1.

COVER PAGE

‘THERMO-DIFFUSION ON NON-DARCY CONVECTIVE HEAT’

Major: Mathematics

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement

For research project mentorship under
Scholarship for Higher Education (SHE)
Inspire Scheme

Department of Science and Technology

Government of India

Carried out at

Maharaja Agrasen Himalayan Garhwal University,

Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand

Submitted by:

ARMAN CHOUDHARY
B.Sc.-I (H-Mathematics)
UNIVERSITY OF DELHI (DU)
IVR No.
202200011532

Under the guidance of:

Dr. LALITA SHARMA

(Research Supervisor)

2022
Page 1 of 52
Page 2 of 52
 3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Anju Srivastava, Principal, Hindu
College, Delhi who allowed me to undertake project in the outside institute during the
summer break.
I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Lalita
Sharma, Assistant Professor, Mathematics, M.A.H.G.U. (Uttarakhand). Your useful
advice and suggestions were really helpful to me during the project’s completion. I am
very thankful to staff members of M.A.H. Garhwal University (Uttarakhand) who
supported me during this time.
Thank you to my family and friends.

ARMAN CHOUDHARY

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 4. TITLE OF RESEARCH PROJECT

THERMO-DIFFUSION ON NON-
DARCY CONVECTIVE HEAT

Page 4 of 52
 5. AIM/OBJECTIVES

The objective of this project is to study the diffusion-thermo effects and chemical
reaction effects on non-Darcy convective heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous
fluid through a porous medium in a vertical channel with heat generating sources.

Page 5 of 52
 6. INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUC

The phenomenon of heat and mass transfer has been the object
of extensive research due to its applications in Science and Technology. Such
phenomena are observed in buoyancy induced motions in the atmosphere, in
bodies of water, quasisolid bodies such as earth and so on.

Electrically conducting fluids in the presence of a magnetic

field have been used extensively in many applications such as crystal growth.
Oreper and Szekely [21] have found that the presence of a magnetic field can
suppress natural convection currents and that the factors in determining the
quality of the crystal. Ozoe and Maruo [23] have investigated magnetic and
gravitational natural convection of melted silicon-two dimensional numerical
computations for the rate of heat transfer. Garandet et. al., [11] and Alchaar et.
al., [2] have considered natural convection heat transfer in a rectangular
enclosure with a transverse magnetic field. Rudraiah et. al., [28] and Al-
Najem et. al., [3] have studied the effects of a magnetic field on free
convection in a rectangular enclosure.

Non – Darcy effects on natural convection in porous media

have received a great deal of attention in recent years because of the
experiments conducted with several combinations of solids and fluids
covering wide ranges of governing parameters which indicate that the
experimental data for systems other than glass water at low Rayleigh numbers,
do not agree with theoretical predictions based on the Darcy flow model. This
divergence in the heat transfer results has been reviewed in detail in cheng
(19) and Prasad et al. (27) among others. Extensive effects are thus being
made to include the inertia and viscous diffusion terms in the flow equations
and to examine their effects in order to develop a reasonable accurate
mathematical model for convective transport in porous media. The work of
Vafai and Tien (14) was one of the early attempts to account for the boundary
and inertia effects in the momentum equation for a porous medium. They

found that the momentum boundary layer thickness is of order of . Vafai

and Thiyagaraja (15) presented analytical solutions for the velocity and
temperature fields for the interface region using the Brinkman Forchheimer –
extended Darcy equation. Detailed accounts of the recent efforts on non-
Darcy convection have been recently reported in Tien and Hong (5), cheng
(20), Prasad et al (26), and Kladias and Prasad (18). Here, we will restrict our

Page 6 of 52
discussion to the vertical cavity only. Poulikakos and Bejan (6, 7) investigated
the inertia effects through the inclusion of Forchheimer’s velocity squared
term, and presented the boundary layer analysis for tall cavities. They also
obtained numerical results for a few cases in order to verify the accuracy of
their boundary layer analysis for tall cavities. They also obtained numerical
results for a few cases in order to verify the accuracy of their boundary layer
solutions. Later, Prasad and Tuntomo (24) reported an extensive numerical
work for a wide range of parameters, and demonstrated that effects of Prandtal
number remain almost unaltered while the dependence on the modified
Grashof number, Gr, changes significantly with an increase in the
Forchheimer number. This result in reversal of flow regimes from boundary
layer to asymptotic to conduction as the contribution of the inertia term
increases in comparison with that of the boundary term. They also reported a
criterion for the Darcy flow limit.

The Brinkman – Extended – Darcy modal was considered in

Tong and Subramanian (22), and Lauriat and Prasad (9) to examine the
boundary effects on free convection in a vertical cavity. While Tong and
Subramanian performed a Weber – type boundary layer analysis, Lauriat and
Prasad solved the problem numerically for A=1 and5. It was shown that for a
fixed modified Rayleigh number, Ra, the Nusselt number; decrease with an
increase in the Darcy number; the reduction being larger at higher values of
Ra. A scale analysis as well as the computational data also showed that the
transport term (v. )v, is of low order of magnitude compared to the diffusion
plus buoyancy terms (9). A numerical study based on the Forchheimer-
Brinkman-Extended Darcy equation of motion has also been reported recently
by Beckerman et al (3). They demonstrated that the inclusion of both the
inertia and boundary effects is important for convection in a rectangular
packed – sphere cavity.

Also in all the above studies the thermal diffusion effect

(known as Soret effect) has been neglected. This assumption is true when the
concentration level is very low. Therefore, so ever, exceptions. The thermal
diffusion effects for instance, has been utilized for isotropic separation and in
mixtures between gases with very light molecular weight (H2.He) and the
medium molecular weight (N2, air) the diffusion – thermo effects was found to
be of a magnitude just it can not be neglected (6). In view of the importance
of this diffusion – thermo effect, recently Jha and singh (10) studied the free
convection and mass transfer flow in an infinite vertical plate moving

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impulsively in its own plane taking into account the Soret effect. Kafousias
(11) studied the MHD free convection and mass transfer flow taking into
account Soret effect. The analytical studies of Jha and singh and Kafousias
(10, 11) were based on Laplace transform technique. Abdul Sattar and Alam
(1) have considered an unsteady convection and mass transfer flow of viscous
incompressible and electrically conducting fluid past a moving infinite vertical
porous plate taking into the thermal diffusion effects. Similarity equations of
the momentum energy and concentration equations are derived by introducing
a time dependent length scale. Malsetty et al (13) have studied the effect of
both the soret coefficient and Dufour coefficient on the double diffusive
convective with compensating horizontal thermal and solutal gradients.

