States of Matter Final (2023-2025) - Filled

AS-LEVEL UNIT#-4
CHEMISTRY NOTES
STATES OF MATTER
INSTRUCTOR
Zafar Iqbal Ch.

1
4 States of matter
4.1 The gaseous state: ideal and real gases and pV = nRT
Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
1 explain the origin of pressure in a gas in terms of collisions between gas molecules and the wall of the
container
2 understand that ideal gases have zero particle volume and no intermolecular forces of attraction
3 state and use the ideal gas equation pV = nRT in calculations, including in the determination of Mr
4.2 Bonding and structure

Learning outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
1 describe, in simple terms, the lattice structure of a crystalline solid which is:
(a) giant ionic, including sodium chloride and magnesium oxide
(b) simple molecular, including iodine, buckminsterfullerene C60 and ice
(c) giant molecular, including silicon(IV) oxide, graphite and diamond
(d) giant metallic, including copper
2 describe, interpret and predict the effect of different types of structure and bonding on the physical
properties of substances, including melting point, boiling point, electrical conductivity and solubility
3 deduce the type of structure and bonding present in a substance from given information
___________________________________
O/AS/A2/SAT-2/SSE/ Ultimate Chemistry Preparation with Zafar Iqbal Ch.

(LGS,LACAS,ISL,CRESCENT,KIMS,ALJT,ROOTS IVY,GHA) 0333-4227604
2
STATES OF MATTER.
Boyle’s Law -
Statement 1
_____________________
The _____________of
volume the given mass of a gas is __________________proportional
inversely to the
___________________if
pressure temeperature is kept constant.
V 1 _____
P
V= k _____
P
P V= k
P1 V1= P2 V2
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FA
R
Statement- 2
_____________________
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BA
The ____________of
product pressure and volume for the fixed amount of a gas will always be a
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CH
_______________qunatity
constant if temperature is kept constant.
.
Graphical Representation.
I/V
V PV
P P P
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3
Charle’s Law Statement 1

_____________________
The _____________of
volume the given mass of a gas is _____________proportional
directly to the
___________________if
temperature pressure is kept constant.
_____________________
V T
V = kT
V =k
______
T
V1 = V2
______ ______
T1 T2
Statement 2
_____________________
The ____________to
volume _______________ratio
temperature for the fixed amount of a gas will always be a
_______________qunatity
constant if pressure is kept constant.
Graphical Representation.
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FA
R
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BA
V
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CH
.
T
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4
Dalton’s Law of partial pressure.
Statement
-
The _______pressure
total exerted by the mixture of non-reacting gases is always equal to the
______of
sum the _______pressure
partial of each gas present into the mixture.
P
TOTAL = P+P
A B
Calculation of partial pressure.
P = nn x P
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A
___
A T
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P = nn x P
R
B
___
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B T
t
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CH
.
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5
Ideal Gas Equation
-1 -1
8.31 J mol K
P= pressure of gas in __________

pascal T= temperature in _________
KlevinZA
3
V= volume of gas in ___________
m n= no of moles of gas.
FA
R
-1 -1
R =Univaersal gas constant ________
8.31 J mol K
IQ
BA
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Formulas
CH
.
P1 V1= P2 V2 1 PT VT= P1 V1 + P2 V2 4
P V = P2 V2
1 1
___________ ___________
2 P V = nRT 5
T1 T2
Mr = mRT
___________
6
V 1
______
=
V 2
______ 3 PV
T1 T2
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3
Pressure conversions.
5 5 -2
1 atm = 1 x 10 pa = 1 x 10 Nm = 100 kpa = 760 mm Hg
Volume conversions. 3 3 3
1000 cm = 1 dm3 1000 dm = 1 m
3 3 3 3
3
cm to dm
3
dm to m cm to m
____________
____________
-3 -3 -6
multiply by 10 multiply by 10 multiply by 10
3 3 6
divided by 10 divided by 10 divided by 10
o
Temperature conversion. K = C +273
6
VALUE OF R=8.31
1 Which diagram correctly describes the behaviour of a fixed mass of an ideal gas? (T is measured
in K.)
A B C D
constant p constant T constant T constant T
V p pV pV
0 0 0 0
0 T 0 V 0 p 0 V
2 Flask X contains 5 dm3 of helium at 12 kPa pressure and flask Y contains 10 dm3 of neon at 6 kPa
pressure.
If the flasks are connected at constant temperature, what is the final pressure?
A 8 kPa B 9 kPa C 10 kPa D 11 kPa
3 Flask Q contains 5 dm3 of helium at 12 kPa pressure. Flask R contains 10 dm3 of neon at 6 kPa
pressure. If the flasks are connected at constant temperature, what is the final pressure?
4 When an evacuated tube of volume 400 cm3 is filled with gas at 300 K and 101 kPa, the mass of
the tube increases by 0.65 g. Assume the gas behaves as an ideal gas. 1
What could be the identity of the gas? 2
A argon B helium C krypton D neon 3
5 In this question you should assume the vapour behaves as an ideal gas. 4
0.175 g of a volatile liquid produces a vapour of volume 4.50 × 10–5 m3 at 100 °C and pressure of
1.013 × 105 Pa. 5
What is the Mr of the liquid?
6
A 31.9 B 87.1 C 119 D 127 7
6 A fluorescent light tube has an internal volume of 400 cm3 and an internal pressure of 200 kPa.
ZA
It is filled with 0.03 moles of an ideal gas.

FA
What is the temperature of the gas inside the fluorescent light tube?
R
A 3.21 × 10–1 K B 3.21 × 102 K C 3.21 × 105 K D 3.21 × 108 K

IQ
7 A solution contains 0.25 g of sulfur dioxide in 1.00 dm3 of water.

BA
L
Which volume of sulfur dioxide, measured at 50 C and a pressure of 1  105 Pa, must be added
to 1.00 dm3 of water to produce this solution?
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A 0.0162 cm3 B 0.105 cm3 C 16.2 cm3 D 105 cm3

.
7
8 0.10 g of the volatile liquid X formed 0.025 dm3 of vapour at 100 °C and atmospheric pressure.
1 mol of vapour occupies 22.4 dm3 at 0 °C and atmospheric pressure.
ZA
What is the relative molecular mass of X?
FA
0.025 × 273 × 22.4 C 0.10 × 273 × 22.4
A
0.10 × 373 0.025 × 373
R
0.025 × 373 × 22.4 0.10 × 373 × 22.4
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B D
0.10 × 273 0.025 × 273
BA
9 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.
L
The gas laws can be summarised in the ideal gas equation below.
CH
.
pV = nRT
0.96 g of oxygen gas is contained in a glass vessel of volume 7.0 × 10–3 m3 at a temperature of
30 °C.
Assume the gas behaves as an ideal gas.
What is the pressure in the vessel?
A 1.1 kPa B 2.1 kPa C 10.8 kPa D 21.6 kPa
The gas laws can be summarised in the ideal gas equation below.
pV = nRT
The volume of a sample of methane is measured at a temperature of 60 °C and a pressure of

