Micraaticcd PS tCOs pA eateenicra i v RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE IN ITALY, History of Architecture 2 / ARC1110 The Reneissance in Italy is best considered geographically under the 3 great distinctive cities of Florence, Rome, and Venice. Stateliness and classical horizontality ere the general characteristics of Italian Renaissance Features of Italian Renaissance: 1. Plan is symmetrical, compact, rectilinear, formal and grand; 2. Walls are rusticated & astylar (treatment of 2 fagacle without columns). Stone materials are pietra forte (exterior) and pietra serena (interior); 3. Arcades have arches supported on piers faced with columns; 4, Low pitch roofs are hidden by balusters. Domes with lanterns and often raised on high drums were favorite features for churches. Ceilings are coffered: 5. Columns are Doric, lonic, Corinthian, Tuscan and Composite orders. Pilaster strips are also used, and marble often appear as points of special interest. Orders are superimposed in tiers; 6 Moldings are classical, refined, original and intricate A.FLORENCE Early Renaissance Wealthy Florentines flaunted’ their money and power by becoming patrons of artists and intellectuals. Their appreciation of physical beauty and having strong concern for human welfare, values, and dignity formed the governing intellectual principle of “the Italian Renaissance called “humanism” The Medici family dominated Renaissance Florence's political and cultural life. Their patronage of the arts turned Florence into a leading center of the Renaissance in Europe. Artists focused on their work without having to worry about money. Examples of the Early Renaissance: DOME of FLORENCE CATHEDRAL (1296-1462) was designed by Filippo Brunelleschi & the lentern was completed by Michellozzo Michellozzi. It is UST College of Architecture | ARG 1120 Handout | Updated SY, 2020-21 blending of a Renaissance dome & a Gothic building (Amolfo di Cambio). This dome is the largest brick dome ever constructed Brunelleschi employed a double shell, made of sandstone and marble. He built the dome with bricks (being lightweight) and with no use) of scaffoldings. Brunellischi used the herringbone brick patter in building the outer dome. S. SPIRITO was begun by Brunelleschi &finished by Antonio Manetti;the eampanile by Baccio d’Agnolo. The facade was left unfinished after Brunelleschi’s death in 1446, PAZZ| CHAPEL wae designed probably by Filippo Brunellecchi. It was funded in 1429 by Andrea Pazzi had of the Pazzi family, whose wealth was second to the Medieci family S. MARIA NOVELLA's fagade blind ercading was designed by Leon Battista Albertiin 1470, twas one of the first churches in which flanking serolls were Used to connect the aisles & nave. PALAZZO PITTI was the residence of Luca Pitt in 1458 and was bought by the Medici family in 1549. It is astylar and the largest palace in aly except the Vatican It was designed by Filippo Brunelleschi for Luca Pitt, Ite astylar & the largest palace in Italy except the Vatican PALAZZO RICCARDI was designed by Michelozzo Michellozzi in astylar design. PALAZZO STROZZI was begun by Benedetto da Majano & finished by Cronaca, The windows are its attractive features. PALAZZO RUCELLA|, Florence was begun by Leon Battista Alberti and finished by Bemardo Rossellino. It has external superimposed pilasters and the first astylar building of the Renaissance PALAZZO QUARATESI, Florence was probably designed by Brunelleschi and executed by Giuliano da Majano.FOUNDLING HOSPITAL (Ospedale Degli Inocenti Florence by Filippo Brunelleschi, was the first ofits kind in Europe to care for the abandoned babies. It has a facade of semi-circular arches with columns having the composite order. Above the arches are tabernacle windows Examples of the High Renaissance & Proto- Baroque: PALAZZO PANDOLFINI, Florence ic one of Raphael Santis most famous designe and executed by Francesco Sangallo. LAURENTIAN LIBRARY, Florence by Michelangelo and continued by Giorgio Vasari. It was built show that the Medici family were not merely merchants but intellectuals as well. It contains manuscripts and books from the private collection of the Medici family. MEDICI CHAPEL'S NEW SACRISTY, Florence by Michelangelo corresponded to the Old Sacrsty built by Brunelleschi on the other side of Sen Lorenzo Church. It was finished with pietra serena (dark stone) and light-colored marble. UFFIZI, Florence wes begun by Giorgio Vasari in 1560 for Cosimo I de’ Medici for the offices of the Florentine magistrates, hence the name “uifizi" for offices. The cortle (internal courtyard) leng ‘and narrow, and open to the Amo River at its far end. Florence