Keeping the above application in view we made attempt in this

paperto study effect of chemical reaction and thermo-diffusion on non-Darcy
convective heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous ,electrically conducting
fluid through a porous medium in a vertical channel in the presence of heat
generating sources. The governing equations flow, heat and mass transfer are
solved by using regular perturbation method with δ, the porosity parameter as
a perturbation parameter. The velocity, temperature, concentration, shear
stress and rate of Heat and Mass transfer on the walls are evaluated
numerically for different variations of parameter.

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7. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF TOPIC

T=T1 T=T2

C=C1 C=C2

y=-L g y=+L

Configuration of the Problem

Page 9 of 52
 We consider a fully developed laminar convective heat and mass
transfer flow of a viscous ,electrically conducting fluid through a porous
medium confined in a vertical channel bounded by flat walls. We choose a
Cartesian co-ordinate system O(x,y,z) with x- axis in the vertical direction and
y-axis normal to the walls the walls are taken at y= ± L. The walls are
maintained at constant temperature and concentration ..The temperature
gradient in the flow field is sufficient to cause natural convection in the flow
field .A constant axial pressure gradient is also imposed so that this resultant
flow is a mixed convection flow. The porous medium is assumed to be
isotropic and homogeneous with constant porosity and effective thermal
diffusivity. The thermo physical properties of porous matrix are also assumed
to be constant and Boussinesq approximation is invoked by confining the
density variation to the buoyancy term.In the absence of any extraneous force
flow is unidirectional along the x-axis which is assumed to be infinite.

The Brinkman-Forchheimer-extended Darcy equation which

account for boundary inertia effects in the momentum equation is used to
obtain the velocity field.Based on the above assumptions the governing
equations in the vector form are
∇.q = 0 ( Equation of continuity )

(1)
ρ ∂q ρ µ ρF
+ 2 (q .∇)q = −∇p + ρg − ( )q − µ e ( JxH ) − q .q . + µ ∇ 2 q
δ ∂t δ k k
( Equation of linear momentum)

(2)
∂T ∂ (q R )
ρC p ( + (q .∇)T ) = λ ∇ 2T −
∂t ∂y
( Equation of energy)

(3)
∂C
+ (q .∇)C = D1 ∇ 2 C − KC + k11∇ 2T
∂t
( Equation of diffusion)
(4)

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 ρ − ρ 0 = − β ρ 0 (T − T0 ) − β • ρ 0 (C − C 0 )
( Equation of State)
(5)

Ohm’s law

J = σ ( E + µ e q xH )
(6)

where q =(u,0,0) is the velocity, T, C are the temperature and Concentration, p

is the pressure ,ρ is the density of the fluid ,Cp is the specific heat at constant
pressure, µ is the coefficient of viscosity, k is the permeability of the porous
medium, δ is the porosity of the medium,β is the coefficient of thermal
expansion ,λ is the coefficient of thermal conductivity ,F is a function that
depends on the Reynolds number and the microstructure of porous medium,
β • is the volumetric coefficient of expansion with mass fraction
concentration, k is the chemical reaction coefficient and D1 is the chemical
molecular diffusivity,k11 is the cross diffusivity. Here, the thermophysical
properties of the solid and fluid have been assumed to be constant except for
the density variation in the body force term (Boussinesq approximation) and
the solid particles and the fluid are considered to be in the thermal
equilibrium) . J is the current density, σ is the electrical conductivity of the
fluid, E is the applied electric field, µ e is the magnetic permeability, H is the
magnetic field vector.

Since the flow is unidirectional ,the continuity of equation (1) reduces to

∂u
= 0 where u is the axial velocity implies u = u(y)
∂x

The momentum, energy and diffusion equations in the scalar form reduces to

∂p µ ∂ 2u µ ρδF 2
− + ( ) 2 − ( )u − u − ρg = 0
∂x δ ∂y k k

(6)

∂T ∂ 2T ∂ ( q R )
ρ 0C p u =λ 2 −
∂x ∂y ∂y

(7)

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 ∂C ∂ 2C ∂ 2T
u = D1 2 − kC + k11 2
∂x ∂y ∂y
(8)

The boundary conditions are

u=0 , T = T1 C = C1 on y = − L
u=0 , T = T2 C = C 2 on y = + L
(9)

∂T ∂C
The axial temperature and concentration gradients & are assumed
∂x ∂x
to be constant ,say,A &B respectively.

We define the following non-dimensional variables as

u pδ
u′ = , ( x ′, y ′) = ( x, y ) / L , p ′ =
(ν / L ) ( ρν 2 / L2 )
(12)
T − T2 C − C2
θ= , C′ =
T1 − T2 C1 − C 2

Introducing these non-dimensional variables the governing equations in the

dimensionless form reduce to (on dropping the dashes)

d 2u
= π + δ ( D −1 + M 2 )u − δ 2 ∆u 2 − δ G (θ + NC ) (13)
dy 2

d 2θ
− R θ = ( PNT )u (14)
dy 2

d 2C ScSo d 2θ
− γ C = ( Sc N C )u + (15)
dy 2 N dy 2

where
∆ = FD −1/ 2 ( Inertia or Fochhemeir parameter)
βg (T1 − T2 ) L3
G= (Grashof Number)
ν2
σµ e2 H o2 L2
M2 = (Hartmann Number)
ν2
L2
D −1 = (Darcy parameter)
k
ν
Sc = (Schmidt number)
D1

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 k11β •
S0 = ( Soret parameter)
νβ
β • (C1 − C2 )
N= (Buoyancy ratio)
β (T1 − T2 )
AL
NT = ( non − dim ensional temperature gradient )
(T1 − T2 )

BL
Nc = ( non − dim ensional Concentrat ion gradient )
(C1 − C2 )

µ Cp
P= (Prandtl Number)
λ
QL2
R= (Radiation parameter)(how)
λ

The corresponding boundary conditions are

u = 0 , θ = 1 , C = 1 on y = −1
u = 0 , θ = 0 , C = 0 on y = +1
(16)

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 8. PROFILE OF ORGANIZATION/RESEARCH LAB

Maharaja Agrasen Himalayan Garhwal University (MAHGU), formerly Himalayan Garhwal

University is established and incorporated by Government of Uttarakhand Act, 2016 (ACT No.
33 of 2016) vide notification no. XXXVI (3)/2016/48(1)/2016) Uttarakhand Shashan
(Vidhayee & Sansadiya Karyabibhag) and under Section 2(f) of the University Grant
Commission (UGC) Act, 1956. Maharaja Agrasen Himalayan Garhwal University is situated
in a peaceful and pollution free environment close to nature of Garhwal ranges of Shivalik hills
at Pokhra in the district Pauri Garhwal. The Campus is surrounded by natural panoramic views
which provide an ideal environment for higher education.

