CHAPTER 2-

ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH

Prepared by: Sir Jaymark Ladia Sanchez
CHAPTER 2-
LESSON 1
CELL THEORY
• → cell is the basic unit of life
• Matthias Schleiden
• Theodor Schwann
• Rudolf Virchow

• JOHANNES PURKINJE → described the cell contents a

protoplasm
TYPES OF CELL
Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
SIX TENETS OF CELL
• The cell is the basic structure of life
• Cell function as a unit in all living things
• All cells are derived from pre-existing cells.
• All cells have a basic chemical composition
• Hereditary information (DNA) is passed on from cell
to cell
• Energy flows between cells.
• HENRI DUTROCHET
• Fundamental element of organization

• ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

• 270 x lens
• Animal cules
• KARL RUDOLPHI and J.H.F. LINK
• Prove that cell had independent cell wall
CELL
• → 5 to 50 micrometers in diameter
• CELL MEMBRANE → a thin, flexible barrier around the
cell
• CELL WALL → strong layer around the cell membrane
• NUCLEUS → large structure that contains the cell’s
genetic materials and controls the cell’s activities
• ROBERT BROWN
• CYTOPLASM → contain many important structures
• CHROMATIN → granular material visible within the nucleus.
• CHROMOSOMES → thread like structures containing the genetic
information
• NUCLEOUS → where the assembly of ribosomes begins
• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE → dotted with thousands of nuclear pores
• CYTOSKELETON → a network of protein filaments that helps
the cell maintains its shape.
• MICROTUBULES → 25 nanometer
• Maintain cell shape and can also serve as “tracks” along which
organelles are moved.
• MICROFILAMENTS → movement and support of the cell
ORGANELLES IN THE CYTOPLASM
• RIBOSOME → protein synthesis
• ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM → organelles in which components
of the cell membrane are assembled are modified
• SER → lipid synthesis
• RER → protein synthesis
• GOLGI APPARATUS → Camillo Golgi
• Enzymes in the golgi attach carbohydrates and lipids to protein
• Proteins are sent to their final destinations
• LYSOSOMES → to breakdown lipids,
carbohydrates and proteins from food into particles
• VACUOLES → storage room for water, salts,
proteins and carbohydrates. VESICLES
• CHLOROPLAST → use the sunlight energy to make
energy rich food molecules. CHLOROPHYLL
• MITOCHONDRIA → use energy from food to make
high energy compounds that the cell can use to
power growth, development and movement
 PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
STRUCTURES ANIMAL PLANT
CELL MEMBRANE / / /
CELL WALL / X /
NUCLEUS X / /
RIBOSOMES / / /
ER X / /
GOLGI APPARATUS X / /

LYSOSOME X / X
VACUOLE X SMALL/NONE /

MITOCHONDRIA X / /
CHLOROPLAST X X /
CYTOSKELETON X / /
PROKARYOTIC CELL
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL
CHAPTER 2-
LESSON 2
LIFE PROCESSES
• Organisms have to undergo metabolism, or the
totality of the life. However, they are always
exposed to periodic fluxes and changes in their
environment. Organisms should always achieve
homeostasis, an inherent ability to maintain a
dynamic equilibrium between the life processes
occurring inside them and the changes
happening to their surroundings
• GROWTH → increase in size
• REPRODUCTION → process by which
organisms produce organism of the same kind.
• Asexual
• Sexual
• NUTRITION
• Autotrophs
• Heterotrophs
• TRANSPORT → movement that allows usable
materials to be taken in (absorption) and
distributed throughout (circulation) the organism.
• SYNTHESIS → process allows form small, simple
substances to be chemically combined to form
more complex molecules that the organism can
utilize.
• Hormone synthesis
• COORDINATION → various activities occurring in
organisms must be coordinated throughout the body.
• EXCRETION → all cellular activities produce waste
products that the cell needs to remove to avoid
complications with toxicity.
• IMMUNITY → organisms have specialized organelles
and/or cells whose main function is to defend the body
against disease-causing pathogens.
CONSERVING AND TRANSFORMING ENERGY
• CHEMOSYNTHESIS → synthesize food from the ambient
inorganic nutrients present in the water.
• PHOTOHETEROTROPHS → such as nonsulfur bacteria,
can obtain sunlight for energy, but unlike plants, they
cannot use carbon dioxide as carbon source for food
production
• CHEMOHETEROTROPHS → oxidize organic compounds
that have been performed by other organisms rather than
obtaining them from inorganic sources
• CONSUMER, PRODUCER. DECOMPOSER
• FOOD CHAIN→ focuses on the stepwise interaction and flow of
nutrients within a system when one organism feeds on another
• HERBIVORES, CARNIVORES, OMNIVORES
• GRAZING FOOD CHAIN → focuses mainly on the dynamics of
producers and consumers in the system.
• DETRITUS – DERIVED FOOD CHAIN → focused mainly on the
decomposition of the detritus produced by both producers and
consumers.
• DETRITIVORES → organisms that feed on dead plants or
animals.
FOOD CHAIN FOOD WEB
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Energy (sunlight) + 6H2O + 6CO2 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
• LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTIONS
• DARK REACTION
• RESPIRATION
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy (ATP)
• AEROBIC RESPIRATION
• ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
CHAPTER 2-
LESSON 3
Genetics
• → is the study of heredity.
• Heredity is a biological process where a parent
passes certain genes onto their children or
offspring.
• CELL MODIFICATION → a change in living
organism acquired from its own activity or
environment and not transmitted to its descendants.
MUTATION
• → changing of the structure of a gene resulting in a variant form
that may transmitted to subsequent generations.
• Mutagents
• GENE MUTATION
• CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION
• SUBSTITUTION
• INSERTION
• DELETION
• FRAMESHIFT
•Genetic engineering, also called genetic
modification, is the direct manipulation of an
organism's genome using biotechnology.
APPLICATIONS
• Medicine
• Gene therapy
• Agriculture
• Conservation
• Food Industry
• Pharmaceutical Industry
CELL CYCLE
• The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the
series of events that take place in
a cell leading to its division and duplication
of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce
two daughter cells
Mitosis
• → is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in
a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of
chromosomes, and each set ends up in its own nucleus. In
general, mitosis (division of the nucleus)
MITOSIS OCCURS IN THE FOLLOWING CIRCUMSTANCES

•Development and growth

•Cell replacement
•Regeneration
•Asexual reproduction
Meiosis
• is a type of cell division that reduces the
number of chromosomes in the parent cell
by half and produces four gamete cells.
This process is required to produce egg
and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.