103 kPa. The volume measured is 5.37 × 10–3 m3.
9
Assume the gas behaves as an ideal gas. 10
What is the mass of the sample of methane, given to two significant figures? 11
A 0.00018 g B 0.0032 g C 0.18 g D 3.2 g 12
11 Which diagram shows the correct graph of pV against n for an ideal gas at constant temperature?
A B C D
pV pV pV pV
0 0 0 0
0 n 0 n 0 n 0 n
12 1.8 g of water, heated to 227 °C in a sealed container, turns to steam with a pressure of 200 kPa.
What is the approximate volume of the container?
A 9 × 10–4 m3 B 2 × 10–3 m3 C 2 m3 D 8 × 107 m3

8
3 3
13 Flask X contains 5 dm of helium at 12 kPa pressure and flask Y contains 10 dm
pressure.
14 A 10.0 cm3 bubble of an ideal gas is formed on the sea bed where it is at a pressure of 2020 kPa.
Just below the sea surface the pressure is 101 kPa and the temperature is the same as the sea
bed.
13
What is the volume of the bubble when it rises to just below the sea surface?
14
A 10.0 cm3 B 20.2 cm3 C 200 cm3 D 2 020 000 cm3
15
15 The general gas equation can be used to calculate the Mr value of a gas. 16
For a sample of a gas of mass m g, which expression will give the value of Mr? 17
mpV pVRT mRT pV
A Mr = B Mr = C Mr = D Mr = 18
RT m pV mRT
When 0.15 g of an organic compound is vaporised, it occupies a volume of 65.0 cm3 at 405 K and
1.00 × 105 Nm–2.
Using the expression pV = nRT, which of the following expressions should be used to calculate
the relative molecular mass, Mr, of the compound?
ZA
0.15 × 65 × 10 − 6 × 1× 105 0.15 × 65 × 10 − 3 × 1× 105

FA
A C
8.31× 405 8.31× 405
R
B 0.15 × 8.31× 405 D 0.15 × 8.31× 405

IQ
1× 105 × 65 × 10 − 3 1× 105 × 65 × 10 − 6
BA

L
The gas laws can be summarised in the ideal gas equation.

CH
pV = nRT
.
0.56 g of ethene gas is contained in a vessel at a pressure of 102 kPa and a temperature of 30 °C.
What is the volume of the vessel?
A 49 cm3 B 494 cm3 C 48 900 cm3 D 494 000 cm3
18 A sample of gas occupies 240 cm3 at 37 °C and 100 kPa.
How many moles of gas are present in the sample?
A 9.32 × 10–6 B 9.32 × 10–3 C 0.0781 D 78.1

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9
19 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question. 19
The gas laws can be summarised in the ideal gas equation. 20
pV = nRT 21
0.96 g of oxygen gas is contained in a glass vessel of volume 7000 cm3 at a temperature of 30 °C.
What is the pressure in the vessel?
20 Which diagram shows the correct graph of V against p for a fixed mass of an ideal gas at
constant temperature?
A B C D
V V V V
0 0 0 0
0 p 0 p 0 p 0 p

The volume of a sample of ammonia was measured at a temperature of 40 °C and a pressure of
95 kPa. The volume measured was 4.32 × 10–5 m3.
22
What is the mass of the sample of ammonia? 23
A 2.7 × 10–5 g B 2.1 × 10–4 g C 2.7 × 10–2 g D 2.1 × 10–1 g 24
22 Which mass of gas would occupy a volume of 3 dm3 at 25 °C and 1 atmosphere pressure?
[1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at 25 °C and 1 atmosphere pressure.]
A 3.2 g O2 gas B 5.6 g N2 gas C 8.0 g SO2 gas D 11.0 g CO2 gas
23 The density of ice is 1.00 g cm–3.

What is the volume of steam produced when 1.00 cm3 of ice is heated to 323 °C (596 K) at a
pressure of one atmosphere (101 kPa)?
[1 mol of a gas occupies 24.0 dm3 at 25 °C (298 K) and one atmosphere.]
A 0.267 dm3 B 1.33 dm3 C 2.67 dm3 D 48.0 dm3
24 Which diagram correctly describes the behaviour of a fixed mass of an ideal gas? (T is measured
in K.)
A B C D
constant T constant T constant T constant p
p pV pV V
0 0 0 0
0 V 0 p 0 V 0 T
10
pressure.
pressure.
In an experiment using a gas syringe, 0.10 g of a gas is found to occupy 83.1 cm3, measured at
standard pressure (1.0 × 105 Pa) and 27 °C.
ZA
What is the relative molecular mass of the gas?
FA
0.10 × 8.31 × 27
R
0.10 × 8.31 × 27 C
A
1.0 × 105 × 83.1 1.0 × 105 × 83.1 × 10–6
IQ
BA
0.10 × 8.31 × 300 0.10 × 8.31 × 300
B D
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1.0 × 105 × 83.1 1.0 × 105 × 83.1 × 10–6
CH
.
28 What is the volume of steam produced when 1.00 g of ice is heated to 323 °C at a pressure of
101 kPa?
A 0.27 dm3 B 1.3 dm3 C 2.7 dm3 D 48 dm3
29 The gas laws can be summarised in the ideal gas equation.
pV = nRT
0.960 g of oxygen gas is contained in a vessel of volume 7.00 × 10–3 m3 at a temperature of 30 °C.
Assume that the gas behaves as an ideal gas. What is the pressure in the vessel?
25
26
30 Two glass vessels M and N are connected by a closed valve.
27
28
M N 29
30
M contains helium at 20 °C at a pressure of 1 × 105 Pa. N has been evacuated, and has three
times the volume of M. In an experiment, the valve is opened and the temperature of the whole
apparatus is raised to 100 °C.
What is the final pressure in the system?
A 3.18 × 104 Pa B 4.24 × 104 Pa C 1.25 × 105 Pa D 5.09 × 105 Pa

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Kinetic Molecular Theory Of Gases (KMT)
1. Gas particles_______________
collide with each other & with the walls of the container but their _____________________
collisions
collisions are totally
perfectly elastic
are_____________________
.
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2. Gases consist of molecules which are always in. _____________________
random motion.
FA
R
molecular size.
3. Intermolecular distances are much greater than the ________________
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BA
4. There is no force of _____________________
attraction or repulsion between the gas particles.
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CH
Gravitational force has no effect on the movement of gas particles.
5. _____________________
.
volume of the gas is negligible as compared to the total _____________________
6. The actual _____________ volume .
total volume ofof the container
proportional to the absolute temperature

kinetic energy of particles is _____________________
7. The average _____________________ temperature.
Ideal -Gases:
Gases which ________all
obey gas laws and all KMT assumptions under all conditions of ______________
temperature
and pressure are called ________________.

ideal gases
Non-ideal
- or real gases:
Gases which ____________
do not obey all gas laws and all KMT assumptions under all conditions of
temperature and
_____________________ pressure are called ________________.
non-ideal gases
ZA
FA
R
IQ
There is no gas which is ideal all real gases are non-ideal.

