RizWan Ms Presentation

Introduction
History
Gravitational Decoupling of Einstein- Maxwell Field Equations
Minimum Geometric Deformation Approach
Isotropic and Anisotropic Solutions
Summary
Reference
Implication of Complexity Factor on

Gravitation Decoupled Stellar Models
Presented By: Rizwan Akbar

(MS Mathematics)
Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Zubair

Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus
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Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
Layout
1 Introduction
2 History
3 Gravitational Decoupling of Einstein- Maxwell Field
Equations
4 Minimum Geometric Deformation Approach
5 Isotropic and Anisotropic Solutions
6 Summary
7 Reference
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Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
Introduction
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Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
General Relativity
Theory of space time and gravity is known as theory of

Einstein’ s general theory of relativity (GTR), which is
suggested in 1916. This theory is generalization of special
theory of relativity.
General theory of relativity (GTR)[1] is one of the most
significant theoretical outcome of the last century, which
proved very useful in the description of gravitational
phenomena on both cosmological and astrophysical levels.
Different aspects including luminosity, anisotropy and stability
of stellar configurations have widely been studied in literature.
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Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
Isotropy and Anisotropy
Isotropy in stellar configurations has equal pressure

distribution in both components of pressure in different
directions.
Anisotropy in stellar configurations is appeared due to unequal
pressure distribution in radial and tangential directions
It gets momentum due to the multiple factors such as the
presence of mixture of different kinds of fluids, viscosity,
rotation, magnetic effects and super-fluids.
It possesses several interesting features which helps to provide
a realistic picture of stellar structures.
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Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
Complexity Analysis
In astrophysics, the study of stellar objects is an interesting

phenomenon due to their physical features which motivate the
researchers to explore these objects.
Different aspects including luminosity, anisotropy and stability
of stellar configurations have widely been studied in literature.
However, the term complexity factor is not studied in detail
for stellar objects.
The word complexity refers to a factor that includes all the
terms inducing complications in a system.
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Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
Many efforts have been devoted in the past towards a rigorous

definition of complexity in different branches of science,
although there is not yet consensus on a precise definition.
Most of the definitions of complexity proposed by different
scientists are based on information and entropy. Information
can be a specific data set or knowledge related to a certain
object while entropy describes the behavior of a system which
is either organized or not.
In a system, there may exist many other basic factors through
which complexity of the system can be defined, thus it is not
sufficient to describe complexity only by the terms,
information and entropy.
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Introduction
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Summary
Reference
Recently, Herrera [L. Herrera, Phys. Rev. D 97, 044010

(2018)] introduced a quite different definition of complexity
for a self-gravitating system. This definition is related to the
notion of structure of the system but is not related to entropy
or information.
This definition is based on a quantity, that has been referred
as complexity factor, that appears in the orthogonal splitting
of the Riemann tensor and it is based on the basic assumption
that less complexity of the structure corresponds to the fluid
distribution having homogeneous energy density and isotropic
pressure.
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Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
Analytical solutions of Einstein Field Equations and

gravitational decoupling
In recent years, it has been a great interest among researchers

to find exact anisotropic solutions of EFEs but it is not an
easy work due to the presence of nonlinear terms in EFEs.
Ovalle [2] presented an elegant and easy technique termed as
gravitational decoupling via Minimal Geometric deformation
(MGD) approach.
It proves a simple but powerful mathematical tool to provide
analytic solutions for spherically symmetric stellar’s interiors.
The prominent feature of this technique is that it preserves
the both spherical symmetry and physical acceptability.
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Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
Gravitational decoupling through Minimal Geometric

Deformation works in the following manner:
(1) (1)
T̂αβ → T̃αβ = T̂αβ + Tαβ ,
(1) (2) (1) (2)
T̃αβ → T̃αβ = T̃αβ + Tαβ ,
(n−1) (n) (n−1) (n)
T̃αβ → T̃αβ = T̃αβ + Tαβ .
This process can be continued as long as the system maintains