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LABORATORIES
MAHGU has well equipped laboratories which have been aesthetically designed and arranged
with modern equipments. These are Computer Lab, Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy,
Pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Physiology, Physics Lab, Chemistry Lab, Central
Workshop, Electrical Lab, Electronics Lab, Mechanical Lab, Civil Lab, Home Science Lab etc.
equipped with latest tools to cater the prescribed syllabus of each branch and the needs of the
students capable of meeting the challenges of the industries and infrastructure.

RESEARCH PROGRAMS
Our academic and research staff work with partner organizations to conduct enquiry-driven,
fundamental and pioneering research, we strive for significant impact to make the world a
better place. We live in a world which is changing rapidly. New technological solutions emerge
every day; at the same time new challenges are constantly appearing. Tackling these challenges
is the essence of Sciences and, as a unified department, the Maharaja Agrasen Himalayan
Garhwal University is perfectly placed to address real-world problems and to be at the forefront
of life-changing sciences. Our research professors hold expertise in a remarkable range of
subjects; Agriculture, Commerce and Management, Computer Science and Applications,
Engineering and Technology, Humanities and Sciences, Law, Pharmacy and Para-Medical, and
Vocational Studies. From the small scale to the large, and from fundamental theory through
implementation of practical solutions, we offer flexible opportunities for research and
development for all departments. This range of expertise sitting within a single roof combines
to offer uniquely broad ranging and adaptive solutions. We feel proud to announce that
department of research, to a growing department which brings together so many internationally
recognized researchers, our core themes of Science, Education and Yoga drive our research
portfolio and our plan to add an additional priority area of advanced research will draw together
our world-leading research and offer wider opportunities. The emerging areas of resilience and
yogic science are widening our scope for research to aid those who have critical need of our
expertise.

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FACULTY OF HUMANITIES AND SCIENCE
Faculty of Humanities & Science offers various traditional and professional courses under
different departments., ranging from undergraduate programme in Arts and Science to Interior
Design, Yoga, Sports, Fashion Design, Library Sciences and fine arts. These programmes are
designed to cater various needs as per job requirements starting from six months Certificate
courses, one year Diploma, 3–4 year Degree programmes and post-graduation. Doctoral
programmes are also offered under Faculty of Humanities & Science. Many of the programmes
offered under the Faculty of Humanities and Science are job oriented programmes and a
successful candidate can venture into job or have their own entrepreneurship. Candidates
desirous of pursuing higher education can go into field of academics, NGO's, think tanks,
Foreign Embassies, consulates and Agencies under United Nation or private organizations.

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 9. METHODOLOGY FOLLOWED

The governing equations of flow, heat and mass transfer are coupled
non-linear differential equations. Assuming the porosity δ to be small we write
u = u 0 + δ u1 + δ 2 u 2 + .............
.
θ = θ 0 + δ θ 1 + δ 2θ 2 + ..........
.
C = C0 + δ C1 + δ 2 C 2 + ..........
(17)

Substituting the above expansions in the equations (13)-(15) and equating

like powers of δ ,we obtain equations to the zeroth order as

d 2 u0
=π
dy 2
(18)

d 2θ 0
− Rθ 0 = ( PN T )u0
dy 2
(19)

d 2C0 ScS o d 2θ 0
− γ C 0 = ( ScN C )u 0 −
dy 2 N dy 2
(20)

The equations to the first order are

d 2u1
− ( M 2 + D −1 )u1 = −G ( θ 0 + NC0 )
dy 2
(21)

d 2θ1
− Rθ1 = ( PN T )u1
dy 2
(22)
d 2 C1 ScS o d 2θ1
− γ C1 = ( ScN C )u1 −
dy 2 N dy 2
(23)

The equations to the second order are

d 2u 2
− ( M 2 + D −1 )u2 = −G ( θ1 + NC1 ) − ∆u02
dy 2
(24)

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 d 2θ 2
− Rθ 2 = ( PNT )u2
dy 2
(25)
d 2C2 ScS o d 2θ 2
− γ C 2 = ( ScN C )u 2 −
dy 2 N dy 2
(26)

The corresponding conditions are

u0 (1) = u0 (−1) = 0 , θ 0 (+1) = 0, θ 0 (−1) = 1, C0 (+1) = 0, C0 (−1) = 1
(27)

( u1 (1) = u1 (−1) = 0 , θ1 (+1) = 0, θ1 (−1) = 0, C1 (+1) = 0, C1 (−1) = 0

(28)

u2 (1) = u2 (−1) = 0 , θ 2 (+1) = 0, θ 2 (−1) = 0, C2 (+1) = 0, C2 (−1) = 0

(29)
Solving the equations (18)-(27) subject to the boundary conditions (28)-
(29) we get

π
u0 ( y ) = ( y 2 − 1)
2
Ch( β1 y ) Ch( β1 y ) Sh( β1 y )
θ 0 = a2 (1 − ) − a1 (1 − y 2 ) + 0.5( − )
Ch( β1 ) Ch( β1 ) Sh( β1 )

Ch( β1 y )
C 0 = a 7 (1 − ) + a5 (Ch( β 2 y ) − Ch( β 2 )) +
Ch( β 1 )
Ch( β1 y ) Sh( β 1 y ) Sh( β 1 y )
+ 0.5( − + a 6 ( Sh( β 2 y ) − Sh( β 2 ) )
Ch( β1 ) Sh( β 1 ) Sh( β1 )

Ch( M 1 y ) Ch( M 1 y )
u1 = a17 ( Ch( β 2 ) − Ch( β 2 y )) − a19 ( Ch( β1 ) − Ch( β1 y )) +
Ch( M 1 ) Ch( M 1 )
Ch( M 1 y ) Sh( M 1 y )
+ a 21 ( − y 2 ). − a18 ( Sh( β 2 y ) − Sh( β 2 )) − a 20 ( Sh( β1 y ) −
Ch( M 1 ) Sh( M 1 )
Sh( M 1 y )
− Sh( β1 ))
Sh( M 1 )

