Formulation design
It has been found that some oil-
For reasons of economy, automotive hose compounds
are usually highly filled and extended, and the
materials used in formulation 1 and 2 should be
regarded only as examples. To facilitate processing,
users may wish to add the oil in the form of an
oil-extended grade of natural rubber.
An efficient vulcanizing (EV) system has been used
for its good reversion resistance and to improve
resistance to ageing and compression set in the
New MRPRA literature
Except where otherwise indicated, copies of
the literature noted below may be obtained
from the MRPRA library.
Publication 969
On the strength of vulcanized rubbers. G. J. Lake andO. H.
Yeoh. Deformation, Yield and Fracture of Polymers: Fifth
International Conference of the Plastics and Rubber
Institute, Churchill College, Cambridge, 29 March-1 April
1982.
Crack tip radius influences the propagation of cracks in
vulcanized rubbers. With very large cracks, tearing is found
to occur on a small scale at very low energies: the
'small-scale' tearing energies show relatively little variation
for rubbers that differ widely in tear strength as normally
measured. Thus the latter property appears to be strongly
influenced by variations in the ability of rubbers to promote
tip roughening. The small-scale tear behaviour is of
relevance to other fracture phenomena including cutting by
sharp objects and tensile failure.
Publication 970
Compounding natural rubber for food contact applications.
C. Metherell. NR Technology, 1982, 13, 21-30.
A review of some of the current legislation affecting
natural rubber in food contact applications, with particular
reference to compounding natural rubber to meet US
legislation and West German Federal recommendations.
Publication 971
On the mechanisms of peeling. G. J. Lake and A. Stevenson.
Adhesion 6: edited by K. W. Alien. Barking (Essex): Applied
Science, 1982. chap. 3.
Further experiments on the peeling of vulcanized rubber
from glass have monitored dwell time effects more
accurately. Modifications have been made to the
experimental technique. The angular dependence of the peel
energy for nitrile rubber has been investigated.
COPYRIGHT © MALAYSIAN RUBBER BOARD
70 MR TECHNOLOGY
presence of oil.
extended vulcanizates tend to age less well than
unextended ones, and therefore a conventional
vulcanizing system may not always be suitable,
especially if retention of elongation at break is
required.
Formulation 2 contains a protective system to
guard against ozone cracking and this should meet
most of the specification tests in force. If required the
level of p-phenylenediamine or wax can be raised
without serious effect on other properties.
Publication 972
New forms of latex. T. D. Pendle. European Rubber Journal,
1982, 164 (2), 44-45.
Low-ammonia centrifuged latices preserved with sodium
pentachlorophenate or bone acid have been replaced by
LA-TZ - a low-ammonia latex preserved with
tetramethylthiuram disulphide and zinc oxide. A completely
new type of latex concentrate has also become available,
namely HRH latex: this is a high rubber content, low rubber
plasticity latex, intended mainly for adhesive applications.
Statistical data are presented for latex concentrate
production and latex consumption by product types.
Publication 973
Laminated rubber articulated joint for the deep-water
gravity tower. F. Sedillot (C. G. DORIS) and A. Stevenson.
14th Annual Offshore Technology Conference, Houston
(Texas), 3-6 May 1982.
The deep water gravity tower is an articulated structure
resting on a fixed base through an articulated joint composed
of curved, laminated rubber pads. The articulated joint is
described in relation to an assessment of its design data, its
response to imposed rotation and vertical load, and in
relation to finite element anaiysis. The rubbe.r was tested for
its fatigue life, the durability of rubber-to-metal bonds in sea
water, and the effects of low ambient temperatures and high
water pressure.
Publication 974
Use of rubber bearings in the isolation of buildings from
vibrations, and in protection from earthquakes. C. J.
Derham. 8th International Symposium on Plastics and
Rubber, Sarajevo (Yugoslavia), November 1980.
