NSTP 2 water do not provide energy, but are necessary

for other reasons. Other micronutrients include

antioxidants and phytochemicals.

Most foods contain a mix of some or all of the

UNIT IV
nutrients classes. Some nutrients are required
Public Health regularly while others are needed only
Overview occasionally.

Learning Objectives
Causes of Malnutrition
At the end of the lesson, I will be able to
1. Lack of sufficient budget for food
1. The students should be able to gain
2. Lack of knowledge on the nutritional
important knowledge on the concept of
values of food
public health.
3. Lack of knowledge on proper food
2. The students should be able to identify the
preparation
common health problems in the community
4. Incorrect feeding practice
level as well as their causes.
5. Unavailability of nutritious food or food
3. The students should be able to present ways
shortage
on how public health concerns may be
addressed.
Effects of Malnutrition to Children
Lesson Proper 1. Weak body resistance
2. Weak mental capability
Definition of terms: 3. Derailed growth

Public Health involves policies and actions

designed to promote the overall health of the
people in community.
Hygiene refers to the practices aimed towards
preventing diseases and maintenance of health
through cleanliness and healthy living.
Sanitation pertains to the hygienic practice of
waste disposal and keeping the environment
within hygienic standards.
Nutrition refers to the balanced intake of
nutrients necessary to enable the human body or
parts of the body to perform its functions. Many
health problems may be prevented with a healthy
diet. Diet refers to what a person eats. There are
seven major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates,
fats, fiber, minerals, protein, vitamins, and water.
These nutrients classes can be categorized as
either macronutrients (needed in relatively large
amounts) or micronutrients (needed in smaller
quantities).
The macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats,
fiber, protein, and water. The micronutrients are
minerals and vitamins. The micronutrients
provide energy. Vitamins, minerals, fifer, and
Things to Know About Breast-Feeding
1. Breast milk is the most nutritious and
complete food for infants.
2. Colostrum’s (first drop of milk from the
mother) are rich in antibodies needed by
the infants to strengthen their resistance
against infections.
3. Breast-feeding helps in fast recovery of
mother’s health after giving birth.
4. It makes the infant closer to the mother.
5. Breast-feeding must begin immediately
after the child is born.
COMMON HEALTH PROBLEMS
1. Sore Eyes. Caused by a virus in which the
surface of the eyeball and the inside of the
eyelids became inflamed. It may be
transferred by hand contacts.
2. Chicken Pox. Highly contagious disease
which affects young ones during their early
years but is more severe in adults.
 Infection is easily spread via airborne
droplets that are exhaled or expelled
causing outbreaks in places where there are
person-to-person contacts. Health centers
offer free vaccination against chicken pox.
3. Cholera or El Tor. Contagious and serious
disease, which is an infection of the small
intestine, characterized by severe diarrhea
that causes a person to lose up to half a liter
of water an hour. It is caused by germs taken
into the body through food and drinks. Rats,
cockroaches, flies, and ants are common
carrier of cholera. Common symptoms are
pain in the back or in the legs and arms,
frequent bowel movement, vomiting, and
dehydration.
4. Tuberculosis (TB). A highly contagious
bacterial infection usually affecting the lungs.
This is a disease which is the most common
cause of death in the Philippines. Symptoms
are fever, sweating especially at night,
malaise, weakness and poor appetite,
chronic cough, blood in the sputum, chest
pain, and shortness of breath and swelling in
the neck due to enlarged lymph nodes.
5. Typhoid Fever. A bacterial infection that first
attacks the intestines, and then spreads to
the liver, spleen, and gall bladder. The
disease is highly infectious, transmitted
through contaminated water and food. Even
after a person has recovered from typhoid
fever, he may remain a carrier of bacteria
for years. Typhoid fever can be fatal if not
treated promptly. Symptoms are severe
headache, cough, high fever, chills, loss of
appetite, weakness, constipation, and
abdominal pain
6. Diarrhea. Is a loose, watery stool. A person
with diarrhea typically passes stool more
than three times a day. Acute diarrhea is a
common problem that usually lasts 1 or 2
days and goes away on its own without
special treatment. Prolonged diarrhea
persisting for more than 2 days may be a
sign of a more serious problem and poses
the risk of dehydration.
Chronic diarrhea may be a feature of a
chronic disease Diarrhea can cause
dehydration, a state which means that the
body lacks enough fluid to function properly.
Dehydration is particularly dangerous in
children and older people, and it must be
treated promptly to avoid serious health
problems. The fluid and electrolytes lost
during diarrhea need to be replaced
promptly because the body cannot function
without them. Electrolytes are the salts and
minerals that affect the amount of water in
your body, muscle activity, and other
important functions. Liquids like broth and
soup that contains sodium and fruits juices,
soft fruits, or vegetable that contain
potassium, help restore electrolyte levels.
Over-the-counter rehydration solution like
Pedialyte is also a good electrolyte source
and is especially recommended for use in
children.
Note: Vaccines for some common diseases are
available for free at government health center.
Sexually Transmitted disease (STDs)
STDs are diseases or infections which are
transmitted between humans by means of sexual
contact. There are also instances in which some
sexually transmitted infections are transmitted
through birth, needles, breastfeeding or even by
using public toilets.
Examples of STDs
Genital herpes. Caused by the herpes simplex
viruses type 1 (HSV-1) and type (HSV-2). Signs
typically appear as one or more blisters on or
around the genitals or rectum. The blisters break,
leaving tender ulcers (sores) that may take two to
four weeks to heal the first time they occur.
Syphilis. Caused by the bacterium Treponema
palladium. Syphilis is passed from person to
person through direct contact with a syphilis
sore.
Sores occur mainly on the external genitals, Some people only find out that they have HIV
vagina, anus, or in the rectum. Sores also can when it has already developed into AIDS.
occur on the lips and in the mouth. Pregnant
women with disease can pass it to the babies they Because HIV attacks the immune system, people
are carrying. Syphilis cannot be spread through with HIV (or AIDS) can have several illnesses,
contact with toilet seats, doorknobs, swimming
illnesses that the immune system could no longer
pools, hot tubs, bathtubs, shared clothing, or
fight that may lead to the patient’s death.
eating utensils.
Diseases that commonly afflict AIDS victims are
Gonorrhea. Caused by Neisseria gonorrhea, a pneumonia, diarrhea, tuberculosis, herpes and
bacterium that can grow and multiply easily in the many more.
warm, moist areas of the reproductive tract,
including the vertex (opening the womb), uterus SYMPTOMS OF AIDS
(womb), and fallopian tubes (egg canals) in
women, and in the urethra (urine canal) in women
The symptoms of AIDS can be felt between two
and men. The bacterium can also grow in the
months to ten years. These can include:
mouth, throat, eyes, and anus.

