4.1.

1 Stoichiometry
Monday, 11 October 2021 1:42 PM

Atomic Mass
- Atomic weight or mass is the weighted average of all of the isotopes of that element, in which the
mass of each isotope is multiplied by the abundance of that particular isotope.
- Units = amu (atomic mass units), g/mol
- Round off 2 decimal places in computation

1H = 1.008 amu
16O = 16.00 amu

Avogadro's Number
- Introduced by Amedeo Avogadro, an Italian lawyer and physicist
- In every mole, there is always numerical value which is 6.02214x1023 particles/atoms/molecules
- It is symbolized by NA.
- Mol is SI unit of amount of substance
-

Mole (mol)
- SI base unit for measuring an amount of substance
- Amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities (atoms, molecules, or particles) as
there are atoms in exactly 12g of the carbon -12 isotope
- Key to understanding the concept = one mole always contains the same number of particles, no
matter what the substance

- Therefore, 1 mol = 6.02214x1023 particles, atoms(element), molecules(compounds)

- We can use the mole relationship to convert between the number of particles and the mass of a
substance.
- The mole concept is the cornerstone of quantitative chemistry. It is essential to be able to convert
from moles to mass and from mass to mole. (Dimensional analysis)

Molar Mass
- Mass in grams of one mole of any element or molecule
- Abbreviated with a capital italicized M and has units of grams per mole (g/mol)
- An element's molar mass is numerically equal to its atomic mass
Molar mass of sodium (Na) = 22.99g/mol
1 mol of Na = 22.99 g of Na = 6.022x1023 particles of Na .
Molar mass of lead (Pb): 207.2 g/mol
1 mol of Pb = 207.2 g of Pb = 6.022x1023 particles of Pb
- The molar mass of a substance is the sum of the molar masses of each element.

Mass - Mole Calculations:

Ex. 1: What is the molar mass of magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2?

Mg = 1 * (24.31) = 24.31 g/mol

N = 2 * (14.01) = 28.02 g/mol
O = 6 * (16.00) = 96 g/mol

24.31 + 28.02 + 96.00 = 148.33 g/mol

Ex. 2: Find Molar Mass of Water and Carbon Tetrafluoride (H2O and CF4)

H2O = 18.02 g/mol CF4 = 88.01 g/mol

H = 2 * 1.01 = 2.02 g/mol C = 1 * 12.01 = 12.01 g/mol
O = 1 * 16.00 = 16 g/mol F = 4 * 19.00 = 76 g/mol

Ex. 3: Find the molar mass of Ca3(PO4)2

Ca = 3 * 40.08 = 120.24 g/mol

P = 2 * 30.97 = 61.94 g/mol
O = 8 *16.00 = 128 g/mol

120.24 + 61.94 + 128 = 310.18 g/mol

Mole - Mass Calculations:

Ex. 1: What is the mass of 1.33 moles of Titanium?

Given: 1.33 mol Ti

Required: mass (g) Ti
Sol'n:
molar mass Ti = 47.88 g/mol

.
1.33 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑇𝑖 ∗ <- molar mass of Ti

= 𝟔𝟑. 𝟕 𝒈 𝑻𝒊

- In converting units: numerator - the one we're converting to/converting from

Ex. 2: How many grams in 2.50 mol of Sodium Phosphide Na3P (68.97 + 30.97 = 99.94 g/mol)

Given: 2.50 mol Na3P

Required: mass (g) Na3P
Sol'n:
99.94 𝑔 𝑁𝑎 𝑃
2.50 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎 𝑃 ∗
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 249.85 g Na3P

= 250. g Na3P

Other Calculations:

Ex. 3: how many moles are in 630g of glucose? C6H12O6 (180.16 g/mol)

Given: 630. g C6H12O6

Required: mol C6H12O6
Sol'n:
630 𝑔 C6H12O6 ∗
.

= 𝟑. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑪𝟔 𝑯𝟏𝟐 𝑶𝟔

Ex. 4: how many moles are in 150g of calcium carbonate CaCO3 (100.09 g/mol)

Given: 150. g CaCO3

Req: mol CaCO3
Sol'n:
150. 𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂 ∗ = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑
.

