary the chamber pressure by
means of a hand air pump.
- A total head probe of stainless steel tube (1.9mm inside diameter) which can be moved
axially along the Venturi tube. The total head tube is connected to manometer tube
No. 7 by a hose pipe.
- A rotameter (optional) with a flow rate upto 35 lpm. The outlet control valve of the Venturi
tube is used for controlling the flow of water as well as to raise or lower the pressure in the
system.
- All the equipment is mounted on a steel frame with adjusting screws to maintain a level
condition.

1.1 Technical Data:

Diameter : 28 mm with 14mm throat.
Taper : Upstream 21o, Downstream 10o or as required.
Water manometer : 8 tubes x 500 mm x 1mm graduation.

6
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

1.2 Optional

- FM 100.08.010 Flow meter, up to 35 lpm to facilitate the experiments

10.12

7
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

2. Theory
Bernoulli’s Theorem states that “The total head of the liquid flowing between two points remains
constant provided there is no loss due to friction and no gain due to an application of outside
work between these two points”
The total head (H) of a flowing liquid is made up of an elevation head or static Head (Z),
pressure head (p/) and velocity head (V2/2g), mutually convertible into each other’s form.
p V2
H =  Z
 2g

Where : H= total head, m

V= velocity, m/s
p= pressure, N/m2
Z= elevation, m
g= acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
= specific weight of fluid , N/m3

Thus for point 1 and 2

p1 V2 p2 V2
 1  Z1 =  2  Z 2  h f ,12 ...……………. (1)
 2g  2g

where: hf, 1-2 = Friction loss between 1 and 2.

10.12

Pressure tap
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Total head probe
to tube No.7

Flow

D1 = 28 mm D2 = 21 mm D3 = 14 mm D4 = 16.8 mm
D5 = 19.6 mm D6 = 22.4 mm D7 = 25.2 mm D8 = 28 mm

Figure 2 Bernoulli’s tube with a difference in diameter.

If the Bernoulli’s tube is in a horizontal position then Z1 = Z2 and if the friction loss between
point 1 and 2 is very small, Then:
p1 V2 p2 V2
 1 =  2 …………………. (2)
 2g  2g

p1 p V22 V12
or  2 =  …………………..(3)
  2g 2g

Since section (1) and section (2) of the Bernoulli’s tube are different in diameter then velocity V 1
is different from V2. This can be demonstrated by the water levels at point 1 and 2 of the

8
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

manometer. From the Bernoulli’s theorem we can see that the lowest pressure will be at the
throat of the tube.
We can further calculate the difference of pressure head between two points and can compare it
with a measured value. The difference between the theoretical and measured value is mainly due
to frictional losses.
If: Vol = volume of flow measured from the measuring tank, m3
t = Measuring time, s
A = Cross-section area, m2
D = Diameter of Bernoulli’s tube section, m
From equation (3) we have
p1  p 2 V22  V12
=
 2g

1  Vol / t 
2 2
p1  p 2  Vol / t 
=      
 2g  A 2   A1  
 

Vol 2 
2 2
4   4  
= 
2 
2g t  D 22   D12  
 

= 8
Vol 2  1

1 
 
2 g t 2  D 22 D12 
p p1
8
Vol 2  1 1 
………………….. (4)
 2 =  2  2
  2  D 2 D1 
10.12

The dimension of equation (4) is in m.

Since the diameter of the tube at each particular section along the tubes length is fixed. Then we
can calculate the pressure drop along the tube if the flow rate is known. The difference between
the theoretical pressure drop and the actual pressure drop (measured value) is due to the friction
in the tube between these two points.
At the same time we can compare the total head at any point along the Venturi tube using a total
head probe (Pitot tube’s probe) whose total head is shown on tube No.7
ps V2 p V
 s  Zs =  Z ………………….. (5)
 2g  2g

At the stagnation point in front of the Pitot tube tip Vs = 0 and Zs = Z:

ps p V
=  ………………….. (6)
  2g
V2 ps p
Or = 
2g  
ps p
Velocity head =  ………………….. (7)
 
Therefore the velocity head can be demonstrated by the difference of total head or stagnation
pressure head (ps/) measured from Pitot tube and static pressure head (p/) at that point.

9
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

3. Test Procedure

Air relief valve

Pressurizing valve

Water manometer

Total head probe

Venturi tube

Control valve
Pipe inlet
Discharge pipe

3.1 Apparatus Operation

3.1.1 If the apparatus outlet control valve is slightly closed, the system pressure will
increase. Hence water level in the manometer will be higher and vice versa.
3.1.2 A hand air pump is used to increase air pressure in the manometer via the pressurizing
10.12

valve.
If air is pumped into the manometer top chamber, air pressure in the manometer will
increase and the water level will be lower and vice versa.

