QUIZ 1 REVIEWER (ROMANESQUE
Secular Canons – serving principally
ARCHITECTURE)
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN
EUROPE (8TH – 12TH CENTURY)
GEOGRAPHICAL
Romanesque Architecture is the combination of
Roman and Byzantine Architecture but basically
Roman in style. The style grew in the countries
under Roman rule.
The major divisions of architectural development
were: Italian, French and German.
The word Romanesque means “descended from
Roman”. Architecturally, the term was applied in
French by the Archaeologist “Charles de Gerville”.
GEOLOGICAL
Stone, brick marble/terra-cotta, ready-made
columns and other features from the Old Roman
buildings - are the most common materials used for
construction.
CLIMATIC
Northern Portion: Dull climate contributed to the
use of:
a. Large windows to admit sufficient light
b. High pitch roof to throw off rain and snow
Southern Portion: Sunny climate contributed to use
of:
a. Small windows to minimize sunlight and use
arcades for sun shading
b. Flat roof
RELIGIOUS
Christianity - resulted into erection of church.
Papacy had been of great power and influence.
The Principal Religious Orders:
1. Benedictine Order (black monks) – founded
by St. Benedict in South Italy who decreed
architecture, painting, etc. are to be taught.
2. Cluniac Order – founded by Abbot Odo in
910 at Cluny in Burgundy.
3. Carthusian Order – founded by St. Bruno in
1086. Carthusian Architecture is notably
severe and unadorned.
4. Cistercian Order – (white monks) – founded
in 1908 at Citeaux by St.Stephen Harding
and at Clairvaux by St. Bernard.
5.
cathedral and collegiate churches.
Orders of Canons Regulars:
6. Augustinian Canons – (Black Canons
Regular) – established in 1050. They
undertook both monastic and pastoral duties
in houses often sited in towns and planned
similarly to those of the Benedictine Order.
7. Premonstratensian Canons – (White
Canons Regular) – founded around 1100 by
St. Norbert at Premontre in Ricardy.
8. Gilbertine Canons – an exclusively English
order founded in the twelfth century by St.
Gilbert of Sempringham.
Military Orders:
9. The Knights Templar – founded in 1119 to
protect the holy places in Palestine and to
safeguard the pilgrim routes to Jerusalem.
10. The Knights Hospitallers – organized in
1113 but developed no architectural
characteristic architecture of its own.
11. The Mendicant Orders of Friars – founded
during the 13th century and headed by the
Franciscans and Dominicans. Their houses
were usually situated in towns, where the
friars preached and did charitable works
among common people.
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
- Establishment of “Feudal System”
- Landlords build “castle” to separate and
protect them from the peasants. This castle
was made with man made canals known as
“moat”.
HISTORICAL
The style emerging in Western Europe based on
Roman and Byzantine elements lasted until the
Advent of Gothic Architecture in the Mid-12th
Century.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
- Sober and Dignified (opposite of Roman
character)
Characteristic Features:
a. Developed in Italy, France, Germany and
England.
b. Principle of equilibrium was developed due to
the introduction of rib and panel vaulting.
c. Used Rib and Panel Vaulting
d. Use of massive, articulated wall structures,
round arches and powerful vaults
 e. In churches, use of Latin Cross Plan
f. Use of corbelled arches found underneath the
eaves of a church.
g. Use of rose window or wheel window often
located over the west door.
Comparative Analysis:
1. In terms of Plan, they adopted the Greek B. Twisted - parang Wreathed pero plain
Cross Plan with the Latin Cross and Faces lang color, kasi sa Wreathed may
in the East. kulay.
Characteristics of External Features:
A. Rib and Panel Vaulting
- Quadripartite

C. Zigzag - difference nila ng Chevron ay

ito ay may kulay, ung Chevron wala,
plain lang.

