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Fuzzy Logic
Fuzzy Logic
The set theory of classical is the subset of Fuzzy set theory. Fuzzy logic is based on this theory, which
is a generalisation of the classical theory of set (i.e., crisp set) introduced by Zadeh in 1965.
A fuzzy set is a collection of values which exist between 0 and 1. Fuzzy sets are denoted or
represented by the tilde (~) character. The sets of Fuzzy theory were introduced in 1965 by Lofti A.
Zadeh and Dieter Klaua. In the fuzzy set, the partial membership also exists. This theory released as
an extension of classical set theory.
This theory is denoted mathematically asA fuzzy set (Ã) is a pair of U and M, where U is the Universe
of discourse and M is the membership function which takes on values in the interval [ 0, 1 ]. The
universe of discourse (U) is also denoted by Ω or X.
Example:
Let's suppose A is a set which contains following elements:
then,
For X1
For X2
For X3
For X4
Example:
then,
For X1
μA∩B(X1) = min (μA(X1), μB(X1))
μA∩B(X1) = min (0.3, 0.8)
μA∩B(X1) = 0.3
For X2
For X3
For X4
μĀ(x) = 1-μA(x),
Example:
then,
For X1
μĀ(X1) = 1-μA(X1)
μĀ(X1) = 1 - 0.3
μĀ(X1) = 0.7
For X2
μĀ(X2) = 1-μA(X2)
μĀ(X2) = 1 - 0.8
μĀ(X2) = 0.2
For X3
μĀ(X3) = 1-μA(X3)
μĀ(X3) = 1 - 0.5
μĀ(X3) = 0.5
For X4
μĀ(X4) = 1-μA(X4)
μĀ(X4) = 1 - 0.1
μĀ(X4) = 0.9
Alpha cut:
Strong α-cut of a fuzzy set A is a crisp set defined by Aα+ = { x | μA(x) > α }
Numerical 1: Compute the value of adding the following two fuzzy integers :
A = {(0.3, 1), (0.6, 2), (1, 3), (0.7, 4), (0.2, 5)}
B = {(0.5, 11), (1, 12), (0.5, 13)}
Where fuzzy addition is defined as
μA+B (z) = max x + y = z(min (μA(x), μB(x)))
Then, f (A + B) is equal to
(A) {(0.5, 12), (0.6, 13), (1, 14), (0.7, 15), (0.7, 16), (1, 17), (1, 18)}
(B) {(0.5, 12), (0.6, 13), (1, 14), (1, 15), (1, 16), (1, 17), (1, 18)}
(C) {(0.3, 12), (0.5, 13), (0.5, 14), (1, 15), (0.7, 16), (0.5, 17), (0.2, 18)}
(D) {(0.3, 12), (0.5, 13), (0.6, 14), (1, 15), (0.7, 16), (0.5, 17), (0.2, 18)}
Answer: (D)
Old = {(20, 0.1), (30, 0.2), (40, 0.4), (50, 0.6), (60, 0.8), (70, 1), (80, 1)}
Then the alpha-cut for alpha = 0.4 for the set old will be
a.
{(40,0.4)}
b.
{50, 60, 70, 80}
c.
{(20, 0.1), (30, 0.2)}
d.
{(20, 0), (30, 0), (40, 1), (50,1), (60, 1), (70, 1), (80, 1)}
Answer: (d).{(20, 0), (30, 0), (40, 1), (50,1), (60, 1), (70, 1), (80, 1)}
Numerical 3: If two fuzzy sets A and B are given with membership functions μA(x) = {0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.5,
0.1} μB(x) = {0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.3, 0.2} Then the value of μ complement of A∩B
(A) {0.9, 0.7, 0.4, 0.8, 0.9}
(B) {0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 0.5, 0.2}
(C) {0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.3, 0.1}
(D) {0.7, 0.3, 0.4, 0.2, 0.7}
Ans:-A
Explanation:- The fuzzy intersection of two fuzzy sets A and B on universe of discourse X: μA∩B(x) =
min [μA(x), μB(x)] , where x∈XBut here in the question, they are asking for complement of A
intersection B and so the answer would be 1-min[A(x),B(x)].
The minimum of 0.2 and 0.1 will be 0.1, and 1-0.1 will be 0.9
The second value is min(0.4,0.3)=0.3 and 1-0.3=0.7
The third value is min(0.8,0.6)=0.6 and 1-0.6=0.4
The fourth value is min(0.5,0.3)=0.3 and 1-0.3=0.7
The last value is min(0.1,0.2)=0.1 and 1-0.1=0.9
The only option which has got the values 0.9,0.7,0.4,0.7 and 0.9, although the fourth value is given as
0.8 instead of 0.7 is option A.
