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THE ORIGINAL - Science jm9000
THE ORIGINAL - Science jm9000
SAGA
Study Assist and Guide for Academics
SCIENCE 10 Q2 REVIEWER (BASED ON BOOK)
CHAPT. 3 LESSON 1 - EM Waves and Light
Types of EM Waves
Radio Waves
- region in the EM spectrum with the longest wavelength & lowest frequencies
- wavelengths range from 1 cm to 1 km
- frequencies range from 30 gigahertz (GHz) to 300 kilohertz (kHz)
Types (or Bands) of Radio Waves
- Extremely low frequency (ELF) waves
---- naturally generated in the atmosphere
Microwaves
- frequencies are higher than those of radio waves
- frequencies range from 300MHz to 300GHz
Sub-bands of Microwaves
---- used for active remote sensing and RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) systems
Infrared (IR waves)
- found between microwaves and visible light
- frequencies range from 3 x 10 to 4 x 10 - grouped into near, mid--, and far infrared regions
11 14
X-rays
- first observed and documented by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen in 1895
- between uv and gamma ray regions
- can pass through human body
Two Classifications
- Soft x-rays
---- carry smaller amounts of energy
- Hard x-rays
Gamma rays
- found at the end of EM spectrum
- contain the highest energy of all
Two Classifications
Effect of EM Waves
Non-ionizing Radiation
- includes microwaves, radio waves, UR, visible light, and UV
- cannot penetrate the cells of organisms
Ionizing Radiation
- includes x-rays and gamma rays
- can cause biological damage
Types of Reflection
The bouncing of light rays is called reflection
Regular Reflection
- happens when light strikes a smooth surface
Diffused Reflection
- happens when light strikes a rough surface, reflecting in many directions
Images:
Mirrors
- reflective surfaces made up of glass
Two-way – mirrors apart
One-way – mirrors together
Virtual Images
-images formed behind the mirror
Plane Mirrors
- flat surfaces
- form an image of an object brought in front of it
- virtual images formed by these mirrors have the same size as the real object
- the images they produce are laterally inverted (referring to left-to-right reversal in mirrors)
Curved Mirrors
- are not plane mirrors; are curved mirrors
- can be concave or convex
Convex Mirrors
- have their reflective surfaces bent outward
- not entirely spherical; are spherical caps
Concave Mirrors
- have their reflective surfaces bent inward
Incident ray – ray hitting mirror
Reflected ray – bounces off the surface
Normal line – called rays strike
Law of reflection - angle of incidence equal to the angle of reflection
Law of refraction – angle of incidence greater than angle of refraction
V=ixr
Magnets
- produce magnetic field
- come in different shapes and sizes
Electromagnets
- produced by the electric current flowing through a wire
Magnetic Field
- region of space where magnetic force is felt
Magnetic field lines
- lines used to indicate the magnetic field
- always originate form the magnetic north pole
- the field lines don’t cross each other
- the closer the magnetic field lines are to one another, the stronger the magnetic field
Attraction
- happens when opposite poles of two magnets are close to each other
Repulsion
- happens when same poles of two magnets are close to each other
Electric Fields
- produced by positive and negative charges
- attraction happens between opposite charges
- repulsion happens between like charges
Discovery of Electromagnetism
Hans Christian Ørsted (1777-1851)
- accidentally discovered electromagnetism
- Danish Scientist
- confirmed that electricity can cause magnetism
Electromagnetism
- flowing charges produce current
- when a potential difference is set along a conductor, the particles in the conductor will flow,
producing a current
- magnitude of the force can be determined using
Principles of Electromagnetic Induction
Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
- formulated Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction
---- denoted by:
is the result of the magnetic field B being perpendicular to magnetic field A
- if the magnetic flux changes, then electromagnetic induction occurs
successfully observed electromagnetic induction by introducing a magnet into a coil of copper wire
- a magnetic field is produced once the electric current flows through the coil
---- this magnetizes the core, which further strengthens the magnetic field by a thousand-fold
- when the electric current is turned off, the magnetic field around the metal core is lost\