its symmetry and the sources do not interchange EMT, i.e.,
∇β T̂ αβ = ∇β T (1)αβ = ... = ∇β T (n)αβ = 0.
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Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
History
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Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
History
Through the minimal geometric deformation (MGD)
technique, Ovalle [3] proposed an easy, and direct way to
decouple the gravitational sources in the framework of general
relativity (GR). This approach was first proposed within the
background of the Randall-Sundrum brane-world [4-6]. It was
used to analyze the phenomenon of black holes [7,8].
In the background of brane-world version of Tolman IV perfect
fluid solution, Ovalle and Linares [9] developed an exact
anisotropic stellar model.
Ovalle and his collaborators [10] obtained anisotropic
solutions for static spherically symmetric source by extending
an isotropic solution in the realm of GR and evaluated the
feasibility of the solution by shwoing behavior of all
thermos-dynamical observables graphically. 12 / 40
Introduction
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Summary
Reference
History
Casadio and his collaborators [11] presented an extended

version of MGD technique which deforms the both radial as
well as temporal metric potentials and employed it to obtain a
new solution for spherically symmetric spacetime.
Contreras and Bargueo [12] employed this extended approach
and successfully decoupled the field equations in 1 +
2-dimensional gravity. They implemented it to obtain exterior
charged BTZ model from the corresponding vacuum solution.
Sharif and Ama-Tul-Mughani [13] implemented this extended
version of geometric deformation to construct solutions for
anisotropic static sphere.
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Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
Gravitational Decoupling
of Einstein- Maxwell Field
Equations
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Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
Gravitational Decoupling of Einstein- Maxwell Field

Equations
The modified action in the presence of electromagnetic field and

an extra source can be defined as
√
Z
1
I = (R + Lmatter + Le + βLψ ) −g d 4 x, (1)
16
where R is the Ricci scalar and g is the determinant of metric
tensor gmn , while Lmatter , Le and Lψ are the Lagrangian matter
density, Lagrangian for electromagnetic field and Lagrangian
density for the additional source, respectively.
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Introduction
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Summary
Reference

Equations
By varying the action (1) with respect to the g mn , we get equation
of motion for the system in the following generic form
Rgmn (c)
Gmn = Rmn − = Tmn , (2)
2
where total energy momentum tensor is the sum of energy
momentum tensor and second tensor for additional source, i.e.,
(c)
Tmn = 8π(Tmn + Emn + βψmn ). (3)
In Eq.(2), Gmn represents the Einstein tensor. Besides, energy
momentum tensor Tmn for perfect fluid and electromagnetic field
tensor Emn are defined as
Tmn = (ρ + P)Uµ Uν − Pgmn , (4)
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Introduction
History
Summary
Reference

Equations
We consider the line-element to describe the interior of spherically
symmetric static gravitational source as
ds 2 = e σ(r ) dt 2 − e ω(r ) dr 2 − r 2 dθ2 + sin2 θdφ2 ,

(6)
where metric potentials σ(r ) and ω(r ) are the functions of radial
coordinate only ranging from r=0 to r=R. By taking Eqs.(2) and
(6) into account, we have following set of field equations for the
spherically symmetric charged anisotropic stellar system
1 ωe −ω ω 0 e −ω q2
8πρ(c) = − + − , (7)
r2 r2 r r4
σ0 q2

(c) 1 1
8πPr = e −ω + 2 − 2 + 4, (8)
r r r r
00 02 0 σ0ω0 ω0 q2

σ σ σ 17 / 40
Introduction
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Summary
Reference
Einstein- Maxwell Field Equations

However, the total energy momentum T c given in (3) can be
expressed as
ρ(c) = ρ + βψtt , (10)

(c)
Pr = P − βψrr , (11)
(c)
Pt = P− βψθθ , (12)
where ρc (r ) is the combined energy density, prc (r ) and ptc (r )

denote the combined radial and tangential pressures, respectively.
Here, we can see from Eqs.(11) and (12) that the anisotropic
factor assumes the following form
(c) (c)
∆ = Pt − Pr = β(ψrr − ψθθ ). (13)
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Introduction
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Summary
Reference
Minimum Geometric
Deformation Approach
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Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
MGD Approach
We consider MGD transformations on metric potentials in the
following manner
e σ 7→ e σ + βy (r ), (14)
−ω
e 7→ τ + βh(r ) (15)
where h and y are the geometric deformations functions subject to

