NAME : ……………………………………………………………… CLASS : 8 …….

CHAPTER - 3
THE RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTION
RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION

Rate of reaction is the change in amount of reactant or product per unit time
Depending upon the rate, there are three types of reactions.

1) Slow reactions: Which takes place very slowly.

Eg: rusting of iron, ripening of fruits
2) Medium Reactions: Which occurs in moderate speed.
Eg: burning of coal.
3) Fast reactions: Which occurs all of a sudden.
Eg: explosive reactions.

CHEMICAL REACTION

Reactant Product

Q1) Why is the reaction fastest at the beginning?

The concentration of reactant is highest at the beginning

Q2) Why does the reaction slow down?

As the reactants are used their concentration decreases

Q3) Why does the reaction eventually stop?

The reactant is used up, so there can be no further reaction

How does a reaction occurs?

When reactants are mixed together, their particles likely to collide with each other.
Some of their collisions result in chemical reactions, such collisions are called
successful collisions. Greater the number of collisions faster will be the reaction.
All the collisions between the particles do not result in chemical reaction, because
some of the particles do not have enough energy (activation energy).
COLLISION THEORY

There are two conditions for particles to react each other

1. Particles must collide
2. particles have enough energy (activation energy)

When reactants are mixed together, particles collide each other.

Greater the number of collision, faster will be the reaction

ACTIVATION ENERGY

The minimum amount of energy needed by the reactant particles to react is called
activation energy.

Activation energy graph

Speeding up reactions

The speed of reaction can be increased by:

1) Increasing the energy of particles, which undergo collision.
2) Increasing the frequency (number of collision)

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF REACTION

1. Temperature

2. Concentration

3. Increasing the surface area (smaller particle size)

4. Catalyst

1) EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE OF REACTION

At a higher temperature, particles have more kinetic energy. This means they
move faster and are more likely to collide with other particles. So the number of
successful collisions increase faster the reaction.

Graph showing Effect of Temperature on Rate of Reaction

Compared to the reaction at low temperature, the graph for reaction at high
temperature has a steeper gradient.

This shows that as the temperature increases, the rate of reaction will increase

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2) EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON RATE OF REACTION

When concentration increases, number of particles per unit time increases,

therefore, number of successful collision per unit time increases. The number of
successful collisions increases faster the reaction.

Graph showing the Effect of Concentration on Rate of Reaction

Compared to the reaction with low concentration of reactant, the graph with high
concentration of reactant has a steeper gradient.

This shows that as the concentration of a solution increases, the rate of reaction
will increases

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3) EFFECT OF SURFACE AREA ON RATE OF REACTION

The smaller the pieces, the larger the surface area. This means more collisions
and a greater chance of reaction.

When surface area increases, there will be more particles on the surface. Therefore,
number of successful collision per unit time increases. As the number of successful
collisions increases, speed of reaction increases.

Graph showing the Effect of Surface Area on the Rate of Reaction

Compared to the reaction using lumps of reactant, the graph for the reaction using
powdered reactant has a steeper gradient at the start, and levels of earlier.

This shows that as the surface area of solid increases, the rate of reaction will
increase.

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4) CATALYST
Catalyst are chemical substances, which increases the rate of chemical reaction
without being used up by lowering activation energy.

The diagram shows that when a catalyst is used, it lower the activation energy.
This allows more successful collisions to occur, increasing the rate of reaction.

This shows that when a catalyst is used, the rate of reaction increases
manganese dioxide
Eg: Hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen
In this reaction manganese dioxide acts as catalyst
ENZYMES
Enzymes are biological catalyst.
Eg; Invertase is an enzyme produced by yeast, which is used in the production of
bread.