Page 18 of 52
 Ch( β 2 y ) Sh( β 2 y )
θ1 = a 41 (Ch( M 1 y ) − Ch( M 1 ) ) + a 42 ( Sh( M 1 y ) − Sh( M 1 ) )+
Ch( β 2 ) Sh( β 2 )
Sh( β 2 y ) Ch( β 2 y )
+ a 43 ( yCh( β 2 y ) − Ch( β 2 ) ) + a 44 ( ySh( β 2 y ) − Sh( β 2 ) )+
Sh( β 2 ) Ch( β 2 )
Ch( β 2 y ) Sh( β 2 y )
+ a 45 (Ch( β1 y ) − Ch( β 1 ) )) + a 46 ( Sh( β1 y ) − Sh( β 1 ) )+
Ch( β 2 ) Sh( β 2 )
Ch( β 2 y ) Ch( β 2 y )
+ a 47 ( y 2 − ) + a 48 (1 − )
Ch( β 2 ) Ch( β 2 )

Ch( β 1 y ) Sh( β1 y )
C1 = a 25 (Ch( M 1 y ) − Ch( M 1 ) ) + a 26 ( Sh( M 1 y ) − Sh( M 1 ) )−
Ch( β1 ) Sh( β 1 )
Ch( β 1 y ) Sh( β1 y )
− a 27 (Ch( β 2 y ) − Ch( β 2 ) ) − a 28 ( Sh( β 2 y ) − Sh( β 2 ) )+
Ch( β 1 ) Sh( β 1 )
Ch( β 1 y ) Sh( β1 y )
+ ( ySh( β 1 y ) − Sh( β1 ) )) − a30 (( yCh( β1 y ) − Ch( β 1 ) )+
Ch( β1 ) Sh( β1 )
Ch( β1 y ) Ch( β 1 y )
+ a31 ( y 2 − ) + a32 (1 − )
Ch( β1 ) Ch( β 1 )

Ch( M 1 y ) Sh( M 1 y )
u 2 = − a 62 ( Ch( β 1 ) − Ch( β 1 y )) − a 63 ( Sh( β 1 ) − Sh( β1 y )) +
Ch( M 1 ) Sh( M 1 )
Ch( M 1 y ) Ch( M 1 y ) Ch( M 1 y )
− a 64 ( Sh( β 2 ) − Ch( β 2 y )) + a 72 ( − y 4 ) − a 73 ( − y2 )
Ch( M 1 ) Ch( M 1 ) Ch( M 1 )
Ch( M 1 y ) Sh( M 1 y ) Ch( M 1 y )
− a 70 ( − 1) − a 65 ( Sh( β 2 ) − Sh( β 2 y )) + a 66 ( Sh( M 1 )
Ch( M 1 ) Sh( M 1 ) Ch( M 1 )
Sh( M 1 y ) Sh( M 1 y )
− ySh( M 1 y )) + a 67 ( Ch( M 1 ) − yCh( M 1 y )) + a 68 ( Ch( β 2 ) − yCh( β 2 y )) −
Sh( M 1 ) Sh( M 1 )
Ch( M 1 y )
+ a 69 ( Sh( β 2 ) − ySh( β 2 y ))
Ch( M 1 )
Ch( β1 y ) Sh( β1 y )
C 2 = a 77 (Ch( M 1 y ) − Ch( M 1 ) ) + a 78 ( Sh( M 1 y ) − Sh( M 12 ) )+
Ch( β1 ) Sh( β 1 )
Sh( β 2 y )
+ a 79 ( yCh( β 1 y ) − Ch( β1 ) ) + a80 ( y 2 − 1)Ch( β1 y ) +
Sh( β 2 )
+ a 79 ( y 4 − 1) + a81 ( y 2 − 1) + a80 ( ySh( β1 y ) −
Ch( β 1 y ) Ch( β1 y )
− Sh( β 1 )) + a81 (Ch( β 2 y ) − Ch( β 2 )) +
Ch( β 1 ) Ch( β 1 )
Sh( β1 y ) Sh( β 1 y )
+ a82 ( Sh( β 2 y ) − Sh( β 2 )) − a83 ( yCh( M 1 y ) − Ch( M 1 ) )−
Sh( β1 ) Sh( β1 )
Ch( β 1 y ) Sh( β1 y )
− a84 ( ySh( M 1 y ) − Sh( M 1 ) ) − a85 ( yCh( β 2 y ) − Ch( β 2 ) )−
Ch( β1 ) Sh( β 1 )
Ch( β1 y )
− a86 ( ySh( β 2 y ) − Sh( β 2 ) ) − a87 ( y 2 − 1)Ch( β1 y ) − a88 ( y 2 − 1) Sh( β 1 y ) −
Ch( β 1 )
Ch( β1 y ) Ch( β1 y ) Ch( β 1 y )
− a89 ( y 4 − ) + a90 ( y 2 − ) + a91 (1 − )
Ch( β 1 ) Ch( β 1 ) Ch( β 1 )

Page 19 of 52
 Ch( β 2 y ) Sh( β 2 y )
θ 2 = b18 (Ch( β1 y ) − Ch( β 1 ) ) + b18 ( Sh( β 1 y ) − Sh( β1 ) )+
Ch( β 2 ) Sh( β 2 )
Ch( β 2 y ) Sh( β 2 y )
+ b20 ( ySh( β 2 y ) − Sh( β 2 ) ) + b21 ( yCh( β 2 y ) − Ch( β 2 ) )
Ch( β 2 ) Sh( β 2 )
Ch( β 2 y ) Sh( β 2 y )
+ b22 (Ch( M 1 y ) − Ch( M 1 ) ) + b23 ( Sh( M 1 y ) − Sh( M 1 ) )+
Ch( β 2 ) Sh( β 2 )
Sh( β 2 y ) Ch( β 2 y )
+ b24 ( yCh( M 1 y ) − Ch( M 1 ) ) + b25 ( ySh( M 1 y ) − Sh( M 1 ) )+
Sh( β 2 ) Ch( β 2 )
Sh( β 2 y ) Ch( β 2 y )
+ b26 ( yCh( β 1 y ) − Ch( β 1 )) + b27 ( ySh( β1 y ) − Sh( β1 )) +
Sh( β 2 ) Ch( β 2 )
Ch( β 2 y ) Sh( β 2 y )
+ b28 ( y 2 Ch( β 1 y ) − Ch( β 1 )) + b29 ( y 2 Sh( β 1 y ) − Ch( β1 ) +
Ch( β 2 ) Sh( β 2 )
Ch( β 2 y )
+ b30 ( y 2 − 1) Sh( β 2 y ) + b31 ( y 2 − 1)Ch( β 2 y ) + b32 ( y 4 − )+
Ch( β 2 )
Ch( β 2 y ) Ch( β 2 y )
+ b33 ( y 2 − ) + b34 (1 − )
Ch( β 2 ) Ch( β 2 )