- Sexpartite

B. Tower - circular and polygonal. Located at

Transept Nave End or at the corner entrance
of the high altar. D. Chevron
2. In terms of Walls, it is characterized by
corbel leza arches at the cornice, one series
corbelis called “corbel table”.
3. In terms of Opening, they introduced the
wheel window; introduced the recessed
planes or door jambs also called as the
“order with quarter shaft”.
4. For their Roofs, they used the dome which is
normally found at the intersection of the
nave and transept.
5. As for their Columns, they used the ionic
capital with a twisted shaft known as the
“scallop”. E. Wreathed
Column Shaft Used:
A. Fluted - parang normal na ionic
column
 1. Benedictine

2. Cluniac

6. For their Ornaments, they used sculptures,

carvings, and fresco paintings that are in
vegetable and animal form.
Evolutionary Plan Forms:
1. Basilican 3. Cisterian
2. Cruciform
3. Greek
4. Latin
5. Runic
6 Types of Cross:
1. Greek 4. Carthusian

2. Maltese

5. Military Order
3. Patriarchal

4. Celtic

Examples of Buildings:
A. Churches - for every church, there is a
monastery at the side.
5. Latin
Parts of the Church:
● Monastic church situated in a court
open to public
● Cloister Court
6. St. Andrew’s ● Inner Court
● Common Court

Different Shapes of Cross:

1. Latin cross or Crux Emissa
2. Cross of Lorraine
5 Monastic Plans: 3. Papal Cross
4. Calvary Cross
5. Ankh Cross (Egyptian) now termed “Ansate
Cross”
6. Celtic Cross
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY
(9TH – 12TH CENTURY)
GEOGRAPHICAL
The long, narrow peninsula of Italy stretches from
the Alps on the north, right down through the
waters of the Mediterranean, almost to Africa on
the south. These geographical variations were
accompanied by other differences which influence
architecture in such varying degrees that it may be
most conveniently considered under:
1. Central Italy - The central region lies
between Florence, commanding the passage
of the Arno, in the north; Pisa, the maritime
power to the west; and Naples, the naval
port on the south. Rome, rich in ancient
pagan monuments and Early Christian
churches, exercised a paramount influence
on architecture.
2. North Italy - The capital of Lombardy,
Milan, enjoyed great prosperity on account of
its proximity to several Alpine passes and its
situation in the fertile plains of Lombardy.
Venice and Ravenna, which were connecting
trade links between East and West, fell
geographically under the influences of
Byzantine art.
3. South Italy and Sicily - South Italy,
including Calabria, was by position especially
susceptible to influence from the East, and,
after passing under Greek and Roman rule, it
formed part of the Byzantine Empire under
Justinian. Sicily, facing Greece on one side,
Italy on Another, and North Africa on the
third, was exposed to influences from all
three countries.
GEOLOGICAL
1. Central Italy - Tuscany possessed an
abundance of stone and great mineral
wealth. Building materials used in Rome
were bricks, volcanic tufa or peperino,
travertine stone from Tivoli, and marble
from Carrara and from Paros and other
Greek islands. Much material was also
obtained from the ruins of Classic buildings.
2. North Italy - The low-lying plains of
Lombardy supplied clay for making bricks,
which, used with marble from the hills, gave
a special character to the architecture.
Venice on the Adriatic imported marbles in
her merchant vessels.
3. South Italy and Sicily - the mountains of
South Italy and Sicily supplied calcareous
and shelly limestone and many kinds of
marble, while the sulphur mines of Sicily
largely contributed to the prosperity which
was conducive to building enterprise.
HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS
1. Central Italy - Pisa sent merchant fleets to
the Holy Land for the Easter fair at
Jerusalem. The Pisans captured and defeated
the Moslems in wars and this contact with
the Moslems accounts for the characteristic
Pisan use of striped marbles.
2. North Italy - commerce and art were the
special care of the Venetians. They raised
glorious buildings and brought precious
freight from the East. Milan, Pavia, Verona
and Genoa vied with one another in the
beauty of their public buildings that in the
spirit of rivalry encouraged the most
remarkable structural advances in all Italy.
3. South Italy and Sicily - Moslem landed in
827 in Sicily and gradually overran the
island. Under Moslem rule, every church
facades were ornamented with geometrical
patterns but there is no representation of the
human figure.
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES
1. Central Italy - Church plan was obtained
from the plan of the Basilica. Most
pronounced feature of arcades were the
ornamental arcades which rose one above
another.
● Pisa Cathedral - With baptistery,
campanile and campo santo. It is one
of the finest Romanesque Cathedral
designed by Architect Dioti Salvi.
● Campanile, Pisa - Circular tower with
eight storey of encircling arcades and
16 m in diameter; also known as the
World’s famous Leaning Tower of
Pisa.
● Baptistery, Pisa - Circular in plan
with a central nave designed by Dioti
Salvi.
● Campo Santo, Pisa - a cemetery
 ● Pistoia Cathedral - (13th century)
was also built under influence of the
Pisan Groups, and with its porch and
arcaded façade in black and white
marble followed the style of the other
churches in the city.
● San Miniato al Monte, Florence -
(1018-62) (St. Minias on the
Mountain) is a (basilica) in
[Florence], Central Italy, standing
atop one of the highest points in the
city. It has been described as one of
the finest Romanesque structures in
Tuscany and one of the most
beautiful churches in Italy.
● The Cloisters - San Giovanni in
Laterano, Rome (1234) & San Paolo
Fuori Le Mura, Rome (1200) are of
special interest, since they are among
the few instances of Romanesque art
in Rome which show any progressive
character, owing to the survival of the
Classical tradition.
Marami pa yan di ko na nilagay iba
punyeta ayoko na e
2. North Italy - influenced by Muslim
Architecture and its most important
development took place in Lombardy.
● San Zeno Maggiore, Verona (c. 1123
and later) – has a façade which is
stern in its simplicity. The fine
projecting porch has two
free-standing columns, which rest on
the backs of crouching beasts and
support a semicircular vault, over
which is a gabled roof. Above is the
great wheel window which lights the
nave, one of the earliest in Italy.
● S. Antonino, Piacenza - (1104),
rebuilt on the site of an earlier
cathedral, is noted for its later Gothic
porch, 11 Paradiso (1350).
● Basilica of St. Ambrogio, Milan - (c.
1080-1128) begun by Ambrose
himself around 385 and consecrated
in 386. The church was built on a
grand scale over an existing
cemetery, next to the martyrium of
St. Victor.
Di ko na inilagay iba nababaliw na ko
3. South Italy - Influenced by Byzantine
Church (Greek Cross Plan).
● Monreale Cathedral (1174-1182) -
one of the greatest extant examples of
Norman architecture in the world. It
was begun in 1174 by William II, and
in1182 the church, dedicated to the
Assumption of the Virgin Mary, was,
by a bull of Pope Lucius III, elevated
to the rank of a metropolitan
cathedral. The Church is a national
monument of Italy and one of the
most important attractions of Sicily.
- Benedictine Monastery
- Combination of Early Christian and
Byzantine Style
● La Siza, Palermo - (Arabic, El
Aziza=Palace of Delights)
(1154-1156), is a three-storied
Norman castle with battlemented
parapet, and shows the influence of
Muslim art. The vestibule is rich in
marble columns and coloured tiles,
while the stalactite vaults over the
alcoves recall the glories of the
Alhambra, Granada.
May tatlo pa di ko na nilagay
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN
FRANCE (9TH – 12TH CENTURY)
GEOGRAPHICAL
France has a great natural highway along the
valleys of the Rhode, Saone, Seine and Garonne
which connect the Mediterranean with the Atlantic
Ocean and the English Channel. Roman civilization
had spread through France along the historic
highway of the fertile Rhone valley.
GEOLOGICAL
France has an abundance of good stones, easily
quarried and freely used for all types of buildings
such as fine grained Caen stone, coloured pumice
and tufa.
Ung Caen Stone, ideal stone sya for carving.
CLIMATIC
Northern Portion: Dull climate contributed to the
use of:
c. Large windows to admit sufficient light
d. Steep roof to throw off snow

