MATHEMATICS 1

Progression

Arithmetic Progression ( A. P. ) Harmonic Progression (H.P.)

- a sequence of numbers if the differences - a sequence of numbers in which their
between consecutive terms are the same. reciprocals forms an arithmetic
7 , 10 , 13 , 16 , 19 … progression.
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 … an
a1 = the first term H.P. A.P.
an = the nth term 5 1
d = common difference 5
= a2 – a1 = a3 – a2 1 3
3
nth term of A.P.
an = a1 + ( n-1 ) d Binomial Theorem
Sum of terms in A.P.
n
Sn = ( a1 + an ) Expansion of (a + b)n
2
n Properties:
or Sn = ( 2a1 + (n – 1)d )
2 1. The number of terms in the expansion
of (a + b)n is n + 1.
Geometric Progression ( G.P. ) 2. The first term is an , the last term is
- a sequence of numbers if the ratios of bn .
consecutive terms are the same. 3. The exponent of “a” descends linearly
2 , 6 , 18 , 54 , 162 … from n to 0.
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 … an 4. The exponent of “b” ascends linearly
a1 = the first term from 0 to n.
an = the nth term 5. The sum of the exponents of a and b in
r = common ratio any of the terms is equal to n.
a a 6. The coefficient of the second term and
= 2 = 3
a1 a2 the second to the last term is n.
nth term of G.P.
an = a1 rn-1 rth term of (a + b)n

a1 (1 - rn ) n!
Sum of terms in G.P. : Sn = , r<1 rth term = an-r+1 br-1
1-r (n- r + 1)! (r - 1)!
n
if middle term : r = + 1
Sum of Infinite Geometric Progression 2
a1
S ∞=
1-r
 MATHEMATICS 2
Pascal’s Triangle Cyclical Permutation (Permutation of n things
- used to determine coefficients of the terms in a circle)
in a binomial expansion. P = (n – 1)!

(a + b)0 1 Combination
(a + b)1 1 1 - a method of selecting subsets of a larger
(a + b)2 1 2 1 set in which order is not important.
(a + b)3 1 3 3 1
(a + b)4 1 4 6 4 1 Combinations of n elements taken r at a time
(a + b)5 1 5 10 10 5 1 n!
n Cr = =
(a + b)6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1 (n - r)! r!

Probability
Counting Principles, Permutations,
Combinations Probability of an Event
If an event E has n(E) equally likely outcomes
Fundamental Counting Principle and its sample space S has n(S) equally likely
Let E1 and E2 be two events. The first event outcomes, then the probability of event E is
E1 can occur in m1 different ways. After E1
has occurred E2 can occur in m2 different n(E) favorable outcome
P(E) = =
ways.The number of ways that the two events n(S) probable outcome
can occur is m1• m2.
Probability of Independent Events
Permutation Two events are independent if the occurrence of
-is an ordering of the elements such that one one has no effect on the occurrence of the other.
element is first, one is second, one is third, To find the probability that two independent
and so on. events will occur, multiply the probabilities of
each.
Permutations of n elements
P = n! P ( A and B ) = P(A) • P(B)

Permutations of n elements taken r at a time Probabilty of Mutually Exclusive Events

n! Two events A and B (from the same sample space)
nPr = = are mutually exclusive if A and B have no
(n - r)!
outcomes in common.

Distinguishable Permutations P( A U B ) = P(A) + P(B)

Suppose a set of n objects has n1 of one kind
Probability of the Complement of an Event
of object, n2 of a second kind, n3 of a third
The complement of an event A is the collection of
kind, and so on, with n = n1 + n2 + n3 + …+ nk.
all outcomes in the sample space that are not in A.
n!
P=
n1 !n2 !n3 !...nk !
P ( A’ ) = 1 – P (A)
 MATHEMATICS 3
Quadratic Equation
Properties of Exponents
If Ax2 + Bx + C = 0
m n m+n
1. a a = a
am -B ± B2 4AC
2. = am – n
a n x =
2A
1
3. a-n =
an where B2 – 4AC is called the discriminant
4. a0 = 1 , a ≠ 0
5. (ab)m = am bn if B2 = 4AC , the roots are equal
6. (am)n = am n if B2 > 4AC , the roots are real, unequal
a m am if B2 < 4AC , the roots are imaginary
7. ( ) = m
b b
8. a2 = a 2 = a2 Properties of Roots
B
Sum of roots : x1 + x2 = -
A
Properties of Logarithms C
Product of roots : x1 x2 =
A
Base Logarithm
1. log (uv) = log u + log v Variance and Standard Deviation
u
2. log = log u – log v
v
3. log un = n log u ΣV 2
Standard Deviation =
4. loga a = 1 (n - 1)
log v ΣV 2
5. logu v = Variance = where n = no. of trials
logu ( n -1)
6. loga m = n then an = m V = residual
7. log m = log n then m = n
Natural Logarithm
8. ln (uv) = ln u + ln v
u
9. ln = ln u – ln v
v
10. ln un = n ln u
11. ln u = loge u , e = 2.718
 MATHEMATICS 4
Verbal Problems

Key Words and Phrases Verbal Description Algebraic Statement

Equality
Equals, equal to, is are, was, The sale price S is 10 less S = L – 10
will be, represents than the list price L.