Non-gonococcal Urethritis (NGU). An - Unexplained, continuous swelling of glands

inflammation of the urethra. The symptoms of (For example, in the breast, neck, and
which can include pain or a burning sensation armpits)
upon urination, a white/cloudy discharge, and a - Soaking night sweats
feeling that you need to pass urine frequently. - Fever
There are instances that the infected person - Chills
develops no symptoms. - Paralyzing fatigue
- More than ten pounds of weight less than two
AIDS or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
months
Acquired. The virus is acquired directly - Diarrhea that lasts for several weeks
through sexual contact or through other body
Although these signs and symptoms may also
fluids from the person infected with HIV.
indicate many other illnesses, it is best to consult
Immune. It attacks the immune system, the doctor immediately once they occur. There
the body’s defense against Illnesses. are blood tests that can determine if a person is
Deficiency. The body’s immune system infected with HIV.
becomes defenseless and unable to fight
infections once AIDS sets in. 1. Through sexual contact, primarily
unprotected vaginal or anal intercourse.
Syndrome. Those sick with AIDS will develop a set Transmission through oral sex is also
of symptoms or diseases as a result of a possible.
weakened immune system. 2. By sharing needles (used with syringes)
such as those used as drug paraphernalia.
3. By receiving transfusion of HIV- infected
HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus,
blood.
the virus that causes AIDs. HIV is found in the
4. Through transplant of an HIV- infected
blood and other body fluids such as semen,
organ.
vaginal secretions and breast milk of mothers
5. By using contaminated skin-piercing
infected with the virus. A person can be infected instruments like needles, syringes, razor
with HIV for a long time (even up to 10 years) and blades, tattoo needles or circumcision
not know it. instruments.
6. Through injury by contaminated needles or
another sharp object.
7. Through prenatal modes, which means
passed from mother to infant during
pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.
8. By getting the mucus membranes such as
the eyes or opened wounds splashed with
infected blood or other body fluids.
Take note that materials and instruments like
needles, razor blades and the like are only
contaminated if they carry traces of blood or
body fluids from an infected HIV person.
STEPS IN PREVENTING AIDS
1. Maintain a high sense of moral values
2. Be faithful to the partner
3. Stay away from bad vices and
influencers
4. Provide program that will strengthen the
family
5. Provide adequate programs and
facilities designed to uphold total
development of young individuals.
6. Use other acceptable methods
prescribed by the government.
DENGUE H-FEVER
Dengue Hemorrhagic-Fever is one of the
common but serious infectious viral diseases
found in sub-tropical countries like the
Philippines. It is an infection carried by the Aedes
Aegpti mosquito.
AEDES AEGYPITI
Dengue fever is transmitted by the mosquito of
the genus Aedes aegypti. Aedes comes from the
Greek term meaning unfriendly or unpleasant.
True to its meaning, the mosquito is detested in
anyone’s household.
Aedes aegypti bites during daytime and breeds
in clear stagnant water. Possible breeding
places included flower vases, old rubber tries,
discarded open tin cans and water pails. It is
characterized by white stripes on its thorax
(body) and is smaller in size than the ordinary
household mosquito.
The mosquito is usually found in tropics and
subtropics. The adult mosquito rests in the dark
places of the houses
SYMPTOMS OF DENGUE H-FEVER
1. The patient experiences a sudden onset
of a high and prolonged fever. The fever
may last up to seven days.
2. Joint and muscle pains usually come
during the initial stage of infection.
3. Pain behind the eyes, of which pain is
especially evident when the patient
moves his eyes.
4. Feebleness or weakness is felt by the
patient, and the movement of the entire
or parts of the body will be very difficult.
5. Appearance of tiny red spots called
petechiae, also known as
maculopapular, on the skin. A dengue
case usually reveals 20 or more red
spots in one cubic inch of the skin.
6. Nose bleeding after fever starts to wane.
7. Enlargement of the liver which will be
evident at the abdominal area.
8. Vomiting of brownish to blackish
discharge.
9. Dark-stained stools. Blood may also
accompany the stools.
PREVENTING DENGUE THROUGH THE FOUR
O’CLOCK HABIT
1. Keep drums, pails and other water
containers covered to avoid becoming
breeding grounds for mosquitos.
2. Replace water in the flower vase
regularly.
3. Clean all the side portions of water
storage at least once a week.
4. Roof gutters must be maintained in such
a way that train water can fall freely