Southern Portion: Sunny climate contributed to use
of:
c. Small windows to minimize sun shading
d. Flat roof
HISTORICAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
INFLUENCE
Caesar's conquest of Gaul (58-49 BC) was followed
by the systematic Romanization of the country,
which had begun with the making of a road system
centered upon Lyons and development of thriving
commercial colonies which adopted the Roman
social system in their municipalities.
The Pax Romana was established and by the early
3rd century, social conditions became very stable.
RELIGIOUS
Christianity, when introduced, it took a stronghold
in the Rhone valley, Lyons contributing Martyrs
the cause
The severity of whose rules as to church building,
caused a reaction from the decorative character of
the later romanesque, as in the facades of S. Gilles
and S. Trophime, Arles.
The change to the pointed style was promoted, by
the effort to solve the problems of vaulting.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DIVISION OF
FRANCE
1. Southern France
Characteristic Features:
a. Aisleless nave
b. Pointed arch
In terms of Plan, round churches are rare in this
district towers are detached, resembling the
campanili internal buttresses, enclosing the outer
range chapels cloisters were treated with at most
elaboration and richness, usually having double
columns with magnificent capitals, which receive the
round arches of the narrow bays and were left
entirely open.
For their Roofs, early treatment was a tunnel vault
to the nave, buttresses by half tunnels over the
aisle, often in two stories, thus not admitting
clerestory.
2. Northern France
Characteristic Features:
a. Design of Western Passage with two
towers
e.g. St. Madeleine, Vezelay – popular
for the early pointed crossvault in
France
For their Plans, vaulted ribs were provided with
individual shafts, which developed the pier plans.
increasing demands of vaulted interior modified the
planning.
In terms of their Roof, increased height was
obtained by means of intersecting nave vaults, with
groin ribs, whose trust was taken by buttresses
arches concealed in the aisle roof.
For their Walls, it was rubble with facing stones.
Buttresses are often more strips of slight projection
elaboration was preserved for doorways in arcaded
lower portion of the facades which are often models
of simplicity and richness the towers are mostly
square with pyramidal roofs
Their Openings, are narrow with wide splays to
admit light sufficing.
As for their Columns, vaulted shafts started
imitating the Corinthian order. Having upon half
round shafts carried to the vaulting ribs, were
employed, or columns, circular or octagonal
Their Ornaments, are small, clear-glazed openings
being employed to set off the opaque color.
Decoration of the walls are stained glass favouring
large openings and was gradually developed in the
north.
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES IN
ECCLESIASTICAL ARCHITECTURE:
1. Notre Dame du Port – light stone vaults;
inlaid décor of different colors 2.Angouleme
Cathedral , France.
2. St. Madeleine, Vezelay – popular for the
early pointed cross vault in France.
Many more hehehee
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES IN SECULAR
ARCHITECTURE:
1. Fortified towns
2. Bridges
3. Castles
4. Houses
 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN - Used the Western and Eastern apses as the
CENTRAL EUROPE (GERMANY) (9TH – main entrance. Planning survive strongly.
12TH CENTURY) - semicircular cross-vault of the nave
- Timber roofs
- Plain wall surface
GEOGRAPHICAL - Single windows
Through many centuries, Germany was known as a - Nave arcades square piers with attached
conglomeration of independent States, half-columns
principalities and powers occupying the great central
district of Europe. ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES:
1. Aix-La-Chapele Cathedral (Aachen) – built
On the banks of the Rhine and in the south, by Emperor Charlemagne as his royal tomb
Christianity took root, while, in the north and house.
east, paganism still existed. 2. The Church of the Apostles, Cologne – one
of the series of trefoil churches in that city.
GEOLOGICAL
Existence of stone in the Rhine valley was At marami pang iba hehehehe
facilitated and fireproof by the early introduction of
vaulting. Types of Vaults: (AYON SA PPT NILA KIM)
Brick was used in the north, particularly in the 1. Barrel Vault - simplest, single arched
district east of the Elber. surface that extends from wall to wall.
CLIMATIC
Average temperature of central Germany is much
the same as southern England.
HISTORICAL 2. Groin Vault - intersection at right angles of