BA
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CH
Gases deviate from the ideal behavior due to the two wrong assumptions of KMT.
.
1.__________________________________________________________
There is no force of attraction or repulsion between the gas particles.
2.________________________________________________________________________
The actual volume of the gas is negligible as compared to the total volume of the container
.
Helium and Hydrogen molecules are smaller as compered to other molecules

so they have very weak intermolecular forces hence they are very close to the ideal
behaviour.
12
These assumptions become invalid under the following circumstances.
ZA
FA
R
IQ
1.At Low Temperature
BA
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kineric energy
.
(At low temperature the average _______of the particles decreases and they become _________to each other as a result
forces of attractions between the gas particles become more prominent)
2.At High Pressure

(At high pressure ,the total volume of the container becomes very small as a result the ____________ volume of the gas cannot be
________________with reference to the volume of the container )
Graphical representation of non-ideal gases.

Graphical representation of real gases.
PV
o o
Graphical representation of NH3,H2,SO2,CO2 at 25 C. Graphical representation of NH3,H2,SO2,CO2 at 100 C.
PV PV
P
P
Gases show ideal behavior under the following circumstances.
1.At High Temperature

(At high temperature the average K.E of the particles increases and they move far away from each other as a result forces of
attractions between the gas particles become less significant)
2.At Low Pressure 13
(At low pressure ,the total volume of the container becomes Large as a result the actual volume of the gas can easily be ignored with
reference to the volume of the container)
MCQS
1 Which gas is likely to deviate most from ideal gas behaviour?
A HCl B He C CH4 D N2
2 What is a basic assumption of the kinetic theory, as applied to an ideal gas?
A Collisions between gas molecules are elastic.

B Each gas molecule occupies a finite volume.
C Gases consist of particles that experience the force of gravity.
D Gas molecules attract each other with weak intermolecular forces.
3 A graph of pV against T is shown for a fixed mass of gas. (p = pressure, V = volume and
T = temperature in K.)
pV
Which gas gives this graph over the widest range of temperatures and pressures?
A hydrogen, H2 B hydrogen chloride, HCl C hydrogen fluoride, HF D oxygen, O2

ZA
4 Under which conditions will nitrogen behave most like an ideal gas?
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temperature pressure
R
A low high
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B high low
BA
C low low
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D high high
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.
5 What changes in conditions or molecular properties make it more likely that gases approach ideal
behaviour?
A higher pressure C more polar molecules
B lower temperature D weaker intermolecular forces
6 Which of the following least resembles an ideal gas?
A ammonia B helium C hydrogen D trichloromethane

14
7 All gases listed are at the same pressure.
Which gas will most closely approach ideal behaviour?
A ammonia at 100 K B ammonia at 500 K C neon at 100 K D neon at 500 K
8 A sample of an ideal gas is contained at a constant temperature of 300 K in a gas syringe.

pV
The pressure is increased and a graph of against pressure is plotted.
RT
Which graph correctly represents the results?
B
pV
RT C
D
p
9 Argon is a gas used to fill electric light bulbs.
Under which conditions of pressure and temperature will argon behave most like an ideal gas?
pressure temperature
ZA
A high high
FA
B high low
R
C low high
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D low low
BA
10 What will make it more likely that a gas will approach ideal behaviour?
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A higher pressure C more polar molecules

.
B lower temperature D weaker intermolecular forces
11 In the ideal gas equation, pV = nRT, what are the units of n and T ?
n T
A no units °C
B no units K
C mol °C
D mol K
12 Which gas closely approaches ideal behaviour at room temperature and pressure?
A ammonia B carbon dioxide C helium D oxygen

15
13 Which would behave the least like an ideal gas at room temperature?
A carbon dioxide B helium C hydrogen D nitrogen
14 At room temperature and pressure chlorine does not behave as an ideal gas.
At which temperature and pressure would the behaviour of chlorine become more ideal?
/ kPa /K
A 50 200
B 50 400
C 200 200
D 200 400
15 The value of pV is plotted against p for two gases, an ideal gas and a non-ideal gas, where p is the
pressure and V is the volume of the gas.
ZA
FA
ideal gas
R
pV
IQ
non-ideal gas
BA
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CH
.
0 p
0
Which of the following gases shows the greatest deviation from ideality?
A ammonia B ethene C methane D nitrogen
16 Which least resembles an ideal gas at room temperature and pressure?
A ammonia B helium C hydrogen D methane
1. What are assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases and hence of the
ideal gas equation, PV = nRT?
1 Molecules move without interacting with one another except for
collisions.
2 Intermolecular forces are negligible.
3 Intermolecular distances are much greater than the molecular size.
w07/q31
2. An ideal gas obeys the gas laws under all conditions of temperature
and pressure.
Which of the following are true for an ideal gas?
1 The molecules have negligible volume.
2 There are no forces of attraction between molecules.
3 The molecules have an average kinetic energy which is proportional to its
absolute temperature.
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16
17 Measured values of the pressure, volume and temperature of a known mass of a gaseous
compound are to be substituted into the equation
pV = nRT
in order to calculate the relative molecular mass, Mr, of the compound.
Which conditions of pressure and temperature would give the most accurate value of Mr?
ZA
FA
2
A high high
R
3
IQ
B high low
BA
C low high 4
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D low low 5
CH
6
.
18 Which of the following would behave most like an ideal gas at room temperature? 7
A carbon dioxide B helium C hydrogen D nitrogen 8
19 For an ideal gas, the plot of pV against p is a straight line. For a real gas, such a plot shows a
deviation from ideal behaviour. The plots of pV against p for three real gases are shown below.
The gases represented are ammonia, hydrogen and nitrogen. 9
10
11
X
Y Z 12
13
pV ideal gas
14
15
16
0
0 p 17
What are the identities of the gases X, Y and Z? 18

19
X Y Z
20
A ammonia nitrogen hydrogen
B hydrogen nitrogen ammonia
C nitrogen ammonia hydrogen
D nitrogen hydrogen ammonia
20 Which gas is likely to deviate most from ideal gas behaviour?
A HCl B He C CH4 D N2
17
Cubic Crystal System:
The crystal compounds are found in following categories designed on the basis of their crystal
lattice structures:
A. Primitive Cubic
ZA
B. Face Centered Cubic
C. Body Centered Cubic
FA
Primitive Cubic
R
IQ
BA
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CH
.
Face Centered Cubic
Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Iodine (I2), Diamond & Potassium Bromide (KBr)
are examples of face centered cubic structure.
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18
Body Centered Cubic
Cesium Chloride (CsCl) is an example of body centered cubic structure.
ZA
F AR
IQ
BA
Co-ordination Number:
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CH
atoms,ions or molecules
It is the number of __________________________________________which surround the
.
central metal atom ,ion or molecule.
+1 -
Here coordination number of Cs
___________________________________
is 8 and the co-ordination number of Cl is also 8
___________________________________