towards the down spout.
5. Old tires used as weight to support roofs
must be disposed or punctured.
6. Dispose all empty tin cans, bottles and
other things that can hold water that
may be serve as breeding ground for
mosquitoes.
7. Say no to indiscriminate fogging.
PANDEMIC
A pandemic (from Greek πᾶν, pan, "all"
and δῆμος, demos, "people”) is an epidemic of an
infectious disease that has spread across a large
region, for instance, multiple continents or
worldwide, affecting a substantial number of
people. A widespread endemic disease with a
stable number of infected people is not a
pandemic.
PANDEMIC VS EPIDEMIC
What is a pandemic?
A pandemic is a type of epidemic that
relates to geographic spread and describes a
disease that affects an entire country or the
whole world.
An epidemic becomes a pandemic when
it spreads over significant geographical areas
and affects a large percent of the population.
In short, a pandemic is an epidemic on a
national or global level.
What is an epidemic?
An epidemic is an outbreak of a disease
that spreads quickly and affects many people at
the same time. An outbreak occurs when there is
a sudden increase in the number of cases of a
disease, like COVID-19.
It generally describes an increase that
was not anticipated. An outbreak can occur in a
community, geographical area, or several
countries.
An epidemic is often used broadly to
describe any problem that has grown out of
control. During an epidemic, the disease is
actively spreading.
10 OF THE WORST PANDEMICS IN
HISTORY
1. HIV/AIDS PANDEMIC (AT ITS PEAK, 2005-
2012)
Death Toll: 36 million
Cause: HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS has truly proven itself as a
global pandemic, killing more than 36 million
people since 1981 when it was first discovered in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1976.
Among the 31 to 35 million people who are
currently living with HIV, most of them are those
who live in Sub-Saharan Africa, 5% of their
population is infected which is around 21 million
people. As awareness has grown, new
treatments have been developed that make HIV
far more manageable, and many of those
infected go on to lead productive lives. Between
2005 and 2012 the annual global deaths from
HIV/AIDS dropped from 2.2 million to 1.6 million.
2. FLU PANDEMIC (1968)
Death Toll: 1 million
Cause: Influenza
“The Hong Kong Flu”, also referred to as
category 2 Flu. The flu pandemic of 1968 was
caused by the H3N2 stain of the Influenza. A virus,
a genetic offshoot of the H2N2 subtype. It only
took the virus 17 days, from the first reported
case on July 13, 1968, before the outbreaks of
the virus were reported to have reached
Singapore and Vietnam, and only three months to
reach the Philippines, India, Australia, Europe,
and United States. This pandemic still caused the
death of more than a million people even though
the mortality rate of the virus was only .5%. This
pandemic caused the death of more than a
million people, which includes the 500,000
residents of Hong Kong which comprises 15% of
their population at that time.
3. ASIAN FLU (1956-1958)
Death Toll: 2 million
Cause: Influenza
From 1956 to 1958, the Asian Flu was a
pandemic outbreak of Influenza A of the H2N2
subtype that originated in China. In its two-year
spree, Asian Flu traveled from the Chinese
province of Guizhou to Singapore, Hong Kong,
and the United States. Depending on the source,
estimates for the death toll of the Asian Flu vary,
but the World Health Organization places the final
tally at approximately 2 million deaths, 69,800 of
those in the US alone.
4. FLU PANDEMIC (1918)
Death Toll:20 -50 million
Cause: Influenza
A disturbingly deadly outbreak of
influenza tore across the globe between the
years 1928 and 1920, infecting over a third of the
world’s population and ending the lives of 20 – 50
million people.
Of the 500 million people infected in the
1918 pandemic, the mortality rate was estimated
at 10% to 20%, with up to 25 million deaths in the
first 25 weeks alone.
5. SIXTH CHOLERA PANDEMIC (1910-1911)
Death Toll: 800,000+
Cause: Cholera
Like its five previous incarnations, the
Sixth Cholera Pandemic originated in India where
it killed over 800,000, before spreading to the
Middle East, North Africa, Eastern Europe, and
Russia. The Sixth Cholera Pandemic was also the
source of the last American outbreak of Cholera
(1910–1911).
6. FLU PANDEMIC (1889-1890)
Death Toll: 1 million
Cause: Influenza
Originally the “Asiatic Flu” or “Russian
Flu”, this strain was thought to be an outbreak of
the Influenza A virus subtype H2N2, though
recent discoveries have instead found the cause
to be the Influenza A virus subtype H3N8. The first
cases were observed in May 1889 in three
separate and distant locations, Bukhara in
Central Asia (Turkestan), Athabasca in
northwestern Canada, and Greenland. Rapid
