SCHEME OF SALT

ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST
Colour Blue or Bluish green Cu2+
Green Ni2+
Light green Fe2+
Dark brown Fe3+
Light pink Mn2+
White Absence of Cu2,Ni2+,
Fe2+,Fe3+ , Mn2+
Odour Ammoniacal smell NH4+
Vinegar like smell CH3COO-
Solubility:
In water Soluble NH4+ may be present
In HCl Soluble Absence of Pb2+
Flame test:
Make a thick paste of Brick Red Ca2+ present
salt with conc. HCl Crimson Red Sr2+ present
on a glass rod and Grassy green Ba2+ present
introduce into the No characteristic Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+,
flame. flame colouration Ba2+

Ash test:
To the salt add Blue ash Al3+
Co(NO3)2 and conc. Green ash Zn2+
HNO3 .Boil and add Light pink(white) Mg2+
filter paper to it. Pink Mn2+
No characteristic ash Absence of Al3+, Zn2+,
Mg2+, Mn2+
ANALYSIS OF ANION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Test for carbonate ion (CO32-):
(a) To the little of Brisk effervescence Presence of CO32-
the salt add dil. with liberation of
HCl colourless gas which
turns lime water
milky
CO32- + 2HCl → 2Cl- + H2O + CO2
Ca(OH)2 +CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(b) To the little of White ppt. soluble Presence of CO32-
salt add BaCl2 in Dil.HCl confirmed.
solution.
CO32-+ BaCl2→ BaCO3 + 2Cl-
BaCO3 + 2HCl→ BaCl2 +CO2 + H2O

Test for acetate ion (CH3COO-):

(a) A little of salt is Smell of vinegar Presence of
treated with dil. CH3COO-
H2SO4
CH3COO- + H2SO4 → CH3COOH + HSO4-
(b) A little of the salt Reddish brown
solution is colouration Presence of
treated with CH3COO- confirmed.
neutral FeCl3
3CH3COO- + FeCl3 → (CH3COO )3Fe + 3Cl-
Test for halide ions (Cl-, Br- , I-):
(a) A little of salt is Colourless fuming Presence of Cl-
treated with gas which gives (Colourless gas in
conc. H2SO4 in a dense white fumes HCl combine with
dry test tube. with a glass rod NH4OHt to form
dipped in NH4OH NH4Cl
2Cl- + H2SO4 → 2HCl + SO42-
HCl + NH4OH → NH4Cl + H2O

(b) A little salt is Greenish brown gas. Presence of Cl-

treated with Evolution of reddish Presence of Br-
MnO2 and conc. brown vapour.
 H2SO4 in a test Deep violet vapour. Presence of I-
tube.
2Cl- + MnO2 +3H2SO4 →2H2SO4 + MnSO4 +2H2O + Cl2 ↑
2Br- + MnO2 +3H2SO4 →2H2SO4 + MnSO4 +2H2O + Br2 ↑
2I- + MnO2 +3H2SO4 →2H2SO4 + MnSO4 +2H2O + I2 ↑
(c) Silver nitrate test:
Acidify the salt A white ppt. soluble Presence of Cl- is
solution with dil. in NH4OH confirmed.
HNO3. Boil, cool Yellowish white ppt. Presence of Br- is
and add AgNO3 partially soluble in confirmed.
solution. NH4OH
Yellow ppt. Presence of I- is
completely insoluble confirmed.
in NH4OH
Cl- + AgNO3 → AgCl + NO3-
AgCl+2NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2]Cl + 2H2O
Br- + AgNO3 → AgBr+ NO3-
AgBr+2NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2]Br + 2H2O
I- + AgNO3 → AgI+ NO3-
AgI+2NH4OH → [Ag(NH3)2]I + 2H2O

(d) Chromyl Chloride test:

