C H E M I S T R Y

Amila Dasanayake
wldnksl ridhkh (MBBS Undergraduate, University of Colombo)

13 ldKavh

B Al Ga In Tl
f,daydf,day WNh.=Kl s f,day
f,day

✓ fmdÿ bf,lafg%dak úkHdih - [WÉp jdhq úkHdih]ns2 np1

✓ B yd Al + 3 TlaislrK wxl muKla fmkakqï lrk w;r wfkla uq,ø%jH +3 g wu;rj +1 o iq`Mfjka fmkakqï
lrhs' ^ish,a, +3 TlaislrKdxlh fmkajhs'&
✓ ldKavfha my<g f,day .=K jeä fõ'

fndafrdaka (B)

▪ B f,daydf,dayhls'
▪ l=vd mrudKql wrh fya;=fjka wfkla idudðlhkaf.ka fjkia fõ'
▪ Si iu`. úl¾K iïnkaO;djhla fmkajhs'
▪ idok fndfydauhla ixfhda. iyixhqc fõ'
▪ B f,daydf,dayhla jqjo th 13 jk ldKavfha by<u ødjdxl yd ;dmdxl orhs'
ukaoh;a B iajNdjfha iu mrudKql cd, f,i mj;shs'

we¨ñkshï (Al)

▪ m<uq yd fojk ldKAvj, uQ,øjHj,g idfmaCIj we¨ñkshï m%;sl%shdYS,s núka wvq h'
▪ fnß,shï f,iska u we¨ñkshï o wï, yd Niau hk foj¾.h iu`. u m%;sl%shd lrhs' tkï Al WNh.=Ks f,dayhls'
▪ Be iu`. úl¾K iïnkaO;djhla fmkajhs'
▪ ieye,a¨h'
▪ O2, N2 yd Cl2 (ye,ck)iu`. m%;sl%shd lrhs'

4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3

2Al + N2 2AlN
2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3

▪ mDÓú lfndf,ys ;=kajekshg iq,n u uQ,øjHh we¨ñkshï fõ'

▪ we¨ñkshïj, jd;hg ksrdjrKh ù mj;sk mDIaGh u; Al2O3 ia;rhla ksmofõ' fï ia:rh u`.ska we¨ñkshï
;jÿrg;a Tlaiscka iu`. m%;sl%shd ùu flfrys m%;sfrdaOhla we;s lrkq ,nhs (Al2O3 ;=kS mg,h u, ne`§u j<lk
iajhx wdrlaIl mg,hla f,i l%shd lrhs)' tu ksid jd;h iu`. m%;sl%shd fkdlrk uQ,øjHhla f,i we¨ñkshï
ye|skaúh yels h'

wñ, oikdhl - fyd`ou mdr yßhg u okafka 𝐴 mdf¾ fl<jrgu .sh flfkla 1
 wï, iu`. m%;sl%shdj :

2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2

Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O

NIau iu`. m%;sl%shdj :

2Al + 2NaOH +2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2

Al2O3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O
Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O

▪ 13 jk ldKavfha uQ,øjH i;= ns2np1 bf,lafg%dksl úkHdih fya;=fjka tajdg iyixhqc nkaOk ;=kla idoñka
bf,lafg%dak yhla ish ixhqc;d ljpfha mj;ajd .; yels h' tys m%;sM,hla f,i 13 jk ldKAvfha fndfyda
iyixhqc ixfhda. i;=j we;af;a wiïmQ¾K bf,lafg%dak wIAglhls' ta wkqj tajdg bf,lafg%dak odhlhl=f.ka
bf,lafg%dak hq.,hla ,nd .kakd ¨úia wï,hla f,i l%shd lsÍug yels h' wiïmq¾K bf,lafg%dak wIagl iys; fï
ixfhda. bf,lafg%dak W!k ixfhda. f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs' B yd Al hk foj¾.h u idok wiïmQ¾K wIAgl iys;
ixfhda. nyq;rh jdhq wjia:dfõ (ks¾c,Sh ;;a;aj hgf;a) § wIagl kshuh imqrd,kq msKi
s oaúwjhúl idok
,efí'

 3 jk wdj¾;fha f,dayhla jk Al idok Al3+ whkfha ys d ldlaIsl mj;sk neúka tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., mj;sk
H2O jeks wKq iu`. odhl nkaOk idoñka imhk ix.; ixlS¾K iE§ug yel'

we¨ñkshï whk c,Sh ødjKj, § fylaid we¨ñkshï whk ([Al(H2 O)6 ]3+ ) f,i mj;S hehs wfmaCId flf¾'
flfia fj;;a my; mßÈ Al3+ whk c,úÉfþokh ù [Al(OH2)5(OH)]2+ ^fmkagdwelajdyhsfv%dlaihsfvd we¨ñkshï
whk& ksmojd wk;=rej [Al(OH2)4(OH)2]+ ^fgfrdwelajdvhsyhsâfrdlaihsfvd we¨ñkshï whk& ksmojhs'

 Al f,dayfha ieye,a¨ nj yd myiqfjka úLdokhg ,lafkdùu ksid jdyk ksmoùfï § bÈlsÍï lghq;= j,§ Ndú;d
lrhs'

wñ, oikdhl - fyd`ou mdr yßhg u okafka 𝐴 mdf¾ fl<jrgu .sh flfkla 2
 14 ldKavh

C Si Ge Sn Pb

wf,day f,daydwf,day WNh.=Ksl

f,day

• iyixhqc nkaOk cd, jHQyhla ;ekSu fya;=fjka 14 jk ldKavfha m<uq uQ,øjH ;=k i;=j by< øjdxl mj;S'
• ldnka Ôjfha moku jk w;r ldnksl ridhkfha § jeo.;a u uQ,øjHhhs'
• is,l
s ka yd c¾fïkshï w¾O ikakdhl l¾udka;fha § m%Odk jYfhka Ndú; flf¾' Bg wu;rj" wldnksl nyq
wjhúl l¾udka;fha § is,slka úYd, jYfhka Ndú; fõ'

ldnka (C)

iajdNdúlj ldnka yuq jk m%Nj :