19
Crystalline structure of Sodium Chloride (NaCl).
In NaCl,Co-ordination number of Na+ ion is six as well as the Co-ordination number
of Cl- ion is also six.
SOLIDS
ZA
FA
R
IQ
BA
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CH
.
Ionic Solids Covalent Solids Metallic Solids
Simple molecular Solids giant molecular Solids
Physical properties
1-Ionic Solids.
1. They have very high ______________and ______________point.
2. Mostly ionic compounds are _____________in water.
3. Bad ______________ of electricity in ___________state. (no free moving ions are present)
4. They are good ____________of electricity in _____________and in ____________

form. (Free moving ions are present)
20
Draw the crystal lattice of MgO
Q. Why ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state ?
In solid state ions are _________________in crystal lattice ,so no ______________
______________________ are present for the conduction of the electric current.
Q.why ionic compounds are good conductor of electricity in molten or in aqueous form ?
Ionic compounds are good conductor of electric current in molten or in
ZA
aqueous form due to the presence of _______________________________
FA
R
IQ
BA
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Q. why the melting point of MgCl2 is higher than NaCl ?
CH
.
In MgCl 2 , Mg ion has ______ charge while in NaCl ,Na ion has _________
so the ______________________ force of attraction is much more stronger in
MgCl 2 as compared to NaCl therefore MgCl 2 has higer melting point than
NaCl.
Uses of MgO
1. It is used to make the ____________________________________of the furnaces.
2. It is also used to _______________________the fire alarm cables
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21
Types Covalent Molecules:
There are two types of covalent molecules:
1. Simple Molecular solids

2. Macro Molecular solids
Explanation:
1. Simple Molecular solids:
They possess following properties:

 They are usually non-conductors of heat & electricity.
 They have low melting & boiling points.
 They are mostly insoluble in water.
 e.g. I2, P4, S8 etc.
ZA
Iodine (I2)
FA
R
Properties of iodine:
IQ
BA
 It is a shiny black solid at room temperature & pressure.
L
 In aqueous form it is reddish-brown in colour.
CH
 It has violet/purple colour in gaseous state.
 In crystalline state it makes Face Centered Cubic.
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22
Sulfur (S8)
Properties of sulfur:
 It has octahedral geometrical shape.

 Yellow solid at room temperature.
Phosphorus (P4)
Properties of phosphorus:
 It exists in several colours including red, yellow, white & black.

 It is a fluorescent material commonly used in fluorescent bulbs.
ZA
FA
R
IQ
BA
L
CH
.
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23
2. Macromolecules:
These molecules have giant covalently network of subunits. Following are prominent examples:
ZA
 Diamond (C) exist in elementary state
FA
 Graphite (C) exist in elementary state
R
 Silicon Carbide (SiC) exist in compound form
 Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) exist in compound form
IQ
 Silicon (Si) exist in elementary state
BA
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Diamond
CH
.
Properties of diamond:
 It is an allotrope of carbon.
 It is tetrahedral in structure with bond angle 109.5o.
 It is a very hard substance, used for cutting & drilling.
 It has very high melting point because of giant covalent network.
5.10 shows structure of diamond. It is conspicuous that every carbon is joined with four other carbon atoms.
Q.Why diamond has a very high melting point ?
In diamond there is a strong covalent net work of carbon atoms so huge amount of energy is
required to over come the strong intramolecular forces present between the carbon atoms hence
diamond has a very high melting point
Q.Why diamond is a bad conductor of electric current ?
In diamond each carbon atom is covalently bonded with four other carbon atoms so no
carbon atom has free moving electron for the conduction of electric current that’s why
diamond is a bad conductor of electricity
___________________________________

ZA
24
FA
Graphite
R
IQ
Properties of graphite:
BA
 It is an allotrope of carbon.
 It is found in layer structure.
L
 It has hexagonal shape with a respective bond angle of 120o b/w carbon atoms.
CH
 Each graphite carbon is covalently bonded with three other carbon atoms. Thus, each carbon atom has
.
one free electron present. That’s why graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
 In graphite, carbon atoms are arranged in layers. These layers can slip over each other, making graphite
excellent lubricant.
 Graphite is more stable than diamond, although diamond is stronger & have higher melting point,
because of presence of both intra-molecular & inter-molecular forces in graphite.
 Graphite is used as electrodes, moderators (In nuclear reactors), manufacturing of lead pencils & in
lubricants.
Why graphite is a good conductor of electric current ?
In graphite each carbon atom is covalently bonded with three other carbon atoms so each
carbon atom has one free moving electron that’s why graphite is a good conductor of
electricitc current
Stability of graphite
Note: Conversion of diamond to graphite is a slightly exothermic process.Therefore,graphite is

relatively more stable than diamond.
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25
Silicon Carbide
Properties of silicon carbide:
 It has tetrahedral structure with a bond angle of 109.5o.
 It has high melting point because of giant covalent network.
 It is hard, therefore; it is used in cutting.
 It is a bad conductor of electricity, as it does not have mobile electrons.
Q.Why Siliconcabide has a very high melting point ?
In Silicin carbide there is a strong covalent net work of silicon and carbon atoms so huge amount
of energy is required to over come the strong intramolecular forces present between the silicon
and carbon atoms hence siliconcarbide has a very high melting point
ZA
F AR
IQ
BA
L
CH
Q. Why Siliconcarbide is a bad conductor of electric current ? .
In siliconcarbide each carbon atom is covalently bonded with four silicon atoms and each
silicon atom is covalently bonded with four carbon atoms hence no free moving electron is
present in giant lattice that’s why siliconcarbide is a bad conductor of electric current
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26
Silicon Dioxide
ZA
Properties of silicon dioxide:
FA
R
 It is also known as Silica, Quartz or Flint.
It has tetrahedral structure with bond angle of 109.5o.
IQ

 It is bad conductor of heat & electricity.
BA
 It has high melting point.
L
 It is used in cement industry.
CH
 It is a refractory material.
.
 It is used in the manufacturing of silicon wafer circuits & microprocessors.
 It is a raw material for the extraction of silicon.
Figure 5.13 shows structure of silicon dioxide. Its structure resembles with structure of diamond.
Why Silicon dioxide has a very high melting point ?
In silicon dioxide there is a strong covalent net work of silicon and oxygen atoms so huge
amount of energy is required to over come the strong intramolecular forces present between the
silicon and oxygen atoms hence silicon dioxide has a very high melting point
Why Silicon dioxide is a bad conductor of electric current ?
In Silion di oxide each Silcon atom atom is covalently bonded with four other oxygen
atoms and each oxygen atom is covalently bonded with two silicon atoms as result no free
moving electron is present in giant lattice that’s why silicon dioxide is a bad conductor of
electricity
___________________________________

27
Silicon
Properties of silicon:
 It has tetrahedral structure with bond angle 109.5o.

 It is a semiconductor.
 It is used to make silicon wafers used in computer AC & microprocessors.
ZA
FA
R
IQ
BA
L
CH
.
Refractory Material.
compounds
These are the ___________________which melting point
have very high ________________and is used to
make the inner