- When converting, to # of atoms, convert muna from mass to moles then #

Ex. 5: how many moles are there in 1.8066 x 1023 atoms of Gold? (Au = 196.97)

Given: 1.8066 x 1023 atoms Au

Required: mol Au
Sol:
1.8066 ∗ 10 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝐴𝑢 ∗
. ∗
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑨𝒖

- Base your decimal places to the given

Ex. 6: how many moles are there in 12.044 * 1023 molecules/particles of ferrous sulfate FeSO4

Given: 12.044 * 1023 molecules FeSO4

Req: mol FeSO4
Sol:

12.044 ∗ 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐹𝑒𝑆𝑂 ∗

. ∗
= 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑭𝒆𝑺𝑶𝟒
- Ans was 1.999953505

Ex. 7: grams from 12.044 * 1023 molecules of CO2 (44.01 g/mol)

Given: 12.044 * 1023 molecules CO2

Req: g CO2
Sol:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 44.01 𝑔 𝐶𝑜↓2
12.044 * 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑂 ∗ ∗
6. −2214 ∗ 10 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂
= 𝟖𝟖. 𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝒈 𝑪𝑶𝟐

Ex. 8: number of particles from 815g of Ferrous phosphate 𝐹𝑒 (𝑃𝑂 ) (357.49 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙)

Given: 815g 𝐹𝑒 (𝑃𝑂 )

Req: particles Fe3(PO4)2
Sol:
. ∗
815𝑔 𝐹𝑒 (𝑃𝑂 ) ∗ ( )
∗
.

= 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕 ∗ 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝑭𝒆𝟑 (𝑷𝑶𝟒 )𝟐

Chemical Formula
- A chemical formula expresses the number and types of atoms in a molecule.
- The chemical formula of sulfuric acid is H2SO4.
- Writing Chemical Formulas
○ The number of each type of atom in a molecule is indicated with a subscript in a chemical
formula.
○ If there is only one atom of a certain type, no subscript will be written.
Example: A molecule of the vitamin niacin has 6 carbon atoms, 6 hydrogen atoms, 2 nitrogen
atoms, and 1 oxygen atom. What is the chemical formula? C6H6N2O

Percent Composition
- The percent composition of a compound lists the mass percent of each element.
- For example, the percent composition of water, H2O is:
11.2% hydrogen and 88.8% oxygen
All water contains 11.2% hydrogen and 88.8% oxygen by mass.

- In calculating percent composition,

○ Assume 1 mole of the compound.
○ Get the total mass or molar mass of the compound
○ Find the percent composition by using the formula:
Ex. 1: find the %comp of lithium carbonate Li2CO3

Li = 2 * 6.94 = 13.88 g/mol

C = 1 * 12.01 = 12.01 g/mol
O = 3 * 16 = 48 g/mol

13.88 + 12.01 + 48 = 73.89 g/mol <- molar mass

- computing for %comp, divide mass of each element by the molar mass

.
Li = ∗ 100% = 18.78& 𝐿𝑖
73.89
12.01
C= ∗ 100% = 16.23%
73.89
O= ∗ 100% = 64.96&
.

Ex. 2: find %comp of sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3 (158.10 g/mol)

Na = 2 * 22.99 = 45.98
S = 2 * 32.06 = 64.12
O = 3 * 16 = 48

.
Na = = 29.08% Na
.
.
S= = 40.56% 𝑆
.
Na = = 30.36% 𝑂
.

Empirical Formula & Molecular Formula

- Empirical Formula – simplest, whole number atom ratio of atoms in a formula.
- Molecular Formula – the exact number and type of atoms in a single molecule of a compound.
- Example:
Benzene: Molecular Formula - C6H6
Empirical Formula – CH
Glucose: Molecular Formula – C6H12O6
 Empirical Formula – CH2O

- In calculating empirical formula,

- Note:
○ 0.01 to 0.09 – round down
○ 0.91 to 0.99 – round up

Ex. 1: empirical formula of 49.5% C, 3.2% H, 22.0% O, and 25.3%

- Assume mass = 100g if no given
- Since mass = 100g, we multiply it to each %comp

C = 49.5% = 49.5 g
H = 3.2% = 3.2 g
O = 22.0% = 22 g
Mn = 25.3% = 25.3 g

- Then, convert to moles using molar mass

- Take note of the sig figs of the given

C = 49.5 * = 4.12 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶

.
H = 3.2 * = 3.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻
.
O = 22.0 * = 1.38 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂
Mn = 25.3 * = 0.461 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑛
.

- Look for the smallest mol (Mn), then divide all of them by that smallest mol

.
C= = 8.94 ≈ 9
.
.
H= = 6.98 ≈ 7
.
.
O= = 2.99 ≈ 3
.
.
Mn = =1
.

= C9H7O3mN
Ex. 2: empirical formula of nicotine which contain the ff:

74.0g C * = 6.16 mol C

.
8.65g H * = 8.56 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻
.
17.35 N * = 1.24 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ≪
.

- Dividing smallest to all elements

 6.16
𝐶= = 4.97 ≈ 5
1.24
8.56
𝐻= = 6.9 ≈ 7
1.24
1.24
𝑁= =1
1.24

= C 5 H7 N

- For molecular formula: compute for the empirical formula's molar mass = 81.13 g/mol

162 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 1.99 ≈ 2
81.13 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

= 2 (C5H7N)
= C10H14N2