population growth of the 19th century,
specifically in urban areas, only helped the flu
spread, and before long the outbreak had
spread across the globe.
Though it was the first true epidemic in
the era of bacteriology and much was learned
from it. In the end, the 1889-1890 Flu Pandemic
claimed the lives of over a million individuals.
7. THIRD CHOLERA PANDEMIC (1852–
1860)
Death Toll: 1 million
Cause: Cholera
Generally considered the deadliest of
the seven cholera pandemics, the third major
outbreak of Cholera in the 19th century lasted
from 1852 to 1860. The Third Cholera also
originated in India, like the first and second
pandemics, spreading from the Ganges River
Delta, before it started spreading through Asia,
Europe, North America, and Africa.
This pandemic ended over a million
people’s lives. John Snow, a British physician,
tracked the cases of cholera, while he was
working in the poor area in London, and was able
to successfully identify the means of transmitting
the disease; through contaminated water.
8. THE BLACK DEATH (1346-1353)
Death Toll:75 – 200 million
Cause: Bubonic Plague
An outbreak of Plague, from 1346 to
1353, ravaged Europe, Africa, and Asia with an
estimated death toll of 75 to 200 million people.
The Plague is suspected to have originated from
Asia and jumped continents through the fleas
living on rates that often board merchant ships.
During that time, ports are considered to
be the major urban centers which make it the
perfect breeding grounds for rats and fleas,
which made the bacterium flourish, devastating
three continents with it.
9. PLAGUE OF JUSTINIAN (541-542)
Death Toll: 25 million
Cause: Bubonic Plague
The Plague of Justinian was a bubonic
plague outbreak that afflicted the Byzantine
Empire and Mediterranean port cities. This
plague was estimated to have killed up to 25
million people, around half of the population of
Europe at that time, in its year-long reign of
terror. The Plague of Justinian, regarded as the
first recorded incident of Bubonic Plague, made
its mark on the world.
10. ANTONINE PLAGUE (165 AD)
Death Toll: 5 million
Cause: Unknown
The Antonine Plague, also known as the
Plague of Galen, was an ancient pandemic that
affected Asia Minor, Egypt, Greece, and Italy. The
true cause of this plague is still unknown but it is
thought to have been either Smallpox or Measles.
The disease was spread by the Roman soldiers
coming back from Mesopotamia around 165 A.D.
This disease caused them 5 million people and it
decimated the Roman army.
What about COVID-19 (the novel coronavirus)?
In the region of Wuhan, China, a new
(“novel”) coronavirus has begun showing itself in
human beings at the beginning of December
2019. They have named the virus “coronavirus
disease of 2019” or COVID-19 for short. Because
it is a new virus, no one on earth has immunity
against this virus, thus the quick spread of the
virus among people. Originally, it was considered
as an epidemic in China, however, within a few
months, the virus managed to spread worldwide.
By March 2020, WHO declared COVID-19 as a
pandemic.
By the end of that same month, more
than half a million was already infected and the
death nearly reached 30, 000. The infection rate
in the US and other countries was still spiking.
As a result of this pandemic, people have
become more aware of the best practices during
the pandemic, from careful hand-washing to
social distancing. Countries across the world
declared mandatory stay-at-home measures,
closing schools, businesses, and public places.
Dozens of companies and many more
independent researchers began working on
tests, treatments, and vaccines. The push for the
human race to survive the pandemic became the
primary concern in the world.
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an
infectious disease caused by a newly discovered
coronavirus. Most people who fall sick with
COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate
symptoms and recover without special
treatment.
How It Spreads?
- The virus that causes COVID-19 is mainly
transmitted through droplets generated
when an infected person coughs, sneezes,
or exhales. These droplets are too heavy to
hang in the air and quickly fall on floors or
surfaces. You can be infected by breathing
in the virus if you are within proximity of
someone who has COVID-19, or by
touching a contaminated surface and then
your eyes, nose, or mouth.
 COVID-19 affects different people in 9. Mask
different ways. Most infected people will develop
mild to moderate illness and recover without - Masks can help prevent the spread of the
hospitalization. virus from the person wearing the mask to
others. Masks alone do not protect against
Most common symptoms: COVID-19 and should be combined with
1. fever physical distancing and hand hygiene.
2. dry cough Follow the advice provided by your local
3. tiredness health authority.