Large rubber mountings can be used to isolate vibrations
VOL. 13 PARTS 1982
Rubber hoses - lining and cover formulations for automotive hose

NATURAL RUBBER remains an attractive material high tear strength and good processability. Such
for many under-the-bonnet applications despite features are required in automotive radiator hose and
growing competition from more inherently heat- and the two formulations shown illustrate the type of
ozone-resistant synthetic rubbers. One important compound that may be used. Formulation 1 is for a
advantage of natural rubber is its good retention of lining and formulation 2 is for a cover. They are not
vulcanizate properties over a wide temperature range. suitable for applications requiring resistance to
It remains flexible at lower temperatures than is hydrocarbon oils.
possible with most synthetics, and its strength The formulations meet the material property
properties are retained at higher temperatures. Other requirements of several motor manufacturers. The
merits include high resilience, high fatigue resistance, vulcanizate properties reported are for moulded test
samples vulcanized in a press at 140°C; it should not
be assumed the same values will be obtained when
other methods of vulcanization and other cure
temperatures are used.
Formulations
Parts by weight
1 2
Lining Cover
Vulcanizate properties
Natural rubber (SMR 20) 100 100
Zinc oxide 5 5
Stearic acid 2 2
N-762,SRF-LM-NS black 65 90 Press cure: 40 min at 140°C
Calcium carbonate 100" 100b Density, Mg/m3 1-41 1-37
Process oilc 20 30 Hardness, IRHD 72 73
Facliced — 10 Tensile strength (IS), MPa 13 10-2
Antidegradant 2e 2f Elongation at break (EB), % 440 295
Wax8 — 3 Modulus at 100% elongation (Ml00),
N,N'-dithiobismorpholine 0'75 0-8 MPa 2-4 3-1
MBTS 1-8 2 Modulus at 300% elongation, MPa 9'2 —
TMTD 1-5 2 Relaxed modulus, MR 100, MPa 1-83 2-88
Tear strength, trouser, kN/m 25 7
Mix properties Compression set, %
Mooney viscosity, ML1 + 4, 100°C 45 45 70hat23°C 18 14
Mooney scorch, ts, 120°C, min 13 9 22hat70°C 14 23
Monsanto Rheometer, 140"C Resilience, Liipke, % 53 51
ML, torque units 6-5 5 Ozone resistance, 50 pphm ozone,
MHR, torque units 37-5 40 40°C
scorch, t sl , min 6 4-7 time to first crack at 20% strain, days — >7
cure, tc(95) min 33 40
Afler air oven ageing for 7 days at 70°C
a. Whiting. Change in hardness, IRHD 0 +8
b. WinnofilS (ICI Limited), a fine-particle-size, coated Change in TS,% -5 -5
grade. Change in EB,% -15 -20
c. High viscosity aromatic oil, Dutrex 729 UK (Shell). Other Change in M100,% +30 +35
similar oils may be used,
d. eg Whitbro844 (Anchor Chemicals), Afler air oven ageing for 3 days at IOO°C
e. Polymerized 2,2,4-trimethyl-l,2-dihydroquinoline, eg Change in hardness, IRHD +3 +11
FtectolH (Monsanto). Change in TS, % -10 -20
f. N-(l,3-DimethyIbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediarnine, Change inEB,% -25 -50
egSantoflex 73 (Monsanto), Change in Ml00,% +50 +80
g. Sunproof Improved (Uniroyal).

69 MR TECHNOLOGY VOL 13 PART 3 1982

in the superstructure from those experienced by the
foundations, Several buildings have been constructed in this
manner and their performance is examined. The same basic
system of isolation can be used for earthquake protection
provided that it is adjusted to reflect the pattern of
earthquake motion likely to be experienced by the building.
Publication 975
Laminated natural rubber bearings for engineering
applications. C. J. Derham. Rubber Manufacture &
Technology Seminar, Plastics & Rubber Institute
(Malaysian Section), Kuala Lumpur, 21-23 July 1981.
