LESSON 2: FORCE AND MOTION  The greater an object’s mass, the greater

its inertia and the less its motion changes

The Concept of Force
If an object moves with uniform motion
(constant velocity), no force is required to
maintain the motion. “Only a force can cause a
change in velocity that causes a body to
accelerate.”
Force
when pushed or pulled by a force.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
1. The Law of Inertia
 “A body at rest will remain at rest and a
body in motion will continue to move in
motion at constant velocity in a straight
line” unless, in either case, it is acted
upon by an external unbalanced force.

 an interaction that causes an acceleration If,

of a body.
 The magnitudes of forces are defined in then,
terms of the acceleration they give the
standard kilogram. 2. The Law of Acceleration
 One Newton (I N) – force that accelerates  An unbalanced force acting on an object
that standard body by exactly 1. will cause the object to accelerate in the
 The direction of the force is the direction direction of the force.
of the acceleration; it is a vector quantity.  Kinematics is often used to relate an
 The net force on a body is the vector sum object’s acceleration to its changing
of all the forces acting on it. velocity and position.
 The acceleration is directly proportional
1. Weight — is a force, primarily due to an to the vector sum of all the forces acting
attraction, that pulls the body directly toward on the object.
a nearby astronomical body, such as earth.
 The acceleration is inversely
2. Normal Force — is the perpendicular force
proportional to the object’s mass.
(perpendicular to the surface) experienced
by a body that is pressed against a surface
or pressed against another body.
3. Friction — is a force, which opposes the
relative motion of a body at rest or in
motion.
3. The Law of Action and Reaction Forces
4. Tension — is the force exerted by a string,
rope or cable on an object to which it is  Whenever one object exerts a force on
attached. A tension force pulls in the another object, the second object exerts
direction of the rope and is exerted a reaction force of equal magnitude but
uniformly along its entire length. in opposite direction to the first force.
 It is equivalent to stating that forces
Mass always occur in pairs, or that a single
isolated force cannot exist.
 a scalar quantity
 is commonly known qualitatively as the
amount of matter which an object is made.
 Defined also as a measure of an object’s
inertia.

Applications of Newton’s Second Law
Problem-Solving Strategy
1. Draw a simple, neat diagram of the system.
2. Isolate the object of interest and draw the
force diagram or free body diagram for the
object; a diagram showing all external forces
acting on the object. Do not include forces
exerted by the object on its surrounding. For
systems containing more than one object, draw
separate diagrams for each object.
3. Establish convenient coordinate axes for
each object and find the component of the
forces along these axes.
4. Solve for the unknowns. You must have as
many independent equations as the number of
unknowns.
Friction
 It opposes the motion of an object across a
surface on which it rests.
 is directed parallel to the surface of the
contact. 2 types:
1. Static Friction
 exists when an object does not slide
along a surface on which it rests even
through a force is exerted to make it
slide.
 the static frictional force resists the
applied force.
 static because the box remains
stationary.
The maximum force that static frictional
force exerts depends on two factors:
a. The relative roughness of two surfaces
in contact. Roughness is measured by the
coefficient of static friction μs. The larger
the value of μs, the rougher the surfaces
and the harder it is to move the object.
b. The magnitude of the normal force
between the object and the surface on
which it rests. The larger the normal force,
the harder it is to make the object move.
2. Kinetic Friction
 As an object slides across a surface,
kinetic frictional force opposes its
motion.
 The word kinetic signifies that the object
is moving.
 After an object, initially at rest, that is
pushed or pulled, starts to move, less
force is usually needed to keep the
object sliding than the force required to
make the object move. That is, “kinetic
frictional force is less than the maximum
static friction.”
 The effect of friction on the motion of an
object is accounted for by defining a
coefficient of kinetic friction, μk, a
number less than the coefficient of static
friction μs.
Properties of Frictional Force
 If a body remains stationary, the static
frictional force fs, and the component of the
applied force that is parallel to the surface
are equal in magnitude but opposite in
direction. If the component of parallel to the
surface increases, then fs also increases.
 The magnitude of fs:
fs ≤ μsN
fs (max) = μsN
 If the component of parallel to the surface
exceeds μsN, then the body begins to slide
on the surface.
 Once a body begins to slide along a
surface, the magnitude of the frictional force
rapidly decreases to a smaller constant
value given:
fk = μkN,
where μk < μs.