____________________ lining of the furnaces.
 High thermal stability and low thermal expansion.
Examples.
1. Calcium oxide (CaO) (Basic oxide not suitable for the acidic slags)
2. Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) (Amphoteric oxide suitable for the neutral substances )
3. Magnesium oxide (MgO) (Basic oxide not suitable for the acidic slags)
4. Silicon dioxides (SiO2) (Acidic oxide not suitable for the basic slag)
___________________________________

28
Vapour Pressure:
It is the pressure ______________by
exerted the vapours on the _______________of
surface a liquid
in a ___________
closed container.
Factors Affecting Vapor Pressure:
i. Temperature ( T ∝ VP)
ii. Intermolecular Forces ( IMF ∝ 1/VP)
iii. Size of Molecules ( SM ∝ 1/VP)
Evaporation:
____________________escape of the liquid in the form of vapours,below its
Continueous
boiling point
_____________________________is called evaportion.
Factors Affecting Evaporation:
i. Temperature ( T ∝ E)
ii. Surface Area (SA ∝ E)
iii. Intermolecular Forces (IMF ∝ 1/E)
Boiling point:
temperature
A constant _____________________at vapour
which the ______________pressure of the liquid
external
becomes equal to the _______________pressure.
Factors Affecting the boiling point
(i) Intermolecualr forces ( IMF ∝ B.P )

(ii) External pressure ( it is directly proportional to the boiling point )
___________________________________

29
Ceramic Material:
Properties of Ceramics:
 Giant molecular structure is generally found.
 They have high melting & boiling points.
 Magnesium oxide (MgO), silicon dioxides (SiO2), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) & boron nitride
(BN) are examples of ceramics.
 MgO, SiO2 & Al2O3 are used as refractory materials.
 BN is used in parts of internal combustion engine.
Alloys:
They are mixtures of different metals or metals & non-metals in different proportions.
Examples
(i) Brass (Copper & Zinc)
(ii) Bronze (Copper & Tin)
(iii) Steel (Iron & Carbon)
 Alloys can conduct electric current in molten and in solid state due to the
presence of the free moving electrons
 No physical and chemical change occurs when metals and alloys conduct the
electric current (means no decomposition takes place )
 Hardness, brittleness and strength of an alloys is directly proportional to the
impurities added into the metal.(different sized metal ions makes the
arrangement of the lattice less regular,this stops the layers of ions from sliding
over each other )
Allotropes
Different
__________________forms of the same ______________having
element chemical
the same _________________
physical
but different _______________properties.
Allotropes of carbon
________________________
1. _________________________
Diamond 2. _________________________
Graphite
3. Bucky ball
_________________________
30
1 The table shows some properties of four substances.
ZA
Which substance could be potassium iodide?
FA
melting point electrical conductivity
R
of solid / °C when molten
IQ
A –66 poor
BA
B –39 good
L
C 680 good
CH
D 1600 poor
.
2 Sodium chloride, water and air represent three states of matter – solid, liquid and gas.
Which row is correct?
sodium chloride water air

A particles held can easily be can easily be
in rigid structure compressed compressed
B particles stationary particles move cannot easily be
compressed
C particles stationary particles stationary particles move
D resistant to cannot easily be can easily be
change of shape compressed compressed
3 Solid carbon dioxide, CO2, is similar to solid iodine, I2, in its structure.
Which statement about solid CO2 and solid SiO2 is correct?
A Both solid CO2 and solid SiO2 exist in a lattice structure.

B Both solid CO2 and solid SiO2 have a simple molecular structure.
C Both solid CO2 and solid SiO2 have atoms joined by single covalent bonds.
D Both solid CO2 and solid SiO2 change spontaneously to gas at s.t.p..
4 Element W is in period three of the Periodic Table and has a solid, white oxide, X. X is thermally
stable and has a very high melting point. X is slightly soluble in water.
Which row describes the structure and bonding of X?
structure bonding
A giant covalent
three dimensional lattice
B strong double bonds covalent
within small molecules
C giant ionic
three dimensional lattice
D strong ionic bonds ionic
within small molecules
31
5 Which solid contains more than one type of bonding?
A iodine B silicon dioxide C sodium chloride D zinc
6 Which solid has a simple molecular lattice?
A calcium fluoride B nickel C silicon(IV) oxide D sulfur
7 Materials can be classified by their chemical structures. Four common types of structure are
metallic, ionic, simple molecular and giant molecular.
Some physical properties of four substances are shown in the table.
ZA
Which substance has a simple molecular structure?
FA
R
melting point effect of electrical
/ °C adding water conductivity
IQ
BA
A 64 reacts good when solid
L
B 113 insoluble always poor
CH
C 767 soluble good when solid
.
D 1600 insoluble always poor
8 In the sodium chloride lattice the number of chloride ions that surround each sodium ion is called
the co-ordination number of the sodium ions.
What are the co-ordination numbers of the sodium ions and the chloride ions in the
sodium chloride lattice?
sodium ions chloride ions
A 4 6
B 6 4
C 6 6
D 8 6
9 Carbon and silicon have the same outer electronic structure.
Why is a Si–Si bond weaker than a C–C bond?
A Silicon atoms have a larger atomic radius than carbon atoms.

B Silicon has a greater nuclear charge than carbon.
C Silicon has a smaller first ionisation energy than carbon.
D Silicon is more metallic than carbon.
10 Magnesium oxide is used to line industrial furnaces because it has a very high melting point.
Which type of bond needs to be broken for magnesium oxide to melt?
A co-ordinate B covalent C ionic D metallic

32
11 Some car paints contain small flakes of silica, SiO2.
In the structure of solid SiO2
● each silicon atom is bonded to x oxygen atoms,

● each oxygen atom is bonded to y silicon atoms,
● each bond is a z type bond.
ZA
FA
What is the correct combination of x, y and z in these statements?
R
x y z
IQ
A 2 1 covalent
BA
B 2 1 ionic
L
C 4 2 covalent
CH
D 4 2 ionic
.
12 The table shows the physical properties of four substances.
Which substance has a giant covalent structure?
electrical
electrical electrical
melting point boiling point conductivity
conductivity conductivity
/ °C / °C of aqueous
of solid of liquid
solution
A –119 39 poor poor insoluble

B –115 –85 poor poor good
C 993 1695 poor good good
D 1610 2230 poor poor insoluble
13 Substances X, Y and Z are all solids. Some of their physical properties are given in the table.
substance X Y Z
melting point / °C 772 114 1610

boiling point / °C 1407 183 2205
electrical conductivity conducts does not conduct does not conduct
of the liquid state
What type of lattice could each substance have?
X Y Z
A giant molecular simple molecular ionic

B ionic giant molecular simple molecular
C ionic simple molecular giant molecular
D simple molecular ionic giant molecular
___________________________________

33
14 Four substances have the physical properties shown.
Which substance is an ionic solid?
electrical
melting point boiling point conductivity conductivity
conductivity
/ °C / °C of molten of aqueous
of solid
substance solution
A –115 –85 poor poor good

B 660 2470 good good insoluble
C 993 1695 poor good good
D 1610 2230 poor poor insoluble
15 The table shows the physical properties of four substances.