1. Charlemagne two barrel vaults.
- the first Frankish king who became
Roman Emperor; crowned in 800 at
rome by the pope, and ruled over the
land of France.
- He restored the arts and civilization to
western Europe, resulting in the
erection of many important buildings
in his dominions. 3. Rib vault - framework of crossed or diagonal
arched ribs.
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
Germany united under Charlemagne afterwards
split up into small principalities that were divided
into many distinct nationalities, became fused into
an absolute monarchy and has remained.
4. Pointed Arched vault - breakway of the
RELIGIOUS traditional semi-circular arches.
Plan of a typical church in this period is peculiar
in having eastern and western apses.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Romanesque architecture in Germany exhibits a
continuous combination of Carolingian tradition
and Lombard influence. Types of Vaults: (AYON SA GDOCS NI MAM)
1. Barrel Vault
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS 2. Dome Vault
3. Stilted Vault
4. Intersecting Vault
 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN
SPAIN, PORTUGAL, AND THE HOLY
LAND (9TH – 12TH CENTURY)
GEOGRAPHICAL
In the west, Spain borders Portugal.
In the south, it borders Gibraltar and Morocco.
In the northeast, along the Pyrenees mountain
range, it borders France and the tiny principality of
Andorra.
Holy Land - the most influential single geographical
characteristics of the Latin Kingdom of the
Crusaders was its shape. From north to south it
included the country of Edessa, the principality of
Antioch, the country of Tripoli and the kingdom of
Jerusalem.
GEOLOGICAL
1. Spain and Portugal
a. Crystaline rocks - north and west
peninsula
b. Limestone in Spain based on
sedimentary rocks – the heavily
weathered Masesta.
c. The peninsula itself is a great rock
massif, Including the Sierras of
Castile in the north, the mountains of
Toledo in the centre, and the Sierras
Morena In south.
Dito, ung mga stone materials of
eminent suitability for great castles
and small churches were abundant.
CLIMATIC
1. Spain
●Continental Mediterranean Climate
(Madrid)
● Oceanic Climate in Galicia (Bilbao)
● Semiarid Climate or Arid
Mediterranean (Murcia)
● Mediterranean Climate (Barcelona)
● Subtropical Climate (Las Palmas)
2. Holy Land
● rainfall in late winter months
● harsh and semi-desert
RELIGIOUS
Christianity may be seen in their churches and
cathedrals that flourished for two hundred years.
Approximately 84% of the population is nominally
Catholic, and about 19% attend mass and take
the sacraments regularly, while a larger number
are to be baptized, married in a church, and receive
last rites.
HISTORICAL, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL
INFLUENCE OF SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
The Visogothic invasions across the Pyrenees
displaced the northern tribes of Vandals and Suevi
and took nearly complete possession of the
peninsula for three centuries until the time of the
Moslem conquest of all pwera sa mga Asturias.
The Moorish incursions in Southwest Europe were
brought to an end by Charles Martel at Poitiers in
732 and subsequent medieval Spanish history is
dominated by successive extensions of Christian
influence and the regaining of territory until the very
end of the 15th century.
Spain has connections with France and also in
England through royal marriages.
Sa Holy Land naman, the Crusades were a series of
religiously- sanctioned military campaigns waged by
much of Latin Christian Europe, particularly the
Franks of France and the Holy Roman Empire.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Church planning, as shown in the few
authenticated examples of this time, was varied, and
includes instances of both Basilican and Greek
Cross.
Decorative Devices include mouldings and some
Syrian motifs, and the important of these was
horseshoe arch.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTERISTICS
Most distinctive feature of Spain and Portugal was
the horseshoe arch.
ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES
1. Religious Buildings
● St. Maria, Ripoll – the finest of the
11th century early Romanesque
churches. It has a double
aisled-basilican nave of seven bays
and the outer arcades alternate to
produce double-aisled bays in the
outer aisles in Lombardic Manner.
● St. Tirso, Sahagun – one of the
earliest brick Mudejar Church.
 Marami pang iba, kla nyo nmng
rereviewhin ko pa yon bat ko pa
ilalagay dito
2. Military Buildings
● Castle at Loarre – finest
Romanesque castle in Spain, a