Less common symptoms: To date, there are no specific vaccines or

1. aches and pains
2. sore throat
3. diarrhea
4. conjunctivitis
5. headache
6. loss of taste or smell
7. a rash on the skin, or discoloration of
fingers or toes
Protect yourself and others around you by
knowing the facts and taking appropriate
precautions. Follow the advice provided by your
local health authority.
To prevent the spread of COVID-19:
1. Clean your hands often. Use soap and
water, or an alcohol-based hand rub.
2. Maintain a safe distance from anyone who is
coughing or sneezing.
3. Wear a mask when physical distancing is not
possible.
4. Don’t touch your eyes, nose, or mouth.
5. Cover your nose and mouth with your bent
elbow or a tissue when you cough or
sneeze.
6. Stay home if you feel unwell.
7. If you have a fever, cough, and difficulty
breathing, seek medical attention.
8. Calling in advance allows your healthcare
provider to quickly direct you to the right
health facility. This protects you and
prevents the spread of viruses and other
infections.
medicines for COVID-19. Treatments are under
investigation and will be tested through clinical
trials. World Health Organization
1. Self-care
- If you feel sick you should rest, drink plenty
of fluid, and eat nutritious food. Stay in a
separate room from other family
members, and use a dedicated bathroom
if possible. Clean and disinfect frequently
touched surfaces.
Everyone should keep a healthy lifestyle at
home. Maintain a healthy diet, sleep, stay
active, and make social contact with loved
ones through the phone or the internet.
Children need extra love and attention
from adults during difficult times. Keep to
regular routines and schedules as much
as possible.
It is normal to feel sad, stressed, or
confused during a crisis. Talking to people
you trust, such as friends and family can
help. If you feel overwhelmed, talk to a
health worker or counselor.
2. Medical treatments
If you have mild symptoms and are
otherwise healthy, self-isolate and contact your
medical provider or a COVID-19 information line
for advice. Seek medical care if you have a fever,
a cough, and difficulty breathing. Call in advance.
What to do Before and During Pandemic Virus prevention suggestions