SHEAR STRESS,NUSSELT NUMBER AND SHERWOOD NUMBER

The shear stress on the boundaries y = ±1 is given by

du
τ y =± L = µ ( ) y=± L
dy
which in the non-dimensional form is

du
τ y = ±1 =( ) y =±1
dy
and the corresponding expressions are

τ y = +1 = π + δ b35 + δ 2 b37
τ y = −1 = π + δ b36 + δ 2 b38

The rate of heat transfer (Nusselt Number) is given by

dθ
Nu y = ± i = ( ) y = ±1
dy

and corresponding expressions are

Nu y = +1 = b38 + δ b40 + δ 2 b42

Nu y = −1 = b39 + δ b41 + δ 2 b43

The rate of mass transfer (Sherwood Number) is given by

Page 20 of 52
 dC
Shy=±1 = ( ) y =±1
dy

and corresponding expressions are

Sh y = +1 = b44 + δ b46 + δ 2 b48

Sh y = −1 = b45 + δ b47 + δ 2 b49

Page 21 of 52
 10. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

In this analysis, we investigate the combined effect of chemical

reaction and soret effect on Non -Darcy convective heat and mass transfer of a
viscous electrically conducting fluid through a porous medium in a vertical
channel in the presence of temperature dependent heat source . The equations
governing flow, heat and mass transfer are solved by using a perturbation
technique with δ, the porous parameter as a perturbation parameter. The
velocity, the temperature and the concentration in the fluid region are analyzed
for different sets of the governing parameter namely viz,. Grashoff number G,
Darcy parameter D-1, Hartman Number M,heat generating source parameter
α, buoyancy ratio N , Schmidt number Sc , chemical reaction parameter γ,
Soret parameter S0..

The axial velocity u is shown in figs. 1-9 for different values of G,M,
-1
D ,R, Sc, S0, γ, N, P, NT and NC. The actual axial flow is in vertically upward
direction so that u > 0 represents the actual flow and u < 0 represents the
reversal flow. Fig.1 represents the variation of u with Grashof number G. It is
found that the axial velocity experiences an enhancement with increase in |G|
with maximum attain at y = 0.The variation of u with Hartmann Number M
shows that higher the Lorentz force (M>4) the velocity u exhibits a reversal
flow in the mid-region and for further higher Lorentz force the region of
reversal flow enlarges. Also the magnitude of u depreciates with M>4 and
enhances with further higher M>6(fig.2).The variation of u with D-1 shows
that lesser the permeability of the porous medium smaller u in the flow region
and for further lowering of the permeability larger u in the entire flow
region(fig.3).Fig.4 represents u with buoyancy ratio N.When the molecular
buoyancy force dominates over the thermal buoyancy force the axial velocity
depreciates when the forces are in the same direction and for for forces acting
in opposite directions u experiences an enhancement in the entire flow region.
Also it enhances with increase in the radiation parameter R(fig-5). Fig-6
represents the variation of u with chemical reaction parameter γ. It is observed
that for smaller values of γ ≤ 1.5; u is positive and higher γ ≥ 2.5 it is negative
in the flow region except in a narrow regions adjacent to the boundaries y = ±1
thereby indicating a reversal flow in the flow region for higher values of γ .
The variation of u with Schmidt Number Sc shows that lesser the molecular
diffusivity smaller in the flow region(fig.7). The effect of thermo- diffusion on
u is shown in fig-8. It is found that u depreciates with increase in |So| (< 0

Page 22 of 52
>).From fig-9 we notice that the axial velocity u experiences an enhancement
with increase in thermal diffusivity.

Figs. 10-18 represent the variation of the non-dimensional temperature

θ with different parametric values.Fig.10 represents the variation of θ with G.
It is found that the actual temperature enhances with increase in |G|.The
variation of θ with Hartmann Number M shows that higher the Lorentz force
smaller the actual temperature in the region(fig.11).The variation of θ with D-1
shows that lesser the permeability of the porous medium smaller the actual
temperature in the left half and larger in the right half of the channel.(fig.12).
Higher the Radiative heat flux smaller the actual temperature in the entire flow
region (fig.13). The variation of θ with buoyancy ratio N shows that the actual
temperature enhances with |N| irrespective of the directions of the buoyancy
forces (fig-14). The variation of θ with chemical reaction parameter γ is shown
in fig-15. It is found that an increase in γ ≤ 1.5 results in a depreciation and
for higher γ ≥ 2.5 it leads to an enhancement in actual temperature in the flow
region. From fig.16 we notice a marginal increment in the actual temperature
with increase in Sc. The effect of thermo-diffusion on θ is shown in fig.17. It
is found that the actual temperature reduces with increase in |S0|. Also an
increase in the Prandtl number P results in an enhancement in actual
temperature (fig.18).
The non-dimensional concentration C is shown in figs. 19-27 for
different parametric values. We follow the convention that the non-
dimensional concentration is positive or negative according as the actual
concentration is greater or lesser than C2. Fig.19 represents the variation of C
with Grashof Number G. It is found that the actual concentration enhances in
the entire flow region with increase in |G| with maximum attained at y =
0.6.With respect to Hartmann number M we find that the actual concentration
experiences with higher

Page 23 of 52
 4 1
3.5
0.8
3
I 0.6
2.5 II
III 0.4 I
u 2
IV u II
1.5 V 0.2 III
VI
1 0
0.5 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.2
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -0.4
y y

Fig. 1 : Variation of u with G Fig. 2 : Variation of u with M

I II III IV V VI I II III

Page 24 of 52
G 103 3x103 5x103 -103 -3x103 -5x103 M 2 4 6

1 3

0.8 2.5

0.6 2 I
0.4 I II
u 1.5
u II III
0.2 III IV
1
0
0.5
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.2
0
-0.4 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y y

Fig. 3 : Variation of u with D-1 Fig. 4 : Variation of u with N

I II III I II III IV
D-1 102 2x102 3x03 N 1.00 2.00 -0.50 -0.80

Page 25 of 52
 1.2 1

1 0.8

0.6
0.8
I 0.4 I
u 0.6 II II
u 0.2
III III
0.4 0 IV
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0.2 -0.2

-0.4
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -0.6
y y

Fig. 5 : Variation of u with R Fig. 6 : Variation of u with k

I II III I II III IV
R 2 4 6 k 0.50 1.50 2.50 3.50

Page 26 of 52
 1.2 1.8
1.6
1
1.4
0.8 I 1.2 I
II 1 II
u 0.6 u
III 0.8 III
0.4 IV 0.6 IV