is one of the best museums in the world, Itis home to the world’s greatest collection of Italian Renaissance art, donated by the Medici family The works “of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Botticelli, Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Fra Angelico; Raphael, El Greco, Durer, Rubens, etc. are some of the treasured pieces These priceless works were donated by the Medici family with the agreement that these should not leave Florence. The museum was opened to the public in 1765, B. ROME Examples of the Early Rensissance: PALAZZO DI VENEZIA, Rome (Museo Nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia, (1455-1503) attributed to Leon Battista. The stones used to build the palazzo was quarried from the nearby Colesseum, a common practice in Rome until the 18th century UsT College of Architecture | ARC 1110 | Handout | Updated SY. 2020-28 It has @ rather medieval exterior, but its interior is characteristically Renaissance. Examples of the High Renaissance & Proto- Baroque: Pelazzo della Cancelleria, Rome (Papal Chancellery, 1486-98) by Donato Bramante. It was the first palace in Rome built entirely in full Renaissance style. The fagade is in travertine stones taken from the Colosseum, VILLA FARNESINA, Rome ws built for Agostino Chigi by Baldassare Peruzzi. The gf6und floor lobby fresco painting was done by Raphael PALAZZO DEL LATERANO, Rome by Domenico Fontana was the principal residence of the popes, and continued for about a thousand years until the seat was transferred tothe Vatican. The palace is now the Vatican Historical Museum. VILLAFARNESE) Rome was designed by Antonio da Sangallo, the Younger. S./ANDREA, Rome was designed by Giacomo da Vignola. Itwes the first church with an elliptical dome and the first step towards the Baroque style of elliptical forms. THE CAPITOL, Rome is the most successful civic work of Michelangelo. S. MARIA DELLA PACE, Rome (1500-1504) by Bacio Pontelli Its cloister was the first work of Donato Bramante in Rome. TEMPIETTO iin S. Pietro marks the spot where St. Peter was martyred. tt was Bramante’s design in full renaissance style, resembling a Roman round temple. IL GESU CHURCH by Giscomo da Vignola. Its facade is the frst truly baroque facade. The Church is the mother church of the Society of Jesus, @ Roman Catholic religious order also known as the Jesuits. IL Gesu’s Triumph of the Name of Jesus ceiling peinting by Giovenni Battiste Gaullias was done in trompe-toeil’ (a style of painting with realistic imagery to create a 3D effect & the figures are painted out of the frame. It's a French word meaning “deceive the eye"). ST. PETER'S BASILICA started as an old dth-cent. Early Christin church, begun by Emperor 2Constantine the Great to mark the burial place of St. Peter. It lasted over a thousand years. The present ST. PETER'S BASILICA is the central church of Roman Catholicism end stands on the site of the old basilica, It is the most important building of the Reneissance.It isthe largest house of worship in the world, with space to accommodate 50,000-40,000 people. It had its origin on the intention of Pope Julius Il to erect a tomb for himself. It was the outcome of many architects under the direction of many popes during 2 period of 120 years (1506 - 1626) ‘Acompetition produced @ number of designs Architects of ST. PETER’S BASILICA, 1, In 1506, the design of DONATO BRAMANTE was chosen. Bramante’s plan was a Greek cross with a dome on 4 big piers and a tower at each corner. 2. Onthe death of Pope Julius Il, Bramente was superseded by GIULIANO DA SANGALO, FRA GIACONDO DE VERONA and RAPHAEL SANTI. The former two died in 1815 and Santi proposed @ plan in the Latin cross. He died in 1520. 3. BALDASSARE PERRUZZI succeeded and to the Greek cross plan of Bramante. But due to the many arguments in the church, construction was stopped. He died in 1536 without his plan being built 4, ANTONIO DA SANGALLO succeeded after Peruzzi's death. He altered the plan with a short nave and proposed a morelelaborate dome, But his plan was never built either. He was only able to strengthen Bramante’s piers 5. On his death in 1547, MICHELANGELO BUONAROTTI succeeded him at age 72. The present) building, owes most of its ‘outstanding features to his genius. reverted Michelangelo's architectural contributions: ‘a, Greekeross plan b. Strengthened the piers of the dome © Redesigned the surrounding chapels & apses d. d. Commenced the construction of the great dome. The drum (tamburo] was completed before his death, He knew he could do whatever he liked but he had respect for the other designers, especially Bramante. He knew that he was expected