Which substance could be hydrogen chloride?
electrical
melting point conductivity
conductivity conductivity
/ °C of aqueous
of solid of liquid
solution
A –119 poor poor insoluble

B –115 poor poor good
C –50 poor poor poor
D 993 poor good good
16 Which row shows properties of a ceramic material?

ZA
FA
melting point boiling point conductivity

/K /K of solid
R
A 156 352 none

IQ
B 922 1380 good

BA
C 2130 2943 good

L
D 3125 3873 none

CH
.
17 Copper and iodine are both shiny crystalline solids.

Which forces exist between particles in solid copper and between neighbouring iodine molecules
in solid iodine?
copper iodine
A ionic bonds covalent bonds

B ionic bonds van der Waals’ forces
C metallic bonds covalent bonds
D metallic bonds van der Waals’ forces
34
18 X, Y and Z are compounds of three elements in Period 3. Their electrical conductivities are
shown in the table.
X Y Z
conductivity of the compound does not does not
good
in the molten state conduct conduct
conductivity of the mixture obtained does not
good good
by adding the compound to water conduct
What could be compounds X, Y and Z?
ZA
X Y Z
FA
R
A Al 2O3 SiCl 4 NaF
IQ
B NaF Al 2O3 SiCl 4
BA
C NaF SiCl 4 SiO2
L
D SiCl 4 Al 2O3 SiO2
CH
19 Three substances, R, S and T, have physical properties as shown.
.
substance R S T
mp / oC 801 2852 3550

bp / oC 1413 3600 4827
electrical conductivity of solid poor poor good
What could be the identities of R, S and T ?
R S T
A MgO NaCl C [graphite]

B MgO NaCl SiO2
C NaCl MgO C [graphite]
D NaCl MgO SiO2
20 Which solid exhibits more than one kind of chemical bonding?
A brass B copper C diamond D ice
21 Which of the following solids has a simple molecular lattice?
A magnesium oxide B sodium C silicon(IV) oxide D sulphur
___________________________________

35
22 Three elements, X, Y and Z, have the physical properties shown in the table.
melting point boiling point density

element
/ °C / °C / g cm-3
X –7 59 3.12
Y 98 883 0.97
Z 649 1107 1.74
What could be the identities of X, Y and Z?
ZA
FA
X Y Z
R
A Br2 Al Si
IQ
B Br2 Na Mg
BA
C I2 Mg Na
L
D I2 Si K
CH
.
23 Three compounds have the physical properties shown in the table.
compound P Q R
melting point / °C 2852 993 –119
boiling point / °C 3600 1695 39
conductivity (solid) poor poor poor
conductivity (liquid) good good poor
conductivity (aqueous) insoluble good insoluble
What might be the identities of P, Q and R?
P Q R
A MgO KCl NH3

B MgO NaF C2H5Br
C SiO2 KCl C2H5Br
D SiO2 NaF HCl
24 Which solid has a simple molecular lattice?
A calcium fluoride B nickel C silicon(IV) oxide D sulfur
___________________________________

36
25 The diagram shows part of the lattice structures of solids X and Y. [In X, represent
particles of different elements.]
X Y
What are the types of bonding present in X and Y?
X Y
ZA
A covalent metallic
FA
B ionic covalent
R
C ionic metallic
IQ
D metallic ionic
BA
L
26 The table gives the radii, in pm, of some ions. [1 pm = 10–12 m]
CH
ion radii
.
Na+ 102
Mg2+ 72
Cs+ 167
Cl – 181
O2– 140
Caesium chloride, CsCl, has a different lattice structure from both sodium chloride, NaCl, and
magnesium oxide, MgO.
CsCl lattice NaCl and MgO lattice
Which factor appears to determine the type of lattice for these three compounds?
A the charge on the cation C the ratio of the ionic radii
B the ratio of the ionic charges D the sum of the ionic charges
37
27 When heated, solid iodine readily forms iodine vapour.
What does this information suggest about the nature of the particles in these two physical states
of iodine?
solid vapour
A ionic atomic
B ionic molecular
C molecular atomic
D molecular molecular
28 A substance commonly found in the house or garden has the following properties.
• It is combustible.
• It is an electrical insulator.
• It melts over a range of temperature.
What could the substance be?
A brass B paper C poly(ethene) D silicon(IV) oxide
29 What are the lattice structures of solid diamond, iodine and silicon(IV) oxide?
giant molecular simple molecular
A diamond, silicon(IV) oxide iodine

B diamond, iodine silicon(IV) oxide
C iodine diamond, silicon(IV) oxide
D silicon(IV) oxide diamond, iodine
30 Magnesium oxide may be used for the lining of an electric furnace for making crockery.
ZA
Which properties of magnesium oxide help to explain this use?

FA
strong forces ionic electrical

R
between particles bonding conductor

IQ
A yes yes no
BA
B yes no yes
L
C no yes no
CH
D no no yes
.
31 Solid carbon dioxide, CO2, is similar to solid iodine, I2, in its structure and properties. Carbon is in
Group 14. Silica, SiO2, is a Group 14 compound.
Which statement about solid CO2 and solid SiO2 is correct?
A Both solids exist in a lattice structure.

B Both solids have a simple molecular structure.
C Both solids have atoms joined by single covalent bonds.
D Both solids change spontaneously to gas at s.t.p.
38
32 The electrical conductivities of two compounds, Y and Z, are shown in the table.
Y Z
conductivity of the compound does not
good
in the liquid state conduct
conductivity of the mixture obtained
good good
by adding the compound to water
ZA
What could compounds Y and Z be?
FA
Y Z
R
A Al 2O3 SiCl 4
IQ
B NaF Al 2O3
BA
C NaF SiCl 4
L
D SiCl 4 Al 2O3
CH
.
33 Sodium, magnesium and aluminium are three elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table. Each
element forms an oxide.
Which row is correct?
sodium oxide magnesium oxide aluminium oxide
A basic amphoteric amphoteric

B giant ionic giant ionic simple molecular
C high melting point high melting point low melting point
D readily reacts with water slight reaction with water no reaction with water
1 9 17 25 33
2 10 18 26
3 11 19 27
4 12 20 28
5 13 21 29
6 14 22 30
7 15 23 31
8 16 24 32
___________________________________

39
Fullerenes
Fullerenes are allotropes of carbon in the
form of hollow spheres or tubes .
They have simple molecular structures,
Even though the molecules are large.
The first fullerene discovered was called
Buckminsterfullerene,C60 (a bucky ball)
It was obtained by hitting a powerful laser
at a sample of graphite at 10,000 oC.The C60
ZA
molecule is hollow cage like football (soccer ball)
FA
R
Since the C60 is hollow the other atoms can be trapped within it.As graphite, some of the
electrons in C60 are delocalized , but to a lesser extent than graphite.
IQ
BA
Properties
L
1. Low sublimation point i.e 600 oC. There are weak Vander Waal’s forces between each
CH
bucky ball molecule and no continuous layered giant structure as in graphite.
2. It is relatively soft due to weak Vander Waal’s forces. .
3. It is a poor conductor of electricity compared with graphite because extent of
electrons delocalization is lower.
4. It is slightly soluble in solvents such as carbon disulphide (CS2)and methylbenzene.
5. It is more reactive compared with graphite or diamond. Buckminsterfullerene reacts
with hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and oxygen.This is due to the relatively
high electron density in certain parts of molecule.
___________________________________