0.4
0.2
0.2
0 0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y y

Fig. 7 : Variation of u with Sc Fig. 8 : Variation of u with S0

I II III IV I II III IV
Sc 0.24 0.6 1.3 2.01 S0 0.50 1.00 -0.50 -1.00

Page 27 of 52
 6

4
I
II
u 3
III
IV
2

0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y

Fig. 9 : Variation of u with P

I II III IV
P 0.71 7.00 10.00 20.00

Page 28 of 52
 7 1.4

6 1.2

5 I 1
II
4 0.8 I
III
θ θ II
IV
3 0.6 III
V
2 VI 0.4

1 0.2

0 0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y y

Fig. 10 : Variation of θ with G Fig. 11 : Variation of θ with M

I II III IV V VI I II III
G 103 3x103 5x103 -103 -3x103 -5x103 M 2 4 6

Page 29 of 52
 4 1.4

3 1.2

2 1

0.8 I
1 I
θ II
θ II
0.6 III
0 III
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0.4
-1
0.2
-2
0
-3 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y y

Fig. 12 : Variation of θ with D-1 Fig. 13 : Variation of θ with R

I II III I II III
D-1 102 2x102 3x03 R 2 4 6

Page 30 of 52
 1.4 1.8

1.6
1.2
1.4
1
1.2
I I
0.8 1
II II
θ θ
III 0.8 III
0.6
IV IV
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2

0 0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y y

Fig. 14 : Variation of θ with N Fig. 15 : Variation of θ with k

I II III IV I II III IV
N 1 2 -0.5 -0.8 k 0.50 1.50 2.50 3.50

Page 31 of 52
 1.4 1.6

1.2 1.4

1.2
1
I 1 I
0.8
II II
θ θ 0.8
0.6
III III
IV 0.6 IV
0.4
0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y y

Fig. 16 : Variation of θ with Sc Fig. 17 : Variation of θ with S0

I II III IV I II III IV
Sc 0.24 0.6 1.3 2.01 S0 0.50 1.00 -0.50 -1.00

Page 32 of 52
 6

4
I
II
θ 3
III
IV
2

0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y

Fig. 18 : Variation of θ with P

I II III IV
P 0.71 7.00 10.00 20.00

Page 33 of 52
 30 4
25
3
20
15 I 2
10 II
1 I
5 III
C C II
0 IV
0 III
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2-5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 V -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-10 VI -1
-15
-2
-20
-25 -3
y y

Fig. 19 : Variation of C with G Fig. 20 : Variation of C with M

I II III IV V VI I II III
G 103 3x103 5x103 -103 -3x103 -5x103 M 2 4 6

Page 34 of 52
 4 8

3 6

2 4

1 I 2 I
C C II
II
0 0 III
III
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-1 -2

-2 -4

-3 -6
y y

Fig. 21 : Variation of C with D-1 Fig. 22 : Variation of C with R

I II III I II III
D-1 102
2x10 3x102
2
R 2 4 6

Page 35 of 52
 3 4
2.5 3
2
2
1.5
1 I 1 I
II II
C 0.5 C 0
III III
0 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
IV -1 IV
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
-0.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-2
-1
-1.5 -3

-2 -4
y y

Fig. 23 : Variation of θ with N Fig. 24 : Variation of C with k

I II III IV I II III IV
N 1 2 -0.5 -0.8 k 0.50 1.50 2.50 3.50

Page 36 of 52
 4 4

3 3

2 2
I I
1 1
II II
C C
III III
0 0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 IV -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 IV
-1 -1

-2 -2

-3 -3
y y

Fig. 25 : Variation of C with Sc Fig. 26 : Variation of C with S0

I II III IV I II III IV
Sc 0.24 0.6 1.30 2.01 S0 0.50 1.00 -0.50 -1.00

Page 37 of 52
 6
5
4
3
2 I
II
C 1
III
0 IV
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2-1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

-2
-3
-4
y

Fig. 27 : Variation of C with P

I II III IV
P 0.71 7.00 10.00 20.00

Page 38 of 52
 11. CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION

Lorentz force(fig.20). The variation of C with D-1 shows that lesser the
permeability of the porous medium larger the actual concentration in the entire
flow region(fig.21).From fig.22 we find that higher the Radiation parameter R
larger the actual concentration in the entire flow region. The variation of C
with buoyancy ratio N shows that when the molecular buoyancy force
dominates over the thermal buoyancy force the actual concentration
depreciates in te entire flow region irrespective of the directions of the
buoyancy forces (fig.23)The variation of C with chemical reaction parameter γ
shows that an increase in γ ≤ 1.5 the actual concentration enhances in the left
half and reduces in the right half and for higher γ ≥ 2.5 it reduces in the left
half and enhances in the right half of the channel(fig-24).From fig.25 we
notice that lesser the molecular diffusivity smaller the actual concentration in
the left half and larger in the right half. An increase in |S0|(<0 > 0) reduces the
actual concentration in the left half and enhances in the right half of the
channel(fig.26).The variation of C with Prandtl number P shows that higher
the diffusivity smaller in the left half and enhances in the right half of the
channel(fig.27)

The Shear stress (τ) at the boundaries y = ±1 are shown in tables 1-6
for different values of G, M,D-1, R, γ, N, Sc and S0. It is found that the shear
stress enhances with increase in |G| and α and depreciates with D-1&M.Thus
lesser the permeability of the porous medium /higher the Lorentz force smaller
the stress at both the walls(tables 1 and 4). When the molecular buoyancy
force dominates over the thermal buoyancy force the stress enhances at both
the walls when the buoyancy forces act in the same direction and for the forces
act in opposite direction it reduces at y=1 and enhances at y=-1(tables.1&3).
The variation of τ with chemical reaction parameter γ shows that an increase
in γ <2.5 reduces |τ| and enhances for γ >3.5 at y = +1 while at y = -1, |τ|
reduces with γ ≤ 1.5 and for γ >2.5,it reduces in the heating case and
reduces in the cooling case. The variation of τ with Sc and S0 shows that lesser
the molecular diffusivity lesser |τ| at y = ±1. Also it depreciates with S0 > 0
and enhances with |S0| at both the walls (tables 2 &5).The variation of stress
with Prandtl number P shows that the stress experiences an enhancement with
in crease in P at both the walls(tables.3&6).

