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MATHEMATICS
QUARTER 3 – MODULE 6

MELC 7

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PART I.
MELC 7: Proves statements on triangle congruence
A. Introduction and Discussion
This module covers proving statements on triangle congruence.

After going through this module, you are expected to prove statements on triangle
congruence.

As observed, students find reading and writing proofs the most difficult topics in
mathematics. Unlike the other sciences, mathematics adds a final step to familiar scientific
method. After experimenting, collecting data, creating a hypothesis, and checking that
hypothesis through more experiments, as they said mathematicians must prove their
hypothesis before it can be accepted as a true result.

A Mathematical Proof is a logical argument in which each statement you make is

supported by a statement that is accepted as true and justified by given information,
definitions, axioms, postulates or theorems. There are different formats in presenting proofs.
It may be the case that one particular method of presentation may be easier in solving a
specific problem than another method.

Two-column proof in geometry is only one of the three ways to demonstrate the truth
of some mathematical statement. Among the many methods available to mathematicians are
proofs, or logical arguments that begin with a statement and arrive at a conclusion in
detailed facts. Writing a proof is a challenge because you have to make every piece fits in its
correct order.

Three types of proof

1. Paragraph proof is a proof in paragraph form and is the type of proof where you write
paragraph to explain why a conjecture for a given situation is true.

Proof:
Since 𝐸𝑁 ≅ 𝐸𝑊 is given, then construct ∠𝐸 𝐸
bisector to point ∠𝑆 on side 𝑁𝑊, for every interior ∠ has
exactly one ∠ bisector. Thus,∠𝑁𝐸𝑆 ≅ ∠𝑊𝐸𝑆by definition
of ∠ bisector. Then 𝐸𝑆 ≅ 𝐸𝑆by Reflexive Property of
Equality. So,∆𝐸𝑁𝑆 ≅ ∆𝐸𝑊𝑆 by Side Angle Side Postulate.
Therefore, ∠𝑁 ≅ ∠𝑊 by CPCTC (Corresponding Parts of
Congruent Triangles are Congruent) 𝑁 𝑊𝑤
𝑆

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2. Flowchart proof organizes a series of statements in a logical order using a flow chart.
This proof format shows the structure of a proof using boxes and connecting arrows. The
appearance is like a detailed drawing of the proof. The justifications (the definitions,
theorems, postulates and properties) are written beside the boxes.

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡 ∠𝐸 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜
𝐸𝑁 ≅ EW ∠𝑁𝐸𝑆 ≅ ∠𝑊𝐸𝑆
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑆 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑊

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 ∠ ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓

𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑜𝑛𝑒 ∠ 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 ∠ 𝑏𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

∠𝑁 ≅ ∠𝑊 ∆𝐸𝑁𝑆 ≅ ∆𝐸𝑊𝑆 𝐸𝑆 ≅ 𝐸𝑆

𝐶𝑃𝐶𝑇𝐶 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

3. Two-column proof is consists of two columns where the first column contains numbers
arranged in order, called Statements, leading to the desired conclusion. The second column
contains the justifications, called Reasons, to support each step in the proof. Remember that
justifications are definitions, postulates, theorems and/or properties.

Given: ∆𝑁𝐸𝑊 has 𝐸𝑁 ≅ EW 𝐸

Prove: ∠𝑁 ≅ ∠𝑊
∠𝐿𝑂𝑀 ≅ ∠𝑁𝑂𝑀
Statement Reason
1. 𝐸𝑁 ≅ EW 1. Given
2. Construct ∠𝐸 bisector to 2. Every interior ∠ has
point 𝑆 on side 𝑁𝑊 exactly one ∠ bisector
3. ∠𝑁𝐸𝑆 ≅ ∠𝑊𝐸𝑆 3. Definition of ∠ bisector
4. 𝐸𝑆 ≅ 𝐸𝑆 4. Reflexive Property 𝑁 𝑊
𝑆
5. ∆𝐸𝑁𝑆 ≅ ∆𝐸𝑊𝑆 5. SAS Postulate
6. ∠𝑁 ≅ ∠𝑊 6. CPCTC

Steps in completing a two-column proof.

1. Always observe the given information.
2. There must be a reason in every statement.
3. Reasons will be definitions, postulates, properties and previously proven theorems.
“Given” is only used as a reason if the information in the statement column was given in the
problem.

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 The table shows some of the definitions, postulates, properties and previously proven
theorems that are commonly used in proving.

Definitions Postulates Properties Theorems

*Definition of *SAS Congruence *Reflexive Property *AAS Congruence
Midpoint Postulate *Symmetric Property Theorem
*Definition of an *ASA Congruence *Transitive Property *LL Congruence
Angle Bisector Postulate *Substitution Theorem
*Definition of *SSS Congruence Property *LA Congruence
Supplementary Angle Postulate *Every interior ∠ has Theorem
exactly one ∠ bisector
*Definition of *Segment Addition *HyL Congruence
* A median bisects a
Complementary Postulate segment into 2 equal Theorem
Angle *Angle Addition parts *HyA Congruence
*
*Definition of Linear Postulate Theorem
Pair *Vertical Angles
*Definition of Vertical
Angles

Most geometry works around three types of proof the paragraph proof, flowchart
proof and two-column proof. Paragraphs and flowcharts can lay out the various steps well
enough, but for quality of being easily understood, nothing beats a two-column proof.