to make a design that would be the symbol of the city of Rome, UsT College of Architecture | ARC 1110 | Handout | Updated SY. 2020-28 in the same way as Brunelleschi's dome was the symbol of Florence where Michelangelo had lived as ‘young men. Michelangelo's dome like that of Florence, is constructed of 2 shells of brick, the outer one having 16 stone ribs, Aninitial drawing by Michelangelo indicates that his dome was ovoid, rather than a hemispherical cone. Stefan du Pérac’s engraving (1549) shows a hemispherical dome, but this was perhaps just his interpretation. The profile of the wooden model is more ovoid than that of the engravingss lt may have been the belief that Michelangelo reverted to the more pointed shape before he died Michelangelo's artistic contributions: Rensissance master Michelangelo ‘devised an elaborate scheme for the painting of the Sistine ‘Chapel ceiling, which he did from 1508-1512. He was 33, It features nine scenes from the Biblical Book of Genesis, including the Creation of Adam, the Creation of Eve, the Temptation and Fall of Adam and Eve, and the Flood. These paintings are known tobe oné of the world's best-known works of art. Michelangelo's “Last Judgment”, the large fresco con the eltar well of the Sistine Chapel, dates from 1536-1541, about 20 years after the famous fresco painting on the ceiling 6 GIACOMO DELLA PORTA and DOMENICO FONTANA completed the dome from the medel of Michelangelo. ‘The dome of St. Peter's is 136.57 m. from the floor of the basilica. Itis the tallest dome in the world, Its inside diameter is 41.47 m. slightly smaller than the Pantheon and the Florence Cathedral 7. GIACOMO DA VIGNOLA added the side cupolas. ‘8 CARLO MADERNO lengthened the nave to form ‘a Latin cross plan and added the gigantic facade. 9. GIAN LORENZO BERNINI finally erected the piazzo, 650 ft. wide, surrounded by 284 columns, Examples of Baroque: PALAZZO BARBERINI was designed Carlo Maderno and executed by Lorenzo Bernini. Now a museum, it is home to known Renaissance masters PALAZZO ODESCHALCHI by Lorenzo Bernini. Ithas a giant Corinthian pilastered Order embracing the 2 upper floors.5. SUSANNA by Carlo Madero has a fagade with framed niches and devoid of windows. SAN GIOVANNI LATERANO, Rome was built by Constantine (4 cent) and was the fist church to be built in Rome.lts facade was done by Alessandeo Galilei (1735). S. ANDREA DEL QUIRINALE, Rome is. the best knowin of Bernini's churches, each of them small but widely imitated SAN CARLO ALLE QUATTRO (Saint Charles at the Four Fountains), Rome. It was designed by Francesco Borromini It is an iconic masterpiece of Baroque architecture, S. MARIA MAGGIORE, Rome was the last notable Baroque architecture of Rome. The entrance fagade was designed by Fernando Fuga. FONTANA DI TREVI was designed by Nicola Salvi and completed by Pietro Brace: It ie one of the most famous fountains in the world and the largest Baroque fountain in Rome. C.VENICE Examples of the Early Renaissance: PALAZZO VENDRAMIN by Pietro Lomberdé.The traceried windows are remnants of the mediaeval ppast, typical of the early Renaissance in Venice SANTA MARIA DEI MIRACOLI (1491) 2 miniature church was designed by Pietro Lombardo with his sons Antonio and Tullio. STA. MARIA DEI MIRACOLI is also known as the “marble church” in white, grey and pink. It is @ popular Venetian wedding venue. It is one of the best examples of early Venetian Renaissance. Unlike other churches that has transformed.from one style to another, the Miracoli remained in its original design by only one artist, Pietro Lombardo, SCUOLA GRANDE DI SAN MARCO by Martino Lombardo. The ground floor hes panels with perspective reliefs by Tullio Lombardo. Artists ofthis period are somewhat curious about the concept of perspectives, S. GIORGIO DEI GRECI, Venice is a graceful little church with a mature Renaissance fagade. UsT College of Architecture | ARC 1110 | Handout | Updated SY. 2020-28 S. ZACCARIA Venice by Antonio Gambello and completed by Mauro Codussi, The monumental facade shows the transition from late gothic to renaissance. It has nearly every wall covered with paintings by 17th and 18th century artists Examples of the High Renaissance & Proto- Baroque: PALAZZO BEVILACQUA, Verona by Michel Sanmicheli has a rusticated lower story and an elegant piano nobile on the upper floor: UBRARY OF ST. MARK is the most outstanding of the buildings of Jacopo Sansovin PALAZZO GRIMANI is Michel Sanmichel's greatest work. PALAZZO CORNER DELLA CA GRANDE, Venice by Jacope Sangevino. The LOGGETTA, Venice by Jacopo Sansovino is based on the triumphal arch with three openings and an entablature in imperial