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Designof 1 MWpfloatingsolarphotovoltaic
Designof 1 MWpfloatingsolarphotovoltaic
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Design of 1 MWp Floating Solar Photovoltaic (FSPV) Power
Plant in Indonesia
Chico Hermanu B A1, a), Budi Santoso2, Suyitno2, FX. Rian Wicaksono1
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
a)
Corresponding author: chico@ft.uns.ac.id
Abstract. The constant depletion of fossil fuels and high energy demand make renewable energy sources not only
unlimited energy sources in the future, but also environmentally friendly and sustainable for the environment. Although
solar power plants have some advantages over other forms of power generation, the main problem is the land
requirements that are virtually unavailable in the world and the cost. The solution is to overcome the limitations of land
with the existence of solar power plants. FSPV can be installed in any water section that will not only lower the land cost
but will also increase the amount of generation by the cooling effect of water. Modeling and simulation for FSPV design
is done on three reservoirs in Indonesia. The 1MWp design is arranged on 4 inverters with each having a 250 kWp
capacity spread over 4 blocks and 20 strings respectively.
INTRODUCTION
The use of photovoltaic (PV) has increased very rapidly in recent years. In 2015, the PV market had achieved a
massive expansion on a world scale with an installed capacity of 230GW, where its development began to move
from Europe to Asia and the USA [1].
This is certainly not without reason. With the massive movement in the use of clean and environmentally
friendly energy, solar power has the highest attractiveness from society because of the abundant and endless energy
resource. Easy installation, semiconductor technology as a basis for growing PV technology, and policy intensives
are the main reasons why PV is increasingly favoured by the public [2]. PV converts solar radiation into electrical
energy without polluting the environment. PV performance itself depends on climatic conditions, electrical
operation parameters, and design parameters such as temperature, solar irradiance, etc. In general, PV can convert 4-
17% of solar radiation into electrical energy, depending on the factors above. The higher the intensity of solar
radiation will increase the module temperature and will reduce PV cell efficiency [3]. Each 1˚C increase in the PV
module will reduce the efficiency by 0.5%. With the increase in temperature, not all solar energy absorbed by PV is
converted into electrical energy. According to the law of energy conservation, the remaining solar energy will be
converted to heat. The consequences of this high residual heat will have the effect of reducing overall conversion
efficiency [4].
Indonesia as an agrarian and archipelago country has a lot of water bodies scattered in almost all regions. When
linked to PV, this water body can be a solution for reducing land saving costs and operating power generation costs,
and on the other hand can also reduce the impact due to temperature increases in PV which will have an effect on
increasing PV efficiency. So, this is a good solution to utilize water bodies and help improve economic viability of
the solar project. Energy from PV through renewable energy sources produces low efficiency and is less than 15%
in its useful life. With floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV), electricity will be generated more than the ground-
mounted and rooftop solar system because of the cooling effect of the water body. FSPV also reduces reservoir
The 4th International Conference on Industrial, Mechanical, Electrical, and Chemical Engineering
AIP Conf. Proc. 2097, 030013-1–030013-7; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5098188
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1827-1/$30.00
030013-1
evaporation and algae growth by shading water bodies. Floating platforms are 100% recyclable, using high-density
polyethylene which can reduce UV light and corrosion [5].
This paper will discuss several things, namely reviewing the potential of water bodies in Indonesia and designing
an FSPV design that can be applied in Indonesia with an installed capacity of 1MWp.
𝑃!"#
𝜂!" = ×100%
𝑆×𝐴!"
Where 𝜂!" is electrical efficiency (%), 𝑃!"# is the power generated by the PV module (W), S is solar radiation
intensity incident in the PV module (W / m ), and A is the surface of PV exposed by solar radiation (m ).
2
PV
2
In order for the solar panel to float on the water as shown in Figure 1, a float is needed. The main buoy is made of
high-density thermoplastic (HDPE) and is set at 12-degree angles to support standard solar panel modules.
SOLAR RADIATION
In designing FSPV in Indonesia, the potential of the water body used is taken from the data of 3 large reservoirs
in Indonesia, namely Nipah Reservoir, Wonorejo Reservoir, and Widas Reservoir. The amount of electricity
produced depends on solar radiation (daily) solar radiation somewhere. Solar radiation in the reservoir can be seen
in Tab le 1 and Figure 3. The annual solar radiation for the 3 highest reservoirs is Nipah Reservoir. This potential is
not supported by the area of the Nipah Reservoir. The maximum solar radiation in each reservoir is used for FSPV
planning.
