COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM

Mechanics of Solid-II
Name:Usman raza
Reg number :2021690
Section :B
Submitted to Dr. Massab Junaid

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 Table of Contents
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1 Abstract 3

2 Problem Statement 4

3 Material Characteristics 4

4 Calculations 8

5 Stress Analysis 11

6 Excel Sheet Iterations 12

8 FEA Analysis 18

9 Error and Conclusion 18

10 References 19

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 Abstract:
A subfield of applied mechanics known as "solid mechanics" studies the behaviours of solid
bodies under various loading conditions. Mechanics of rigid bodies, or simply mechanics, and
mechanics of deformable solids are the two further streams into which this is typically split. By
creating a square cross-section beam that is hollow inside, this project seeks to advance our
understanding of the mechanics of deformable bodies while adhering to the limitations
outlined in the challenge statement. This report presents an efficient and comprehensive
analysis that was conducted at specific spots on the beam cross-section in order to select an
optimized beam cross-section whose safety factor is slightly higher than the specified safety
factor of 2.

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Problem Statement:
Design beam with one end fixed and to withstand the distributed loading of 1 kN/m. applied
across the beam.

Design Requirements and limitations:

1) Beam AB has a hollow square cross-section.
2) Length of the member AB is 3 m.

3) Dimension of the cross-section must be whole numbers.

4) Factor of safety > 2, under Tresca criteria.
5) Allowable thickness of the beam cross-section should be 1 mm or greater.
6) The mean of the inside and outside perimeters should be a factor of 5.

Material Characteristics:
The material characteristics for the beam is:

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Tresca yield criterion

Tresca criterion states that a material point yields when the maximum shear stress at that point
reaches the maximum shear stress in a uniaxial tension specimen at yield. The Tresca yield
criterion, by a hexagon, is expressed as

Maximum Shear-Stress (Tresca) Criterion:

The maximum shear-stress criterion, also known as the Tresca criterion, states that yielding
begins when the maximum shear stress at a point equals the maximum shear stress at yield in
uniaxial tension (or compression). For a multiaxial stress state, the maximum shear stress is τ =
(σ max -σ min)/2, where σ max, and σ min denote the maximum and minimum ordered
principal stress components, respectively. In uniaxial tension (σ1 = σ, σ2, = σ3 = 0), the
maximum shear stress is τ max, = σ max / 2. Since yield in uniaxial tension must begin when σ =
Y, the shear stress associated with yielding is predicted to be τ = Y/2. Thus, the yield function
for the maximum shear-stress criterion may be defined as:

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ASSUMPTIONS
1) The shaft is made up of Aluminum Alloy 6061 T6 (Y = 275 MPa).

2) Clockwise moment is taken (-), while anticlockwise as (+).

3) The Material is homogenous, has same density.
4) Stresses induced during the loading are within the elastic limit.
5) Neglect mass of the beam during bending and shear force calculation.

Calculations:
Shear and bending moment diagram

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Shear and bending moment diagram in excel sheet:

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Stress-analysis:
The maximum bending moment and shear forces calculated above, cause normal and shear
stresses in the beam respectively. The normal stress can be calculated using the flexural formula
𝑀𝑐
𝜎=
𝐼

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All the unknowns equations are in the form of a and t by changing the values of
these 2 we can select our material for which factor of safety would be greater than
2.

Excel Sheet Iterations:

Thickness of Cross section 1mm

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Thickness of Cross section 2mm

Thickness of Cross section 3mm

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Thickness of Cross section 4mm

Thickness of Cross section 15mm

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 Thickness of Cross section 20mm

Thickness of Cross section 30mm

After looking factor of safety and strength to weight ratio I select the beam which is also
highlighted .

Lengt Thickne Shear Sigma(xx) T(max) Factor of weight Strength/

h (m) ss(m) stress safety weight

0.165 0.001 12745726. 84162528 85122174. 3.23065 2.86659 108128739

64 7 .1

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FEA analysis:
Upper bound axial and bending stress:

Static displacement:

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Shear moment:

Shear moment plot:

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Factor of safety:

Error Analysis:
Factor of safety of from calculation is 3.230.

Factor of safety using FEA analysis is 3.

3.230 − 3
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100
3.230
The value of % error is:
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 7.1%

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Conclusion:
In summary, this project has accomplished its goal of creating a hollow square beam that is
resistant to the effects of outside forces through carefully navigating the complex world of
beam design.my selection has been created by careful study and optimization,exceeding the
recommended safety factor and proving its mettle through rigorous experimentation The
normal stress applied to the beam was calculated using the flexural formula by taking the
maximum bending moment and the shear force. It was also decided how much shear tension
was applied. Due to the unknown cross-sectional dimensions, we used the Tresca criterion to
ensure that the requirements were met while applying the restrictions.

References:
https://efficientengineer.com/shear-force-and-bending-moment-diagrams/
https://www.civillead.com/what-is-shear-force-and-bending-moment/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/tresca-criterion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending
https://www.engineeringintro.com/mechanics-of-structures/moment-of-
inertia/moment-of-inertia-of-hollow-section/

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