temporal and radial metric coefficients, respectively. Here β is a
coupling constant and belongs to real numbers. We employ the
above mentioned linear transformations on metric potentials which
results in the division of the set field equations (7)-(9) into two
different subsystems. The first one is obtained against β = 0 and
second set is related to extra source ψmn .
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Introduction
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Summary
Reference
MGD Approach
The first set corresponding to β = 0 assumes the form as
1 τ τ 0 q2
8πρ = 2 − 2 + − 4, (16)
r r r r
1 τ 1 q2
8πP = − 2 + + σ0 + 4 , (17)
r r r r
τ 00 2σ 0 τ 0 0 2 q2
2
8πP = 2σ + σ 0 + + σ + − 4, (18)
4 r 4 r r
and the second set takes the following form
βh βh0
κψtt = −
− , (19)
r2 r
1 ξ0
κψrr = −βh 2 + (20)
r r
βh 2ξ 0 βh 0 2
κψθθ = − 2ξ 00 + ξ 02 + − ξ0 + (21) 21 / 40
Introduction
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Summary
Reference
Isotropic and Anisotropic

Solutions
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Introduction
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Summary
Reference
Isotropic Solution
We consider the well-known charged Heintzmann solution [14]

which is described as
2
e σ(r ) = A2 aCr 2 + 1 , (22)
−2/3
τ (r ) = Cr 2 3aCr 2 + 1 B + 2αCr 2 + 1,

(23)
√
αC 2 r 2 3aCr 2 + 1
3
E 2 (r ) = . (24)
aCr 2 + 1
Here, the parameter α in the Eq.(23) is present due to the electric
field, which is defined in Eq.(24).
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Introduction
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Reference
Isotropic Solution
By using Eq.(16) and Eq.(17), we can obtain the following

mathematical expression for ρ, p
1
ρ = −
+ 1) (3aCr 2 + 1)5/3
(aCr 2
h i
C B ȳ + αCr 2 31a2 C 2 r 4 + 38aCr 2 + 11 , (25)

2/3
C 5aBCr 2 + 13aαC 2 r 4 + 4a 3aCr 2 + 1 + B + 3αCr 2

P = (26),
(aCr 2 + 1) (3aCr 2 + 1)2/3
Where ȳ = 5a2 C 2 r 4 + 8aCr 2 + 3 .

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Introduction
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Reference
Anisotropic Solution
With the help of this additional information together with Eqs.(19)

and (20), the deformation functions y (r ), h(r ) can be evaluated.
Next, the total thermodynamical quantities ρc , Prc and Ptc can be
evaluated by using Eqs.(10), (11) and (12)
C (β + 8π)B 5a2 C 2 r 4 + 8aCr 2 + 3 + 2αCr 2 (βū + 4πv̄ )

(c)
ρ = − (27)
8 (3aCr 2 + 1)5/3 (πaCr 2 + π)
C (β + 8π)B 5aCr 2 + 1 + 2 aw̄ + α(β + 12π)Cr 2

(c)
Pr = , (28)
8ŷ (πaCr 2 + π)
where ū = 11a2 C 2 r 4 + 16aCr2 + 5 and

v̄ = 31a2 C 2 r 4 + 38aCr 2 + 11
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Introduction
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Reference
Anisotropic Solution
C (β + 8π)B 5aCr 2 + 1 + 4 am̄ + α(β + 6π)Cr 2

(c)
Pt = (29),
8ŷ (πaCr 2 + π)
2/3
Where m̄ = 8πŷ + 4αβC 2 r 4 + 26παC 2 r4 , ŷ = 3aCr 2 + 1

and w̄ = 16πŷ + 5αβC 2 r 4 + 52παC 2 r 4 .
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Introduction
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Discussion
0.00060
0.00006
β -2 (Solid) β -2 (Blue)
β = 0 (Dashed) β = 0 (Red)
0.00005
ρ(total) (MeV/fm3 )
0.00055 β = 2 (Dotted) β = 2 (Black)
P(total) (MeV/fm
0.00004
0.00050
0.00003
P - (Solid)
0.00002
0.00045 Pr total - (Dashed)
Pt total - (Dotted)
0.00001
0.00040 0.00000
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
r (km) r (km)
Figure: Evolution of energy density (ρc ) and pressure components, i.e.,

p (Solid), prc (Dashed), ptc (Dotted), w.r.t radial coordinate r for
compact star, namely PSRJ1614 − 2230 against different values of
β = 0, i.e., β = −2 (Blue), β = 0 (Red), β = 2 (Black).
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Introduction
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Summary
Reference
Discussion
The left side of Fig.1 indicates the behavior of Energy density