40
Graphene
Graphene has a giant molecular structure , like graphite
It consists of one atom thick layers of carbon atoms
arranged in hexagons. It is the thinnest material
known but is extremely strong.
Properties
1. Graphene is the most chemically reactive from carbon. Single sheets of graphene
burn at very low temperature and are much more reactive than graphite.
2. Graphene is extremely strong for its mass.
3. Graphene conducts electricity and heat much better than graphite.
Carbon Nanotubes(CNT’s)
Graphene sheets can be rolled
in to cylinders known as nanotubes.
They can be combined with half a
buckyball to produce nanoscale

ZA
test tubes.They are good conductor

FA
R
of electricity, very strong (100 times

IQ
than iron) and high melting point.

BA
L
CH
CNT’s are used in

.
1. Tiny electrical circuits as ‘wires’ and as electrodes in paper –thin batteries.

2. Clothing and sports equipment for added strength.
3. Treatment of certain types of cancer.
___________________________________

41
1 Which pair of substances are both simple molecular?
ZA
A C60 and graphene C graphene and graphite
FA
B C60 and iodine D graphite and iodine
R
IQ
2 In which carbon allotrope are all electrons localised?
BA
A buckminsterfullerene C graphite
L
B diamond D graphene
CH
3 An article in a science magazine contains the following statement.
.
‘It is lighter than a feather, stronger than steel, yet incredibly flexible and more conductive than
copper.’
Which form of carbon is being described?
A buckminsterfullerene C graphene
B diamond D graphite
4 P, Q and R represent three different structures of an element.
P Q R
Which structures are giant molecular?
A P, Q and R C P and R only

B P and Q only D Q and R only
5 The complete combustion of 2 moles of an alkane produces 400 dm3 of carbon dioxide measured
at 301 K and 1 × 105 Pa. Carbon dioxide can be assumed to behave as an ideal gas under these
conditions.
What is the formula of the alkane?
A C8H18 B C16H34 C C20H42 D C40H82
___________________________________

42
6 The complete combustion of 2 moles of a straight chain alkane produces 400 dm3 of
carbon dioxide measured at 301 K and 1 × 105 Pa. Carbon dioxide can be assumed to behave as
an ideal gas under these conditions.
What is the formula of the straight chain alkane?
A C8H18 B C16H34 C C20H42 D C40H82
7 In an experiment, a sample of a pure gas is put into a gas syringe at a temperature of 300 K and
pressure of 16 kPa. The gas is compressed until the volume occupied by the gas is halved.
After compression, the temperature of the gas in the syringe is 375 K and the pressure is 40 kPa.
Which statement is correct?
A Intermolecular forces between the gas molecules are significant.

B It is possible to calculate the number of moles of gas present using these data alone.
ZA
C The gas is behaving ideally.
FA
R
D The pressures used are too high for ideal gas behaviour.
IQ
8 A 2 g sample of hydrogen at temperature T and of volume V exerts a pressure p.
BA
Deuterium, 21 H, is an isotope of hydrogen.
L
Which of the following would also exert a pressure p at the same temperature T ?
A 2 g of deuterium of volume V CH
B 4 g of deuterium of volume V_
2
.
C a mixture of 1 g of hydrogen and 2 g of deuterium of total volume V
D a mixture of 2 g of hydrogen and 1 g of deuterium of total volume 2 V
9 Which gas sample contains the fewest molecules? 9 Buckminsterfullerene has the chemical formula C .
60
A 1.00 dm of carbon dioxide at 27 °C and 2.0 kPa

3 carbon
atom
B 1.00 dm of hydrogen at 100 °C and 2.0 kPa
3
C 1.00 dm3 of nitrogen at 300 °C and 4.0 kPa
D 1.00 dm3 of oxygen at 250 °C and 3.0 kPa
1 6
buckminsterfullerene
2 7
How is the structure of buckminsterfullerene best described?
3 8 A a covalent compound
4 9 B an ionic compound
5 C a polymer 10
D molecular
___________________________________
___________________________________

43
THEORY SECTION 2010 TO 2019
Q/4/ 9701/22/M/J/10
1 An organic compound, E, has the following composition by mass:

C, 48.7%; H, 8.1%; O, 43.2%.
(a) Calculate the empirical formula of E.
[2]
(b) When vaporised in a suitable apparatus, 0.130 g of E occupied a volume of 58.0 cm3 at
127 °C and 1.00 × 105 N m–2.
mRT
(i) Use the expression pV = to calculate Mr of E,
ZA
Mr
FA
where m is the mass of E.
R
IQ
BA
L
CH
(ii) Hence calculate the molecular formula of E.
.
[4]
Q/2/9701/23/M/J/11
2 The kinetic theory of gases is used to explain the large scale (macroscopic) properties of
gases by considering how individual molecules behave.
(a) State two basic assumptions of the kinetic theory as applied to an ideal gas.
(i) ..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) ..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) State two conditions under which the behaviour of a real gas approaches that of an
ideal gas.
(i) ..................................................................................................................................
(ii) ..................................................................................................................................
[2]
44
(c) Place the following gases in decreasing order of ideal behaviour.
ammonia, neon, nitrogen
most ideal ..................................................................................................... least ideal
Explain your answer.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(d) By using the kinetic-molecular model, explain why a liquid eventually becomes a gas as
the temperature is increased.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
Q/1/9701/23/M/J/15
(e) A mixture of neon and argon has a mass of 0.275 g. The mixture was placed in a gas syringe
at a temperature of 25 qC and a pressure of 100 kPa. Under these conditions the mixture was
found to occupy a volume of 200 cm3.
(i) Calculate the average Mr of the mixture.
average Mr = ................................. [2]
(ii) Use your answer to (i) to calculate the percentage of neon in the mixture.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
percentage of neon = ................................. % [1]

___________________________________

45
Q2/ Qq9701/21/M/J/17
4. The graph represents how the temperature of a sample of copper (melting point 1085 $C)
changes as it is gradually cooled from 1200 $C.
ZA
1200
FA
R
IQ
temperature, T
/ °C
BA
T1
L
CH
.
X Y Z
time / t
(i) Identify the state(s) of matter present during each stage of the process shown in the
graph.
X .........................................................................................................................................
Y .........................................................................................................................................
Z .........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) 6
WDWHZKDWLVKDSSHQLQJWRWKHHQHUJ\DQGPRYHPHQWRIWKHSDUWLFOHVLQWKHFRSSHUGXULQJ
stage X.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Explain why the temperature stays constant at T1 during stage Y.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
___________________________________