Roman style. BASILICA PALLADIANA, Vicenza is famous for its Rensissance arcades by Andrea Palledio. This grouping of arches and smaller free-standing twin columns is termed the “Palladian Motif”. VILLA CAPRA, Vicenza known as La Rotonda by Andrea Palladio. The dome was designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi The building is eymmetrical with a square plan and with identical porticoes projecting from each of the four facades. VILLA BARBARO, Maser was designed by Andrea Palladio for his friends Daniele and Marcantonio Barbaro, It became a UNESCO Werld Heritage Site in 1996. The interior of the piano nobile is painted with frescoes by Paolo Veronese in the trompe-oeil style or illusionary imagery. SAN GIORGIO MAGGIORE was designed by Andrea Palladio. Its facade was completed by Vincenzo SeamozziUST College of Architecture | ARC 1110 | Handout | Updated SY. 2020-28, Examples of Baroque: PALAZZO PESARO wos begun by Baldessare Longhena and finished by Gaspar. PALAZZO REZZONICO was begun by Baldassare Longhens and finished by Massari SANTA MARIA DELLA SALUTE was done by Badassare Longhena. It is # majestic example of Venetian Baroque. It has spacious surrounding ambulatory and radiating chapels making it one of the largest aisled, polygonal churches. Itis built on a platform made of 100,000 wooden piles. It is constructed of Istrian stone and marmorino (brick covered with marble dust) Also called the Basilica of St. Mary of health, La Solute is an offering for the city’s deliverance from 2 devastating plague Architects of the italian Renaissance: ‘Filippo Brunelleschi - a founding father of Renaissance architecture; was an architect and designer; recognized to be the first_ mode engineer, planner, and sole construction superviser; Florentine; famous for dome of Senta Maria del Fiore (largest brick dome in the world) 2.Michelozzo Michellozi 3.Leon Battista Alberti - Italian humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher and _cryptographer; authored “De Re Aedificatoria” (1452) 4.Bemardo Rossellino - Florentine architect and Italian Renaissance sculptor 5.IL Cronaca (Simone Pollaivelo) 6.Antonio Filarete.~ Florentine architect and sculptor. T.Giovanni Amadeo - Lombard architect and sculptor 8.Bartolomeo Affimanati- architect and sculptor. 9.Goleazz0 Alessi = influenced by Michelangelo, an architect of great originality and distinction 10. Rocco Lurago 11, Bartolomeo Bienco ~ Genos's best Beroque architect. 12, Giovanni Battista Aleotti 13, Frenceseo Riechini "4 16. 16. 1. 18. Guarino Guarini Filippo Juvarca Luciano Laurana Meo del Caprino Donato Bramante - Rome's first outstanding architect of the Renaissance; began as 2 19. 2, a 22. 2, 4, 2, % aI. 2%, 2, 30, 34 22, 3. 36, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, a 42, 43, painter; famous for St. Peter's Basilica Tempietto, Senta Maria Della Pace Baldassare Peruzzi Antonio de Sangello the Younger Raphael Santi ~ architect, printmaker, and one of the world's greatest painters; known for “The School of Athens” in the Vatican Stanze de Signature Giulio Romano Giacomo da Vignola Pirro Ligorio Michelangelo Buenarotti- the lengelived and world-famous Florentine sculptor and painter, was no less distinguished in his later years'as an architect and ie @ most striking. instance of wonderful versatility of artists of this period. Domenico Fontana Carlo Madero’ chief figure of the early baroque in Rome; fagade/6f Santa Susana Flaminio Ponzio Giovanfil Lorenzo Befnini ~ sculptor, architect and painter; famous sculptures: Ecstasy of St. Theresa and Apollo & Daphne; No architectural training, but was appointed Chief Architect of St Peter's in 1629 Francesco Borromini~ architect and sculptor. Pietro da Cortona ~ architect and painter. Carlo Rainaldi— High Baroque architect. Carlo Dotti — Late Baroque architect. Alessandro Specchi— civic designer. Alessandro Galilei Nicola Salvi Femando Fuga -last notable Baroque architect ‘of Rome, Filippo Raguzzini Pietro Lombardo Michel Sanmicheli - military engineer who designed fortifications. Jacopo Sansovino ~ architect and sculptor. ‘Andrea Palladio ~ the most influential architect of the whole Renaissance. Baldassare Longhena - most distinguished Venetian architect of the period Copyright 2020 by University of Sante Tomas College of ‘Architecture HOA2 Sub-cluster This lecture was produced by Ar Ma, Vicenta Sanchez in preparation for S.Y. 2020-27. With edie by r. C.P. Santi, February 2021. These pages and ary portion thereof may not 'be reproduced or used without the written consent ofthe University of Santo Tomas College of Architecture except for brief quotes or for review.