(ρc ) with respect to to radial coordinate r . It is positive
throughout inside the stellar configurations and attains its
maximum value at the initial radius for the compact star.
The total radial pressure (prc ) and tangential pressure (ptc )
remain positive throughout and these quantities are
monotonically decreasing functions of r .
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Introduction
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Summary
Reference
Discussion
0.000030
0.08 ωr Solid)
0.000025 β -2 (Solid) ωt Dashed)
β = 0 (Dashed)
0.000020 β = 2 (Dotted) 0.06
t
0.000015
r,
0.04
0.000010
β 2 (Blue)
0.02 β = 0 (Red)
5. × 10-6 β = 2 (Black
0.000000 0.00
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
r (km r (km)
Figure: Evolution of anisotropic factor and EoS parameters, i.e., wr

(Solid), wt (Dashed), w.r.t radial coordinate r for compact star, namely
PSRJ1614 − 2230 against different values of β = 0, i.e., β = −2 (Blue),
β = 0 (Red), β = 2 (Black).
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Introduction
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Discussion
The anisotropic factor is presented in Fig.2 for different values

of β, where it can be observed that intensity parameter β has
some important consequences. As the value of β increases,
the value of anisotropic factor ∆ is also increased.
The evolution of EoS parameters (wr , wt ) is shown in right
side of Fig.2. Both the parameters have maximum values less
than 31 .
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Introduction
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Summary
Reference
Discussion
0.25
β 0 (Red) 0.09
β 0 (Red)
β = 2 (Black)
β 2 (Black)
0.08
0.20
0.07
νr 2 ,νt 2
νt 2 -νr
0.15 0.06
0.05
0.10
νr 2 Solid) 0.04
νt 2 Dashed)
0.03
0.05
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
r (km) r (km)
Figure: Evolution of Vst2 (Solid) and Vst2 (Dashed) and |Vst2 − Vsr2 |, w.r.t
radial coordinate r for compact star, namely PSRJ1614 − 2230 against
different values of β = 0, i.e., β = −2 (Blue), β = 0 (Red), β = 2
(Black).
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Introduction
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Discussion
0.00065
β = -2 (Solid)
0.00060 β = 0 (Dashed)
β = 2 (Dotted)
0.00055
0.00050
0.00045
0.00040
0 2 4 6 8
r (km)
Figure: Evolution of charge Energy conditions for compact star namely,

PSRJ1614 − 2230.
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Introduction
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Summary
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Discussion
0.00001
β = -2 (Solid)
β = 0 (Dashed)
β = 2 (Dotted)
5. × 10-6
0.00000
Fi /
Fh - Blue
-5. × 10-6 Fg - Black
Fa - Red
Fe - Green
-0.00001
0 2 4 6 8
r (km)
Figure: Evolution of forces fg (Solids), fh (Dashed), fa (Dashing-

medium), fe (Dotted) w.r.t radial coordinate r for compact star, namely
PSRJ1614 − 2230.
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Introduction
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Summary
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Discussion
The evolution of TOV equation is presented in Fig.5, which

clearly shows that gravitational force fg is being balanced by
anisotropic fa , hydrostatic fh and electric fh forces in the
presence of electric charge. However, in the absence of
electric field, anisotropic fa and hydrostatic fh forces
counterbalance the gravitational force fg force.
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Introduction
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Summary
Reference
Summary
35 / 40
Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
Summary
In this work, We study known charged and uncharged

isotropic Heintzmann IIa solution and extend it to its
anisotropic domain by using gravitational decoupling through
minimum geometric deformation (MGD) approach.
We employ linear transformation on both metric potentials
and convert the single set of field equations into two
less-complicated subsystems. The first one is related to the
standard Einstein-Maxwell field equations (EFEs), while the
other one is related to additional source.
We evaluate the expressions for thermodynamical quantities
ρc , Prc and Ptc using mimic constraint and equation of state
(EoS).
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Introduction
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Reference
Reference
37 / 40
Introduction
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Summary
Reference
Reference
[1] A. Einstein, Annalen Phys. 49, 769822 (1916).