A little of salt Is Evolution of reddish Presence of Cl-

heated with K2Cr2O7 brown vapour. confirmed.
and conc. H2SO4
Cl- + K2Cr2O7 +3H2SO4 → 2SO42- + K2SO4 + 2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O
Test for nitrate ion (NO3-):
(a)A little of the salt is Brown vapour Presence of NO3-
treated with conc.
H2SO4 and add paper
ball.
2NO3- + H2SO4 → 2HNO3 + SO42-
4HNO3 + C → 2H2O + 4NO2 + CO2
(b)Brown ring test:
Acidify the salt A brown ring is Presence of NO3- is
solution with dil. formed at the confirmed.
H2SO4 and add freshly junction of 2 layers
prepared FeSO4
solution. Then add
1ml of conc. H2SO4
along the side of the
test tube. HSO4- + HNO3
NO3- + H2SO4 → 2 HNO3→ Fe2(SO4)3 +4H2O+NO
6 FeSO4 + 3 H2SO4 + [Fe(H2O)5NO]SO4
FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O→
Test for Oxalate Ion(C2O42-):
(a) To little of salt Brisk effervescence Presence of C2O42-
solution add conc. with evolution of
H2SO4 and heat it. CO2 gas, turns lime
water milky
C2O42- + H2SO4 → H2C2O4 + SO42-
H2C2O4 → CO + CO2 + H2O
(b)To a little of salt Pink colour of Presence of C2O42-
add dil. H2SO4 warm KMnO4 disappears. confirmed.
to 60to 70⁰c and add 2
drops of KMnO4
solution.
KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2C2O4 →K2SO4 + 5MnSO4+10CO2 +
8H2O
Test for sulphate ion (SO42-):
(a)A little of salt White ppt insoluble Presence of SO42-
solution is reacted in dil. HCl
with BaCl2 solution.
SO42- + BaCl2 → BaSO4 + 2Cl-
(b)A little of salt is White ppt soluble in Presence of SO42-
treated with acetic ammonium acetate confirmed.

acid then add lead solution.

acetate solution.
SO42- + (CH3COO)2Pb → PbSO4 + 2 CH3COO-
PbSO4+2(CH3COO)NH4 → (CH3COO)2Pb + (NH4)2SO4
Test for phosphate ion (PO43-)
(a) To the salt solution Yellow ppt. Presence of PO43-
add conc. HNO3 and
boil. Then add
ammonium
molybdate solution.
2PO43- + 3(NH4)2MoO4 →2(NH4)2PO4 + 3MoO42-
MoO42- + 2HNO3 → H2MoO4 (Molybdic acid) + 2NO3-
H2MoO4 → MoO3 + H2O
(NH4)3PO4 + 12MoO3 + 6H2O → (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3
.H2O
(b) To a salt solution White ppt.
add magnesium Presence of PO43- is
nitrate. confirmed.
Na2HPO4 + MgCl2 + NH4OH → H2O + Mg(NH4)PO4+ 2NaCl
(Magnesium ammonium
phosphate)
 GROUP SEPERATION TABLE
To the salt sol. add dil. HCl
White ppt To the salt sol. add dil. HCl and pass H2S
(Pb2+) Black ppt To the salt sol add NH4Cl and NH4OH
Grp I (Cu2+) White To the salt sol add NH4Cl, NH4OH and H2S
gelatinousDirty White To the salt sol add NH4Cl,NH4OH
Grp II ppt ppt(Zn2+) and (NH4)2CO3
(Al3+) Flesh coloured ppt To the salt sol. add NH4Cl,
Brown ppt (Mn2+) NH4OH & Na2HPO4 (Fe3+)
Black ppt White ppt. White To the salt sol.
Grp III (Ni2+) (Ba2+,Ca2+, ppt. NaOH and warm.
Sr2+) (Mg2+) Smell of NH3
Grp IV Grp V (NH4+)
Grp VI Grp 0
ANALYSIS OF CATION
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
GROUP 0(Test for NH4+)
(a)To the little of salt Colourless gas, smell Presence of NH4+
solution add NaOH of ammonia.
solution and warm.
NH4+ + NaOH → NH3↑ + H2O + Na+
(b) Bring a glass rod Dense white fumes. Presence of NH4+
dipped in conc. HCl to the white fumes is
the above gas. NH4Cl
NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl
(c) Nessler’s reagent:
To the salt solution Brown ppt. Presence of NH4+
add NaOH and pass confirmed.
gas through followed
by Nessler’s reagent.
2K2[HgI4]+ NH4 + + 3KO H → H2N.HgO.HgI↓ +
7KI + 2H2O

GROUP 1(Test for Pb2+)

To little of the salt solution White precipitate Presence of Pb2+

add dil HCl

To the ppt obtained add

dil. HCl and water and
boil. Divide into 2 parts.