Before a Pandemic 1. Preventing viruses – practice social

distancing
1. Store additional supplies of food and 2. Preventing viruses – wash hands often
water and avoid touching your face
2. Check your regular prescription drug 3. How to avoid viruses – wear disposable
supplies. gloves when going in public places and
3. Have any nonprescription drugs and wash hands as soon as possible
other health supplies on hand, including 4. Don’t panic-buy or hoard supplies until
pain relievers, stomach remedies, experts determine what cause
cough, and cold medicines, fluids with coronavirus
electrolytes, and vitamins. 5. Keep prescriptions current & non-
4. Get copies and maintain electric versions prescription medicines available
of health records 6. Keep your health records accessible on
5. Talk with family members and loved ones paper or online
about how they would be cared for if
they got sick, or what will be needed to How to Avoid Viruses & Maintain One’s
care for them in your home. Psychological Well-Being

During Pandemic
1. Maintain a regular sleep pattern
2. Keep to everyday routines as much as
Main goal: limit the spread of germs and
possible
prevent infection
3. Maintain physical activity & keep your
immune system boosted
1. Avoid close contact with people who are
4. Do not panic
sick
2. When you are sick, keep your distance
from others to protect them from getting
sick too
3. Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue
when coughing or sneezing
4. Washing your hands often will help
protect you from germs
5. Avoid touching your eyes, nose or mouth
6. Practice good health habits. Get plenty of
sleep, be physically active, manage your
stress, drink plenty of fluids, and eat
nutritious food.
 NSTP 2
UNIT IV
Developing And Maintaining
The Viability Of Social
Organizations For Community
Development
Definition and Nature of Social Organization.
If a number of men have a common aim but
simply proceed to work toward it as they see fit
in disregard to the rest, they are likely to work
cross purposes. Sooner or later, one of them will
probably seek to improve the situation by
suggesting Let’s get organized.
Types of Social Organization.
Formal Organization
- Refers to the organizational pattern
designed by the management. These are
explicit procedures as to the division of
labor and power of control, the rules and
regulations about wages, fines, etc
Informal Organization
- Refers to the social interactions that
develop among the workers above and
beyond the formal one determined by the
organization (i.e., they not only work as a
team but also as friends) or to the actual
organizational relations as they evolved
as a consequence of the interaction
between the organization’s design or
rules and pressures of interpersonal
relations among the participants.
Role of Social Organization in Community
Development
Modern society depends largely on social
organizations as the most rational and efficient
form of bringing in social grouping known to
effect positive changes.
ELEMENTS AND/OR ATTRIBUTES NECESSARY
TO DEVELOP AND MAINTAIN VIABILITY OF
SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
1. Effective program for recruitment and
development of talent.
It is essential for social
organizations to have the kind of recruitment
that will bring a steady flow of able and highly
motivated individuals.
2. Establishing hospitable environment for the
individual and making clear to him his
responsibilities. There must be a hospitable
environment for the individual and his
responsibilities should be made clear to him.
The following are some important
responsibilities of a member of an
organization:
a. Respect for his fellows.
- Willingness to recognize that the
importance of every individual is a primal
requisite for the maintenance of the social
organization
b. Help build harmonious relationship.
- The relationships of the members, to a
great extent, determine the viability of the
organization.
c. Express his ideas/feeling openly and clearly.
- The proper functioning of the organization
toward the realization of its goals,
suggestions, comments, etc. from the
members are very important.
3. Sound System of Evaluation
a. Organizational Level. The organizational must
have a built-in system of evaluating its
performance in relation to its goals.
b. Individual Level. The organization must
encourage criticism and self-criticism to
minimize misunderstanding among members.
4. Adaptability of Internal Structure. Of course,
the organization must be manned with
people.

a. Division of Labor. The activities of the

organization should be divided and grouped so
as to contribute effectively to its objectives.

b. Specialization. The work of every individual in

the organization should be combined as
far as possible to the performance of a single
leading function.

c. Coordination. Coordination means that an

organization manifests a spirit of cooperation
and goodwill and integrates themselves into
teams in order to produce good results.

5. Leadership. The selection of a leader is an

important factor for an organization to
develop. It lies in the leaders’ the success or
failure of the implementation of a program
or project.

6. Effective Internal and External

Communication. Communication is a process
by which in information, decisions and
directives pass through a social system and
the ways in which knowledge, opinions and
attitudes are formed or modifies.

7. Flexibility. Flexibility is the ability to adjust,

adopt or change to new situations

a. Flexibility of Policies and Procedures. The

success of an organization is dependent
upon its policies and operating procedures.

b. Flexibility of Objectives. Objectives are

said to direct the activities of the
organization toward the achievement of
goals.

c. Flexibility of Plans. A plan is a guide to an

activity but does not function like a road
map.