3.2 Bernoulli, s Theorem Test

3.2.1 Place the apparatus on top of the Bench and connect the Hydraulic bench’s water
outlet to the test apparatus with the apparatus outlet control valve open.
3.2.2 Start the pump and slowly open the Bench flow control valve to obtain a small flow
such as 5 lpm. Adjust the apparatus outlet control valve and/or top air chamber (by
means of a hand air pump) such that the water levels in all tubes of the manometer
can be observed. (See 3.1)
3.2.3 Move the Pitot tube probe to be in line (vertical plane) with any of the manometer
tapping point such as point 1.
3.2.4 Adjust the flow rate to about 5 lpm and record manometer readings for tube no.1 and
no. 7 (total head).
3.2.5 Move the Pitot tube probe so that it is line with point 2, 3 etc. and record data as in
3.2.4.
3.2.6 Increase the flow rate from 10, 15, 20 lpm etc. and record data as in step 3.2.4 and
3.2.5.

10
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

DATA SHEET
FM 100.08 BERNOULLI’S THEOREM APPARATUS
Tested by: …………………………… Date: …………….
Volume: …………l, time ………….s, flow rate ……………. lps, ………..lpm

Difference Actual
2 2
Measured Vn  V1 Theoretical p /  Total head Head loss
(p/)act (p/)th 100 (Tube No.7)  Hact
Point no. 2g p /  th Hact
cm cm cm
cm % cm
1
2
3
4
5
6

7(blind)
8

Volume: …………l, time ………….s, flow rate ……………. lps, ………..lpm

Difference Actual
2 2
Measured Vn  V1 Theoretical p /  Total head Head loss
(p/)act (p/)th 100 (Tube No.7)  Hact
Point no. 2g p /  th Hact
cm cm cm
cm % cm
1
2
10.12

3
4
5
6

7(blind)
8
Volume: …………l, time ………….s, flow rate ……………. lps, ………..lpm

Difference Actual
2 2
Measured Vn  V1 Theoretical p /  Total head Head loss
(p/)act (p/)th 100 (Tube No.7)  Hact
Point no. 2g p /  th Hact
cm cm cm
cm % cm
1
2
3
4
5
6

7(blind)
8
Note: 1. p/ = p/th – p/act
2. Hact = H1act - Hnact

11
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

4. Sample Data
FM 100.08 BERNOULLI’S THEOREM APPARATUS

Tested by: ………….…… Date: …09/11/2002….

Volume: …10…l, time …30.83….s, flow rate …0.3243…. lps, …19.46…..lpm

Difference Actual
2 2
Measured Vn  V1 Theoretical p /  Total head Head loss
(p/)act (p/)th 100 (Tube No.7)  Hact
Point no. 2g p /  th Hact
cm cm cm
cm % cm
1 42.40 0.00 42.40 0.00 42.40 0
2 38.40 3.06 39.34 2.39 42.10 0.30
3 19.20 21.23 21.17 9.31 42.00 0.40
4 29.00 9.51 32.89 11.84 41.90 0.50
5 33.50 4.48 37.92 11.66 41.50 0.90
6 36.50 2.04 40.36 9.56 41.40 1.00
- - - - - -
7(blind)
8 38.00 0.00 42.40 10.38 41.20 1.20
Volume: …10…l, time …96.93….s, flow rate …0.1031…. lps, …6.19...lpm

Difference Actual
2 2
Measured Vn  V1 Theoretical p /  Total head Head loss
(p/)act (p/)th 100 (Tube No.7)  Hact
Point no. 2g p /  th Hact
cm cm cm
cm % cm
1 14.10 0.00 14.10 0.00 14.10 0
10.12

2 13.70 0.31 13.79 0.66 13.60 0.50

3 11.50 2.15 11.95 3.78 13.50 0.60
4 12.00 0.96 13.14 8.66 13.40 0.70
5 12.40 0.45 13.65 9.14 13.40 0.70
6 13.00 0.21 13.89 6.43 13.30 0.80
- - - - - -
7(blind)
8 13.20 0.00 14.10 6.38 13.20 0.90
Volume: …10…l, time …141.84….s, flow rate …0.0705…. lps …4.23...lpm

2 2 Difference Actual
Vn  V1
Measured Theoretical p /  Total head Head loss
(p/)act (p/)th 100 (Tube No.7)  Hact
Point no. 2g p /  th Hact
cm cm cm cm
% cm
1 10.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 11.00 0
2 9.80 0.14 9.86 0.56 10.80 0.20
3 8.60 1.00 9.00 4.41 10.60 0.40
4 8.90 0.45 9.55 6.81 10.60 0.40
5 9.40 0.21 9.79 3.97 10.50 0.50
6 9.60 0.10 9.90 3.07 10.40 0.60
- - - - - -
7(blind)
8 9.70 0.00 10.00 3.00 10.30 0.70
Note: 1. p/ = p/th – p/act
2. Hact = H1act - Hnact

12
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

5. Sample Calculations
From Vol, t and (p1/) for each flow rate we can calculate (p2/), (p3/), (p4/), (p5/), (p6/), (p7/)
and (p8/) by using equation (4). Comparison of (p2/), (p3/), (p4/), (p5/), (p6/), (p7/) and
(p8/) with the measured values can then be made.