Pb2+ + 2HCl → PbCl2

a) To one part add KI,

boil and cool it under Yellow ppt Presence of Pb2+
running water. confirmed.
 PbCrO4 + 2KI
PbI2 + K2CrO4

b) To the other part add Presence of Pb2+

K2CrO4 Golden spangles
confirmed

PbCl2 + K2CrO4
PbCrO4 + 2KCl
GROUP 2 (Test for (a)To Cu2+)
a little of salt add dil. HCl Black ppt. Presence of Cu2+
and pass H2S gas.
Cu2+ + 2HCl →
CuCl2 + H2S → CuCl2 + 2H+
(b)Add dil. HNO3 to CuS + 2HCl
ppt. until its gets
decolourised and
divide the colour into
2 parts.
3CuS + 8HNO3 →
(i) To one part add Cu(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO+ 3S
potassiumferrocyanide Chocolate brown Presence of Cu2+
K4[Fe(CN)6] ppt. confirmed.

2Cu2++ K4[Fe(CN)6]→ Cu2[Fe(CN)6]+ 4K+

(ii)To another part add Dirty white yellow
KI solution. ppt. Presence of Cu2+
2Cu2+ + 4KI → Cu2I2 + 4K+ + I2 confirmed.

GROUP 3(Test for Al3+)

(a)To the salt solution Dilute white Presence of Al3+
add NH4Cl and NH4OH gelatinous ppt.
Al3+ + 3NH4OH → 3NH4+ + Al(OH)3↓
(b)Dissolve the ppt. in
HCl divide into 2 parts.
(i)To one part add White ppt solution in Presence of Al3+
NaOH solution drop excess of NaOH confirmed.
wise.
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O
(ii) To another part add Blue ppt. floating on Presence of Al3+
few drops of blue colourless solution. confirmed.
litmus solution. Add
NH4OH drop by drop.
AlCl3 + 3NH4OH → Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+
Ash test:
To the salt add Blue ash is obtained. Presence of Al3+
Co(NO3)2 and conc. confirmed.
HNO3 .Boil and add
filter paper to it.
2AlCl3 + 3HNO3 ∆→ Al2O3 + 6HCl
2Co(NO3)2 → 2CoO + 4NO2 + O2
Al2O3 + 3CoO → Al2O3 .CoO (Blue ash)
Test for Fe3+
(a) To the salt add Reddish brown ppt. Presence of Fe3+
NH4OH soluble in HCl
Fe3+ + NH4OH → Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4+
(b)Dissolve the above
ppt. in dil. HCl and
divide into 2 parts.
(i) To one part add a
few drops potassium A deep blue Presence of Fe3+
ferrocyanide colourisation. confirmed.
K4[Fe(CN)6]
Fe3+ + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Fe4[Fe(CN)6] +12KCl
(ii)To another part add Blood red colour Presence of Fe3+
(KCNS) appears confirmed.
Fe3+ + 3KCNS → Fe(CNS)3 + 3K+
GROUP 4(Test for Zn2+)
(a)To a little of salt Dirty white ppt. Presence of Zn2+
solution add NH4Cl
and NH4OH and pass
H2S
Zn2+ + H2S → ZnS + 2H+
ZnS + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2S↑
(b)Dissolve the above
ppt. in dil. HCl and
divide into 2 parts. White ppt. soluble in Presence of Zn2+
(i)To one part add excess of NaOH confirmed.
NaOH solution. Zn(OH)2 + Na+
Zn2+ + NaOH → Bluish white ppt. Presence of Zn2+
(ii)To another part add confirmed.
K4[Fe(CN)6] Zn2[Fe(CN)6] + 4K+
Zn2+ + K4[Fe(CN)6] → Na2ZnO2 +2H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2NaOH →
Ash test: Greenish ash Presence of Zn2+
To the salt add confirmed.
Co(NO3)2 and conc.
HNO3 .Boil and add
filter paper to it. ZnO + 2HCl
ZnCl2 +H2O → 2CoO + NO2 +O2
2Co(NO3)2 → CoO.ZnO(Green ash)
ZnO + CoO→