46
Q/3/ Q9701/22/O/N/18
5. 7
KHJUDSKVKRZVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQpV and pDWDJLYHQWHPSHUDWXUHIRU&+)3 and an
LGHDOJDV
CHF3
pV
ideal gas
0 200 400 600 800 1000

p / atm
(i) &+)3LVQRWDQLGHDOJDV
State threeEDVLFDVVXPSWLRQVWKDWVFLHQWLVWVPDNHDERXWWKHSURSHUWLHVRILGHDOJDVHV
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
3 ..........................................................................................................................................
[3]
(ii) (
[SODLQZK\&+)3GHYLDWHVIURPWKHSURSHUWLHVRIDQLGHDOJDVDWSUHVVXUHVJUHDWHUWKDQ
300 atm.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
___________________________________

47
Q/3 Q9701/21/M/J/19
6 Chlorine exists as a diatomic gas, Cl 2(g). A sample of Cl 2(g) was made during a chemical
reaction. When measured at 404 kPa and 25 $C the sample occupied a volume of 20.0 cm3.
(i) Calculate the mass, in grams, of Cl 2(g) formed.
For this calculation, assume that chlorine behaves as an ideal gas under these conditions.
mass of Cl 2(g) = .............................. g [3]
(ii) Calculate the number of chlorine atoms in this sample of Cl 2 J <RXPD\¿QGLWKHOSIXOWR

use your answer to (d)(i).
If you are unable to calculate an answer to (d)(i), use 0.36 g of Cl 2. This is not the correct
answer.
number of chlorine atoms = .............................. [2]
(iii) Cl 2(g) does not behave as an ideal gas under these conditions.
Explain why Cl 2(g) behaves even less ideally at:
Ɣ YHU\KLJKSUHVVXUHV
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Ɣ YHU\ORZWHPSHUDWXUHV
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
___________________________________

48
7 (a) State two assumptions of ideal gas behaviour.
(i) ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) ...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
Use of the Data Booklet is relevant in (b) and (c).
(b) The ideal gas equation is pV = nRT. Explain as fully as you can the meaning of the
following terms, and give the units for each to correspond with the value of R given in
the Data Booklet.
(i) p ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(ii) V ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(iii) T ................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[6]
(c) (i) When an evacuated glass bulb of volume 63.8 cm3 is filled with a gas at 24 °C and
99.5 kPa, the mass increases by 0.103 g. Deduce whether the gas is ammonia,
nitrogen or argon.
(ii) Explain why ammonia is the most likely of these three gases to deviate from ideal
gas behaviour.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[5]
___________________________________

DATA SHEET
The Periodic Table of the Elements
Group
I II III IV V VI VII 0
1 4
H He
Hydrogen Helium
1 2
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
85 88 89 91 93 96 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
49
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
133 137 139 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
55 56 57 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
226 227
Fr Ra Ac
Francium Radium Actinium
87 88 89 †
O/AS/A2/SAT-2/SSE/ Ultimate Chemistry Preparation with

140 141 144 150 152 157 159 162 165 167 169 173 175
58-71 Lanthanoid series
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
†90-103 Actinoid series Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
a a = relative atomic mass 232 238

Key X X = atomic symbol Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
b b = proton (atomic) number 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).
Zafar Iqbal Ch.

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AS-LEVEL UNIT#-4

Zafar Iqbal Ch.

4.2 Bonding and structure

O/AS/A2/SAT-2/SSE/ Ultimate Chemistry Preparation with Zafar Iqbal Ch.

O/AS/A2/SAT-2/SSE/ Ultimate Chemistry Preparation with Zafar Iqbal Ch.

Charle’s Law Statement 1

O/AS/A2/SAT-2/SSE/ Ultimate Chemistry Preparation with Zafar Iqbal Ch.

Calculation of partial pressure.

O/AS/A2/SAT-2/SSE/ Ultimate Chemistry Preparation with Zafar Iqbal Ch.

P= pressure of gas in __________

O/AS/A2/SAT-2/SSE/ Ultimate Chemistry Preparation with Zafar Iqbal Ch.

constant p constant T constant T constant T

A 8 kPa B 9 kPa C 10 kPa D 11 kPa

A 8 kPa B 9 kPa C 10 kPa D 11 kPa

It is filled with 0.03 moles of an ideal gas.

A 3.21 × 10–1 K B 3.21 × 102 K C 3.21 × 105 K D 3.21 × 108 K

7 A solution contains 0.25 g of sulfur dioxide in 1.00 dm3 of water.

A 0.0162 cm3 B 0.105 cm3 C 16.2 cm3 D 105 cm3

1 mol of vapour occupies 22.4 dm3 at 0 °C and atmospheric pressure.

Assume the gas behaves as an ideal gas.

What is the pressure in the vessel?

A 1.1 kPa B 2.1 kPa C 10.8 kPa D 21.6 kPa

10 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

The volume of a sample of methane is measured at a temperature of 60 °C and a pressure of

A 0.00018 g B 0.0032 g C 0.18 g D 3.2 g 12

What is the approximate volume of the container?

A 9 × 10–4 m3 B 2 × 10–3 m3 C 2 m3 D 8 × 107 m3

A 8 kPa B 9 kPa C 10 kPa D 11 kPa

0.15 × 65 × 10 − 6 × 1× 105 0.15 × 65 × 10 − 3 × 1× 105

B 0.15 × 8.31× 405 D 0.15 × 8.31× 405

17 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

The gas laws can be summarised in the ideal gas equation.

What is the volume of the vessel?

A 49 cm3 B 494 cm3 C 48 900 cm3 D 494 000 cm3

18 A sample of gas occupies 240 cm3 at 37 °C and 100 kPa.

How many moles of gas are present in the sample?

A 9.32 × 10–6 B 9.32 × 10–3 C 0.0781 D 78.1

O/AS/A2/SAT-2/SSE/ Ultimate Chemistry Preparation with Zafar Iqbal Ch.

What is the pressure in the vessel?

A 1.1 kPa B 2.1 kPa C 10.8 kPa D 21.6 kPa

21 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

23 The density of ice is 1.00 g cm–3.

[1 mol of a gas occupies 24.0 dm3 at 25 °C (298 K) and one atmosphere.]

A 0.267 dm3 B 1.33 dm3 C 2.67 dm3 D 48.0 dm3

constant T constant T constant T constant p

A 1 kPa B 1 kPa C 1 kPa D 2 kPa

A 8 kPa B 9 kPa C 10 kPa D 11 kPa

27 Use of the Data Booklet is relevant to this question.

A 0.27 dm3 B 1.3 dm3 C 2.7 dm3 D 48 dm3

29 The gas laws can be summarised in the ideal gas equation.

What is the final pressure in the system?

A 3.18 × 104 Pa B 4.24 × 104 Pa C 1.25 × 105 Pa D 5.09 × 105 Pa

proportional to the absolute temperature

and pressure are called ________________.

There is no gas which is ideal all real gases are non-ideal.

Helium and Hydrogen molecules are smaller as compered to other molecules

forces of attractions between the gas particles become more prominent)

2.At High Pressure

4. They are good ______of electricity in _and in ______

In solid state ions are ___in crystal lattice ,so no