Addition
Sum, plus, greater, increased The sum of 5 and x 5+x
by, more than, exceeds, total Seven more than y Y+7
of

Subtraction
Difference, minus, less, The difference of 4 and b 4–b
decreased by, subtracted Three less than z z–3
from, reduced by, the
remainder

Multiplication
Product, multiplied by, twice, Two times x 2x
times, percent of

Division
Quotient, divided by, ratio, The ratio of x and 8 x
per 8

• Work Problem

Rate of working x Time working

= Completion of the work
Rate x Time = 1
 MATHEMATICS 5

• Clock Problem • Variation Problem

Case I: clock with hour hand and minute x is directly proportional to y

hand x ∞ y ↔ x = ky
x x is inversely proportional to y
1 1
x∞ ↔x = k
y y
12
11 1
k = constant of proportional
10 2

• Proportion Problem
9 3
x
8 4 12 a c
a:b=c:d ↔ =
7 5
b d
6
b and c are called means
a and d are called extremes
x = number of minutes the minute hand moves
d is the fourth proportional to a, b, and c
x
= number of minutes the hour hand moves
12
- the mean proportinal to a and b is ab
Case II: clock with hour hand, minute hand
and second hand • Rate Problem
x - motion of body with uniform velocity.
60 Distance = Rate x Time

12
1
• Age Problem
11

10 2
Past Present Future
9 3 was is will be
x ago now
8 4 720
7 5 10 8
6
x
A – 10 A A+8

x = number of seconds the second hand moves

x
= number of seconds the minute hand moves
60
x
= number of seconds the hour hand moves
720
 MATHEMATICS 6
Determinants & Matrices 2. Subtraction
2 4 0 1  2 3
Minors & Cofactors of a square matrix 1 8  − 2 1 = − 1 7
     
- if A is a square matrix, then the minor Mij of
the entry aij is the determinant of the 3. Mutiplication
matrix obtained by deleting the ith row and 2 4 0 1  8 6
jth column A. The cofactor Cij of the entry aij 1 8 2 1 = 16 9
is given by :     
Cij = (-1)i+j Mij.
2(0) + 4(2) = 8
 2 4 1 2(1) + 4(1) = 6
 3 0 8 1(0) + 8(2) = 16
  1(1) + 8(1) = 9
5 9 5
Adjoint Matrix : Aadj
the minor of 3 is [4(5) – 9(1)] = 11
- is a matrix formed from the transposed
cofactor matrix.
the cofactor of 3 is -11
Cofactor matrix
Sign pattern for cofactors
 2 4 1
 3 0 8
+ - + -  
- + - + 5 9 5
+ - + -
Transposed cofactor matrix
- + - +
 2 3 5
Equality of Matrices  4 0 9
 
1 8 5
a b c -1 3 0
d e f = 5 -2 4 Inverse Matrix : A-1
g h i -8 9 7 Aadj
A-1 =
A
a = -1 b=3 c=0 6 9 − 3
d= 5 e = -2 f=4 9 9 − 3
 
g = -8 h=9 i=7 6 12 − 3
Inverse matrix =
-3
Operations of Matrices
1. Addition − 2 − 3 1
=  − 3 − 3 1
2 4 0 1  2 5  
1 8 + 2 1 = 3 9 − 2 − 4 1
     
A = determinant
 MATHEMATICS 7
Determinants Forms of Complex Number

Determinant of 2 x 2 matrix Algebraic form : a + bi

Trigonometric form: r(cos θ + i sin θ ) = r Cis θ
1 −3
= 1(2) – 5(-3) = 17 Polar form : r ∠ θ
5 2
Vectors
Determinant of 3 x 3 matrix
A = Axi + Ayj + Azk
1 3 2
B = Bxi + Byj + Bzk
2 1 4
3 2 1 Vector Addition : C = A + B
C = (Ax + Bx)i + (Ay + By)j + (Az + Bz)k
Determinant of 4 x 4 matrix
Vector Multiplication (Dot product)
2 0 1 1 A • B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
1 2 2 3
3 2 3 2 Vector Multiplication (Cross product)
4 4 2 3 i j k
A x B = Ax Ay Az
Complex Numbers Bx By Bz

For real numbers a and b, the number Vector Multiplication (Triple product)
a + bi
is a complex number, bi is an imaginary Ax Ay Az
number. i2 = -1 AxB•C= Bx By Bz
Cx Cy Cz
Operations of complex numbers
Resultant of Vectors:
Addition
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
Vector A : A = Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2
Subtraction
(a + bi) - (c + di) = (a - c) + (b - d)i
Multiplication Ax
Direction cosine from x – axis: cos α =
(a + bi)(c + di) A
Ay
Division Direction cosine from y – axis: cos β =
a + bi A
c + di A
Direction cosine from z – axis: cos γ = z
A
 MATHEMATICS 8
Partial Fractions

Distinct Linear Factors

x+7
2
x − x −6
the partial fraction decomposition is:

x+7 A B
2
= +
x − x−6 x−3 x+2

Repeated Linear Factors

5 x 2 + 20 x + 6
x 3 + 2x 2 + x
the partial fraction decomposition is:

5 x 2 + 20 x + 6 A B C
= + +
3 2
x + 2x + x x x + 1 ( x + 1)2

Distinct Linear and Quadratic Factors

3x 2 + 4 x + 4
x 3 + 4x
the partial fraction decomposition is:

3x 2 + 4 x + 4 A Bx + C
= + 2
x 3 + 4x x x +4

Repeated Quadratic Factors

8 x 3 + 13x
( x 2 + 2) 2
the partial fraction decomposition is:

8 x 3 + 13 x Ax + B Cx + D
= 2 +
( x 2 + 2) 2 x + 2 ( x 2 + 4) 2