The incorporation of rigid interlayers into a block of
rubber permits the stiffness to be controlled in two, or in
some designs three, directions. Such bearings find many uses
in both mechanical and civil engineering: these fall into three
broad categories: resilient seating, anti-vibration mountings
and universal joints. These are examined and calculations are
given.
Publication 976
Adhesion of rubber against ice, A. D, Roberts. Microscopic
aspects of adhesion and lubrication: edited by J. M. Georges.
Amsterdam: Elsevier, 3982, pp 311-320,
The adhesion and friction of mirror-smooth rubber
against polished ice has been investigated using an optical
study of the contact interface. Below -2Q°C good adhesion
was found. At low sliding speeds the friction was high and
Schallamach waves propagated through the contact area.
Under these conditions the level of friction can be predicted
in terms of a rate-dependent peel energy. With temperature
increase, adhesion diminished and was lost above -5°C: this
appears to be due to changed surface properties of the ice.
Measurements indicate that the ice surface becomes
mechanically weak, perhaps quasi-liquid, and that its shear
strength decreases with increasing temperature, age and
ionic 'impurities'. All rubber compounds tested showed the
same low friction when slid on ice at 0°C, but the softer and
more resilient compounds showed higher friction with
decreasing temperature,
Publication 977
Roughness and adhesion. K. N. G. Fuller. Microscopic
aspects of adhesion and lubrication: edited by J. M. Georges.
Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1982, pp 311-320.
The effect of surface roughness upon the adhesion
between rubber and a rigid substrate is analysed. Except at
low roughnesses the theory predicts the relative adhesion
(the adhesion expressed as a fraction of that for a smooth
surface) reasonably well, and accounts for the influence of
the rubber modulus and of the pressure bringing the surfaces
together. The assumptions of the theory are shown to break
down with slightly roughened surfaces, against which soft
rubbers give their maximum adhesion. This enhancement
compared with a smooth surface can be at least partly
accounted for. Provided the contact region splits into
isolated zones during separation, the work to peel the
surfaces apart is increased by the elastic energy lost when
these 'islands' of contact are finally broken.
71 NR TECHNOLOGY
Publication 978
Advances in injection moulding. M. A. Wheelans. Progress
of Rubber Technology, 1979, 42, 71-130.
A review of rubber injection moulding with 469
references.
Publication 979
Biosynthesis of rubber in Hevea brasiliensis. B. L. Archer,
B. G. Audley and F. J. Sealing. Plastics and Rubber
International, 1982, 7, 109-111.
The biosynthesis of rubber in Hevea brasiliensis is briefly
reviewed. Using new methods, the formation of the
molecule(s) require for the initiation of the polymerization of
isopentenyl pyrophosphate to rubber has now been
established and surprisingly it appears that these molecules
can possess either a cis or irans configuration: this suggests
that natural rubber may possess a few irons double bonds at
the isopropylidene end of the polymer. Systems have also
been developed which should facilitate study of the factors
controlling the molecular weight of rubber.
Publication 980
Factors influencing inter-layer adhesion in dipped NR latex
films. K. F. Gazeley. Emulsion Polymers conference:
Plastics & Rubber Institute, London, 16-17 June 1982.
The effects of vulcanization, drying and soap addition on
the delamination bond strength of multi-layer dipped natural
rubber latex films were assessed. Wettability of latex films
was evaluated. It is proposed that delamination strength
depends on an interaction between wettability of the surface
of the first dip and interference to bonding from a
non-rubber layer at the interface. A mechanism for the
sporadic nature of delamination failure is suggested,
Publication 981
The influence of dispersion particle size in NR latex
technology. A. D. T. Gorton and T. D. Pendle. Emulsion
Polymers conference: Plastics & Rubber Institute, London,
16-17 June 1982.