Page 39 of 52
 The Nusselt number which measures the rate of heat transfer at y = ±1
is shown in tables 7-12 for different parametric values. It is found that the rate
of heat transfer enhances with increase in |G| and reduces with D-1&M at both
the walls .Thus lesser the permeability of the porous medium/higher the
Lorentz force smaller the magnitude of Nu at both the walls. An increase in
the Radiation parameter R leads to a depreciation in magnitude of the rate of
heat transfer at y= ± 1 .When the molecular buoyancy force dominates over the
thermal buoyancy force the rate of heat transfer enhances at both the walls
irrespective of the directions of the buoyancy forces(tables 7&10). From tables
8 & 11 we notice that the rate of heat transfer depreciates with increase in Sc.
Thus lesser the molecular diffusivity smaller the Nusselt Number at both the
walls. Also |Nu| depreciates with S0 > 0 and enhances with |S0| and enhances
with |S0| at y = ±1 .The variation of Nu with chemical reaction parameter γ
shows that the rate of heat transfer depreciates with increase in γ at y=1 and at
y=-1 ,it reduces with γ<1.5 and enhances with higher γ>2.5 at y = ±1 (tables 8
& 11).From tables.9&12 we find an enhancement with increase in P at both
the walls.

The Sherwood number (Sh) which measures the rate of mass transfer
with different parametric values is shown in tables.11-13. It is found that the
rate of mass transfer enhances with increase in |G| or α at y = ±1.The variation
of Sh with D-1 shows that lesser the permeability of porous medium smaller
|Sh| and for further lowering of permeability larger |Sh| at y = ±1 (tables 13 &
16). An increase in the chemical reaction parameter k enhances Sh for all G at
y = +1 while at y=-1 it depreciates with k ≤ 2.5 and enhances with higher k ≥
3.5. The rate of mass transfer enhances with increase in the buoyancy ratio N
and depreciates |Sh| at y=±1 (tables 14 & 17). From Tables 15 & 18 we find
that the rate of mass transfer enhances at y = ±1 with increase in Sc .Also |Sh|
experiences an enhancement with increase in |S0| at both the walls.

Page 40 of 52
 12. RESULT(s) ACHIEVED

Table 1
Shear Stress (τ) at y = + 1
G I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
103 -4.72228 -3.6148 -2.4058 -4.1057 -3.1127 -7.2223 -7.3936 -13.2757 -4.4704 -5.3428
3x103 -21.8508 -9.9403 -5.4462 -11.8017 -8.0542 -24.0981 -24.8522 -47.8448 -14.1413 -17.5597
- 103 -4.7032 -2.0959 -1.2289 -2.4845 -1.716 -5.4312 -5.6714 -11.0177 -3.7301 -4.5314
-3x103 -17.8255 -6.9026 -3.0925 -8.5593 -5.2608 -20.5159 -21.4077 -43.3288 -12.6607 -15.9369
M 2 4 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
D-1 102 102 102 2x102 3x102 102 102 102 102 102
R 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 2
N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -0.5 -0.8

Table 2
Shear Stress (τ) at y = + 1
G I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
103 -7.5908 -7.2937 -4.7159 -3.1298 -5.6429 -8.8619 -9.9349 -2.3671 -1.5238 -1.8012
3x103 -25.6137 -24.3358 -21.8508 -19.3304 -17.2359 -31.0806 -35.6955 -5.2762 -3.4912 -4.0577
- 103 -5.8413 -5.4548 -4.7032 -3.9409 -3.3074 -7.333 -8.8907 -1.1749 -1.1198 -1.6542
-3x103 -22.1148 -20.658 -17.8255 -14.9524 -12.5649 -28.3465 -33.607 -2.8919 -1.2833 -3.7637
SC 0.24 0.6 1.3 2.01 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
S0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 -0.5 -1 0.5 0.5 0.5
K 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5

Page 41 of 52
 Table 3
Shear Stress (τ) at y = + 1
G I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
3
10 -6.7159 -27.3487 -54.6478 -74.1878 -3.8672 -7.5291 -14.7014 -6.6159 -5.7169
3
3x10 -21.8508 -37.5454 -64.8642 -84.1212 -12.7574 -30.706 -57.6964 -19.8508 -16.8508
- 103 -4.7032 -26.3811 -52.9784 -72.4152 -2.1557 -7.1187 -13.5921 -3.5032 -3.7032
3
-3x10 -17.8255 -34.1452 -60.1254 -79.1254 -11.3343 -29.8851 -55.4777 -14.8255 -11.8255
P 0.71 7 10 20 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71
NT 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 0.5 0.5
NC 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5

Table 4
Shear Stress (τ) at y = − 1
G I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
103 6.3015 3.2823 2.1377 3.7552 2.8025 6.9574 7.1755 12.8106 5.0366 5.7795
3x103 21.0221 9.2754 4.9101 11.1007 7.4338 23.5683 24.4159 46.9145 15.2737 18.4332
- 103 5.1176 2.4284 1.497 2.8351 2.0262 5.6961 5.8895 11.4828 3.1639 4.0946
-3x103 18.6542 7.5675 3.6286 9.2604 5.8812 21.0456 21.844 44.2591 11.5283 15.0634
M 2 4 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
D-1 102 102 102 2x102 3x102 102 102 102 102 102
R 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 2
N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -0.5 -0.8

Page 42 of 52
 Table 5
Shear Stress (τ) at y = − 1
G I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
103 7.3746 7.0101 6.3015 5.5828 4.9855 8.9336 10.2496 1.9554 1.6513
3x103 25.1813 23.7687 21.0221 18.2362 15.9212 31.2239 36.3248 4.4529 3.4939
- 103 6.0575 5.7383 5.1176 4.4879 3.9647 7.4232 8.576 1.5866 1.9185
-3x103 22.5472 21.2251 18.6542 16.0466 13.8797 28.2032 32.9777 3.7152 4.2806
SC 0.24 0.6 1.3 2.01 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
S0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 -0.5 -1 0.5 0.5
K 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5

Table 6
Shear Stress (τ) at y = − 1
G I II III IV
103 6.3015 27.0754 -54.4879 74.032
3x103 21.0221 35.881 46.602 84.683
- 103 5.1176 26.6544 42.1383 68.587
-3x103 18.6542 30.039 44.903 64.792
P 0.71 7 10 20

Page 43 of 52
 Table 7
Nusselt Number (Nu) at y = + 1
G I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
103 -1.72228 -1.27383 -1.17061 -1.33001 -1.22411 -1.69172 -1.6341 -2.74674 -1.45849 -1.57985
3x103 -3.75748 -1.81568 -1.32747 -2.06707 -1.58756 -3.50231 -3.21711 -7.81392 -2.72802 -3.23173
- 103 -2.05806 -1.46162 -1.28307 -1.54444 -1.38264 -1.89456 -1.78221 -3.04111 -1.81997 -1.95958
-3x103 -4.42905 -2.19127 -1.55239 -2.49592 -1.90462 -3.90799 -3.51333 -8.40266 -3.45099 -3.99119
M 2 4 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
D-1 102 102 102 2x102 3x102 102 102 102 102 102
R 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 2
N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -0.5 -0.8