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FIGURE 2 Daily Solar Radiation Chart
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TABLE 2. Solar Panel Rating
Wattp (W) 300 WP
DC Voltage (Vmp (V)) 36.20 V
DC Current (Imp (A)) 8.30 A
Open Circuit Voltage (Voc (V)) 45.20 V
Short Circuit Current (Isc (A)) 8.71 A
Solar Panel Dimensions ( L x W x Th) mm 1956 × 992 × 50 mm
Warranty 25 years
System Configuration
Divided into 4 groups with a total capacity of each group of 250 kW so that it is added to 1 MWp. Each string
consists of 20 solar panels as many as 40 lines for Nipah Reservoir, 44 for the Wonorejo Reservoir and 45 for Widas
Reservoir.
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TABLE 4. Output (AC)
Nominal DC power output (P ) N(AC) 250 kW
AC current nominal (I )
N (AC) 485 A
Nominal output voltage (U ) N (AC) 300 V
To meet the criteria as mentioned above, central ABB production inverters or other relevant inverters can be
used. ABB produces PSV800-57-0250kW-A inverters that meet the above criteria. It takes 4 PSV800-57-0250kW-
A inverters to meet the power generation of 1MW.
Phontoon Specification
Photon that will be used later adjusts the dimensions of the dimensions of the solar panel which is 1956 × 992 ×
50 mm, with material made of HDPE, a type of floating solar panel. The function of Phontoon is as the main float
and maintenance line in the FSPV.
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Thus the reservoir power potential can be obtained, as shown in Tab le 4 . The reservoir power potential for PLTS is
the Wonorejo Reservoir of 253 MWp AC, Widas Reservoir of 97 MWp AC and Nipah Reservoir of 4.8 MWp AC.
A C C
FIGURE 4 FSPV location A.) at Nipah Reservoir with 4000 m 2 is two parts, B.) on the Wonorejo Reservoir with 9000 m 2 is 48
parts, C.) at Widas Reservoir with 9000 m 2 is 18 parts
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4. Increased plant capacity because it is 10% above water
5. The decrease in generating capacity in the first year is 1% and the next year is 0.7%.
6. The first year of operation and maintenance is 1% of the total investment of floating solar power plants
and the following year increases 5% of the previous year's operations and maintenance.
7. The interest rate is 10% per year
8. The solar panel age is 20 years old
9. The highest FSPV electricity selling price is Rp. 3960 / kWh
10. The general electricity selling price is Rp. 1459 / kWh
CONCLUSION
In this paper, the design for 1MWp FSPV in Indonesia has been described. The results obtained are an FSPV
design with the potential of water bodies in Indonesia capable of providing more than 1MWp of energy output.
1MWp is divided into 4 inverters, each of which has a size of 250kWp. This shows the potential of abundant water
bodies in Indonesia to be one of the keys to providing clean and environmentally friendly energy with a large
capacity. By applying an electricity selling price of Rp 2609 / kWh, the FSPV can actually provide positive results.
In the future works, design and optimization of FSPV components in the form of floater can be investigated so that it
can support FSPV operations and increase the feasibility of FSPV economically and investment. Other things that
also need to be examined are other supporting components such as design and optimization for lower cabling cost.
REFERENCES
1. R. Cazzaniga, M. Cicu, M. Rosa-Clot, P. Rosa-Clot, G. M. Tina, and C. Ventura, “Floating photovoltaic plants:
Performance analysis and design solution,” Elsevier Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017.
2. D. Mittal, B. K. Saxena, and K. V. S. Rao, “Comparison of Floating Photovoltaic Plant with Solar Photovoltaic
Plant for Energy Generation at Jodhpur in India,” IEEE International Conference on Technological
Advancements in Power and Energy (TAP Energy), 2017.
3. N. Yadav, M. Gupta, and K. Sudhakar, "Energy Assessment of Floating Photovoltaic System," 2016
International Conference on Electrical Power and Energy Systems (ICEPES) Maulana Azad National Institute
of Technology, Bhopal, India. Dec 14-16, 2016.
4. J Siecker, K. Kusakana, and B. P. Numbi, "A review of solar photovoltaic systems cooling technologies,"
Elsevier Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 79, 2017.
5. A. Sahu, N. Yadav, and K. Sudhakar, “Floating photovoltaic power plant: A review,” Elsevier Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 66, 2016.
6. D. Mittal, B. K. Saxena, and K. V. S. Rao, “Floating Solar Photovoltaic Systems: An Overview and their
Feasibility at Kota in Rajasthan," International Conference on Circuits Power and Computing Technologies
[ICCPCT], 2017.
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