[2] J.Ovalle, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 23, 3247(2008).
[3] J. Ovalle, Phys. Rev. D 95, 104019 (2017).
[4] J. Ovalle, Modern Phys. Lett. A 23, 3247 (2008).
[5] J. Ovalle, R. Casadio, Beyond Einstein Gravity. The Minimal
Geometric Deformation Approach in the Brane-World (Springer,
Berlin, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39493-6
[6] L. Randall, R. Sundrum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 3370 (1999).
[7] R. Casadio, et al., Class. Quant. Gravit. 32, 215020 (2015).
[8] J. Ovalle, Int. J. Mod. Phys. Conf. Ser. 41, 1660132 (2016).
[9] J. Ovalle, F. Linares, Phys. Rev. D 88, 104026 (2013).
38 / 40
Introduction
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Summary
Reference
Reference
[10]J. Ovalle, R. Casadio, R. da Rocha, A. Sotomayor, Eur. Phys.

J. C 78, 122 (2018).
[11] R. Casadio and J. Ovalle, R. da Rocha, Classic. Quant. Grav.
32, 215020 (2015).
[12] E. Contreras and P. Bargueo, Classic. Quant. Grav. 36,
215009 (2019).
[13] M. Sharif and Q. Ama-Tul-Mughani, Ann of Phys. 415,
168122 (2020).
[14] S. Thirukkanesh, F. C. Ragel, Chin. Phys. C 40, 045101
(2016).
39 / 40
Introduction
History
Summary
Reference
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Introduction

Implication of Complexity Factor on

Presented By: Rizwan Akbar

Supervisor: Dr. Muhammad Zubair

Theory of space time and gravity is known as theory of

Isotropy and Anisotropy

Isotropy in stellar configurations has equal pressure

In astrophysics, the study of stellar objects is an interesting

Many efforts have been devoted in the past towards a rigorous

Recently, Herrera [L. Herrera, Phys. Rev. D 97, 044010

Analytical solutions of Einstein Field Equations and

In recent years, it has been a great interest among researchers

Gravitational decoupling through Minimal Geometric

This process can be continued as long as the system maintains

∇β T̂ αβ = ∇β T (1)αβ = ... = ∇β T (n)αβ = 0.

Casadio and his collaborators [11] presented an extended

Gravitational Decoupling of Einstein- Maxwell Field

The modified action in the presence of electromagnetic field and

Gravitational Decoupling of Einstein- Maxwell Field

Gravitational Decoupling of Einstein- Maxwell Field

Einstein- Maxwell Field Equations

ρ(c) = ρ + βψtt , (10)

where ρc (r ) is the combined energy density, prc (r ) and ptc (r )

where h and y are the geometric deformations functions subject to

Isotropic and Anisotropic

We consider the well-known charged Heintzmann solution [14]

By using Eq.(16) and Eq.(17), we can obtain the following

Where ȳ = 5a2 C 2 r 4 + 8aCr 2 + 3 .

With the help of this additional information together with Eqs.(19)

C (β + 8π)B 5a2 C 2 r 4 + 8aCr 2 + 3 + 2αCr 2 (βū + 4πv̄ )

where ū = 11a2 C 2 r 4 + 16aCr2 + 5 and

C (β + 8π)B 5aCr 2 + 1 + 4 am̄ + α(β + 6π)Cr 2

and w̄ = 16πŷ + 5αβC 2 r 4 + 52παC 2 r 4 .

0.00055 β = 2 (Dotted) β = 2 (Black)

Figure: Evolution of energy density (ρc ) and pressure components, i.e.,

The left side of Fig.1 indicates the behavior of Energy density

Figure: Evolution of anisotropic factor and EoS parameters, i.e., wr

The anisotropic factor is presented in Fig.2 for different values

Figure: Evolution of charge Energy conditions for compact star namely,

Figure: Evolution of forces fg (Solids), fh (Dashed), fa (Dashing-

The evolution of TOV equation is presented in Fig.5, which

In this work, We study known charged and uncharged

[1] A. Einstein, Annalen Phys. 49, 769822 (1916).

[10]J. Ovalle, R. Casadio, R. da Rocha, A. Sotomayor, Eur. Phys.

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