B. Illustrative examples

1.
Given:
𝑳
OM bisects ∠𝐿𝑀𝑁
∠𝐿𝑂𝑀 ≅ ∠𝑁𝑂𝑀

Prove that ∆𝑳𝑴𝑶 ≅ ∆𝑵𝑴𝑶.

Statement Reason
∠𝐿𝑂𝑀 ≅ ∠𝑁𝑂𝑀 Given 𝑵
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝑂 ≅ ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝑂 Reflexive Property of congruence
∠𝐿𝑀𝑂 ≅ ∠𝑁𝑀𝑂 Definition of angle bisector

∆𝐿𝑀𝑂 ≅ ∆𝑁𝑀𝑂 𝐀𝐒𝐀 𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞

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 2.
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐵𝐶
Given: 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ , 𝐵𝐷
̅̅̅̅ is a median of side AC.
Prove: ∆𝐴𝐵𝐷 ≅ ∆𝐶𝐵𝐷

Statement Reason
̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 Given
̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐷 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐷 Reflexive Property
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐷𝐶
𝐴𝐷 ̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐷 is a median bisects a segment
into 2 equal parts
∆𝐴𝐵𝐷 ≅ ∆𝐶𝐵𝐷 SSS Postulate

3.

̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐂𝐄
𝐀𝐂 ̅̅̅̅

Statement Reason
̅̅̅̅
AC ≅ ̅̅̅̅
CE Given
∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐸𝐶𝐹 Vertical Angles are congruent
̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐶𝐹 Midpoint bisect segment into congruent parts
∆𝐀𝐁𝐂 ≅ ∆𝐄𝐅𝐂 SAS Postulate

PART II. Activities

Directions: Fill in any missing statement or reason of the following proof.

1. Choose your answers on the box.

Given SSS ASA
BC  EF AC  DF A  D

̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐷𝐸
Given: 𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐷𝐹
̅̅̅̅̅, 𝐴𝐶 ̅̅̅̅, and ̅̅̅̅̅
𝐵𝐶 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐸𝐹 .

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 Prove: ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 ≅ ∆𝑫𝑬𝑭

Statement Reason
1. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝐷𝐸 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4. SSS Postulate

2. Give: BC  DA and BC DA
Prove: ABC  CDA

Statements Reasons
1. 1. Given
2. BC DA 2.
3. BCA  DAC 3.
4. AC  CA 4.
5. ABC  CDA 5.

3. Supply the missing information in the proving problem.

Statement Reason
1. ______________ 1. Given
2. ______________ 2. Given
3. Reflexive Property of
3. ______________ Congruence
4. CAP  LPA 4. ______________
5. C  L 5. ______________

4. Supply the missing information in the table on the right. Use the given figure and statements
below.
Statement Reason
1. CL  PA 1. _______________
2. _______________ 2. Given
3. CA  CA 3. _______________
4. LA  CP 4.
5. _______________ 5. SAS Postulate

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Answer Key

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PART III. Assessment

Directions: Fill in any missing statement or reason of the following proof. Choose your answer
on the box.

Given SSS ASA

Reflexive Property Vertical Angles AC  DF

1. Given: KM  NM and KL  LN .

Prove: KLM  NLM Two-column proof:

Statements Reasons
1. KL  LN 1.
2. 2. Given
3. LM  LM 3.
4. KLM  NLM 4.

Directions: Complete the two-column proof.

2. Given: BC  CE and AC  CD
Prove: ABC  DEC
Two-column proof:
B
Statements Reasons
D 1. BC  CE 1.
C
2. AC  CD 2.

3. ACB  DCE 3.
A
4. ABC  DEC 4.
E

Supply the missing information in the two-column proof.

3.
Statements Reasons
1. ______________ 1. Given
2. ______________ 2. Given
3. QS  QS 3. ______________
4. QR  SP 4. ______________
5. PQS  RSQ 5. ______________

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4. Supply the missing information in the proving problem.Choose your answer on the box below.

Statement Reason
1. ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐽𝐿
𝐿𝑀 ̅̅̅̅ 1. C
2. ∠𝑀𝐾𝐿 ≅ ∠𝑀𝐾𝐽 2. H
3. ̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑀𝐾 ≅ 𝑀𝐾 ̅̅̅̅̅ 3. G
4. ̅̅̅̅
𝐿𝐾 ≅ 𝐽𝐾 ̅̅̅ 4. B
5. ∆𝑀𝐾𝐿 ≅ ∆𝑀𝐾𝐽 5. F

A. LM  JM B. SAS CongruencePostulate C. Given D.MK  MK

F. CPCTC G. Reflexive Property

H. All right angles are congruent J . MKL  MKJ

References:

Emmanuel P. Abuzo et.al, 2013, Mathematics Learner’s Module 8, Printed in the Philippines
by FEP Printing Corporation

http://www.letspracticegeometry.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/proofs-involving-congruent-
triangles.pdf

http://www.tanqueverdeschools.org/Downloads/Worksheet%2079%20Using%20CPCTC.pdf

file:///C:/Users/MARICHU/Documents/MATH%20IMs/proofs-involving-congruent-triangles.pdf

http://jwilson.coe.uga.edu/EMT668/EMAT6680.2003.fall/Burrell/EMAT%206690/provingtrianglescongruent.ht
ml