Sample Calculations
Flow of volume from measuring tank is 10 l
Measuring time, t = 30.83 s
Vol 10 l l m3 -4 m
3
Q = =  = 3.24  10
time 30.83 s 1,000 l s
From equation (4), the theoretical pressure head of measuring point number 2 is:
p1

p2 Q 2  1 1 
= 8  
4
 
2 2 4
2 g t  D2 D1 

p2 p1 Q 2  1 1 
= 8  4  4

2
  g  D2 D1 

3.24  10 4 2 ms
3
 1 1 
= 0.4240 m  8   4  4
2
  9.81
m  D2 D1 
2
s
 1 
9 5 1
10.12

= 0.4240 m  8.6993  10 m   
 D24 D14 
9 1 5 1 
= 0.4240 m  8.6993  10  
4
m
4
 (0.021) (0.028) 

9 5  1 
= 0.4240 m  8.6993  10 m 3,514 ,964.187
4
 m 
= 0.4240 m – 0.0306 m = 0.3934 m

Because the measured (actual) pressure head is equal to 38.40 m and the calculated (theoretical)
pressure head is 42.37m then the percentage of pressure head difference will be:
   
 p2   p2 
   
  
  th  
 
%
p =
 act
 100
  
 p2 
 
  
  th
39.34 m  38.4 m
=  100
39.34m
= 2.39 %

Head loss between point (1) and point (2)

hL ,12 = H 1  H 2 = 42.40 m - 42.10 m = 0.30 m

13
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

6. Observations
When carrying out the actual tests there is a small frictional loss and the following observation
can be made.
6.1 At any flow rate the manometer recording at tube no. 8 is lower than tube no. 1 despite
Venturi tubes diameter being the same. This difference represents friction loss between
Point 1 and 8.
6.2 As the Pitiot tube probe is slowly moved from point no. 1 and point no. 8 the Pitot probe
reading at tube no. 7 slowly decrease this show that the frictional loss as the Pitot tube
probe moves along the length of the Venturi tube.
10.12

14
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

7. Installation Instructions
1. GENERAL INSTRUCTION

Shipped overseas Equipment is usually partially assembled in order to reduce possibility of

damages and shipping volume.
Parts list or packaging list is normally shipped with shipping documents. When the shipping box reaches
the site, the box should be carefully opened, and the parts must be checked / examined for damage and
identified according to the part list.
Equipment and parts are to be assembled according to the assembly instruction.

2. MODEL FM 100.08 BERNOULLI’S THEOREM APPARATUS

Packing List
Main apparatus
Hand air pump.
Male coupling with hose and clamp.
Instruction manual (sometimes it is sent separately)
Nylon cover (if applicable).

Assembly Instructions
Connect the male coupling hose to water inlet of the apparatus; the other end of hose is ready to be
hydraulic bench water outlet.
10.12

Screw the hand air pump onto the manometer top chamber.

15
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

ADDENDUM 1

WATER MANOMETER
10.12

16
 FM 100.08 Bernoulli’s Theorem Apparatus

WATER MANOMETER

Description:
Manometer Multi tube Manometer This manometer employs clear acrylic
tubes with a top common chamber. This
chamber has an air relief valve and can
Pressurising valve for be pressurized by a hand air pump or may
hand air pump be reduced by opening a vent valve.
Pressure ports art at the bottom.
Range : 500 mm
Air bleeding valve Graduation : 1 mm
Top chamber Application : comparison of water pressures

This manometer uses 2 clear acrylic

tubes. For multiple reading, the number
of tubes may be 4, 6, 8 or 10 are available
as an option.
Instruction for use:
1. Close the vent valve at the top
chamber.
2. Connect pressure lines from the
pressure source to the inlet pressure
ports of the manometer. Water levels
will show on the manometer scale.
10.12

3. If the levels are too low, release

pressure from the top chamber by
opening the vent valve or increase
static pressure of the system to be
measured by closing the system outlet
valve. If the levels are too high, open
the outlet valve of the system slightly
Pressure inlet valve more or increase the top chamber
Pressure line pressure by hand air pump via air
pressuring valve.
4. If differential pressure exceeds the
water manometer range. Close the
water manometer inlet valves and use
the mercury manometer only.

Note: More than one pair of tubes may be used simultaneously if average pressure from one pair is not
much different from the other pairs. In this case, down stream average pressure is always lower than
up stream average pressure. Thus, if anyone pair of water levels are out of the manometer range,
that pair can not be used, simply the inlet valves of that pair by or close the pressure tapping ports at
the pressure source

17