complex of circular towers and
curtain walls.
● City Walls – the town defenses at
Avila, in the castle include a curtain
wall 2.50 km.long, with 86 identical
circular towers, built in granite by
Raymond of Burgundy.
Avila, Castile - a town defenses w/
86 identical circular towers, built by
Raymond of Burgundy.
Military Buildings of the Holy Land:
3 Kinds of Castles Crusaders:
1. Pilgrims Forts - sited and designed to secure
the routes from coastal ports to Jerusalem.
2. Coastal Fortifications – to secure links with
the west.
3. Strategic Inland Castles – to protect coast
road.
ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE IN
BRITISH ISLES AND SCANDINAVIA (1ST –
12TH CENTURY)
GEOGRAPHICAL
River routes played a crucial role in the
development of Northern Europe, leading to the
colonization of Iceland and Greenland, as well as
cultural and commercial contact with Ireland and
Britain.
The term “British Isles” is controversial in relation
to Ireland, where there are objections to its usage
due to the association of the word "British" with
Ireland.
British Isles - a group of islands off the northwest
coast of continental Europe.
GEOLOGICAL
Scandinavia has natural resources provided for
agrarian products in the South and East.
The English hardwood forests provided roof-framing
material for the more important buildings.
Indigenous building stones contributed to the
materials of themature military and religious
buildings.
CLIMATIC
a. Low Northern Light and Larger Openings
In northern Europe, including Scandinavia,
there is a general lack of intense sunlight,
especially during certain times of the year.
b. Massive Masonry Construction
Thick walls made of stone or brick provides
insulation and helped regulate indoor
temperatures. This insulation was essential
for maintaining warmth during the cold
winters.
c. Steeply Pitched Roofs
Used for quick shedding of heavy snowfall
and rainfall, preventing accumulation of
weight in the roof, and created attic spaces
used for storage.
d. Scandinavia’s Climatic Variation
Milder climate influenced by the Gulf Stream.
e. Alpine Tundra Climate
f. Glacial Legacy
HISTORICAL, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND
POLITICAL INFLUENCE OF BRITISH ISLES
Julius Caesar in 55 and 54 BC
● Christianity first made its way into Britain
during the Roman occupation
● In Scandinavia, The kingdoms were first in
Denmark and Norway and in 1000, Sweden
was united as part of the Svear kingdom.
Norse Pagan Worship - is the traditional religious
rituals practiced in Scandinavia in pre-Christian
times.
Norse paganism - was a folk religion that had the
survival and regeneration of society as its main
purpose.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
1. Roman Period - The architecture in Roman
in Britain was the same character as in
other parts of Europe, and much still
survives.
● Christianization of England
● Transition to Roman Christianity
● Loss of Indigenous religion
2. Anglo Saxon Period - Domestic building
was probably largely dependent upon the use
of timber, but little evidence remains of
method of construction. The considerable later
development in timber-framing techniques was a
characteristic of buildings of all types and found its
parallel in ship-building.
● Masonry in Church building
● Dependence on Timber prototypes
3. Norman Period - there was an enormous
surge of military and the church building
centered particularly upon the great
Benedictine abbeys.
● Military activities
● Church buildings
● Architectural innovation

ARCHITECTURAL EXAMPLES
Marami akong di mailalagay dito pero etong mga
importante nlng
Castle - (from Latin castellum) is a defensive
structure associated with the MiddleAges, found
in Europe and the Middle East.
Fountains Abbey - near Aldfield, It is a ruined
Cistercian monastery, founded in 1132. It is one of
the largest and best preserved Cistercian houses in
England.
Manor House - a country house, which has
historically formed the administrative centre of a
manor , the lowest unit of territorial organization
in the feudal system.
The term is sometimes applied to country houses
which belonged to gentry families, as well as to
grand stately homes,
ROMANESQUE TERMS:
● Billet – a Romanesque moulding consisting
of several bands of raised short cylinders or
square pieces, placed at a regular interval
● Dormer Window (lucarne) – a window
placed vertically in a sloping roof with a roof
on its own.
● Groin – the curved arris formed by
intersection vaulting surfaces.
● Helm Roof – a roof in which four faces rests
diagonally, the gables and converge at the
roof.
● Dorter – dormitory for a monastery.
Goodluck pi