So the answer is option A.
Numerical 4: Consider a fuzzy set A defined on the interval x=[0,10] of integers by the membership
function.
µA(x) = x / x+ 2
α cut corresponding to α = 0.5 will be
(A) { 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
(B) {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
(C) {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
(D) { }
Ans:- C
Explanation:-
In the fundamentals, refer to the answer given for question no. 6 regarding α-cut.
α-cut of a fuzzy set A denoted as Aα, is the crisp set comprised of the elements x of a universe of
discourse X for which the membership function of A is greater than or equal to α.
Given, x = In the range [0,10]
Membership function = x/x+2
Calculate the value of membership function for the interval from 0 to 10, substituting in the formula
x/x+2.
µA(0) = 0 / 0+ 2 = 0
µA(1) = 1 / 1+ 2 = 0.33
µA(2) = 2 / 2+ 2 = 0.5
µA(3) = 3 / 3+ 2 = 0.6
µA(4) = 4 / 4+ 2 = 0.66
µA(5) = 5 / 5+ 2 = 0.71
µA(6) = 6 / 6+ 2 = 0.75
µA(7) = 7 / 7+ 2 = 0.77
µA(8) = 8 / 8+ 2 = 0.8
µA(9) = 9 / 9+ 2 = 0.81
That will be a crisp set, having those values of x, for which the membership function is returning a
value of 0.5 or above.
µA(2) = 0.5 and all the values of x above 2 is getting a value greater than 0.5. So the crisp set will
contain the following values.
{ 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}.
Numerical 5: If A and B are two fuzzy sets with membership functions μA(x) = {0.2, 0.5, 0.6, 0.1, 0.9}
μB(x) = {0.1, 0.5, 0.2, 0.7, 0.8} Then the value of μA ∩B
will be
Ans:-D
Explanation:-
Numerical 6: The height h(A) of a fuzzy set A is defined as h(A) =sup A(x) where x belongs to A. Then
the fuzzy set A is called normal when
(A)h(A)=0
(B)h(A)<0
(C)h(A)=1
(D)h(A)<1
Ans:- C
Explanation:-
Explanation:- The height of a fuzzy set is the highest membership value of the membership function:
Height(A) = max µA(xi)
In contrast, a fuzzy set whose height is less than 1 is called a subnormal fuzzy set. So, according to
the above rule, the fuzzy set A is called normal when h(A)=1.
Numerical 7: If A and B are two fuzzy sets with membership functions μA(x) = {0.6, 0.5, 0.1, 0.7, 0.8}
μB(x) = {0.9, 0.2, 0.6, 0.8, 0.5}
(D){0.1,0.5,0.4,0.2,0.3}
Ans:- C
µAUB(x) = {0.9,0.5,0.6,0.8,0.8}
Complement of µAUB(x)={0.1,0.5,0.4,0.2,0.2}
Numerical 8: Given U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} A = {(3, 0.7), (5, 1), (6, 0.8)} then
(C) {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 0.3), (4, 1), (6, 0.2), (7, 1)}
Ans:- C
Explanation:-
The complement of a fuzzy set A is a new fuzzy set A Complement, containing all the elements which
are in the universe of discourse but not in A, with the membership function
Complement of a fuzzy set A is a new fuzzy set A complement. Since it is a fuzzy set, there will be two
members in a singleton. The first member will be all the elements which are in the universe of
discourse but not in A. The membership function will be 1- µA(x).
{(1,1),(2,1),(3,0.3),(4,1),(6,0.2),(7,1)}
The first is (1,1). The first 1 is in U but not in A, so it should be added in the complement. The second
1 is because the membership function is 1- µA(x). 1-0=1.
(6,1-0.8)=(6,0.2).
The member (5,0) is not included because , a singleton whose membership to a fuzzy set is 0, can be
excluded .
(B){50,60,70,80}
(C){(20,0.1),(30,0.2)}
(D){(20,0),(30,0),(40,1),(50,1),(60,1),(70,1),(80,1)}
Ans:-D
Explanation:-
alpha-cut of a fuzzy set A will contain those elements where the membership function value is equal
to or greater than alpha.
Here, alpha is given a value 0.4. Starting from (40,0.4) all the members have membership function
equal or greater than 0.4. so, except
(20,0) and (30,0.2) all the menbers are included in the alpha-cut of the fuzzy set. The only option
which has 40,50,60,70, and 80 included is option D. It has
(20,0) and (30,0) too. But it is already noted that any singleton where the membership function is 0
can be considered not included. So basically these two members are not part of the alpha-cut of the
fuzzy set A. So the correct option is D.