Test for Ni2+

To a little of salt add Black ppt. Presence of Ni2+
NH4Cl, NH4OH and
pass H2S gas.
Ni2++ H2S → NiS ↓+ 2H+
Dissolve the ppt. with
conc. HCl and conc.
HNO3 in the ratio 2:1 &
evaporate the solution
to half of its volume
b)To the above
solution add few drops Rosy red ppt Presence of Ni +2
of Dimethyl glyoxime confimed
followed by large
excess of NH4OH
Test for Mn2+
(a)To a little of the salt Presence of Mn2+
solution add NH4Cl, Flesh coloured ppt.
NH4OH and pass H2S
gas. Divide the ppt.
into 3 parts by adding
CH3COOH
Mn2++ H2S → MnS + 2H2
MnS + HCl → MnCl2 + H2S↑
White ppt.

(i) To one part add Presence of Mn2+

NaOH confirmed.
Mn2+ + 2NaOH → 2Mn(OH)2 + 2Na+
(ii)To second part add Brown ppt. Presence of Mn2+
bromine water. confirmed.
Br2+ + H2O → 2HBr + [O]
Mn(OH)2 + [O]→ MnO(OH)2↓
(iii)To the above Pink coloured Presence of Mn2+
brown ppt. add conc. solution is found. confirmed.
HNO3andPbO2. Boil,
cool and allow to
settle.
MnS + 2HNO3 → Mn(NO3)2 + H2S
2Mn(NO3)2 +5PbO2 + 6HNO3→ 2HMnO2 + 5Pb(NO3)2+ 2H2O
( pink solution )

GROUP 5(Test for Ba2+)

(a)To a little of the salt White ppt. Presence of Ba2+
solution add NH4Cl,
NH4OHand (NH4)2CO3
Ba2+ + (NH4)2CO3 →
(b)Dissolve the ppt. in BaCO3 ↓+ 2NH4+ Presence of Ba2+
acetic acid and add Yellow ppt. confirmed.
K2CrO4
BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH →(CH3COO)2Ba+ H2O
(CH3COO)2Ba+K2CrO4 →BaCrO4+2CH3COOK + CO2↑
Flame test:
Make a thick paste of Apple green flame Presence of Ba2+
salt with conc. HCl on confirmed.
a glass rod and
introduce into the
flame.
Test for Ca2+
(a)To a little of the salt White ppt. Presence ofCa2+
solution add NH4Cl,
NH4OHand (NH4)2CO3
Ca2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → CaCO3 ↓+ 2NH4+

Dissolve the ppt. in

acetic acid and divide
into 2 parts.
(b) To one part add No ppt. Presence of Ca2+
K2CrO4 confirmed.
(c) To another part add White ppt. Presence of Ca2+
NH4OH and (NH4)2C2O4 confirmed.
(CH3COO)2Ca + (NH4)2C2O4→CaC2O4 + 2CH3COONH4
Flame test:
Make a thick paste of Brick red flame Presence of Ca2+
salt with conc. HCl on confirmed.
a glass rod and
introduce into the
flame.
Test for Sr2+
(a) To a little of the salt White ppt. Presence of Sr2+
solution add NH4Cl,
NH4OHand (NH4)2CO3
Sr2+ + (NH4)2CO3 → SrCO3 ↓+ 2NH4+
Dissolve the ppt. in
acetic acid and divide
into 2 parts.
(b) To one part add No ppt. Presence of Sr2+
K2CrO4 confirmed.
(c) To another part add White ppt. Presence of Sr2+
(NH4)2SO4 confirmed.
(CH3COO)2Sr + (NH4)2SO4 → SrSO4 + 2CH3COONH4
Flame test:
Make a thick paste of Crimson red Presence of Sr2+
salt with conc. HCl on confirmed.
a glass rod and
introduce into the
flame.
GROUP 6(Test for Mg2+)
(a)To a little of the salt White ppt. Presence of Mg2+
solution add NH4Cl,
NH4OHand Na2HPO4
Mg2+ + Na2HPO4→
(b)To the salt solution Mg(NH4)PO4↓ + 2NH4+ + H2O
add NaOH and a few White ppt. turns to Presence of Mg2+
drops ofmagneson blue confirmed.
reagent

Mg2+ + 2NaOH → Presence of Mg2+

Ash test: confirmed.
To the salt add Mg(OH)2 + 2Na+
Co(NO3)2 and conc.
HNO3 .Boil and add Light pink (white) ash
filter paper to it.