.,a w`.=re" fndrf;,a" le,aihsÜ (CaCO3), jdhqf.da,Sh CO2, ue.akihsÜ (MgCO3) yd fvd,uhsÜ (CaCO3·MgCO3)

 ldnka nyqrEmSh;dj fmkajhs'

ñksrka

• C j, ia:dhSu nyqrEms wdldrhhs'

• iEu C mrudKqjlau ;j;a C mrudKq 3 la iu`. iïnkaOj mj;S' (;,Sh ;%sfldaKdldr)
• C mrudKq ish,a, sp2 uqyqïlrKhg ,laù we;' tu ksid ;,Sh jHqyhls'
• tu ksid iEu mrudKqjl u úhq.au bf,lafg%dakhla ne.ska we;' tu mhs bf,lafg%dak úia:dk.;j mj;shs'
• tuksid úoHq;a fukau ;dmh o ikakhkh lrhs'
• wÜá .eiqKq oaúudk ldnka ia;rj,sks iukaú; fõ'
• ia:r w;r mj;sk wka;¾l%shd ÿ¾j, jk neúka neúka ,sysis .=K olajhs'

Èhuka;s

• b;d oDV ;%sudK jHqyhls'

• iEu C mrudKqjllau ;j;a C mrudKq 4 la iu`. iïnkaOj mj;S' (p;=ia;,Sh)
• C mrudKq sp3 uqyï
q lrKhg ,laù we;'
• úoHq;a fyda ;dm ikakdhl;djhla fkdfmkajhs'

wñ, oikdhl - fyd`ou mdr yßhg u okafka 𝐴 mdf¾ fl<jrgu .sh flfkla 3
 *q,Íka

• ldnka mrudKq f.da,dldrj tlsfkl iïnkaO ùfuka we;s fõ'

• *q,Íka uE; § fidhd .;a w;r jvd;a iqm;< *q,Íka wdldrh C60, fyj;a nlañksiag¾ *q,Íka ^fyda nlS fnda,a& fõ'

ñksrka Èhuka;s *q,Íka

C j, Tlaihsv

i) CO - ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ

• wj¾Kh
• .kaOhlska f;drh
• b;d úI jdhqjls
• WodiSkh

¨úia jHqyh jkafka,

▪ hlv ksIamdokfha § ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ Tlaisydrlhla f,i iq,Nj Ndú; flf¾'

▪ C mrudKqj u; mj;sk tlir bf,lafg%dak hq., fya;=fjka fndfyda W;afm%arl m%;sl%shd i|yd ,s.khla f,iska
lghq;= lrñka CO jeo.;a fufyhla bgq lrhs'

ii) CO2 - ldnka vfhdlaihsâ

• wj¾Kh
• ÿn, wdï,slh'
• c,fha Èh ù ÿn, ldfndksla wï,h ksmojhs.
• CO2 + H2O H2CO3

¨úia jHqyh jkafka,

wñ, oikdhl - fyd`ou mdr yßhg u okafka 𝐴 mdf¾ fl<jrgu .sh flfkla 4
 ▪ ,kavka n, fya;=fjka my< WIaK;ajj, § fyda wêl mSvkj, § ldnka vfhdlaihsâ >kSNjkh fõ' idudkH
jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkfha § iy WIaK;ajfha § CO2 ^úh<s whsia& W!¾Omd;kh fjñka ldnka vfhdlaihsâ jdhqj idohs'

▪ wdydr l¾udka;fha § ysudhk ldrlhla f,i;a lD;s%u jeis we;s lsÍug;a th iq,nj fhdod .efka'

ldnkaj, Tlafid wï,

ldnka idok Tlafid wï,h jkafka ldfndksla wï,h (H2CO3) f,iska ye|skafjk ÿn, wï,hhs' ldfndksla wï,fha
nkaOk jHQyh my; ±lafõ' by< mSvkhla hgf;a CO2 jdhqj c,fha Èh lr ldfndksla wï,h ksmoúh yels h'

NIauhlg 𝐂𝐎𝟐 nqnq,kfha § ,

Niau iu`. m%;sl%shd lr ldnfkaÜ whk ksmojñka ldnka vfhdlaihsâ ish wdï,sl ,CIK fmkakqï lrhs'
tf,i ksmojQ 1 yd 2 ldKavj, ldnfkag jeämqr CO2 yuqfõ yhsv%cka ldnfkag idohs'

NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O

Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O 2NaHCO3

f,â (Pb)

Pb j, fya,hsv wjlafIam jk w;r WKqc,fha oshfõ'

PbCl2 - iqÿ

PbBr2 - iqÿ

Pbl2 - ;o (rkajka) ly

PbCl2 wjlafIamh idkaø HCl j, my; mßÈ Èhfõ'

PbCl2(s) + 2HCl(aq) [𝐏𝐛𝐂𝐥𝟒 ]𝟐− +

(𝐚𝐪) + 𝟐𝐇(𝐚𝐪)

Pb4+ m%n, Tlaisldrlhla f,i l%shd lrhs'

Pb4+ + 2e Pb2+

wñ, oikdhl - fyd`ou mdr yßhg u okafka 𝐴 mdf¾ fl<jrgu .sh flfkla 5