Table 8
Nusselt Number (Nu) at y = + 1
G I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
103 -1.92409 -1.85555 -1.72228 -1.5871 -1.47478 -2.21728 -2.46478 -0.9055 -0.77855 -0.65279
3x103 -4.47499 -4.23131 -3.75748 -3.27688 -2.87751 -5.51742 -6.39739 -1.22227 -1.13698 -1.00308
- 103 -2.17015 -2.13208 -2.05806 -1.98298 -1.92059 -2.333 -2.47048 -0.99332 -1.9198 -0.63301
-3x103 -4.96713 -4.78438 -4.42905 -4.06863 -3.76913 -5.74888 -6.40879 -1.39791 -1.05388 -0.96353
SC 0.24 0.6 1.3 2.01 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
S0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 -0.5 -1 0.5 0.5 0.5
K 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5

Page 44 of 52
 Table 9
Nusselt Number (Nu) at y = + 1
G I II III IV
103 -1.72228 -4.62717 -9.10075 -12.5462
3x103 -3.75748 -8.9249 -12.1429 -16.0848
- 103 -2.05806 -5.00554 -9.9303 -12.9954
-3x103 -4.42905 -9.1492 -12.8642 -18.4545
P 0.71 7 10 20

Table 10
Nusselt Number (Nu) at y = − 1
G I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
103 0.57729 0.12362 0.0168 0.18091 0.07261 0.5391 0.47889 1.60343 0.27457 0.40126
3x103 2.62887 0.67664 0.18122 0.93022 0.44591 2.35844 2.06804 6.68867 1.52155 2.0359
- 103 0.88.32 0.2891 0.11415 0.37082 0.21142 0.72445 0.6147 1.86169 2.33473 0.81545
-3x103 3.23492 1.00758 0.37591 1.31005 0.72354 2.72914 2.33967 7.20518 2.33473 2.86429
M 2 4 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
D-1 102 102 102 2x102 3x102 102 102 102 102 102
R 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 2
N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -0.5 -0.8

Page 45 of 52
 Table 11
Nusselt Number (Nu) at y = − 1
G I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
103 0.77107 0.70526 0.57729 0.4475 0.33964 1.0526 1.29025 -0.5345 -0.94148 -1.30167
3x103 3.33033 3.0921 2.62887 2.15903 1.7686 4.34943 5.2.971 -0.20153 -0.58215 -0.94411
- 103 1.00044 0.95964 0.88032 0.79986 0.733 1.17496 1.32228 -0.4791 -0.98481 -1.33597
-3x103 3.78904 3.60087 3.23492 2.86375 2.555531 4.59414 5.27375 -0.09072 -0.66882 -1.01271
SC 0.24 0.6 1.3 2.01 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
S0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 -0.5 -1 0.5 0.5 0.5
K 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5

Table 12
Nusselt Number (Nu) at y = − 1
G I II III IV
3
10 0.57729 4.55704 9.06632 34.5276
3
3x10 2.62887 17.4342 34.8321 48.1254
- 103 0.88032 5.75294 9.64199 35.7025
-3x103 3.23492 17.826 3.9835 52.1242
P 0.71 7 10 20
Table 13

Page 46 of 52
 Sherwood Number (Sh) at y = + 1
G I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
103 -12.4221 -15.54451 -29.12467 -14.18463 -18.1817 -25.10458 -35.91268 -14.55404 15.77821 12.44477
3x103 -49.13265 -61.61641 -82.1249 -56.16471 -72.19592 -35.4269 -45.295 -57.9535 63.85098 50.59172
- 103 -12.68318 -15.80004 -29.56001 -14.42799 -18.468 -25.64384 -36.64457 -14.95161 16.64081 13.14649
-3x103 -49.65459 -62.12746 -92.1462 56.65144 -72.76852 -36.429 -46.925 -58.74865 65.57617 51.99518
M 2 4 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
D-1 102 102 102 2x102 3x102 102 102 102 102 102
R 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 2
N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -0.5 -0.8

Table 14
Sherwood Number (Sh) at y = + 1
G I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
103 -2.81648 -6.55677 -12.4221 -16.47268 -18.38381 18.73333 43.92727 -0.99002 -1.76649 2.26402
3x103 -10.94922 -25.83303 -49.13265 -65.15414 -72.63655 74.9657 175.5601 -6.88896 -7.3109 -8.5478
- 103 -3.06102 -6.8109 -12.68318 -16.72469 -18.61617 18.5763 43.9028 -0.5967 -0.83047 1.10813
-3x103 -11.43831 -26.3413 -49.65459 -65.65814 -73.10127 74.65164 175.5112 -6.10231 -5.43886 -6.85957
SC 0.24 0.6 1.3 2.01 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
S0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 -0.5 -1 0.5 0.5 0.5
K 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5
Table 15

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 Sherwood Number (Sh) at y = − 1
G I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
103 -13.00879 -16.11461 -29.69243 -14.75653 -18.7504 -26.43444 -37.84827 -15.58171 13.51557 10.68848
3x103 -49.73299 -62.18378 -82.1249 -56.7357 -72.7605 -35.4269 -46.1254 59.09425 61.94915 49.18996
- 103 -13.24225 -16.37558 -30.13788 -15.00173 -19.04494 -26.75362 -38.27779 -15.75313 13.65653 10.68117
-3x103 -50.19991 -62.70572 0.37591 -57.22609 -73.34958 -36.72914 -48.1462 -59.43709 62.23107 49.17534
M 2 4 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
D-1 102 102 102 2x10 2
3x10 2
10 2
102 10 2
10 2
102
R 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 2
N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -0.5 -0.8
Table 16 Sherwood Number (Sh) at y = − 1
G I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
103 -4.0546 -7.5735 -13.00879 -16.62336 -18.17257 16.547 40.939 -3.38376 -0.98025 -0.16319
3x103 -12.29529 -26.92563 -49.73299 -65.25599 -72.32481 72.53295 172.207 -9.46171 -6.36479 -4.93749
- 103 -4.08325 -7.67592 -13.24225 -16.973 -18.60595 16.8828 41.64415 -2.63239 -0.36398 -0.39409
-3x103 -12.35259 -27.13047 -50.19991 -65.95528 -73.19156 73.20456 173.6174 -7.95899 -5.13225 -5.3993
SC 0.24 0.6 1.36 2.01 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
S0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 -0.5 -1 0.5 0.5 0.5
K 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5

Page 48 of 52
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