Natural rubber latex compounds prepared from slurries of
insoluble curatives and antioxidants were compared with
conventional milled dispersions of insoluble ingredients: it
appears that milling of curatives and antioxidants has little
effect upon prevulcanization, post-vulcanization, vulcanizate
properties or heat ageing. Even when stored 14 days and
used after minimal agitation, compounds prepared with
slurries still produced comparable vulcanizate properties to
those prepared conventionally.
Publication 982
Changing horizons for rubber-like materials. L. Mullins.
Plastics & Rubber International, 1982, 7, 89-92. (Originally
presented as the Twelth Professor Moore Memorial
Lecture.)
A personal view of the development of research into
elastomeric materials - from Sir Henry Wickham's collection
of rubber seeds in Brazil in 1876 to the chemical modification
VOL 13 PART 3 1962
of rubber and the problems of industrial toxicology. Some
comment is made upon the adverse effect which
computerized information storage and retrieval systems and
modern reprographic techniques appear to be having upon
the reading habits of scientists.
Publication 983
Natural rubber systems. D. J. Elliot!. Developments in
Rubber Technology - 3; edited by A. Whelan and K. S. Lee.
Barking (Essex): Applied Science, 1982, chap. 7.
Two types of thermoplastic natural rubber can be
prepared: the first is a blend of natural rubber with a
polyolefin such as isotactic polypropylene. A range of
properties can be obtained by varying the blend ratio.
Applications include automotive, electrical and a variety of
moulded and extruded items. The second thermoplastic
natural rubber is a graft copolymer obtained by the separate
synthesis of polystyrene side chains and subsequent coupling
of these with a natural rubber backbone by means of reactive
end groups on the polystyrene molecules. The proportion
and molecular weight of the polystyrene influences the
physical properties which can be obtained.
Publication 984
A comparison of the physical properties of NR latex and
polyurethane threads. J. L. Collins and A. D. T. Gorton.
Emulsion Polymers conference: Plastics & Rubber Institute,
London, 16-17 June 1982.
Samples from commercially available natural rubber latex
and polyurethane thread were examined both imaged and
72 NR TECHNOLOGY
after a variety of ageing processes in relation to their tensile
properties. Some relaxation and dynamic studies were
conducted and some tests have been performed upon
surgical support stockings.1
Publication 985
Adolf Schallamach - Charles Goodyear medallist - 1982:
biography. L. Mullins. Rubber Chemistry & Technology,
1982, 55, G66-69.
Dr Schallamach joined BRPRA (the precursor of
MRPRA) from the Royal Institution in 1943. Originally he
worked on the dielectric properties of rubber, but has
become renowned for his work on the friction and abrasion
of rubber, especially that related to tyre wear.
Other publications
Publication 0230
Caoutchoucs naturels similaires aux caoutchoucs styrene-
diene thermoplastiques (Natural rubber analogues of
styrene-diene thermoplastic rubbers). D. S. Campbell, P. G.
Mente and A. J. Tinker. Revue Generate des Caoutchoucs &
Plastijue*, 1982, 59, (619), 73-78.
G r a f t copolymers were formed by reacting
azodicarboxylate-functional poly(styrene) with natural
rubber in cyclohexane solution at 60°C. They were also
prepared by mixing the functional poly(styrene) and the
poly(diene) together in the absence of a common solvent. In
French: for an. English version see Publication 939.
VOL 13 PART 3 1982
 Malaysian Rubber Research and
Development Board
Malaysia Laboratories
Head Office Rubber Research Institute of
Malaysian Rubber Research and Development Malaysia, 3rd Mile Jalan
Board, Natural Rubber Building, PO Box 508, Ampang, PO Box 150,
Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur

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Offices Malaysian Rubber Producers'
MRRDB (London); Research Association,
MRPRA Registered Office; Tun Abdul Razak Laboratory,
Tun Abdul Razak Laboratory. Brickendonbury, Brickendonbury,
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